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Noli Truant S, Redolfi DM, Sarratea MB, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110800. [PMID: 36422975 PMCID: PMC9692936 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a wide family of bacterial exotoxins with the capacity to activate as much as 20% of the host T cells, which is why they were called superantigens. Superantigens (SAgs) can cause multiple diseases in humans and cattle, ranging from mild to life-threatening infections. Almost all S. aureus isolates encode at least one of these toxins, though there is no complete knowledge about how their production is triggered. One of the main problems with the available evidence for these toxins is that most studies have been conducted with a few superantigens; however, the resulting characteristics are attributed to the whole group. Although these toxins share homology and a two-domain structure organization, the similarity ratio varies from 20 to 89% among different SAgs, implying wide heterogeneity. Furthermore, every attempt to structurally classify these proteins has failed to answer differential biological functionalities. Taking these concerns into account, it might not be appropriate to extrapolate all the information that is currently available to every staphylococcal SAg. Here, we aimed to gather the available information about all staphylococcal SAgs, considering their functions and pathogenicity, their ability to interact with the immune system as well as their capacity to be used as immunotherapeutic agents, resembling the two faces of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
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Berry SC, Triplett OA, Yu LR, Hart ME, Jackson LS, Tolleson WH. Microcalorimetric Investigations of Reversible Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Unfolding. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080554. [PMID: 36006217 PMCID: PMC9414061 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is a common food-borne illness often associated with contamination during food handling. The genes for Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) isoforms SEA and SEB are frequently detected in human nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates and these toxins are commonly associated with SFP. Past studies described the resistance of preformed SE proteins to heat inactivation and their reactivation upon cooling in foods. Full thermodynamic analyses for these processes have not been reported, however. The thermal stabilities of SEA, SEB, and SEH and reversibility of unfolding in simple buffers were investigated at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEA and SEB unfolding was irreversible at pH 6.8 and at least partially reversible at pH 4.5 while SEH unfolding was irreversible at pH 4.5 and reversible at pH 6.8. Additional studies showed maximum refolding for SEB at pH 3.5–4.0 and diminished refolding at pH 4.5 with increasing ionic strength. SE-stimulated secretion of interferon-gamma by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to assess residual SE biological activity following heat treatments using conditions matching those used for DSC studies. The biological activities of SEB and SEH exhibited greater resistance to heat inactivation than that of SEA. The residual activities of heat-treated SEB and SEH were measurable but diminished further in the presence of reconstituted nonfat dry milk adjusted to pH 4.5 or pH 6.8. To different extents, the pH and ionic strengths typical for foods influenced the thermal stabilities of SEA, SEB, and SEH and their potentials to renature spontaneously after heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Berry
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Odbert A. Triplett
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Mark E. Hart
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lauren S. Jackson
- Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Rd., Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
| | - William H. Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1870-543-7645
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Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E584. [PMID: 32927913 PMCID: PMC7551944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the most common cause of foodborne intoxications (staphylococcal food poisoning) and cause a wide range of diseases. With at least six variants staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) stands out as particularly diverse amongst the 25 known staphylococcal enterotoxins. Some variants present unique and even host-specific features. Here, we review the role of SEC in human and animal health with a particular focus on its role as a causative agent for foodborne intoxications. We highlight structural features unique to SEC and its variants, particularly, the emetic and superantigen activity, as well as the roles of SEC in mastitis and in dairy products. Information about the genetic organization as well as regulatory mechanisms including the accessory gene regulator and food-related stressors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Etter
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cai R, Shi L, Li C, Yan H. Prevalence of Enterotoxin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pork Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:437-443. [PMID: 29672171 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 130 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from samples associated with pork production were tested for prevalence of 18 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. Approximately 94.6% (123/130) of isolates from different stages of pork production harbored one or more SE genes forming 37 different enterotoxin gene profiles. Seb was present in 60.0% of the S. aureus isolates, the highest among the genes tested. The genes, sed, sej, seo, sep, ser, and seu, were not found. The five classical SE genes (including sea, seb, sec, sed, see) had lower prevalence than the egc gene cluster (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, or seu). Notably, ∼6.9% (9/130) isolates harbored five SE genes. Classical SE genes were relatively higher in raw meat isolates than swine farm isolates, suggesting that raw meat isolates have a greater potential for classical staphylococcal food poisoning. Incomplete egc clusters were mainly distributed in swine farm isolates, and some of them coexisted with other classical SE genes (seb, sec), showing that swine farms could be potential sources of enterogenic S. aureus of food safety concern. Characterizing the distributions of enterotoxin genes among S. aureus may provide epidemiological information for the benefit of public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yage Wang
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- 3 Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
| | - Chunling Li
- 2 Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
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Leke A, Goudjil S, Mullie C, Grognet S, Biendo M. PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and exfoliative toxin genes in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains from raw human breast milk. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Current Issues in Foodborne Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Chen W, Ali T, Alkasir R, Yin J, Liu G, Han B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin H induced apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3552-67. [PMID: 25533519 PMCID: PMC4280547 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are powerful superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). They can cause food poisoning and toxic shock. However, their impact on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is still unknown. In this study, the distribution of SE genes was evaluated in 116 S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis, and the most prevalent genes were seh (36.2%), followed by sei (12.1%), seg (11.2%), ser (4.3%), sec (3.4%), sea (2.6%) and sed (1.7%). To better understand the effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) on bMECs, the seh gene was cloned and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET28a, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin H (rSEH) was expressed and purified as soluble protein. Bioactivity analysis showed that rSEH possessed the activity of stimulating lymphocytes proliferation. The XTT assay showed that 100 μg/mL of rSEH produced the cytotoxic effect on bMECs, and fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed that a certain dose of rSEH is effective at inducing bMECs apoptosis in vitro. This indicates that SEs can directly lead to cellular apoptosis of bMECs in bovine mastitis associated with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tariq Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rashad Alkasir
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinhua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Gustafson JE, Muthaiyan A, Dupre JM, Ricke SC. WITHDRAWN: Staphylococcus aureus and understanding the factors that impact enterotoxin production in foods: A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rall V, Miranda E, Castilho I, Camargo C, Langoni H, Guimarães F, Araújo Júnior J, Fernandes Júnior A. Diversity of Staphylococcus species and prevalence of enterotoxin genes isolated from milk of healthy cows and cows with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:829-37. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nazari R, Godarzi H, Rahimi Baghi F, Moeinrad M. Enterotoxin gene profiles among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2014; 15:409-12. [PMID: 27175141 PMCID: PMC4789223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Milk is considered a nutritious food because it contains several important nutrients including proteins and vitamins. Conversely, it can be a vehicle for several pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of genes encoding the nine Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and enterotoxin gene profiles in S. aureus isolates derived from raw bovine milk. A total of 52 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 246 milk samples of 246 dairy cows from eight different farms in Qom, Iran. On the basis of cultural and biochemical properties as well as by amplification of the 23S rRNA specific to S. aureus, all isolates could be identified as S. aureus. Of the 52 isolates studied, 80.7% were positive for one or more genes encoding the enterotoxins, and 12 different genotypes were identified. The gene encoding for enterotoxin A (Sea) was the most frequent (16 isolates, 30.7%), followed by Seb (14 isolates, 26.9%) and Sed (8 isolates, 15.37%). Among the genes encoding the other enterotoxins, Seg and Seh were the most frequently observed (8 isolates each, 15.38%), followed by Sej (6 isolates, 11.5%) and Sei (1 isolates, 3.84%). With the recent identification of new SEs, the frequency of enterotoxigenic strains has increased, suggesting that the pathogenic potential of Staphylococci may be higher than previously thought. These results of enterotoxin genes positivity of milk-derived Staphylococci constitute a potential risk for consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nazari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - H Godarzi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - F Rahimi Baghi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - M Moeinrad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
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Emetic potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3627-31. [PMID: 23876808 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a common causative agent of food poisoning. Recently, many new SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported, although the role of SEls in food poisoning remains unclear. In this study, the emetic potentials of SElK, SElL, SElM, SElN, SElO, SElP, and SElQ were assessed using a monkey-feeding assay. All the SEls that were tested induced emetic reactions in monkeys at a dose of 100 μg/kg, although the numbers of affected monkeys were significantly smaller than the numbers that were affected after consuming SEA or SEB. This result suggests that these new SEs may play some role in staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Chu C, Yu C, Lee Y, Su Y. Genetically divergent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and sec-dependent mastitis of dairy goats in Taiwan. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:39. [PMID: 22455622 PMCID: PMC3353860 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Widespread in the environment, Staphylococcus spp. infect animals and humans as normal flora or pathogens. By extending our recent report of multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus in dairy goats, this study investigated the staphylococcal infection and characterized the MDR-S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from goats in 2008 to elucidate the appearance of MRSA in goats and the mastitis associated staphylococcus enterotoxin (SE) types. A total of 555 samples were collected from six goat parts and three environmental sources among four dairy goat farms in southern Taiwan. Coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococcus spp. (CPS and CNS, respectively) were also identified. Furthermore, predominant SE genes of nine enterotoxin genes sea through sej along with antimicrobial resistance and genetic variations were determined. Results In total, 137 staphylococcal strains were identified and found predominantly in milk, and in the vagina, anus, and nasal cavity. The most prevalent species was S. lentus, followed by S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. xylosus. Enterotoxin genes were not identified in any CNS isolates, however sec and see were identified only in S. aureus associated with mastitis in goat. In compared to the isolates from 2006 to 2007, 27 S. aureus isolates from 2008 were found to be more resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, oxacillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, and tetracycline. Eleven MRSA isolates were identified and belonged to SCCmec type III (nine isolates) as the major type and SCCmec type II (two isolates). These MRSA isolates revealed pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern A (five isolates), C (one isolate), and D (one isolate) of human isolates. The other two isolates without pulsotypes belonged to ST59. Conclusion The prevalence and infection sites of CNS differed from those of CPS. Genetic analyses indicated that genetic divergence, possible zoonotic transfer of MRSA, and the involvement of sec as important virulence factors for of S. aureus that lead to mastitis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
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Ahmady M, Kazemi S. Detection of the enterotoxigenic genes ( sei,sej) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis milk in the West Azerbaijan of Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 22:649-654. [PMID: 23864850 PMCID: PMC3702959 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative pathogen of clinical and subclinical mastitis of dairy domestic ruminants. This organism produces a variety of extracellular toxins and virulence factors such as enterotoxin SEI and SEJ that contribute to its pathogenic potential. In this study 25 S. aureus isolates obtained from four dairy herds of Urmia region which is located in West Azerbaijan province in Iran. The tested isolates were identified on the basis of the cultural and biochemical properties, as well as amplification of the aroA gene which is specific for S. aureus. All isolates were also analyzed for the presence of the SEI (sei) and SEJ (sej) encoding genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven positive isolates were detected for sei, but sej gene was not detected in any of the total number of 25 isolates. The present study revealed that the PCR amplification of the aroA gene could be used as a powerful tool for identification of S. aureus from the cases of bovine mastitis. Results of the present study also showed that the strains of S. aureus which cause mastitis can potentially produce enterotoxin SEI. Overall, our results suggest that it is of special importance to follow the presence of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus in other dairy products, especially for protecting the consumers from staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malahat Ahmady
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
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Hennekinne JA, De Buyser ML, Dragacci S. Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 36:815-36. [PMID: 22091892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All of them have superantigenic activity whereas half of them have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. This review, divided into four parts, will focus on the following: (1) the worldwide story of SFP outbreaks, (2) the characteristics and behaviour of S. aureus in food environment, (3) the toxinogenic conditions and characteristics of SEs, and (4) SFP outbreaks including symptomatology, occurrence in the European Union and currently available methods used to characterize staphylococcal outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Food Safety Laboratory of Maisons-Alfort, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Kim NH, Yun AR, Rhee MS. Prevalence and classification of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from refrigerated ready-to-eat foods (sushi, kimbab and California rolls) in Korea. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1456-64. [PMID: 21972801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the presence of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat (RTE) Korean foods and determine the distribution of genes related to various types of toxin production. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 3293 commercial RTE refrigerated foods (sushi, n = 1882; kimbab, n = 975; California rolls, n = 436) were collected from Korean grocery stores, department stores and convenience stores between January 2006 and June 2007. Of these, 197 (5.98%) RTE samples were contaminated with coagulase-positive Staph. aureus, that is, 61 (6.26%) kimbab, 110 (5.84%) sushi and 26 (5.96%) California rolls. Multiplex PCR determined the presence of 12 toxigenic genes: sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, tst-1, eta and etb. Approximately half (49.75%) of the Staph. aureus isolates had toxigenic properties, and most of the toxigenic isolates possessed genes coding for the simultaneous production of two or more types of toxin. The most frequent toxigenic types found in Korean RTE foods were as follows: seg = sei > sea > tst-1 > etb > seh > eta > sec > sej. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a comprehensive analysis of toxigenic S. aureus isolates from Korean RTE foods and their toxigenicity types. This emphasizes the potential risk of various types of toxigenic Staph. aureus in refrigerated RTE food products, which should be better managed to establish safer food chains in global food markets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This result may contribute to an extended database on Staph. aureus food contamination and mitigate the lack of available information on microbiological hazards in Southeast Asian Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Shukla SK, Karow ME, Brady JM, Stemper ME, Kislow J, Moore N, Wroblewski K, Chyou PH, Warshauer DM, Reed KD, Lynfield R, Schwan WR. Virulence genes and genotypic associations in nasal carriage, community-associated methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3582-92. [PMID: 20668125 PMCID: PMC2953128 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00657-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not well understood why strains of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections, became successful so quickly, overtaking the place of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in many communities. To evaluate the genetic basis of differences in their virulence traits, 293 S. aureus isolates consisting of three cohorts, genotypically defined clinical CA-MRSA (n = 77), clinical MSSA (n = 103), and nasal carriage MSSA (n = 113), collected over a 19-year period in two Midwestern states in the United States, were (i) extensively genotyped and (ii) screened for 40 known virulence genes which included those for enterotoxins, leukocidins, hemolysins, and surface proteins and several newly identified putative toxin genes from the USA400 lineage of CA-MRSA. Genotypically, nasal carriage and clinical MSSA isolates were much more diverse than was the CA-MRSA group, which was found to be of USA400 lineage only. Virulence gene profiles of the three groups showed that CA-MRSA strains harbored significantly higher percentages (≥95%; P value, <0.05) of the sea, sec, sec4, seg2, seh, sek, sel, sel2, ear, ssl1, lpl10, lukSF-PV, lukD, lukE, and clfA genes than did the carriage and the clinical MSSA group (range, 0% to 58%). Genes of the enterotoxin gene cluster, seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo, were present in the clinical and carriage isolates but not in the CA-MRSA group. These results suggest that the presence of additional virulence factors in USA400 CA-MRSA strains compared to the nasal carriage and clinical MSSA strains probably contributed to their enhanced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Shukla
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Predominance and emergence of clones of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Malaysia. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:867-72. [PMID: 20089756 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01112-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We define the epidemiology of predominant and sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in a central teaching and referral hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This is done on the basis of spa sequencing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and virulence gene profiling. During the period of study, the MRSA prevalence was 44.1%, and 389 MRSA strains were included. The prevalence of MRSA was found to be significantly higher in the patients of Indian ethnicity (P < 0.001). The majority (92.5%) of the isolates belonged to ST-239, spa type t037, and possessed the type III or IIIA SCCmec. The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) arcA gene was detected in three (1.05%) ST-239 isolates. We report the first identification of ACME arcA gene-positive ST-239. Apart from this predominant clone, six (1.5%) isolates of ST-22, with two related spa types (t032 and t4184) and a singleton (t3213), carrying type IVh SCCmec, were detected for the first time in Asia. A limited number of community-acquired (CA) MRSA strains were also detected. These included ST-188/t189 (2.1%), ST-1/t127 (2.3%), and ST-7/t091 (1%). Panton-Valentin leukocidin (PVL) was detected in all ST-1 and ST-188 strains and in 0.7% of the ST-239 isolates. The majority of the isolates carried agr I, except that ST-1 strains were agr III positive. Virulence genes seg and sei were seen only among ST-22 isolates. In conclusion, current results revealed the predominance of ST-239-SCCmec III/IIIA and the penetration of ST-22 with different virulence gene profiles. The emergence in Malaysia of novel clones of known epidemic and pathogenic potential should be taken seriously.
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Karahan M, Açık MN, Çetinkaya B. Investigation of Toxin Genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction inStaphylococcus aureusStrains Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Turkey. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1029-35. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karahan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Açık
- Vocational School of Health Services, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Burhan Çetinkaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Complete genome sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSCS5402, [corrected] reflecting the ancestral genome of the human-pathogenic staphylococci. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:1180-90. [PMID: 19074389 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01058-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated the methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSC5402 from animal meat in a supermarket and determined its whole-genome nucleotide sequence. This is the first report on the genome analysis of a macrococcal species that is evolutionarily closely related to the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. The essential biological pathways of M. caseolyticus are similar to those of staphylococci. However, the species has a small chromosome (2.1 MB) and lacks many sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways and a plethora of virulence genes that are present in S. aureus. On the other hand, M. caseolyticus possesses a series of oxidative phosphorylation machineries that are closely related to those in the family Bacillaceae. We also discovered a probable primordial form of a Macrococcus methicillin resistance gene complex, mecIRAm, on one of the eight plasmids harbored by the M. caseolyticus strain. This is the first finding of a plasmid-encoding methicillin resistance gene. Macrococcus is considered to reflect the genome of ancestral bacteria before the speciation of staphylococcal species and may be closely associated with the origin of the methicillin resistance gene complex of the notorious human pathogen methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
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PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw and pasteurized milk. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:408-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 Suppl 5:S350-9. [PMID: 18462090 DOI: 10.1086/533591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. However, the role of different virulence factors in the development of staphylococcal infections remains incompletely understood. Some clonal types are well equipped to cause disease across the globe, whereas others are facile at causing disease among community members. In this review, general aspects of staphylococcal pathogenesis are addressed, with emphasis on methicillin-resistant strains. Although methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are not necessarily more virulent than methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains, some MRSA strains contain factors or genetic backgrounds that may enhance their virulence or may enable them to cause particular clinical syndromes. We examine these pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Gordon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Genotype analysis of enterotoxin H-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food samples in the Czech Republic. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 121:60-5. [PMID: 18054105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Occurrence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus in various food products commercialized in Botucatu, SP, Brazil and detection of toxins from food and isolated strains. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hwang SY, Kim SH, Jang EJ, Kwon NH, Park YK, Koo HC, Jung WK, Kim JM, Park YH. Novel multiplex PCR for the detection of the Staphylococcus aureus superantigen and its application to raw meat isolates in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:99-105. [PMID: 17439826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay that allows for the rapid screening of the 19 genes that encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (sea to see, and seg to sei), SE-like (SEl) toxins (sej to ser, and seu), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) (tst) was developed in this study. These toxins are included in the pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg) family and are responsible for many diseases such as staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) and TSS. The primers were designed based on dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) technology to detect all of the 19 SAg genes in three sets of PCR. The developed multiplex PCR was applied to 143 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pork and chicken meat in Korea. Almost 50% of the strains possessed at least one of the 19 SAg genes. The most frequently found genes were seg, sei, sem, and sen (53 isolates, 37%), which were often found simultaneously in the same isolate. In those isolates, the seo (39 isolates, 27%) or seu (6 isolates, 4%) genes were frequently found together and this combination (seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo or seu) was considered to be a part of the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc). The sea gene (10 isolates, 7%) was the gene most frequently detected out of all the classical SE genes (sea to see). Although these classical SEs are considered to be major etiological factors in SFP, newly described SE or SEl genes (seg to ser, and seu) were more frequently detected than the classical SE genes in this study. There was no isolate detected containing the seb, sec, sek, sel, or seq genes. S. aureus possessing mobile genetic elements known to encode these SAg genes, such as egc, were presumed to be widely distributed among pork and chicken meats in Korea. The multiplex PCR developed in this study could be applied to the investigation of SAg genes in S. aureus strains isolated from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kanangat S, Postlethwaite A, Hasty K, Kang A, Smeltzer M, Appling W, Schaberg D. Induction of multiple matrix metalloproteinases in human dermal and synovial fibroblasts by Staphylococcus aureus: implications in the pathogenesis of septic arthritis and other soft tissue infections. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R176. [PMID: 17129374 PMCID: PMC1794521 DOI: 10.1186/ar2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of body tissue by Staphylococcus aureus are quickly followed by degradation of connective tissue. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are more prone to S. aureus-mediated septic arthritis. Various types of collagen form the major structural matrix of different connective tissues of the body. These different collagens are degraded by specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced by fibroblasts, other connective tissue cells, and inflammatory cells that are induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To determine the host's contribution in the joint destruction of S. aureus-mediated septic arthritis, we analyzed the MMP expression profile in human dermal and synovial fibroblasts upon exposure to culture supernatant and whole cell lysates of S. aureus. Human dermal and synovial fibroblasts treated with cell lysate and filtered culture supernatants had significantly enhanced expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-10, and MMP-11 compared with the untreated controls (p < 0.05). In the S. aureus culture supernatant, the MMP induction activity was identified to be within the molecular-weight range of 30 to >50 kDa. The MMP expression profile was similar in fibroblasts exposed to a combination of IL-1/TNF. mRNA levels of several genes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway were significantly elevated in fibroblasts treated with S. aureus cell lysate and culture supernatant. Also, tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly higher in fibroblasts treated with S. aureus components. Tyrosine phosphorylation and MAPK gene expression patterns were similar in fibroblasts treated with a combination of IL-1/TNF and S. aureus. Mutants lacking staphylococcal accessory regulator (Sar) and accessory gene regulator (Agr), which cause significantly less severe septic arthritis in murine models, were able to induce expression of several MMP mRNA comparable with that of their isogenic parent strain but induced notably higher levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). To our knowledge, this is the first report of induction of multiple MMP/TIMP expression from human dermal and synovial fibroblasts upon S. aureus treatment. We propose that host-derived MMPs contribute to the progressive joint destruction observed in S. aureus-mediated septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kanangat
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Research 151, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Research 151, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Karen Hasty
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Research 151, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Department Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Andrew Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Research 151, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Mark Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas Medical School, 4301 W. Markham Street #511, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Whitney Appling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Dennis Schaberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Healthcare (111), 11301, Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Srinivasan V, Sawant AA, Gillespie BE, Headrick SJ, Ceasaris L, Oliver SP. Prevalence of Enterotoxin and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Genes inStaphylococcus aureusIsolated from Milk of Cows with Mastitis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:274-83. [PMID: 16972776 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis were evaluated for the prevalence of 16 enterotoxin genes (sea-see and seg-seq) and toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tsst-1). Of 78 S. aureus examined, 73 (93.6%) were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes and these were divided into 36 groups by the presence of different enterotoxin genes. Enterotoxin genes including sen (84.6%), sem (71.8%), sei (60.3%) and sed (52.6%) were found frequently, while seg (24.4%), seq (16.7%), seo (12.8%), and seb (1.3%) were found at lower frequencies. Toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst-1) gene was detected in 20 (25.6%) isolates and was always found in combination with other enterotoxin genes. The majority (88.5%) harbored more than one enterotoxin gene in different combinations. Eight S. aureus isolates (10.3%) were positive for sed, sei, sem, and sen; six (7.7%) possessed sed, seg, sei, sem, sen, and tsst-1; five (6.4%) had sei, sem, and sen; and four (5.1%) had sei, and sen. One isolate was positive for seb along with other SE genes including sed, seh, sem, sen, seq, and tsst-1. None of the isolates carried other enterotoxin genes (sea, sec, see, sej, sek, sel, and sep). PFGE profiles revealed 15 distinct pulsotypes among the 78 S. aureus isolates evaluated. PFGE and enterotoxin gene profiles did not match with each other because a single pulsotype carried different combinations of enterotoxin genes. The majority of S. aureus isolated from milk of mastitic cows carried newly described SE genes sem, sen and sei along with classical SE genes, sed and tsst-1. This is the first report describing the high prevalence of newly described enterotoxin genes, sem and sen in S. aureus from bovine mastitis. The high prevalence of enterotoxin genes and tsst-1 in S. aureus may be important as it is relevant to udder pathogenicity and food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science and Food Safety Center of Excellence, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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TANG JUNNI, SHI XIANMING, SHI CHUNLEI, CHEN HUANCHUN. CHARACTERIZATION OF A DUPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blaiotta G, Fusco V, von Eiff C, Villani F, Becker K. Biotyping of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus by enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) polymorphism and spa typing analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6117-23. [PMID: 16957237 PMCID: PMC1563601 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00773-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five Staphylococcus aureus strains, including 10 reference strains and 25 strains recovered from clinical specimens and food samples, were analyzed by PCR REA (restriction endonucleases analysis) of the egc operon and spa typing. Nineteen spa types and seven different egc operons, including four putative new egc variants, were revealed. In 13 strains, allelic variants of sei and/or seg were found. By an analysis of their nucleotide sequence identities, a new homogeneous cluster of a sei variant, called the sei variant, was detected in six strains. In addition, the prototype sei was shown to be more polymorphic than assumed so far. Seven strains possessed the recently described seg variant, also exhibiting several nucleotide exchanges. spa typing was more effective than REA egc grouping as a typing technique. Since, in some cases, the REA typing method was able to discriminate strains showing the same spa type, it must be considered for PCR approaches involved in diagnostic procedures and may be useful for epidemiological studies. Hence, the polyphasic approach used in this study can be reliably and advantageously applied for typing egc-positive S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Blaiotta
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 10080055 Portici (Naples), Italy.
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Bania J, Dabrowska A, Korzekwa K, Zarczynska A, Bystron J, Chrzanowska J, Molenda J. The profiles of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus from nasal carriers. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:315-20. [PMID: 16599981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the occurrence of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nasal carriers. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty S. aureus strains were tested for the presence of 17 new enterotoxin genes using multiplex-PCR. Sixty-one isolates were found to carry enterotoxin genes. The majority of the enterotoxigenic isolates carried enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) genes, namely seg, sei, sem, sen and seo. The egc type containing the seu gene was found in 19 of the 47 isolates with egc-like genes. Interestingly, no seu-containing egc coexisted with sec and sel, as was the case for a considerable portion of the isolates carrying a seu-negative egc. The tst gene was detected in two isolates carrying sec and sel only and in eight isolates carrying seu, but not in the isolates containing the seu-negative egc type. CONCLUSIONS The genes forming an egc were found to be predominant in S. aureus from nasal carriers. The coexistence of a seu-positive egc with tst in contrast to an egc lacking the seu gene apparently is not associated with the presence of tst and can reflect a difference between these gene groupings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The egc types carried by the analysed isolates seem to have an influence on the distribution of other genes located on staphylococcal pathogenicity islands, which may modulate the repertoire of virulence factors carried by a single S. aureus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ikeda T, Tamate N, Yamaguchi K, Makino SI. Quantitative analysis of Staphylococcus aureus in skimmed milk powder by real-time PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 67:1037-41. [PMID: 16276060 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale outbreak of food poisoning caused by consumption of skimmed milk powder contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) occurred in Japan. No viable Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the skimmed milk powder, however, sea and nuc genes of S. aureus were detected in it by PCR. The number of S. aureus in skimmed milk powder was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ikeda
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Ikeda T, Morimoto Y, Makino SI, Yamaguchi K. Surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus in cheese produced in Hokkaido. J Food Prot 2006; 69:516-9. [PMID: 16541680 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the number of cheese manufacturing units in Hokkaido had increased every year and exceeds 60, many of these units are small-scale processors. We examined the cheese produced in Hokkaido for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus for 3 years after 2002. During the study period, S. aureus was isolated from 38 cheese samples: 3.6 to 9.2% of the total cheese samples examined and 13.0 to 20.0% of the total mozzarella-type cheese samples. The largest population of S. aureus was 2.0 x 10(4) CFU/g. The isolated S. aureus strains were subjected to PCR analysis to look for seven se genes. Of the 38 isolates, 20 did not possess the se gene, but the remaining 13 isolates had seg and sei genes. No enterotoxins were detected in the cheese samples analyzed with a commercial kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ikeda
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan.
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Boerema JA, Clemens R, Brightwell G. Evaluation of molecular methods to determine enterotoxigenic status and molecular genotype of bovine, ovine, human and food isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 107:192-201. [PMID: 16310270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of PFGE and single enzyme AFLP techniques for the determination of the genetic relationships between Staphyloccocus aureus isolates from human, bovine, ovine and food related sources and reports the prevalence of 'classic' (sea to see) and 'new' (seg, seh, sei, sej, sem, sen and seo) staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) genes in 92 S. aureus strains. A sub-set of the se genotyping results was confirmed by ELISA and the presence of SE toxin determined in isolates from different sources. A 100% correlation was observed, between detection of enterotoxin genes sea-see and expression of corresponding enterotoxin proteins in vitro. The se genotyping data generated from 90 of the S. aureus isolates showed that many of the S. aureus strains producing identical se genotypes correlated with both AFLP and PFGE pattern types. However, single enzyme AFLP technique did not possess the discriminatory power of the PFGE method, but similar clonal relationships were observed by both techniques in many of the isolates tested. Results reported here include the first comprehensive study using a single enzyme AFLP technique to investigate the genetic background of S. aureus isolates from a wide distribution including animal, human and food related sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boerema
- Meat Quality and Safety, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura MIRINZ Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Nakayama A, Okayama A, Hashida M, Yamamoto Y, Takebe H, Ohnaka T, Tanaka T, Imai S. Development of a routine laboratory direct detection system of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:273-277. [PMID: 16476790 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel direct detection system has been developed for eight staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE)-encoding genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh and sei) in milk. Specific detection by real-time PCR was successful for all SE-encoding genes in the reference strains. Furthermore, a novel DNA-preparation method with good reproducibility [coefficients of variation 0.31, 0.99 and 1.21 % at 10(6), 10(4) and 10(2) c.f.u. (ml milk sample)(-1), respectively] was developed to overcome PCR inhibition in the milk samples. The combination of this DNA-preparation method and real-time PCR resulted in high sensitivity [between 1.1 x 10(2) and 1.0 x 10(4) c.f.u. (ml milk sample)(-1)] and allowed the completion of the entire procedure within 4 h. Results of an evaluation of this method for the detection of SE-encoding genes using known outbreak milk samples produced results showing good correspondence with the reversed passive latex agglutination assay. In addition, this newly developed system can be applied to clinical samples such as faeces and vomit. Consequently, the system should be useful in the routine direct detection of SE-encoding genes in food-borne-poisoning samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Nakayama
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
| | - Akiko Okayama
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
| | - Misao Hashida
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
| | - Yasuzumi Yamamoto
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
| | - Hisakatsu Takebe
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohnaka
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, 3-2-8 Kaichyo Higashi, Sakai City, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, 3-2-8 Kaichyo Higashi, Sakai City, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Imai
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara City, Nara 630-8131, Japan
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Jørgensen HJ, Mathisen T, Løvseth A, Omoe K, Qvale KS, Loncarevic S. An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by enterotoxin H in mashed potato made with raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 252:267-72. [PMID: 16213675 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mashed potato made with raw bovine milk was suspected to have been the source of a food poisoning outbreak. Almost 8 x 10(8)Staphylococcus aureus CFU g(-1) were detected in the mashed potato. S. aureus was also found in bulk milk from the farm that had supplied milk for the mashed potato. Isolates from mashed potato and bulk milk were positive for the gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin H (seh), and the corresponding protein toxin, SEH, was detected by ELISA in the mashed potato. Production of SEH by S. aureus isolates from mashed potato (n = 4) and bulk milk (n = 4) was also demonstrated by ELISA. Sequencing of seh from one mashed potato isolate and one bulk milk isolate confirmed that the gene was a variant seh, and that the genes in both isolates were identical. Macrorestriction of chromosomal DNA with Sma1 followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of seh-positive S. aureus from mashed potato and bulk milk revealed indistinguishable banding patterns between isolates from both sources. It seems likely that raw bovine milk used in the preparation of mashed potato contained S. aureus that subsequently produced sufficient SEH in the mashed potato to cause food poisoning.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Cattle
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/metabolism
- Colony Count, Microbial
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism
- Disease Outbreaks
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Enterotoxins/analysis
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/isolation & purification
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Solanum tuberosum/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Food Poisoning/epidemiology
- Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Jørgensen
- Department for Feed and Food Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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38
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Bania J, Dabrowska A, Bystron J, Korzekwa K, Chrzanowska J, Molenda J. Distribution of newly described enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus from food. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 108:36-41. [PMID: 16380185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus genome has allowed the identification of new genes encoding enterotoxin-like superantigens (SEls). Some of these are thought to be involved in staphylococcal food poisoning, while others do not elicit any emetic effect. The potential impact of these members of the enterotoxin-like family on the human organism seems to rely mainly on their superantigenic activity. In this paper the distribution of the genes coding for enterotoxin-like superantigens in S. aureus isolated from food was studied. Fifty isolates of S. aureus were examined and 27 were shown to be enterotoxigenic. Only 9 of the 27 strains carried genes encoding enterotoxins SEA-SEE. In 18 SEA-SEE-negative strains the presence of newly described enterotoxin genes was detected. All SEA-SEE-positive strains simultaneously carried genes of new SEls. We show that the gene encoding SElH (staphylococcal enterotoxin-like enterotoxin H) was the most frequently detected (n=14), while genes encoding SElI together with SElG accompanied by the other genes of the egc locus were detected in three strains. We also detected the presence of three less investigated genes: sep, sel, and sek. These genes were present in eight, two, and one isolate, respectively. In one strain, sep was accompanied by genes of other SEls, while in the remaining seven it was the only enterotoxin-like gene detected. The high prevalence of newly discovered enterotoxin genes, including the genes encoding emetic toxins, was demonstrated in food-derived strains. This supports the need for additional work on its role in food poisoning and, alternatively, to monitor its presence in S. aureus isolated from food. Our results suggest that yet unknown genetic elements encoding enterotoxin genes may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Wroclaw, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
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39
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Cremonesi P, Luzzana M, Brasca M, Morandi S, Lodi R, Vimercati C, Agnellini D, Caramenti G, Moroni P, Castiglioni B. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigenic strains isolated from milk and dairy products. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:299-305. [PMID: 16006095 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus 23S rRNA, the coagulase and thermonuclease genes as well as the enterotoxin genes sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej, sel was developed. The method was used to determine the presence of enterotoxigenic types for 93 S. aureus strains isolated from milk and dairy products. The data obtained by mPCR resulted comparable to those obtained by immunoassay methods. In addition, the mPCR assays also amplified some se genes, whose toxins are undetectable by immunoassay. Multiplex amplification can be obtained starting from 1 pg of DNA, showing the excellent specificity and high sensitivity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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40
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Zschöck M, Kloppert B, Wolter W, Hamann HP, Lämmler C. Pattern of enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei and sej positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:243-9. [PMID: 15916869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PCR detection of the genes encoding the newly described staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) SEG, SEH, SEI and SEJ was carried out for 104 randomly selected Staphylococcus aureus field strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Sixty-one (58.7%) isolates were positive for one or more of these novel enterotoxin genes. Thirty-six field strains were classified as carrier of seg, 22 of sei gene and 23 were positive for sej gene. None of the 104 investigated ruminant S. aureus strains carried the seh gene. Thirty-seven of these S. aureus strains showed a combination of genes encoding enterotoxin types SEA to SEE or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST 1). Thirteen cultures harboured only one, 28 two, 12 three and 8 four enterotoxin genes. Among the 61 S. aureus field strains 14 (23.0%) were positive for the genes encoding SEJ and SED and 10 (16.4%) isolates for those encoding SEG and SEI. Isolates harbouring the sed/sej genes were further characterized by macrorestriction analysis and pulsed-field-gelelectrophoresis (Pfge). Macrorestriction analysis revealed six patterns. Nine of these14 S. aureus isolates (64.3%) exhibited two patterns with a high degree of relationship (>80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zschöck
- Hessisches Landeslabor, Abteilung II (Veterinärmedizin), Marburger Str. 54, 35396 Giessen, Germany.
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41
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Ikeda T, Tamate N, Yamaguchi K, Makino SI. Mass outbreak of food poisoning disease caused by small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and H. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2793-5. [PMID: 15870376 PMCID: PMC1087516 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.5.2793-2795.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was believed that food poisoning in Osaka in 2000 was due to small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in reconstituted milk. Results of this study clearly indicate that SEH was also present in the raw material of reconstituted milk, indicating that the food poisoning was caused by multiple staphylococcal enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ikeda
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan.
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42
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Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL, Bishai WR. Community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2005; 5:275-86. [PMID: 15854883 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming an important public-health problem. New strains of S aureus displaying unique combinations of virulence factors and resistance traits have been associated with high morbidity and mortality in the community. Outbreaks of epidemic furunculosis and cases of severe invasive pulmonary infections in young, otherwise healthy people have been particularly noteworthy. We review the characteristics of these new strains of community-acquired MRSA that have contributed to their pathogenicity and discuss new approaches to the diagnosis and management of suspected and confirmed community-acquired MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zetola
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231-1001, USA
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43
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Becker K, Friedrich AW, Peters G, von Eiff C. Systematic survey on the prevalence of genes coding for staphylococcal enterotoxins SElM, SElO, and SElN. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 48:488-95. [PMID: 15515095 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains a leading cause of food-poisoning with substantial impact on public health. Using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-DNA enzyme immunoassay (PCR-DEIA), we studied the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) superantigens sem, sen, and seo, associated with the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), in 429 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. 294 (68.5%) isolates tested positive for at least one of the three SEl genes. In contrast to the fixed gene combination seg/sei also located on egc, a substantial number of isolates (n = 108) were found to bear only one or two of the genes encoding SElM, SElN, and SElO. Regarding the origin of the S. aureus isolates, a significant difference (P = 0.022) was found for the possession of seo (61.2% of blood isolates versus 42.9% of nasal strains). Also sem (not significantly) was found more common in blood isolates (52.1% versus 40.5%). The survey of the newly described SEl genes sem-seo supports the concept that most clinical S. aureus isolates harbor subsets of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. The potential contribution of seo and sem to the pathogenic potential of S. aureus has to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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44
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Loncarevic S, Jørgensen HJ, Løvseth A, Mathisen T, Rørvik LM. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin types within single samples of raw milk and raw milk products. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:344-50. [PMID: 15659189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To find out if testing of up to 10 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from each sample from raw milk and raw milk products for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) might increase the chances of identifying potential sources of food intoxication. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether 386 S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of SE by reversed passive latex agglutination (SET-RPLA), and SE genes (se) by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 18 of 34 (53%) S. aureus positive samples a mixture of SE and/or se positive and negative isolates were identified. Multiplex PCR increased the number of potential SE producing strains, i.e. isolates that harboured se, with 51% among the product and 48% among the raw bovine milk isolates. Examination by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis mostly confirmed clonal similarity among isolates sharing SE/se profile, but did not further differentiate between them. CONCLUSIONS Isolates of S. aureus collected from one sample may show great diversity in SE production and different plating media seem to suppress or favour different strains of S. aureus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Several isolates of S. aureus from each sample should be tested for enterotoxin production in cases with typical SE intoxication symptoms with methods that are able to reveal new SE/se.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Loncarevic
- Section for Feed and Food Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Rybak MJ, LaPlante KL. Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus: A Review. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25:74-85. [PMID: 15767223 DOI: 10.1592/phco.25.1.74.55620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common bacterial pathogen responsible for a variety of infections in both children and adults. Treatment of infections caused by this organism is problematic due to its resistance to many drugs. Recent reports of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections in patients with no known risk factors have serious public health implications. Therapeutic options for these infections are untested; therefore, the potential exists for high morbidity and mortality. Recently, clinical definitions have been established, and new molecular approaches have allowed investigators to distinguish CA-MRSA more easily from traditional nosocomial-derived MRSA strains. Identifying potential risk factors for CA-MRSA acquisition and fully characterizing the epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular properties of these strains are necessary to provide effective therapeutic guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and the School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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46
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von Eiff C, Friedrich AW, Peters G, Becker K. Prevalence of genes encoding for members of the staphylococcal leukotoxin family among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 49:157-62. [PMID: 15246504 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Well-characterized Staphylococcus aureus nasal and blood isolates (N = 429) were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the prevalence of genes that encode leukocidal toxins. The leukotoxin genes lukE+lukD were found at high prevalence, significantly more so in blood (82%) than in nasal isolates (60.5%). Although almost all isolates were positive for the gamma-hemolysin gene, none was positive for lukM. Genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) components were very rare in either nasal or blood isolates. The lukE+lukD-negative isolates were significantly more likely to be positive for the staphylococcal enterotoxin gene combination seg/sei (89.5%) and the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 gene (39.3%) than lukE+lukD-positive isolates (41.7% and 12.7%, respectively). The lukE+lukD-negative isolates were also more likely to show positivity for the accessory gene regulatory locus agr III, but less likely to be positive for the agr II locus. The co-possession of different virulence factors and their probable synergy should receive more attention in order to better understand their role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof von Eiff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Hospital and Clinics, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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47
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Blaiotta G, Ercolini D, Pennacchia C, Fusco V, Casaburi A, Pepe O, Villani F. PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from meat and dairy products. Evidence for new variants of seG and seI in S. aureus AB-8802. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:719-30. [PMID: 15357721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluation of the occurrence of most known staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes, egc (enterotoxin gene cluster) and TSST1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1) gene in both coagulase-positive (CPS) and coagulase-negative (CNS) staphylococcal strains isolated from meat and dairy products. METHODS AND RESULTS Specificity and reliability of the PCR detection methods used were ascertained by using nine reference strains of Staphylococcus (S. aureus) harbouring SE genes (seA to seE; seG, seH, seI, seM, seJ, seN and seO) and egc (containing the following sequence of genes: seO, seM, seI, phient1, phient2, seN and seG). Of 109 wild Staphylococcus spp. strains analysed, only 11 S. aureus strains were SE and/or TSST1 PCR-positive. The last 11 strains also appeared to harbour the egc. Restriction endonuclease analysis of part of the egc of both reference and wild strains showed that different variants of the egc exist. Moreover, nucleotide sequences of seG and seI indicate that the egc of the strain AB-8802 is characterized by the presence of variants of these enterotoxins (seGv and seIv). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of SE genes in CNS and other non-S. aureus species isolated from Napoli-type salami, raw water buffalo milk and natural whey cultures used for mozzarella cheese manufacturing is very rare. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY During this study it was shown that at least five different egc may exist in S. aureus. A thorough study of egc polymorphism should provide further insight into the phylogenetics of the egc.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Blaiotta
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agraria, Alimentare, Ambientale e di Igiene, Stazione di Microbiologia Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università, Portici, Italy
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Letertre C, Perelle S, Dilasser F, Fach P. A strategy based on 5' nuclease multiplex PCR to detect enterotoxin genes sea to sej of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 17:227-35. [PMID: 14580397 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-8508(03)00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a strategy based on 5' nuclease multiplex PCR for the rapid detection of nine enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej) of Staphylococcus aureus. The genotyping scheme consists in identifying these nine enterotoxin genes by three 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays. The strategy was evaluated using a collection of S. aureus reference strains previously examined with conventional PCR assays, and by testing previously characterized food S. aureus field strains. The 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays correctly detected the se genes in all the reference strains. In tests with field strains there was generally excellent agreement with the results obtained by conventional PCR, except for some strains harbouring variant se genes. The detection limits of the Triplex-PCR assays evaluated using fivefold dilution of recombinant plasmids for each se gene ranged from 16 to 2000 copies of target se genes in the PCR tube. The 5' nuclease Triplex-PCR assays developed are fast and specific, and provide a useful diagnostic tool for the detection and genotyping of se genes. The development of this method is an improvement that should facilitate epidemiological investigations of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Letertre
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygiène et la Qualité des Aliments, Unité: Atelier de Biotechnologie, 1-5 rue de Belfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
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Gupta-Malhotra M, Viteri-Jackson A, Thomas W, Zabriskie JB. Antibodies to highly conserved peptide sequence of staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens in Kawasaki disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 76:117-21. [PMID: 15010289 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Superantigen-mediated disease such as toxic shock syndrome is seen in patients who have a weak antibody response to the antigen toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). We hypothesized that there may be deficiency in antibody production to staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins in Kawasaki disease (KD) children. A peptide was constructed from the homologous portion of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and streptococcal pyrogenic enterotoxins (SPE), and antibodies to the peptide were made. The anti-peptide antibody immunoblotted several of the SE toxins and SPE toxins. Presence of the peptide antibodies was investigated via ELISA in the sera of acute KD (n = 30), convalescent KD (n = 12), control adults (n = 10), and children (n = 19). The mean anti-peptide antibodies were indistinguishable between control children and KD before treatment with immunoglobulin (P = 0.7) but rose significantly after therapy (P < 0.01). The adults had significantly higher antibodies than the KD, both acute and late (P < 0.0001) and the control children (P < 0.0001). Thus, KD patients do not have a defective serological response against toxins such as SPE/SE/TSST-1. Normal children have significantly lower antitoxin antibody levels to the toxins compared to the adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monesha Gupta-Malhotra
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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50
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Sandel MK, McKillip JL. Virulence and recovery of Staphylococcus aureus relevant to the food industry using improvements on traditional approaches. Food Control 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(02)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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