1
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Weiss A. Peeking Into the Black Box of T Cell Receptor Signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2024; 42:1-20. [PMID: 37788477 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
I have spent more than the last 40 years at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), studying T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. I was blessed with supportive mentors, an exceptionally talented group of trainees, and wonderful collaborators and colleagues during my journey who have enabled me to make significant contributions to our understanding of how the TCR initiates signaling. TCR signaling events contribute to T cell development as well as to mature T cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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2
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Lee HN, Lee SE, Inn KS, Seong J. Optical sensing and control of T cell signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1321996. [PMID: 38269062 PMCID: PMC10806162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1321996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells regulate adaptive immune responses through complex signaling pathways mediated by T cell receptor (TCR). The functional domains of the TCR are combined with specific antibodies for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In this review, we first overview current understanding on the T cell signaling pathways as well as traditional methods that have been widely used for the T cell study. These methods, however, are still limited to investigating dynamic molecular events with spatiotemporal resolutions. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools have been developed to study dynamic T cell signaling pathways in live cells. We review these cutting-edge technologies that revealed dynamic and complex molecular mechanisms at each stage of T cell signaling pathways. They have been primarily applied to the study of dynamic molecular events in TCR signaling, and they will further aid in understanding the mechanisms of CAR activation and function. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools offer powerful tools for enhancing our understanding of signaling mechanisms in T cells and CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Nim Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technoloy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Martin-Salgado M, Ochoa-Echeverría A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinases: A look into the future of immunotherapy. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:100999. [PMID: 37949728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer still represents the second leading cause of death right after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer provoked around 10 million deaths in 2020, with lung and colon tumors accounting for the deadliest forms of cancer. As tumor cells become resistant to traditional therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for tumor control. T lymphocytes are key players in immune responses against tumors. Immunosurveillance allows identification, targeting and later killing of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, tumors evolve through different strategies to evade the immune response and spread in a process called metastasis. The ineffectiveness of traditional strategies to control tumor growth and expansion has led to novel approaches considering modulation of T cell activation and effector functions. Program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed promising results in the early 90s and nowadays are still being exploited together with other drugs for several cancer types. Other negative regulators of T cell activation are diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In T cells, DGKα and DGKζ limit the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis thus attenuating DAG mediated signaling and T cell effector functions. Upregulation of either of both isoforms results in impaired Ras activation and anergy induction, whereas germline knockdown mice showed enhanced antitumor properties and more effective immune responses against pathogens. Here we review the mechanisms used by DGKs to ameliorate T cell activation and how inhibition could be used to reinvigorate T cell functions in cancer context. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved upon T cell activation will help to improve current therapies with DAG promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Salgado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Ane Ochoa-Echeverría
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain.
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4
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González‐Serna D, Shi C, Kerick M, Hankinson J, Ding J, McGovern A, Tutino M, Villanueva‐Martin G, Ortego‐Centeno N, Callejas JL, Martin J, Orozco G. Identification of Mechanisms by Which Genetic Susceptibility Loci Influence Systemic Sclerosis Risk Using Functional Genomics in Primary T Cells and Monocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1007-1020. [PMID: 36281738 PMCID: PMC10953390 DOI: 10.1002/art.42396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component. However, most of the genes associated with the disease are still unknown because associated variants affect mostly noncoding intergenic elements of the genome. We used functional genomics to translate the genetic findings into a better understanding of the disease. METHODS Promoter capture Hi-C and RNA-sequencing experiments were performed in CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes from 10 SSc patients and 5 healthy controls to link SSc-associated variants with their target genes, followed by differential expression and differential interaction analyses between cell types. RESULTS We linked SSc-associated loci to 39 new potential target genes and confirmed 7 previously known SSc-associated genes. We highlight novel causal genes, such as CXCR5, as the most probable candidate gene for the DDX6 locus. Some previously known SSc-associated genes, such as IRF8, STAT4, and CD247, showed cell type-specific interactions. We also identified 15 potential drug targets already in use in other similar immune-mediated diseases that could be repurposed for SSc treatment. Furthermore, we observed that interactions were directly correlated with the expression of important genes implicated in cell type-specific pathways and found evidence that chromatin conformation is associated with genotype. CONCLUSION Our study revealed potential causal genes for SSc-associated loci, some of them acting in a cell type-specific manner, suggesting novel biologic mechanisms that might mediate SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González‐Serna
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López‐Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Chenfu Shi
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Martin Kerick
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López‐Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Jenny Hankinson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - James Ding
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Amanda McGovern
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Mauro Tutino
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Gonzalo Villanueva‐Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López‐Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Norberto Ortego‐Centeno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San CecilioInstitute for Biosanitary Research of Granada (ibs.GRANADA)GranadaSpain
| | - José Luis Callejas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San CecilioInstitute for Biosanitary Research of Granada (ibs.GRANADA)GranadaSpain
| | - Javier Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López‐Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN‐CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Gisela Orozco
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research CentreManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
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5
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Benson LN, Liu Y, Deck K, Mora C, Mu S. IFN- γ Contributes to the Immune Mechanisms of Hypertension. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:2164-2173. [PMID: 36591357 PMCID: PMC9802558 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001292022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and the primary risk factor for mortality worldwide. For more than half a century, researchers have demonstrated that immunity plays an important role in the development of hypertension; however, the precise mechanisms are still under investigation. The current body of knowledge indicates that proinflammatory cytokines may play an important role in contributing to immune-related pathogenesis of hypertension. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), in particular, as an important cytokine that modulates immune responses, has been recently identified as a critical regulator of blood pressure by several groups, including us. In this review, we focus on exploring the role of IFN-γ in contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension, outlining the various immune producers of this cytokine and described signaling mechanisms involved. We demonstrate a key role for IFN-γ in hypertension through global knockout studies and related downstream signaling pathways that IFN-γ production from CD8+ T cell (CD8T) in the kidney promoting CD8T-stimulated salt retention via renal tubule cells, thereby exacerbating hypertension. We discuss potential activators of these T cells described by the current literature and relay a novel hypothesis for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Yunmeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Katherine Deck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christoph Mora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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6
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Nguyen NT, Huang K, Zeng H, Jing J, Wang R, Fang S, Chen J, Liu X, Huang Z, You MJ, Rao A, Huang Y, Han G, Zhou Y. Nano-optogenetic engineering of CAR T cells for precision immunotherapy with enhanced safety. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1424-1434. [PMID: 34697491 PMCID: PMC8678207 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-based immunotherapy, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has shown curative potential in patients with haematological malignancies. However, owing to the lack of control over the location and duration of the anti-tumour immune response, CAR T cell therapy still faces safety challenges arising from cytokine release syndrome and on-target, off-tumour toxicity. Herein, we present the design of light-switchable CAR (designated LiCAR) T cells that allow real-time phototunable activation of therapeutic T cells to precisely induce tumour cell killing. When coupled with imaging-guided, surgically removable upconversion nanoplates that have enhanced near-infrared-to-blue upconversion luminescence as miniature deep-tissue photon transducers, LiCAR T cells enable both spatial and temporal control over T cell-mediated anti-tumour therapeutic activity in vivo with greatly mitigated side effects. Our nano-optogenetic immunomodulation platform not only provides a unique approach to interrogate CAR-mediated anti-tumour immunity, but also sets the stage for developing precision medicine to deliver personalized anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Nguyen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hongxiang Zeng
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ji Jing
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaohai Fang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joyce Chen
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zixian Huang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M James You
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Medical Science, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Medical Science, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Ren P, Lu L, Cai S, Chen J, Lin W, Han F. Alternative Splicing: A New Cause and Potential Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713540. [PMID: 34484216 PMCID: PMC8416054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a complex coordinated transcriptional regulatory mechanism. It affects nearly 95% of all protein-coding genes and occurs in nearly all human organs. Aberrant alternative splicing can lead to various neurological diseases and cancers and is responsible for aging, infection, inflammation, immune and metabolic disorders, and so on. Though aberrant alternative splicing events and their regulatory mechanisms are widely recognized, the association between autoimmune disease and alternative splicing has not been extensively examined. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the loss of tolerance of the immune system towards self-antigens and organ-specific or systemic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. In the present review, we summarized the most recent reports on splicing events that occur in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and attempted to clarify the role that splicing events play in regulating autoimmune disease progression. We also identified the changes that occur in splicing factor expression. The foregoing information might improve our understanding of autoimmune diseases and help develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ren
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luying Lu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Jansky S, Sharma AK, Körber V, Quintero A, Toprak UH, Wecht EM, Gartlgruber M, Greco A, Chomsky E, Grünewald TGP, Henrich KO, Tanay A, Herrmann C, Höfer T, Westermann F. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses provide insights into the developmental origins of neuroblastoma. Nat Genet 2021; 53:683-693. [PMID: 33767450 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor of the developing sympathetic nervous system. However, the cellular origin of neuroblastoma has yet to be defined. Here we studied the single-cell transcriptomes of neuroblastomas and normal human developing adrenal glands at various stages of embryonic and fetal development. We defined normal differentiation trajectories from Schwann cell precursors over intermediate states to neuroblasts or chromaffin cells and showed that neuroblastomas transcriptionally resemble normal fetal adrenal neuroblasts. Importantly, neuroblastomas with varying clinical phenotypes matched different temporal states along normal neuroblast differentiation trajectories, with the degree of differentiation corresponding to clinical prognosis. Our work highlights the roles of oncogenic MYCN and loss of TFAP2B in blocking differentiation and may provide the basis for designing therapeutic interventions to overcome differentiation blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Jansky
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashwini Kumar Sharma
- Health Data Science Unit, Medical Faculty University Heidelberg and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Körber
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrés Quintero
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Health Data Science Unit, Medical Faculty University Heidelberg and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Umut H Toprak
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa M Wecht
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gartlgruber
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Greco
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elad Chomsky
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Henrich
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Health Data Science Unit, Medical Faculty University Heidelberg and BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Mattson DL, Dasinger JH, Abais-Battad JM. Amplification of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Damage by Immune Mechanisms. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:3-14. [PMID: 32725162 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans with salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension demonstrate increased morbidity, increased mortality, and renal end-organ damage when compared with normotensive subjects or those with salt-resistant hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that immune mechanisms play an important role in the full development of SS hypertension and associated renal damage. Recent experimental advances and studies in animal models have permitted a greater understanding of the mechanisms of activation and action of immunity in this disease process. Evidence favors a role of both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are triggered by initial, immune-independent alterations in blood pressure, sympathetic activity, or tissue damage. Activation of immunity, which can be enhanced by a high-salt intake or by alterations in other components of the diet, leads to the release of cytokines, free radicals, or other factors that amplify renal damage and hypertension and mediate malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Mattson DL. Immune mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension and renal end-organ damage. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:290-300. [PMID: 30804523 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms have been recognized to have a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, vascular disease and kidney damage in humans and animals for many decades. Contemporary advances in experimentation have permitted a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which inflammation and immunity participate in cardiovascular disease, and multiple observations have demonstrated strong correlations between the discoveries made in animals and those made in patients with hypertension. Of note, striking phenotypic similarities have been observed in the infiltration of immune cells in the kidney and the development of end-organ damage in patients and animal models with sodium-sensitive hypertension. The available data suggest that an initial salt-induced increase in renal perfusion pressure, which is likely independent of immune mechanisms, induces the infiltration of immune cells into the kidney. The mechanisms mediating immune cell infiltration in the kidney are not well understood but likely involve tissue damage, the direct influence of salt to stimulate immune cell activation, sympathetic nerve stimulation or other factors. The infiltrating cells then release cytokines, free radicals and other factors that contribute to renal damage as well as increased retention of sodium and water and vascular resistance, which lead to the further development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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11
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Visperas PR, Wilson CG, Winger JA, Yan Q, Lin K, Arkin MR, Weiss A, Kuriyan J. Identification of Inhibitors of the Association of ZAP-70 with the T Cell Receptor by High-Throughput Screen. SLAS DISCOVERY 2016; 22:324-331. [PMID: 27932698 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116681407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a critical molecule in the transduction of T cell antigen receptor signaling and the activation of T cells. Upon activation of the T cell antigen receptor, ZAP-70 is recruited to the intracellular ζ-chains of the T cell receptor, where ZAP-70 is activated and colocalized with its substrates. Inhibitors of ZAP-70 could potentially function as treatments for autoimmune diseases or organ transplantation. In this work, we present the design, optimization, and implementation of a screen for inhibitors that would disrupt the interaction between ZAP-70 and the T cell antigen receptor. The screen is based on a fluorescence polarization assay for peptide binding to ZAP-70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Visperas
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Winger
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Omniox Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Qingrong Yan
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 4 Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephrain P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center for Arthritis and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- 2 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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12
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Multiple genes, especially immune-regulating genes, contribute to disease susceptibility in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 28:595-605. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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A High-Capacity Scintillation Proximity Assay for the Discovery and Evaluation of ZAP-70 Tandem SH2 Domain Antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108705719800300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is described, which quantitates the ability of compounds to inhibit the binding interaction of a select phosphopeptide with the tandem SH2 domains of the ZAP-70 protein tyrosine kinase. The method is based on the ability of a truncated ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain-derived peptide to bind an125I-labeled, diphosphorylated peptide corresponding to the human T-cell receptor ζ-1 immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide was biotinylated and bound to streptavidin-coated SPA beads.125I-labeled ζ-1 ITAM ([125I]-ζ-1 ITAM) bound to immobilized ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide in a saturable, time- and peptide concentration-dependent fashion. Unlabeled diphosphorylated ζ-1 ITAM competed binding with an ICso value equal to approximately 10-15 nM. Binding of ζ-1 ITAM to the ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain was dependent on the cooperative interaction of the dual phosphotyrosine residues. Unlabeled monotyrosyl-phosphorylated peptides failed to compete with [125I]-ζ-1 ITAM binding to ZAP-70 SH2 domain. Also, labeled monotyrosyl-phosphorylated peptides failed to associate with the ZAP-70 SH2 domain in direct binding studies. Association and dissociation binding kinetics were determined to be extremely rapid at room temperature, reaching equilibrium within 5 min. The Kdfor [125I]-ζ-1 ITAM binding to ZAP-70 tandem SH2 domain peptide was determined by Scatchard analysis to be 1.5-2 nM. The SPA assay was adapted for automated, high-capacity screening, which allowed evaluation of 23,040 small molecular weight compounds per day. The assay is useful for both drug discovery and as a research tool for the study of binding interactions between signal-transducing molecules critical for T-cell activation.
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14
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Wehbi VL, Taskén K. Molecular Mechanisms for cAMP-Mediated Immunoregulation in T cells - Role of Anchored Protein Kinase A Signaling Units. Front Immunol 2016; 7:222. [PMID: 27375620 PMCID: PMC4896925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is one of the most common and versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) target PKA to specific substrates and distinct subcellular compartments providing spatial and temporal specificity for mediation of biological effects channeled through the cAMP/PKA pathway. In the immune system, cAMP is a potent negative regulator of T cell receptor-mediated activation of effector T cells (Teff) acting through a proximal PKA/Csk/Lck pathway anchored via a scaffold consisting of the AKAP Ezrin holding PKA, the linker protein EBP50, and the anchoring protein phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains holding Csk. As PKA activates Csk and Csk inhibits Lck, this pathway in response to cAMP shuts down proximal T cell activation. This immunomodulating pathway in Teff mediates clinically important responses to regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression and inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs), adrenergic stimuli, adenosine, and a number of other ligands. A major inducer of T cell cAMP levels is PG E2 (PGE2) acting through EP2 and EP4 prostanoid receptors. PGE2 plays a crucial role in the normal physiological control of immune homeostasis as well as in inflammation and cancer immune evasion. Peripherally induced Tregs express cyclooxygenase-2, secrete PGE2, and elicit the immunosuppressive cAMP pathway in Teff as one tumor immune evasion mechanism. Moreover, a cAMP increase can also be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as intercellular transfer between T cells. Indeed, Treg, known to have elevated levels of intracellular cAMP, may mediate their suppressive function by transferring cAMP to Teff through gap junctions, which we speculate could also be regulated by PKA/AKAP complexes. In this review, we present an updated overview on the influence of cAMP-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms acting through localized cAMP signaling and the therapeutical increasing prospects of AKAPs disruptors in T-cell immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Wehbi
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Vu BT, Tan Le D, Van Pham P. Synergistic effect of chimeric antigen receptors and cytokineinduced killer cells: An innovative combination for cancer therapy. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Zhang Q, Song X, Su P, Li R, Liu C, Gou M, Wang H, Liu X, Li Q. A novel homolog of protein tyrosine kinase Fyn identified in Lampetra japonica with roles in the immune response. Gene 2016; 579:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Wu CY, Roybal KT, Puchner EM, Onuffer J, Lim WA. Remote control of therapeutic T cells through a small molecule-gated chimeric receptor. Science 2015; 350:aab4077. [PMID: 26405231 PMCID: PMC4721629 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in using engineered cells as therapeutic agents. For example, synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells expressing specific antigens. Despite promising clinical results, these engineered T cells can exhibit excessive activity that is difficult to control and can cause severe toxicity. We designed "ON-switch" CARs that enable small-molecule control over T cell therapeutic functions while still retaining antigen specificity. In these split receptors, antigen-binding and intracellular signaling components assemble only in the presence of a heterodimerizing small molecule. This titratable pharmacologic regulation could allow physicians to precisely control the timing, location, and dosage of T cell activity, thereby mitigating toxicity. This work illustrates the potential of combining cellular engineering with orthogonal chemical tools to yield safer therapeutic cells that tightly integrate cell-autonomous recognition and user control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yung Wu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. The Cell Propulsion Lab, an NIH Nanomedicine Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kole T Roybal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. The Cell Propulsion Lab, an NIH Nanomedicine Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elias M Puchner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James Onuffer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. The Cell Propulsion Lab, an NIH Nanomedicine Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. The Cell Propulsion Lab, an NIH Nanomedicine Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Glienke W, Esser R, Priesner C, Suerth JD, Schambach A, Wels WS, Grez M, Kloess S, Arseniev L, Koehl U. Advantages and applications of CAR-expressing natural killer cells. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25729364 PMCID: PMC4325659 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to donor T cells, natural killer (NK) cells are known to mediate anti-cancer effects without the risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). In order to improve cytotoxicity against resistant cancer cells, auspicious efforts have been made with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing T- and NK cells. These CAR-modified cells express antigen receptors against tumor-associated surface antigens, thus redirecting the effector cells and enhancing tumor-specific immunosurveillance. However, many cancer antigens are also expressed on healthy tissues, potentially leading to off tumor/on target toxicity by CAR-engineered cells. In order to control such potentially severe side effects, the insertion of suicide genes into CAR-modified effectors can provide a means for efficient depletion of these cells. While CAR-expressing T cells have entered successfully clinical trials, experience with CAR-engineered NK cells is mainly restricted to pre-clinical investigations and predominantly to NK cell lines. In this review we summarize the data on CAR expressing NK cells focusing on the possible advantage using these short-lived effector cells and discuss the necessity of suicide switches. Furthermore, we address the compliance of such modified NK cells with regulatory requirements as a new field in cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Glienke
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Priesner
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia D Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Kloess
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Lubomir Arseniev
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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19
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Bao Y, Mo J, Ruan L, Li G. Increased monocytic CD14⁺HLADRlow/- myeloid-derived suppressor cells in obesity. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2322-8. [PMID: 25384365 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous immunological disorders. The present study investigated the proportion and phenotype of myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the plasma of obese subjects and the association of these cells with the level of liver enzymes. Certain features of the immune response in obese subjects were examined by analyzing the expression of T cell receptor‑ζ (TCRζ) molecules on the surface of T cells. The expression and secretion of S100A9, a possible marker for MDSCs, were detected in the peripheral blood of obese subjects and compared with levels in lean controls. Results showed that the percentage of monocytic MDSCs, with the phenotype CD33+CD11b+CD14+HLADRlow/‑, was significantly increased in obese subjects compared with lean controls. The circulating level of monocytic MDSCs was positively correlated with the levels of liver enzymes in serum. The expression of the TCRζ molecule in the resting T cells was significantly lower in obese individuals than that of lean controls. The expression of S100A9 was detected in the majority of monocytes in peripheral blood mononulear cells, but no difference was identified in the frequency of CD14+S100A9+ cells between the obese and lean groups. However, the plasma level of S100A8/9 was significantly increased in obese compared with lean subjects. These observations suggested that the increased frequency of CD33+CD11b+CD14+HLADRlow/‑ cells may be responsible for the impaired T‑cell function and liver injury observed in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Bao
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, The Key Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Juanfen Mo
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, The Key Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Lingjuan Ruan
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, The Key Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, The Key Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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20
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Wang J, Yi L, Guo X, He D, Li H, Guo G, Wang Y, Zou H, Gu Y, Tu W, Wu W, Yang L, Xiao R, Lai S, Assassi S, Mayes MD, Zhou X. Lack of Association of the CD247 SNP rs2056626 with Systemic Sclerosis in Han Chinese. Open Rheumatol J 2014; 8:43-5. [PMID: 25317213 PMCID: PMC4192828 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901408010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease involving multiple genetic factors. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) indicated that CD247 was strongly associated with SSc, which was subsequently confirmed in a SSc cohort of European population. However, genetic heterogeneity in different ethnic populations may significantly impact the complex trait of SSc. The studies herein aimed to examine whether the SSc-associated SNP rs2056626 of CD247 identified in Caucasian is also associated with Han Chinese SSc. A Han Chinese cohort consisting of 387 SSc patients and 523 healthy controls were examined in the studies. TaqMan assays were performed to examine the SNP. Exact p-values were obtained (Fisher’s test) from 2x2 tables of allele counts and disease status. The results showed that there was no association between rs2056626 of CD247 and SSc or any SSc subtypes of Han Chinese. The negative results are important in understanding genetics of SSc in different ethnic populations, which further suggest complex nature of genetics of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiucun Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, China ; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Fudan University, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinjian Guo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Dongyi He
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Hongyi Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Gang Guo
- Yiling Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Fudan University, China ; Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yuanhui Gu
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Li Yang
- Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Syeling Lai
- Department of pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, USA
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
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21
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Jin J, Chou C, Lima M, Zhou D, Zhou X. Systemic Sclerosis is a Complex Disease Associated Mainly with Immune Regulatory and Inflammatory Genes. Open Rheumatol J 2014; 8:29-42. [PMID: 25328554 PMCID: PMC4200700 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901408010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic and autoimmune disease characterized clinically by skin and internal organ fibrosis and vascular damage, and serologically by the presence of circulating autoantibodies. Although etiopathogenesis is not yet well understood, the results of numerous genetic association studies support genetic contributions as an important factor to SSc. In this paper, the major genes of SSc are reviewed. The most recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are taken into account along with robust candidate gene studies. The literature search was performed on genetic association studies of SSc in PubMed between January 2000 and March 2014 while eligible studies generally had over 600 total participants with replication. A few genetic association studies with related functional changes in SSc patients were also included. A total of forty seven genes or specific genetic regions were reported to be associated with SSc, although some are controversial. These genes include HLA genes, STAT4, CD247, TBX21, PTPN22, TNFSF4, IL23R, IL2RA, IL-21, SCHIP1/IL12A, CD226, BANK1, C8orf13-BLK, PLD4, TLR-2, NLRP1, ATG5, IRF5, IRF8, TNFAIP3, IRAK1, NFKB1, TNIP1, FAS, MIF, HGF, OPN, IL-6, CXCL8, CCR6, CTGF, ITGAM, CAV1, MECP2, SOX5, JAZF1, DNASEIL3, XRCC1, XRCC4, PXK, CSK, GRB10, NOTCH4, RHOB, KIAA0319, PSD3 and PSOR1C1. These genes encode proteins mainly involved in immune regulation and inflammation, and some of them function in transcription, kinase activity, DNA cleavage and repair. The discovery of various SSc-associated genes is important in understanding the genetics of SSc and potential pathogenesis that contribute to the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Jin
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Duke University, USA
| | - Chou Chou
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Maria Lima
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Rice University, USA
| | - Danielle Zhou
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Washington University, USA
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22
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Jensen MC, Riddell SR. Design and implementation of adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:127-44. [PMID: 24329794 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A major advance in adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is the ability to efficiently endow patient's T cells with reactivity for tumor antigens through the stable or regulated introduction of genes that encode high affinity tumor-targeting T-cell receptors (TCRs) or synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Case reports and small series of patients treated with TCR- or CAR-modified T cells have shown durable responses in a subset of patients, particularly with B-cell malignancies treated with T cells modified to express a CAR that targets the CD19 molecule. However, many patients do not respond to therapy and serious on and off-target toxicities have been observed with TCR- and CAR-modified T cells. Thus, challenges remain to make ACT with gene-modified T cells a reproducibly effective and safe therapy and to expand the breadth of patients that can be treated to include those with common epithelial malignancies. This review discusses research topics in our laboratories that focus on the design and implementation of ACT with CAR-modified T cells. These include cell intrinsic properties of distinct T-cell subsets that may facilitate preparing therapeutic T-cell products of defined composition for reproducible efficacy and safety, the design of tumor targeting receptors that optimize signaling of T-cell effector functions and facilitate tracking of migration of CAR-modified T cells in vivo, and novel CAR designs that have alternative ligand binding domains or confer regulated function and/or survival of transduced T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jensen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Mattson DL. Infiltrating immune cells in the kidney in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F499-508. [PMID: 25007871 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the immune system in hypertension, vascular disease, and renal disease has been appreciated for over 50 years. Recent experimental advances have led to a greater appreciation of the mechanisms whereby inflammation and immunity participate in cardiovascular disease. In addition to the experimental data, multiple studies in patients have demonstrated a strong correlation between the observations made in animals and humans. Of great interest is the development of salt-sensitive hypertension in humans with the concurrent increase in albumin excretion rate. Experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that feeding a high-NaCl diet to Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats results in a significant infiltration of T lymphocytes into the kidney that is accompanied by the development of hypertension and renal disease. The development of disease in the Dahl SS closely resembles observations made in patients; studies were therefore performed to investigate the pathological role of infiltrating immune cells in the kidney in hypertension and renal disease. Pharmacological and genetic studies indicate that immune cell infiltration into the kidney amplifies the disease process. Further experiments demonstrated that infiltrating T cells may accentuate the Dahl SS phenotype by increasing intrarenal ANG II and oxidative stress. From these and other data, we hypothesize that infiltrating immune cells, which surround the blood vessels and tubules, can serve as a local source of bioactive molecules which mediate vascular constriction, increase tubular sodium reabsorption, and mediate the retention of sodium and water to amplify sodium-sensitive hypertension. Multiple experiments remain to be performed to refine and clarify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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24
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Irving B, Weiss A. A Clue to Antigen Receptor Tails. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4013-4. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Roncagalli R, Hauri S, Fiore F, Liang Y, Chen Z, Sansoni A, Kanduri K, Joly R, Malzac A, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Malissen M, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M, Malissen B. Quantitative proteomics analysis of signalosome dynamics in primary T cells identifies the surface receptor CD6 as a Lat adaptor-independent TCR signaling hub. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:384-392. [PMID: 24584089 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated activation of T cells requires the interaction of dozens of proteins. Here we used quantitative mass spectrometry and activated primary CD4(+) T cells from mice in which a tag for affinity purification was knocked into several genes to determine the composition and dynamics of multiprotein complexes that formed around the kinase Zap70 and the adaptors Lat and SLP-76. Most of the 112 high-confidence time-resolved protein interactions we observed were previously unknown. The surface receptor CD6 was able to initiate its own signaling pathway by recruiting SLP-76 and the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor Vav1 regardless of the presence of Lat. Our findings provide a more complete model of TCR signaling in which CD6 constitutes a signaling hub that contributes to the diversification of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fréderic Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Amandine Sansoni
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Kartiek Kanduri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Rachel Joly
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Malzac
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
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26
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Rudemiller N, Lund H, Jacob HJ, Geurts AM, Mattson DL. CD247 modulates blood pressure by altering T-lymphocyte infiltration in the kidney. Hypertension 2013; 63:559-64. [PMID: 24343121 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The CD3 ζ chain (CD247), a gene involved in T-cell signaling, has been shown to associate with blood pressure in human genetic studies. To test the functional role of CD247 in hypertension and renal disease, zinc-finger nucleases targeting CD247 were injected into Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/JrHsdMcwi) embryos. The resulting 11-bp frameshift deletion in exon 1 of CD247 led to a predicted premature stop codon. Western blotting confirmed the absence of CD247 protein in the thymus, and flow cytometry (n=5-9 per group) demonstrated that the mutant rats (CD247(-/-)) have a >99% reduction in circulating CD3(+) T cells compared with littermate controls (CD247(+/+)). Studies were performed on age-matched, littermate male, CD247(+/+) and CD247(-/-) rats fed a 4.0% NaCl diet for 3 weeks. The infiltration of CD3(+) T cells into the kidney after high salt was significantly blunted in CD247(-/-) (1.4±0.4×10(5) cells per kidney) when compared with that in the CD247(+/+) (8.7±2.0×10(5) cells per kidney). Accompanying the reduced infiltration of T cells, mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in CD247(-/-) than in CD247(+/+) (134±1 versus 151±2 mm Hg). As an index of kidney disease, urinary albumin and protein excretion rates were significantly reduced in CD247(-/-) (17±1 and 62±2 mg/d, respectively) when compared with that in CD247(+/+) (49±3 and 121±5 mg/d, respectively). Glomerular and renal tubular damage were also attenuated in the CD247(-/-). These studies demonstrate that functional T cells are required for the full development of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension and indicate that the association between CD247 and hypertension in humans may be related to altered immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Rudemiller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226.
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Systems model of T cell receptor proximal signaling reveals emergent ultrasensitivity. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003004. [PMID: 23555234 PMCID: PMC3610635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor phosphorylation is thought to be tightly regulated because phosphorylated receptors initiate signaling cascades leading to cellular activation. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) on the surface of T cells is phosphorylated by the kinase Lck and dephosphorylated by the phosphatase CD45 on multiple immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Intriguingly, Lck sequentially phosphorylates ITAMs and ZAP-70, a cytosolic kinase, binds to phosphorylated ITAMs with differential affinities. The purpose of multiple ITAMs, their sequential phosphorylation, and the differential ZAP-70 affinities are unknown. Here, we use a systems model to show that this signaling architecture produces emergent ultrasensitivity resulting in switch-like responses at the scale of individual TCRs. Importantly, this switch-like response is an emergent property, so that removal of multiple ITAMs, sequential phosphorylation, or differential affinities abolishes the switch. We propose that highly regulated TCR phosphorylation is achieved by an emergent switch-like response and use the systems model to design novel chimeric antigen receptors for therapy. Recognition of antigen by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a central event in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and for this reason the TCR has been extensively studied. Multiple studies performed over the past 20 years have revealed intriguing findings that include the observation that the TCR has multiple phosphorylation sites that are sequentially phosphorylated by the kinase Lck and that ZAP-70, a cytosolic kinase, binds to these sites with different affinities. The purpose of multiple sites, their sequential phosphorylation by Lck, and the differential binding affinities of ZAP-70 are unknown. Using a novel mechanistic model that incorporates a high level of molecular detail, we find, unexpectedly, that all factors are critical for producing ultrasensitivity (switch-like response) and therefore this signaling architecture exhibits systems-level emergent ultrasensitivity. We use the model to study existing therapeutic chimeric antigen receptors and in the design of novel ones. The work also has direct implications to the study of many other immune receptors.
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28
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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29
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Jedi-1 and MEGF10 signal engulfment of apoptotic neurons through the tyrosine kinase Syk. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13022-31. [PMID: 22993420 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6350-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the peripheral nervous system there is extensive apoptosis, and these neuronal corpses need to be cleared to prevent an inflammatory response. Recently, Jedi-1 and MEGF10, both expressed in glial precursor cells, were identified in mouse as having an essential role in this phagocytosis (Wu et al., 2009); however, the mechanisms by which they promote engulfment remained unknown. Both Jedi-1 and MEGF10 are homologous to the Drosophila melanogaster receptor Draper, which mediates engulfment through activation of the tyrosine kinase Shark. Here, we identify Syk, the mammalian homolog of Shark, as a signal transducer for both Jedi-1 and MEGF10. Syk interacted with each receptor independently through the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in their intracellular domains. The interaction was enhanced by phosphorylation of the tyrosines in the ITAMs by Src family kinases (SFKs). Jedi association with Syk and activation of the kinase was also induced by exposure to dead cells. Expression of either Jedi-1 or MEGF10 in HeLa cells facilitated engulfment of carboxylated microspheres to a similar extent, and there was no additive effect when they were coexpressed. Mutation of the ITAM tyrosines of Jedi-1 and MEGF10 prevented engulfment. The SFK inhibitor PP2 or a selective Syk inhibitor (BAY 61-3606) also blocked engulfment. Similarly, in cocultures of glial precursors and dying sensory neurons from embryonic mice, addition of PP2 or knock down of endogenous Syk decreased the phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. These results indicate that both Jedi-1 and MEGF10 can mediate phagocytosis independently through the recruitment of Syk.
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30
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Gorentla BK, Zhong XP. T cell Receptor Signal Transduction in T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2012:5. [PMID: 23946894 PMCID: PMC3740441 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes self or foreign antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Engagement of the TCR triggers the formation of multi-molecular signalosomes that lead to the generation of second messengers and subsequent activation of multiple distal signaling cascades, such as the Ca+2-calcineurin-NFAT, RasGRP1-Ras-Erk1/2, PKCθ-IKK-NFκB, and TSC1/2-mTOR pathways. These signaling cascades control many aspects of T cell biology. Mechanisms have been evolved to fine-tune TCR signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis and self-tolerance, and to properly mount effective responses to microbial infection. Defects or deregulation of TCR signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandra K Gorentla
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, 122016, India
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Proust R, Bertoglio J, Gesbert F. The adaptor protein SAP directly associates with CD3ζ chain and regulates T cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43200. [PMID: 22912825 PMCID: PMC3418226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations altering the gene encoding the SLAM associated protein (SAP) are responsible for the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease or XLP1. Its absence is correlated with a defective NKT cells development, a decrease in B cell functions and a reduced T cells and NK cells cytotoxic activities, thus leading to an immunodeficiency syndrome. SAP is a small 128 amino-acid long protein that is almost exclusively composed of an SH2 domain. It has been shown to interact with the CD150/SLAM family of receptors, and in a non-canonical manner with SH3 containing proteins such as Fyn, βPIX, PKCθ and Nck1. It would thus play the role of a minimal adaptor protein. It has been shown that SAP plays an important function in the activation of T cells through its interaction with the SLAM family of receptors. Therefore SAP defective T cells display a reduced activation of signaling events downstream of the TCR-CD3 complex triggering. In the present work, we evidence that SAP is a direct interactor of the CD3ζ chain. This direct interaction occurs through the first ITAM of CD3ζ, proximal to the membrane. Additionally, we show that, in the context of the TCR-CD3 signaling, an Sh-RNA mediated silencing of SAP is responsible for a decrease of several canonical T cell signaling pathways including Erk, Akt and PLCγ1 and to a reduced induction of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA. Altogether, we show that SAP plays a central function in the T cell activation processes through a direct association with the CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Proust
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1004, Université Paris-Sud, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Bertoglio
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S749, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1004, Université Paris-Sud, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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32
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Schneider OD, Millen SH, Weiss AA, Miller WE. Mechanistic insight into pertussis toxin and lectin signaling using T cells engineered to express a CD8α/CD3ζ chimeric receptor. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4126-37. [PMID: 22551306 DOI: 10.1021/bi3002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell-surface receptors typically display N- or O-linked glycans added post-translationally. Plant lectins such as phytohemagluttinin (PHA) can activate the T cell receptor (TCR) and other cell-surface receptors by binding to glycans and initiating receptor cross-linking. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Bordetella pertussis also express proteins with lectin-like activities. Similar to plant lectins, pertussis toxin (PTx) can activate the TCR and bind to a variety of glycans. However, whether the lectin-like activity of PTx is responsible for its ability to activate TCR signaling has not been formally proven. Here we examined the ability of PTx and a panel of lectins to activate the TCR or a CD8α/CD3ζ chimeric receptor (termed CD8ζ). We demonstrate that CD8ζ rescues PTx-induced signaling events lacking in TCR null cells. This result indicates that CD8ζ can substitute for TCR and supports the hypothesis that PTxB (functioning as a lectin) stimulates signaling via receptor cross-linking rather than by binding to a specific epitope on the TCR. Moreover, PTx is able to activate signaling by binding either N-linked or O-linked glycan-modified receptors as the TCR displays N-linked glycans while CD8ζ displays O-linked glycans. Finally, studies with a diverse panel of lectins indicate that the signaling activity of the lectins does not always correlate with the biochemical reports of ligand preferences. Comparison of lectin signaling through TCR or CD8ζ allows us to better define the structural and functional properties of lectin-glycan interactions using a biologically based signaling readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia D Schneider
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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33
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Fernandes RA, Shore DA, Vuong MT, Yu C, Zhu X, Pereira-Lopes S, Brouwer H, Fennelly JA, Jessup CM, Evans EJ, Wilson IA, Davis SJ. T cell receptors are structures capable of initiating signaling in the absence of large conformational rearrangements. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13324-35. [PMID: 22262845 PMCID: PMC3339974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and non-native ligands of the T cell receptor (TCR), including antibodies, have been proposed to induce signaling in T cells via intra- or intersubunit conformational rearrangements within the extracellular regions of TCR complexes. We have investigated whether any signatures can be found for such postulated structural changes during TCR triggering induced by antibodies, using crystallographic and mutagenesis-based approaches. The crystal structure of murine CD3ε complexed with the mitogenic anti-CD3ε antibody 2C11 enabled the first direct structural comparisons of antibody-liganded and unliganded forms of CD3ε from a single species, which revealed that antibody binding does not induce any substantial rearrangements within CD3ε. Saturation mutagenesis of surface-exposed CD3ε residues, coupled with assays of antibody-induced signaling by the mutated complexes, suggests a new configuration for the complex within which CD3ε is highly exposed and reveals that no large new CD3ε interfaces are required to form during antibody-induced signaling. The TCR complex therefore appears to be a structure that is capable of initiating intracellular signaling in T cells without substantial structural rearrangements within or between the component subunits. Our findings raise the possibility that signaling by native ligands might also be initiated in the absence of large structural rearrangements in the receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Fernandes
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - David A. Shore
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Mai T. Vuong
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Chao Yu
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Selma Pereira-Lopes
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Heather Brouwer
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Janet A. Fennelly
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Claire M. Jessup
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Edward J. Evans
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Simon J. Davis
- From the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, The University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom and
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34
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Gelkop S, Weisman B, Pulak RN, Zharhary D, Isakov N. Development of unique antibodies directed against each of the six different phosphotyrosine residues within the T cell receptor CD3ζ chain. J Immunol Methods 2012; 375:129-37. [PMID: 22020291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex involves six different immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) located within the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 chains. Each ITAM possesses two conserved tyrosine residues that can undergo phosphorylation upon TCR/CD3 crosslinking and become a docking site for SH2-containing effector molecules. Specificity of the SH2 domains is determined by their ability to bind a phosphorylated tyrosine in the context of a longer peptide motif within the target protein. As a result, phosphorylation of different tyrosines within the CD3 cytoplasmic tails creates docking sites for distinct SH2-containing signaling proteins that differentially impact on the quality of the T cell response. In the present study, we prepared antibodies specific for each of the six different phosphotyrosines of the mouse CD3ζ chain. The antibodies were characterized with respect to their cross-reactivity, ability to recognize the phosphorylated versus non-phosphorylated forms of tyrosine-containing motifs, and cross-reactivity with the homologous phospho-motifs on the human CD3ζ protein. The antibodies were found to be specific and selective for phospho-CD3ζ. They can serve as useful tools for distinguishing between the six potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites on the CD3ζ chain, and for correlating the phosphorylation of specific CD3ζ tyrosine residues with activation of signaling pathways that dictate T cell differentiation into responding, anergic, or apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- Cell Biology, Department of Research & Development, Sigma-Aldrich Israel, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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35
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Wang X, Hao J, Metzger DL, Ao Z, Chen L, Ou D, Verchere CB, Mui A, Warnock GL. B7-H4 Treatment of T Cells Inhibits ERK, JNK, p38, and AKT Activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28232. [PMID: 22238573 PMCID: PMC3251556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 is a newly identified B7 homolog that plays an important role in maintaining T-cell homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and lymphokine-secretion. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways inhibited by B7-H4 engagement in mouse T cells. We found that treatment of CD3(+) T cells with a B7-H4.Ig fusion protein inhibits anti-CD3 elicited T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signaling events, including phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, ERK, p38, and JNK. B7-H4.Ig treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT kinase and impaired its kinase activity as assessed by the phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate GSK-3. Expression of IL-2 is also reduced by B7-H4. In contrast, the phosphorylation state of the TCR proximal tyrosine kinases ZAP70 and lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) are not affected by B7-H4 ligation. These results indicate that B7-H4 inhibits T-cell proliferation and IL-2 production through interfering with activation of ERK, JNK, and AKT, but not of ZAP70 or LCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jianqiang Hao
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel L. Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ziliang Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dawei Ou
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C. Bruce Verchere
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alice Mui
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Garth L. Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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36
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Abstract
B7-H4 is a newly identified B7 homolog that plays an important role in maintaining T-cell homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and lymphokine-secretion. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways inhibited by B7-H4 engagement in mouse T cells. We found that treatment of CD3(+) T cells with a B7-H4.Ig fusion protein inhibits anti-CD3 elicited T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signaling events, including phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, ERK, p38, and JNK. B7-H4.Ig treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT kinase and impaired its kinase activity as assessed by the phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate GSK-3. Expression of IL-2 is also reduced by B7-H4. In contrast, the phosphorylation state of the TCR proximal tyrosine kinases ZAP70 and lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) are not affected by B7-H4 ligation. These results indicate that B7-H4 inhibits T-cell proliferation and IL-2 production through interfering with activation of ERK, JNK, and AKT, but not of ZAP70 or LCK.
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37
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Moulton VR, Lo MS, Tsokos GC. Methods and protocols to study T cell signaling abnormalities in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:25-60. [PMID: 22933064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of key signaling molecules and defective functions of T lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). T cell receptor (TCR/CD3)-mediated stimulation of SLE T cells show increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins with faster kinetics, heightened calcium flux response, and decreased IL-2 production. The molecular mechanisms of T cell signaling abnormalities in SLE T cells are complex. Current research has been directed towards investigating various factors that contribute to abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation, intracellular calcium response, and cytokine production. Central to this dysfunction is the aberrant expression and function of the TCR/CD3ζ chain. Latest developments suggest multiple explanations are involved, including altered receptor structure, supramolecular assembly, modulation of membrane clustering, aberrant cellular distribution, and pre-compartmentalization with lipid-rafts. The methods and protocols described here pertaining to T cell signaling abnormalities in SLE T cells are optimized in many ways and are derived by the combined task and continuous efforts of many researchers in the lab over a long period of time. These simplified protocols can be readily applied to study T cell signaling abnormalities in SLE to identify the genetic, molecular, and biochemical factors contributing to aberrant immune cell function and unravel the pathophysiology of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali R Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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FcεRI-induced mast cell cytokine production critically involves an aspartic acid residue (D234) in the C-terminal intracellular domain of the FcεRIβ chain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:744-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Signal transduction by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is initiated by phosphorylation of conserved motifs (ITAMs) contained within the cytoplasmic domains of the invariant subunits. TCR complexes contain a total of 10 ITAMs and this unusual configuration has prompted studies of the role of specific ITAMs, or of ITAM multiplicity, in regulating TCR-directed developmental and effector responses. Here, we summarize data generated during the past two decades and discuss how these findings have in some cases resolved, and in others complicated, outstanding questions relating to the function of TCR ITAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Love
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:956304. [PMID: 20467460 PMCID: PMC2864912 DOI: 10.1155/2010/956304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are powerful components of adaptive immunity, which essentially contribute to the elimination of tumors. Due to their cytotoxic capacity, T cells emerged as attractive candidates for specific immunotherapy of cancer. A promising approach is the genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). First generation CARs consist of a binding moiety specifically recognizing a tumor cell surface antigen and a lymphocyte activating signaling chain. The CAR-mediated recognition induces cytokine production and tumor-directed cytotoxicity of T cells. Second and third generation CARs include signal sequences from various costimulatory molecules resulting in enhanced T-cell persistence and sustained antitumor reaction. Clinical trials revealed that the adoptive transfer of T cells engineered with first generation CARs represents a feasible concept for the induction of clinical responses in some tumor patients. However, further improvement is required, which may be achieved by second or third generation CAR-engrafted T cells.
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41
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Ghosh D, Tsokos GC. Spleen tyrosine kinase: an Src family of non-receptor kinase has multiple functions and represents a valuable therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:48-55. [PMID: 20001666 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903374717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in the development and function of B and T cells, the Fc receptor-mediated degranulation of basophils and mast cells. Recent work has assigned important roles for Syk in the aberrant function of T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), osteoclasts, and urate crystal-induced neutrophil stimulation. Preclinical and early clinical studies have urged Syk inhibition for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, whereas ex vivo experiments and preclinical studies point to a therapeutic potential of Syk inhibition in patients with SLE and crystal-induced arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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The right team at the right time to go for a home run: tyrosine kinase activation by the TCR. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:101-4. [PMID: 20084063 DOI: 10.1038/ni0210-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The TCR signals via cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Art Weiss recounts discoveries that led to early understanding of these events.
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Musiał K, Ciszak L, Kosmaczewska A, Szteblich A, Frydecka I, Zwolińska D. Zeta chain expression in T and NK cells in peripheral blood of children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:119-27. [PMID: 19830460 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) has been related to cellular immune disturbances. The zeta (zeta) chain, a component of the T-cell receptor/CD3 (TCR) complex and CD16 heterodimer in NK cells, plays a crucial role in T and NK cell activation and proliferation. The aim of our study was to examine zeta chain expression in CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells in the peripheral blood of children with INS and to evaluate the effect of anti-CD3+rIL-2 stimulation on the level of zeta chain expression in the INS pediatric population. The study group consisted of 15 children with INS in relapse, 16 patients with INS in clinical remission, and 17 controls. The percentage of zeta-positive cells and the values of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were determined by flow cytometry. Compared with that in the controls, the percentage of zeta+ freshly isolated NK cells in children with INS in relapse was significantly lower, whereas, in CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ populations, no alteration was observed. There were no differences in the MFI values between the populations of freshly isolated cells either. Stimulation with anti-CD3+rIL-2 decreased the percentage of zeta+/CD4+ T cells and NKzeta+ cells in a significant way in all the groups analysed, whereas the percentage of zeta+/CD8+ T cells decreased significantly only in patients with INS in relapse. The altered pattern of zeta expression in fresh NK cells from children with INS in relapse, and the disturbed response of zeta+/CD8+ T cells to anti-CD3+rIL-2 stimulation in relapse, suggests the possible role of this chain in immune dysregulation in INS, particularly with regard to cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Musiał
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wrocław Medical University, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 50/52, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
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Kabouridis PS, Jury EC. Lipid rafts and T-lymphocyte function: implications for autoimmunity. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3711-8. [PMID: 18930053 PMCID: PMC2596348 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that the mammalian cell membrane is compartmentalized. A structural feature that supports membrane segmentation implicates assemblies of selected lipids broadly referred to as lipid rafts. In T-lymphocytes, lipid rafts are implicated in signalling from the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and in localization and function of proteins residing proximal to the receptor. This review summarizes the current literature that deals with lipid raft involvement in T-cell activation and places particular emphasis in recent studies investigating lipid rafts in autoimmunity. The potential of lipid rafts as targets for the development of a new class of immune-modulating compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis S Kabouridis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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Soto-Cruz I, Oliver JM, Ortega E. Analysis of Proteins Binding to the ITAM Motif of the β-Subunit of the High-Affinity Receptor for IgE (FcεRI). J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 27:67-81. [PMID: 17365510 DOI: 10.1080/10799890601096686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the multichain (alphabetagamma2) high-affinity IgE receptor (Fcepsilon RI) initiates a signaling cascade that results in the release of allergic mediators. The cytoplasmic tails of the FcepsilonRI-beta and -gamma subunits contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Phosphorylation of the gammaITAM mediates activation of Syk kinase and is sufficient for triggering the responses induced by Fcepsilon RI crosslinking. Phosphorylation of the betaITAM is insufficient to mediate cell activation. The rat betaITAM contains three tyrosines (Tyr218, Tyr224, and Tyr228) with an intermediate noncanonical tyrosine. Synthetic peptides based on the ITAM of the FcepsilonRI-beta subunit were used to investigate the role of each phosphotyrosine in the binding of signaling proteins to this motif. Among the proteins that bind to phosphorylated beta ITAM are Syk, Grb2, Shc, SHIP, and SHP-1, and binding does not depend on previous cell activation. Nonphosphorylated peptides do not bind these proteins. Syk binding to beta-peptides is dependent on the number and position of phosphotyrosines in the ITAM. Phosphorylation of Tyr218 seems to be most important for Syk binding. Recruitment of Syk and other signaling proteins to the beta-subunit might be important for its amplifier role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Diferenciación Celular y Cáncer, FES, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Zaragoza
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Yi HJ, Lee CG, Kwon HK, So JS, Sahoo A, Hwang JS, Jash A, Hwang KC, Im SH. Defect in TCR-CD3ζ signaling mediates T cell hypo-responsiveness in mesenteric lymph node. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3748-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Levin SE, Zhang C, Kadlecek TA, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Inhibition of ZAP-70 kinase activity via an analog-sensitive allele blocks T cell receptor and CD28 superagonist signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15419-30. [PMID: 18378687 PMCID: PMC2397475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. Both mice and humans deficient in ZAP-70 fail to develop functional T cells, thus demonstrating its necessity for T cell development and function. There is currently no highly specific, cell-permeable, small molecule inhibitor for ZAP-70; therefore, we generated a mutant ZAP-70 allele that retains kinase activity but is sensitive to inhibition by a mutant-specific inhibitor. We validated the chemical genetic inhibitor system in Jurkat T cell lines, where the inhibitor blocked ZAP-70-dependent TCR signaling in cells expressing the analog-sensitive allele. Interestingly, the inhibitor also ablated CD28 superagonist signaling, thereby demonstrating the utility of this system in dissecting the requirement for ZAP-70 in alternative mechanisms of T cell activation. Thus, we have developed the first specific chemical means of inhibiting ZAP-70 in cells, which serves as a valuable tool for studying the function of ZAP-70 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Levin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 5134 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Amino-acid sequence motifs for PKC-mediated membrane trafficking of the inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:372-80. [PMID: 18301382 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced upregulation of inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) is regulated by protein kinase Cs (PKCs). Conventional PKCs increase KIR expression on the post-transcriptional level by increasing the recycling of surface molecules and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi processing. PKCdelta plays a role in the secretion of cytoplasmic KIR through lytic granules. In this study, we identified amino acid sequence motifs associated with PKC-mediated KIR membrane trafficking by systematic mutagenesis. Mutations of Y(398) and HLWC(364) completely inhibited the PMA-induced increase of KIR molecules at surface as well as total protein levels, indicating that these are associated with ER-Golgi processing and sorting to plasma membrane through lytic granules. Mutations of Y-based motif, including Y(398), acidic region (PE(394)), dileucine motif-like region (IL(423)) and PKC-phosphorylatable S(415) caused a blockade of surface KIR endocytosis after PKC stimulation. Mutation of T(145) caused an accumulation of mutant proteins in late endosomes and lysosomes after PKC activation, suggesting that T(145) might be related to the recovery of endocytosed KIR to the surface membrane. We also demonstrated that PKCs could directly phosphorylate the KIR cytoplasmic tail by means of western blot and in vitro kinase assay, implying that phosphorylation status of KIR cytoplasmic tail can direct the fate of surface KIR molecules. Taken together, various sequence motifs are implicated in the PKC-mediated post-transcriptional upregulation of KIR, and each of these motifs work in different steps after PKC activation.
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Jury EC, Flores-Borja F, Kabouridis PS. Lipid rafts in T cell signalling and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:608-15. [PMID: 17890113 PMCID: PMC2596300 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts is a blanket term used to describe distinct areas in the plasma membrane rich in certain lipids and proteins and which are thought to perform diverse functions. A large number of studies report on lipid rafts having a key role in receptor signalling and activation of lymphocytes. In T cells, lipid raft involvement was demonstrated in the early steps during T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that signalling in these domains differs in T cells isolated from patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we discuss these findings and explore the potential of lipid rafts as targets for the development of a new class of agents to downmodulate immune responses and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London W1P 4JF, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: Bone and Joint Research Unit, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 207 679 9634; fax: +44 207 679 9143.
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London W1P 4JF, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis S. Kabouridis
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 207882 5664; fax: +44 207882 6121.
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50
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Roberts JL, Lauritsen JPH, Cooney M, Parrott RE, Sajaroff EO, Win CM, Keller MD, Carpenter JH, Carabana J, Krangel MS, Sarzotti M, Zhong XP, Wiest DL, Buckley RH. T-B+NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency caused by complete deficiency of the CD3zeta subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor complex. Blood 2007; 109:3198-206. [PMID: 17170122 PMCID: PMC1852234 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-043166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD3zeta is a subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex required for its assembly and surface expression that also plays an important role in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We report here a patient with T(-)B(+)NK(+) severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who was homozygous for a single C insertion following nucleotide 411 in exon 7 of the CD3zeta gene. The few T cells present contained no detectable CD3zeta protein, expressed low levels of cell surface CD3epsilon, and were nonfunctional. CD4(+)CD8(-)CD3epsilon(low), CD4(-)CD8(+)CD3epsilon(low), and CD4(-)CD8(-)CD3epsilon(low) cells were detected in the periphery, and the patient also exhibited an unusual population of CD56(-)CD16(+) NK cells with diminished cytolytic activity. Additional studies demonstrated that retrovirally transduced patient mutant CD3zeta cDNA failed to rescue assembly of nascent complete TCR complexes or surface TCR expression in CD3zeta-deficient MA5.8 murine T-cell hybridoma cells. Nascent transduced mutant CD3zeta protein was also not detected in metabolically labeled MA5.8 cells, suggesting that it was unstable and rapidly degraded. Taken together, these findings provide the first demonstration that complete CD3zeta deficiency in humans can cause SCID by preventing normal TCR assembly and surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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