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Koh CH, Lee S, Kwak M, Kim BS, Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2287-2299. [PMID: 37907738 PMCID: PMC10689838 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwak
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Gangwon, 25159, Republic of Korea.
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2
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van der Ploeg EK, Krabbendam L, Vroman H, van Nimwegen M, de Bruijn MJW, de Boer GM, Bergen IM, Kool M, Tramper-Standers GA, Braunstahl GJ, Huylebroeck D, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R. Type-2 CD8 + T-cell formation relies on interleukin-33 and is linked to asthma exacerbations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5137. [PMID: 37612281 PMCID: PMC10447424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells are considered the main producers of type-2 cytokines that fuel chronic airway inflammation in allergic asthma. However, CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells - critical for anti-viral defense - can also produce type-2 cytokines (referred to as 'Tc2' cells). The role of Tc cells in asthma and virus-induced disease exacerbations remains poorly understood, including which micro-environmental signals and cell types promote Tc2 cell formation. Here we show increased circulating Tc2 cell abundance in severe asthma patients, reaching peak levels during exacerbations and likely emerging from canonical IFNγ+ Tc cells through plasticity. Tc2 cell abundance is associated with increased disease burden, higher exacerbations rates and steroid insensitivity. Mouse models of asthma recapitulate the human disease by showing extensive type-2 skewing of lung Tc cells, which is controlled by conventional type-1 dendritic cells and IFNγ. Importantly, we demonstrate that the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) critically promotes type-2 cytokine production by lung Tc cells in experimental allergic airway inflammation. Our data identify Tc cells as major producers of type-2 cytokines in severe asthma and during exacerbations that are remarkably sensitive to alterations in their inflammatory tissue micro-environment, with IL-33 emerging as an important regulator of Tc2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee K van der Ploeg
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Krabbendam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J W de Bruijn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje M de Boer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdien A Tramper-Standers
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neonatology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Braunstahl
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Ma J, Tibbitt CA, Georén SK, Christian M, Murrell B, Cardell LO, Bachert C, Coquet JM. Single-cell analysis pinpoints distinct populations of cytotoxic CD4 + T cells and an IL-10 +CD109 + T H2 cell population in nasal polyps. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg6356. [PMID: 34389612 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process often associated with comorbid asthma. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of single T helper (TH) cells from nasal polyps of patients with CRSwNP and validated these findings using multiparameter flow cytometry. Polyp tissue contained suppressive T regulatory (Treg) cells, TH2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and three transcriptionally distinct subsets of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTL). GATA3 expression was a feature of polyp Treg cells, whereas TH2 cells highly expressed TCN1, CD200R, and HPGDS and were enriched for genes involved in lipid metabolism. Only a portion of polyp TH2 cells expressed the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2, whereas a subpopulation of CD109+CRTH2- TH2 cells expressed mRNA for common inhibitor receptors including LAG3 and TIM3 and produced IL-10. Together, we resolved the complexity of TH cells in patients with CRSwNP, identifying several distinct clusters of CD4+ CTL and a population of CD109+CRTH2- TH2 cells with putative regulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Tibbitt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Murray Christian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claus Bachert
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Upper Airways Research Laboratory and Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Bergantini L, d'Alessandro M, Cameli P, Bono C, Perruzza M, Biagini M, Pini L, Bigliazzi C, Sestini P, Dotta F, Bargagli E. Regulatory T cell monitoring in severe eosinophilic asthma patients treated with mepolizumab. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13031. [PMID: 33606277 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) has been associated with T-helper type 2 (Th2) inflammatory response. A good understanding of T cell functions in asthma is important for therapy, especially in the choice of biological treatments for severe cases. Mepolizumab, an IL-5 antagonist, is indicated for the treatment of severe asthma. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress inflammation by secreting cytokines that inhibit Th2 cell proliferation. We investigated peripheral Treg, CD4, CD8, CD19 and NK cell percentages and their relationship to clinical and functional parameters, including peripheral eosinophils, before and after anti-IL5 treatment. Subjects were 14 adult SEA patients (9 male, 54.1 ± 11.6 years), treated with mepolizumab, and 10 controls. T cells (CD4 and CD8), CD19, NK and Tregs were evaluated by flow cytometry. Comparison of lung function parameters before and after treatment with mepolizumab (T0 and T1) showed an increase in FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio and a reduction in blood eosinophil percentages. CD8 and CD16/56+ CD3+ were significantly higher in SEA patients than controls (P = .04 and P = .03, respectively). A decrease in CD45+, CD8 + and CD16/56+ CD3+ cell percentages was observed between T0 and T1 (P = .02, P = .04, P = .03, respectively). A significant increase in Treg percentages (P = .0001) was recorded between T0 and T1. Mepolizumab therapy was found to modulate immune response, restoring immune balance in patients with SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Miriana d'Alessandro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Clara Bono
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Perruzza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Biagini
- U.O.S.D. Pneumologia Territoriale e rete respiratoria, USL Toscana Sud Est, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Laura Pini
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Bigliazzi
- Respiratory Diseases Section, Azienda ospedaliero universitaria senese, Le Scotte Hospital, Brescia, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena and Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Science Park, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, Respiratory Disease and Lung Transplant Unit, Siena University, Siena, Italy
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5
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Li H, Wang H, Sokulsky L, Liu S, Yang R, Liu X, Zhou L, Li J, Huang C, Li F, Lei X, Jia H, Cheng J, Li F, Yang M, Zhang G. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals key immune cell phenotypes in the lungs of patients with asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:941-954. [PMID: 33039479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations are associated with heightened asthma symptoms, which can result in hospitalization in severe cases. However, the molecular immunologic processes that determine the course of an exacerbation remain poorly understood, impeding the progression of development of effective therapies. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify candidate genes that are strongly associated with asthma exacerbation at a cellular level. METHODS Subjects with asthma exacerbation and healthy control subjects were recruited, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was isolated from these subjects via bronchoscopy. Cells were isolated through fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on enriched cell populations. RESULTS We showed that the levels of monocytes, CD8+ T cells, and macrophages are significantly elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients. A set of cytokines and intracellular transduction regulators are associated with asthma exacerbations and are shared across multiple cell clusters, forming a complicated molecular framework. An additional group of core exacerbation-associated modules is activated, including eukaryotic initiation factor 2 signaling, ephrin receptor signaling, and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling in the subpopulations of CD8+ T cells (C1-a) and monocyte clusters (C7 clusters), which are associated with infection. CONCLUSION Our study identified a significant number of severe asthma-associated genes that are differentially expressed by multiple cell clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leon Sokulsky
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Shaoxia Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiuling Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; Academy of Medical Sciences and Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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6
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Branco JR, Ferreira JA, de Oliveira P, Pena G. An eradication agent acting on a binary cell population model: mathematical analysis. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-020-00448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Siefker DT, Vu L, You D, McBride A, Taylor R, Jones TL, DeVincenzo J, Cormier SA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity Is Associated with Distinct CD8 + T-Cell Profiles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:325-334. [PMID: 31644878 PMCID: PMC6999109 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0588oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Although T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell pathology is implicated in severe disease, the mechanisms underlying the development of immunopathology are incompletely understood.Objectives: We aimed to identify local immune responses associated with severe RSV in infants. Our hypothesis was that disease severity would correlate with enhanced Th2 cellular responses.Methods: Nasal aspirates were collected from infants hospitalized with severe (admitted to the pediatric ICU) or moderate (maintained in the general ward) RSV disease at 5 to 9 days after enrollment. The immune response was investigated by evaluating T-lymphocyte cellularity, cytokine concentration, and viral load.Measurements and Main Results: Patients with severe disease had increased proportions of CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8)-positive T cells expressing IL-4 (Tc2) and reduced proportions of CD8+ T cells expressing IFNγ (Tc1). Nasal aspirates from patients with severe disease had reduced concentrations of IL-17. Patients with greater frequencies of Tc1, CD8+ T cells expressing IL-17 (Tc17), and CD4+ T cells expressing IL-17 (Th17) had shorter durations of hospitalization.Conclusions: Severe RSV disease was associated with distinct T-cell profiles. Tc1, Tc17, and Th17 were associated with shorter hospital stay and may play a protective role, whereas Tc2 cells may play a previously underappreciated role in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Siefker
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Luan Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Tamekia L. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, and Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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8
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Hinks TSC, Hoyle RD, Gelfand EW. CD8 + Tc2 cells: underappreciated contributors to severe asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/154/190092. [PMID: 31748421 PMCID: PMC6887553 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0092-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of asthma is underscored by the number of cell types and mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous syndrome. Type 2 CD4+ T-cells (Th2) and more recently, type 2 innate lymphoid cells dominate current descriptions of asthma pathogenesis. However, another important source of these type 2 cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, are CD8+ T-cells, which are increasingly proposed to play an important role in asthma pathogenesis, because they are abundant and are comparatively insensitive to corticosteroids. Many common triggers of asthma exacerbations are mediated via corticosteroid-resistant pathways involving neutrophils and CD8+ T-cells. Extensive murine data reveal the plasticity of CD8+ T-cells and their capacity to enhance airway inflammation and airway dysfunction. In humans, Tc2 cells are predominant in fatal asthma, while in stable state, severe eosinophilic asthma is associated with greater numbers of Tc2 than Th2 cells in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies. Tc2 cells strongly express CRTH2, the receptor for prostaglandin D2, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and the leukotriene B4 receptor. When activated, these elicit Tc2 cell chemotaxis and production of chemokines and type 2 and other cytokines, resulting directly or indirectly in eosinophil recruitment and survival. These factors position CD8+ Tc2 cells as important and underappreciated effector cells contributing to asthma pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances and new insights in understanding the pro-asthmatic functions of CD8+ T-cells in eosinophilic asthma, especially corticosteroid-resistant asthma, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathologic effector function. Alongside Th2 and ILC2 cells, CD8+ T-cells are a cellular source of type 2 cytokines. We review recent findings and insights into the pathologic effector functions of type 2 CD8+ T-cells in eosinophilic asthma, especially steroid-resistant disease.http://bit.ly/2KbVGL2
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Dept of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan D Hoyle
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Dept of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Dept of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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9
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Synergistic activation of pro-inflammatory type-2 CD8 + T lymphocytes by lipid mediators in severe eosinophilic asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1408-1419. [PMID: 29907870 PMCID: PMC6448764 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human type-2 CD8+ T cells are a cell population with potentially important roles in allergic disease. We investigated this in the context of severe asthma with persistent airway eosinophilia-a phenotype associated with high exacerbation risk and responsiveness to type-2 cytokine-targeted therapies. In two independent cohorts we show that, in contrast to Th2 cells, type-2 cytokine-secreting CD8+CRTH2+ (Tc2) cells are enriched in blood and airways in severe eosinophilic asthma. Concentrations of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cysteinyl leukotriene E4 (LTE4) are also increased in the airways of the same group of patients. In vitro PGD2 and LTE4 function synergistically to trigger Tc2 cell recruitment and activation in a TCR-independent manner. These lipids regulate diverse genes in Tc2 cells inducing type-2 cytokines and many other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which could contribute to eosinophilia. These findings are consistent with an important innate-like role for human Tc2 cells in severe eosinophilic asthma and suggest a potential target for therapeutic intervention in this and other diseases.
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10
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Fox A, Harland KL, Kedzierska K, Kelso A. Exposure of Human CD8 + T Cells to Type-2 Cytokines Impairs Division and Differentiation and Induces Limited Polarization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1141. [PMID: 29892290 PMCID: PMC5985406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells generally produce type-1 cytokines and mediators of the perforin/granzyme cytolytic pathway, yet type-2-polarized CD8+ cells (Tc2) are detected in type-2 (T2) cytokine-driven diseases such as asthma. It is unclear whether T2 cytokine exposure during activation is sufficient to polarize human CD8+ T cells. To address this question, a protocol was developed for high-efficiency activation of human CD8+ T cells in which purified single cells or populations were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD11a mAb for up to 8 days in T2 polarizing or neutral conditions, before functional analysis. Activation of CD8+ naïve T cells (TN) in T2 compared with neutral conditions decreased the size of single-cell clones, although early division kinetics were equivalent, indicating an effect on overall division number. Activation of TN in T2 conditions followed by brief anti-CD3 mAb restimulation favored expression of T2 cytokines, GATA3 and Eomes, and lowered expression of type-1 cytokines, Prf1, Gzmb, T-BET, and Prdm1. However, IL-4 was only weakly expressed, and PMA and ionomycin restimulation favored IFN-γ over IL-4 expression. Activation of TN in T2 compared with neutral conditions prevented downregulation of costimulatory (CD27, CD28) and lymph-node homing receptors (CCR7) and CD95 acquisition, which typically occur during differentiation into effector phenotypes. CD3 was rapidly and substantially induced after activation in neutral, but not T2 conditions, potentially contributing to greater division and differentiation in neutral conditions. CD8+ central memory T cells (TCM) were less able to enter division upon reactivation in T2 compared with neutral conditions, and were more refractory to modulating IFN-γ and IL-4 production than CD8+ TN. In summary, while activation of TN in T2 conditions can generate T2 cytokine-biased cells, IL-4 expression is weak, T2 bias is lost upon strong restimulation, differentiation, and division are arrested, and reactivation of TCM is reduced in T2 conditions. Taken together, this suggests that exposure to T2 cytokines during activation may not be sufficient to generate and retain human Tc2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Deschildre A, Pichavant M, Engelmann I, Langlois C, Drumez E, Pouessel G, Boileau S, Romero-Cubero D, Decleyre-Badiu I, Dewilde A, Hober D, Néve V, Thumerelle C, Lejeune S, Mordacq C, Gosset P. Virus-triggered exacerbation in allergic asthmatic children: neutrophilic airway inflammation and alteration of virus sensors characterize a subgroup of patients. Respir Res 2017; 18:191. [PMID: 29137638 PMCID: PMC5686805 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are important triggers of asthma exacerbations. They are also detected outside of exacerbation. Alteration of anti-viral response in asthmatic patients has been shown although the mechanisms responsible for this defect remain unclear. The objective of this study was to compare in virus-infected and not-infected allergic asthmatic children, aged 6 to 16 years, admitted to hospital for a severe exacerbation, the innate immune response and especially the expression of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and their function. Methods Virus identification was performed both during the exacerbation and at steady state (eight weeks later). Data assessed at both periods included clinical features, anti-viral response and inflammation (in sputum and plasma), and PRR expression/function in blood mononuclear cells. Results Viruses were identified in 46 out of 72 children (median age 8.9 years) during exacerbation, and among them, in 17 at steady state. IFN-β, IFN-γ and IL-29 levels in sputum and plasma were similar between infected and not infected patients at both times, as well as the expression of TLR3, RIG-I and MDA5 in blood monocytes and dendritic cells. Airway inflammation in infected patients was characterized by significantly higher IL-5 concentration and eosinophil count. Compared to patients only infected at exacerbation, the re-infected children significantly exhibited lower levels of IFN-γ in plasma and sputum at exacerbation associated with modifications in PRR expression and function in blood mononuclear cells. These re-infected patients also presented an airway neutrophilic inflammation at steady state. Conclusion Our results reports in asthmatic children that impaired anti-viral response during virus-induced exacerbation is more pronounced in a subgroup of patients prone to re-infection by virus. This subgroup is characterized by altered PRR function and a different pattern of airway inflammation. Trial registration This multicenter prospective study was approved by the regional investigational review board (ref: 08/07). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0672-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Deschildre
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1019-CNRS UMR8204, CIIL, "Lung infection and innate immunity" research group, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59019, Lille cedex, France.
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- CHU Lille, Service de Virologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, EA 3610 - Pathogenèse virale du diabète de type 1, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Carole Langlois
- CHU Lille, Departement de Biostatistiques, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Elodie Drumez
- CHU Lille, Departement de Biostatistiques, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Département de Biostatistique, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Pouessel
- CH Roubaix, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Victor Provo, F-59100, Roubaix, France
| | - Sophie Boileau
- CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - David Romero-Cubero
- CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Irina Decleyre-Badiu
- CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anny Dewilde
- CHU Lille, Service de Virologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, EA 3610 - Pathogenèse virale du diabète de type 1, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- CHU Lille, Service de Virologie, F-59000, Lille, France.,University Lille, EA 3610 - Pathogenèse virale du diabète de type 1, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Néve
- University Lille, EA 2694 - Santé publique: épidémiologie et qualité des soins, Département de Biostatistique, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, F-5900, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Thumerelle
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Lejeune
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Mordacq
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Unité de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Jeanne de Flandre, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Gosset
- University Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Inserm, U1019, F-59000, Lille, France. .,CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France. .,INSERM U1019-CNRS UMR8204, CIIL, "Lung infection and innate immunity" research group, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59019, Lille cedex, France.
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12
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Gelfand EW, Joetham A, Wang M, Takeda K, Schedel M. Spectrum of T-lymphocyte activities regulating allergic lung inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:63-86. [PMID: 28658551 PMCID: PMC5501488 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of asthma, optimization of symptom control remains an unmet need in many patients. These patients, labeled severe asthma, are responsible for a substantial fraction of the disease burden. In these patients, research is needed to define the cellular and molecular pathways contributing to disease which in large part are refractory to corticosteroid treatment. The causes of steroid-resistant asthma are multifactorial and result from complex interactions of genetics, environmental factors, and innate and adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity, addressed here, integrates the activities of distinct T-cell subsets and by definition is dynamic and responsive to an ever-changing environment and the influences of epigenetic modifications. These T-cell subsets exhibit different susceptibilities to the actions of corticosteroids and, in some, corticosteroids enhance their functional activation. Moreover, these subsets are not fixed in lineage differentiation but can undergo transcriptional reprogramming in a bidirectional manner between protective and pathogenic effector states. Together, these factors contribute to asthma heterogeneity between patients but also in the same patient at different stages of their disease. Only by carefully defining mechanistic pathways, delineating their sensitivity to corticosteroids, and determining the balance between regulatory and effector pathways will precision medicine become a reality with selective and effective application of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anthony Joetham
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michaela Schedel
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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13
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Transcriptome Signatures Reveal Rapid Induction of Immune-Responsive Genes in Human Memory CD8(+) T Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27005. [PMID: 27243788 PMCID: PMC4886650 DOI: 10.1038/srep27005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells (TM) play a prominent role in protection and auto-immunity due to their ability to mount a more effective response than naïve T cells (TN). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced functionality of TM are not well defined, particularly in human TM. We examined the global gene expression profiles of human CD8+ TN and TM before and after stimulation. There were 1,284, 1,373 and 1,629 differentially expressed genes between TN and TM at 0 hr, 4 hr and 24 hr after stimulation, respectively, with more genes expressed to higher levels in TM. Genes rapidly up-regulated in TN cells were largely involved in nitrogen, nucleoside and amino acid metabolisms. In contrast, those in CD8+ TM were significantly enriched for immune-response-associated processes, including cytokine production, lymphocyte activation and chemotaxis. Multiple cytokines were rapidly up-regulated in TM cells, including effector cytokines known to be produced by CD8+ T cells and important for their functions, as well as regulatory cytokines, both pro- and anti-inflammatory, that are not typically produced by CD8+ T cells. These results provide new insights into molecular mechanisms that contribute to the enhanced functionality of human CD8+ TM and their prominent role in protection and auto-immunity.
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14
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Froidure A, Mouthuy J, Durham SR, Chanez P, Sibille Y, Pilette C. Asthma phenotypes and IgE responses. Eur Respir J 2015; 47:304-19. [PMID: 26677936 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01824-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of IgE represented a major breakthrough in allergy and asthma research, whereas the clinical interest given to IgE in asthma has been blurred until the arrival of anti-IgE biotherapy. Novel facets of the complex link between IgE and asthma have been highlighted by the effect of this treatment and by basic research. In parallel, asthma phenotyping recently evolved to the concept of endotypes, relying on identified/suspected pathobiological mechanisms to phenotype patients, but has not yet clearly positioned IgE among biomarkers of asthma.In this review, we first summarise recent knowledge about the regulation of IgE production and its main receptor, FcεRI. In addition to allergens acting as classical IgE inducers, viral infections as well as air pollution may trigger the IgE pathway, notably resetting the threshold of IgE sensitivity by regulating FcεRI expression. We then analyse the place of IgE in different asthma endo/phenotypes and discuss the potential interest of IgE among biomarkers in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Froidure
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Pneumologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Belgium Dept of Chest Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jonathan Mouthuy
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Pneumologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Belgium Dept of Chest Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pascal Chanez
- INSERM U 1067, CNRS UMR 7333 Aix Marseille Université and Dépt des Maladies Respiratoires, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Sibille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Pneumologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Belgium Dept of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Mont-Godinne, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Pneumologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels and Walloon Institute for Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Belgium Dept of Chest Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Steroidogenic enzyme Cyp11a1 regulates Type 2 CD8+ T cell skewing in allergic lung disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8152-7. [PMID: 23630275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216671110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Numbers of CD8(+)IL-13(+) T cells are increased in asthmatics and during the development of experimental asthma in mice. In an atopic environment rich in IL-4, these CD8(+) T cells mediate asthmatic responses, but the mechanisms regulating the conversion of CD8(+) effector T cells from IFN-γ- to pathogenic IL-13-producing effector cells that contribute to an asthma phenotype have not been defined. Here, we show that cholesterol side-chain cleavage P450 enzyme, Cyp11a1, is a key regulator of CD8(+) T-cell conversion. Expression of the gene, protein, and enzymatic activity of Cyp11a1 were markedly increased in CD8(+) T cells differentiated in the presence of IL-2 plus IL-4 compared with cells differentiated in IL-2 alone. Inhibition of Cyp11a1 enzymatic activity with aminoglutethimide or reduction in the expression of Cyp11a1 using short hairpin RNA prevented the IL-4-induced conversion of IFN-γ- to IL-13-producing cells without affecting expression of the lineage-specific transcription factors T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) or GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). Adoptive transfer of aminoglutethimide-treated CD8(+) T cells into sensitized and challenged CD8-deficient recipients failed to restore airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. We demonstrate that Cyp11a1 controls the phenotypic conversion of CD8(+) T cells from IFN-γ to IL-13 production, linking steroidogenesis in CD8(+) T cells, a nonclassical steroidogenic tissue, to a proallergic differentiation pathway.
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16
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Dakhama A, Collins ML, Ohnishi H, Goleva E, Leung DYM, Alam R, Sutherland ER, Martin RJ, Gelfand EW. IL-13-producing BLT1-positive CD8 cells are increased in asthma and are associated with airway obstruction. Allergy 2013; 68:666-73. [PMID: 23573812 DOI: 10.1111/all.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of CD8 T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma is not well understood. We investigated whether a subset of IL-13-producing BLT1-positive CD8 T lymphocytes are present in asthmatic airways and are associated with impaired lung function. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were obtained from asthmatic (n = 39) and healthy control (n = 28) subjects. Cells were stimulated with phorbol ester and ionomycin in the presence of brefeldin A and stained for CD8, BLT1, and intracellular IL-13. The frequency of IL-13-producing BLT1-positive CD8 T lymphocytes was compared between the two groups and related to lung function, serum IgE levels, and reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness. RESULTS A subset of CD8 T lymphocytes expressing BLT1 and producing IL-13 were detected in the airways of all asthmatic subjects. The frequency of this subset among recovered lymphocytes was significantly higher in the airways of asthmatic subjects compared with controls (mean ± SEM: 16.2 ± 1.4 vs 5.3 ± 0.5, respectively, P < 0.001) and correlated positively with serum IgE levels and RBM thickness. More importantly, the frequency of CD8 T lymphocytes co-expressing BLT1 and IL-13 was inversely related to FEV1 and FEF[25-75] percent predicted values (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A subset of CD8 T lymphocytes expressing BLT1 and producing IL-13 is present in the airways of asthmatics. The accumulation of these cells is associated with airway obstruction, suggesting that they may play a significant pathogenic role in bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dakhama
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - M. L. Collins
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - H. Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - E. Goleva
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - D. Y. M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - R. Alam
- Department of Medicine; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | | | - R. J. Martin
- Department of Medicine; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
| | - E. W. Gelfand
- Department of Pediatrics; National Jewish Health; Denver; CO; USA
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17
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Van Scott MR, Chandler J, Olmstead S, Brown JM, Mannie M. Airway Anatomy, Physiology, and Inflammation. THE TOXICANT INDUCTION OF IRRITANT ASTHMA, RHINITIS, AND RELATED CONDITIONS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The cytokines released from Th2 and Th2-like cells are likely to be central to the pathophysiolgy of asthma and allergy, contributing to aberrant IgE production, eosinophilia and, perhaps, mucosal susceptibility to viral infection. IL-4 has emerged as a central target, not only for B cell IgE production, but also in the commitment of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to cells with Th2 effector function capable of secreting IL-5 resultlng in eosinophilic inflammation. In view of the central role of this cytokine and the evidence that glucocorticoids are unable to modify many IL-4 dependent effects, Th2 inhibitors may prove to be novel therapies for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Sugamata R, Dobashi H, Nagao T, Yamamoto KI, Nakajima N, Sato Y, Aratani Y, Oshima M, Sata T, Kobayashi K, Kawachi S, Nakayama T, Suzuki K. Contribution of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase in the early phase of fulminant acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by influenza virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:171-82. [PMID: 22211924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by influenza virus infection remains unknown, we can only improve on existing therapeutic interventions. To approach the subject, we investigated immunological etiology focused on cytokines and an acute lung damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS by using a PR-8 (A/H1N1)-infected mouse model. The infected mouse showed fulminant severe pneumonia with leukocyte infiltration, claudin alteration on tight junctions, and formation of hyaline membranes. In addition to interferon (IFN)-α, plenty of keratinocyte-derived chemokines (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly released into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the model. We focused on neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a potent tissue damage factor and examined its contribution in influenza pneumonia by using mice genetically lacking in MPO. The absence of MPO reduced inflammatory damage with suppression of leakage of total BALF proteins associated with alteration of claudins in the lung. MPO(-/-) mice also suppressed viral load in the lung. The present study suggests that MPO-mediated OCl(-) generation affects claudin molecules and leads to protein leakage and viral spread as a damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugamata
- Inflammation Program, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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20
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Zdrenghea MT, Johnston SL. Role of PD-L1/PD-1 in the immune response to respiratory viral infections. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:495-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Shin YS, Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Jia Y, Wang M, Jackson L, Wright AD, Carter L, Robinson J, Hicken E, Gelfand EW. Inhibition of Pim1 kinase activation attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:488-97. [PMID: 22074702 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0190oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases whose activity can be induced by cytokines involved in allergy and asthma. These kinases play a role in cell survival and proliferation, but have not been examined, to the best of our knowledge, in the development of allergic disease. This study sought to determine the role of Pim1 kinase in the development of allergic airway responses. Mice were sensitized and challenged with antigen (primary challenge), or were sensitized, challenged, and rechallenged with allergen in a secondary model. To assess the role of Pim1 kinase, a small molecule inhibitor was administered orally after sensitization and during the challenge phase. Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine, airway and lung inflammation, cell composition, and cytokine concentrations were assessed. Lung Pim1 kinase concentrations were increased after ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. In the primary allergen challenge model, treatment with the Pim1 kinase inhibitor after sensitization and during airway challenges prevented the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia, and increased Th2 cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were also demonstrated after a secondary allergen challenge, where lung allergic disease was established before treatment. After treatment with the inhibitor, a significant reduction was evident in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and concentrations of cytokines in the airways. The inhibition of Pim1 kinase was effective in preventing the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and cytokine production in allergen-sensitized and allergen-challenged mice. These data identify the important role of Pim1 kinase in the full development of allergen-induced airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seob Shin
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Baïz N, Slama R, Béné MC, Charles MA, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Magnan A, Thiebaugeorges O, Faure G, Annesi-Maesano I. Maternal exposure to air pollution before and during pregnancy related to changes in newborn's cord blood lymphocyte subpopulations. The EDEN study cohort. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11:87. [PMID: 22047167 PMCID: PMC3227583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicants can cross the placenta and expose the developing fetus to chemical contamination leading to possible adverse health effects, by potentially inducing alterations in immune competence. Our aim was to investigate the impacts of maternal exposure to air pollution before and during pregnancy on newborn's immune system. Methods Exposure to background particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed in 370 women three months before and during pregnancy using monitoring stations. Personal exposure to four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured in a subsample of 56 non-smoking women with a diffusive air sampler during the second trimester of pregnancy. Cord blood was analyzed at birth by multi-parameter flow cytometry to determine lymphocyte subsets. Results Among other immunophenotypic changes in cord blood, decreases in the CD4+CD25+ T-cell percentage of 0.82% (p = 0.01), 0.71% (p = 0.04), 0.88% (p = 0.02), and 0.59% (p = 0.04) for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 levels three months before and during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively, were observed after adjusting for confounders. A similar decrease in CD4+CD25+ T-cell percentage was observed in association with personal exposure to benzene. A similar trend was observed between NO2 exposure and CD4+CD25+ T-cell percentage; however the association was stronger between NO2 exposure and an increased percentage of CD8+ T-cells. Conclusions These data suggest that maternal exposure to air pollution before and during pregnancy may alter the immune competence in offspring thus increasing the child's risk of developing health conditions later in life, including asthma and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Baïz
- Inserm, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory (EPAR) Department, UMR-S707, Paris, France.
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23
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Mullane K. Asthma translational medicine: report card. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:567-85. [PMID: 21741955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, scientific research into asthma has focused almost exclusively on one component of the disorder - airway inflammation - as being the key underlying feature. These studies have provided a remarkably detailed and comprehensive picture of the events following antigen challenge that lead to an influx of T cells and eosinophils in the airways. Indeed, in basic research, even the term "asthma" has become synonymous with a T helper 2 cell-mediated disorder. From this cascade of cellular activation processes and mediators that have been identified it has been possible to pinpoint critical junctures for therapeutic intervention, leading experimentalists to produce therapies that are very effective in decreasing airway inflammation in animal models. Many of these compounds have now completed early Phase 2 "proof-of-concept" clinical trials so the translational success of the basic research model can be evaluated. This commentary discusses clinical results from 39 compounds and biologics acting at 23 different targets, and while 6 of these drugs can be regarded as a qualified success, none benefit the bulk of asthma sufferers. Despite this disappointing rate of success, the same immune paradigm and basic research models, with a few embellishments to incorporate newly identified cells and mediators, continue to drive target identification and drug discovery efforts. It is time to re-evaluate the focus of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Profectus Pharma Consulting, Inc, San Jose, CA 95125, United States.
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Botturi K, Langelot M, Lair D, Pipet A, Pain M, Chesne J, Hassoun D, Lacoeuille Y, Cavaillès A, Magnan A. Preventing asthma exacerbations: what are the targets? Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:114-29. [PMID: 21440000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations of asthma are the main cause of asthma morbidity. They induce acute respiratory failure, and sometimes death. Two immunological signals acting in synergy are necessary for inducing asthma exacerbations. The first, triggered by allergens and/or unknown agents leads to the chronic Th2 inflammation characteristic of asthma. The second, caused by either viral infection, allergens, pollutants or a combination of these, results in an acute Th1 and Th2 inflammation precipitating symptoms. In both, innate and adaptive immunities are involved, providing a series of potential targets for therapy. Molecules associated to the first, chronic inflammation constitute targets for preventing therapies, when these related to the second, acute signal provide the rationale for curative treatments. Toll like receptors and bronchial epithelial cell-derived cytokines, engaged upstream of inflammation constitute interesting candidates for future treatments. The great heterogeneity of asthma has to be taken into account when considering targets for therapy to identify clusters of responders and nonresponders, and an integrative system biology approach will be necessary to go further.
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Abstract
Asthma has been considered a T helper 2 (T(H)2) cell-associated inflammatory disease, and T(H)2-type cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, are thought to drive the disease pathology in patients. Although atopic asthma has a substantial T(H)2 cell component, the disease is notoriously heterogeneous, and recent evidence has suggested that other T cells also contribute to the development of asthma. Here, we discuss the roles of different T cell subsets in the allergic lung, consider how each subset can contribute to the development of allergic pathology and evaluate how we might manipulate these cells for new asthma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Westerly BD, Peebles RS. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the adult asthmatic--mechanisms of host susceptibility and viral subversion. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:523-39, vi-vii. [PMID: 21029936 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and is also conjectured to be an early-life influence on the development of asthma. Although the data supporting a role for RSV in bronchiolitis in children are robust and evidence to support its role in juvenile asthmatics exists, RSV's role in asthma pathogenesis in adults is not as clearly defined. The authors review the literature to further elucidate RSV's impact on adult asthmatics, including its importance as a cause of asthma exacerbations. They examine the morbidity associated with RSV infection and how the immune response may differ between adult asthmatics and nonasthmatics. They review the responses by specific cell types from adults with asthma that are stimulated by RSV. They also consider the role of early-life exposure to RSV and its contribution to asthma in adults. Lastly, they review the mechanisms by which RSV evades normal host immune responses and subverts these responses to its benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair D Westerly
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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27
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IFN-{gamma} produced by CD8 T cells induces T-bet-dependent and -independent class switching in B cells in responses to alum-precipitated protein vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17292-7. [PMID: 20855629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004879107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alum-precipitated protein (alum protein) vaccines elicit long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses that prevent bacterial exotoxins and viruses from entering cells. Typically, these vaccines induce CD4 T cells to become T helper 2 (Th2) cells that induce Ig class switching to IgG1. We now report that CD8 T cells also respond to alum proteins, proliferating extensively and producing IFN-γ, a key Th1 cytokine. These findings led us to question whether adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8 T cells alters the characteristic CD4 Th2 response to alum proteins and the switching pattern in responding B cells. To this end, WT mice given transgenic ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4 (OTII) or CD8 (OTI) T cells, or both, were immunized with alum-precipitated OVA. Cotransfer of antigen-specific CD8 T cells skewed switching patterns in responding B cells from IgG1 to IgG2a and IgG2b. Blocking with anti-IFN-γ antibody largely inhibited this altered B-cell switching pattern. The transcription factor T-bet is required in B cells for IFN-γ-dependent switching to IgG2a. By contrast, we show that this transcription factor is dispensable in B cells both for IFN-γ-induced switching to IgG2b and for inhibition of switching to IgG1. Thus, T-bet dependence identifies distinct transcriptional pathways in B cells that regulate IFN-γ-induced switching to different IgG isotypes.
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Human rhinovirus proteinase 2A induces TH1 and TH2 immunity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1369-1378.e2. [PMID: 20430426 PMCID: PMC2881843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco-related lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are major causes of lung-related disability and death worldwide. Acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD) is commonly associated with upper and lower respiratory tract viral infections and can result in respiratory failure in those with advanced lung disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the mechanism underlying COPD exacerbation and host response to pathogen-derived factors. METHODS Over a 24-month period, we assessed the viral causes for upper and lower respiratory tract infections in patients with COPD (n = 155) and control subjects (n = 103). We collected nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood under baseline and exacerbated conditions. We determined the effect of human rhinovirus (HRV) proteinases on T-cell activation in human subjects and mice. RESULTS HRVs are isolated from nasal and lung fluid from subjects with AE-COPD. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and CD4 T cells from patients with COPD exhibited a T(H)1 and T(H)2 cell cytokine phenotype during acute infection. HRV-encoded proteinase 2A activated monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro and induced strong T(H)1 and T(H)2 immune responses from CD4 T cells. Intranasal administration of recombinant rhinovirus proteinase 2A in mice resulted in an increase in airway hyperreactivity, lung inflammation, and IL-4 and IFN-gamma production from CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that patients with severe COPD show T(H)1- and T(H)2-biased responses during AE-COPD. HRV-encoded proteinase 2A, like other microbial proteinases, could provide a T(H)1- and T(H)2-biasing adjuvant factor during upper and lower respiratory tract infection in patients with severe COPD. Alteration of the immune response to secreted viral proteinases might contribute to worsening of dyspnea and respiratory failure in patients with COPD.
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Torres D, Dieudonné A, Ryffel B, Vilain E, Si-Tahar M, Pichavant M, Lassalle P, Trottein F, Gosset P. Double-stranded RNA exacerbates pulmonary allergic reaction through TLR3: implication of airway epithelium and dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:451-9. [PMID: 20505141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been implicated in exacerbations of allergic asthma, characterized by a Th2-biased immune response. Respiratory viruses target airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Their activation is, at least in part, mediated by the TLR3-dependent recognition of virus-derived dsRNA. To elucidate the role of epithelial cells and DCs and the implication of TLR3/Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF) pathway, we developed a mouse model of lung allergic exacerbation. The effect of intranasal administration of dsRNA in OVA-sensitized wild-type mice and TRIF(-/-) mice was evaluated on airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation. Our data demonstrated that treatment with dsRNA significantly increased the airway hyperresponsiveness, the lung inflammation, and the OVA-specific Th2 response. This was associated with an infiltrate of eosinophils, myeloid DCs, and T lymphocytes. TRIF activation was required for the development of dsRNA-induced exacerbation of the allergic reaction. Intratracheal transfer of IL-4/dsRNA/OVA-pretreated DCs also triggered exacerbation of the allergic reaction, whereas cells primed with dsRNA/OVA had a more limited effect. dsRNA-induced production of CCL20 by airway epithelium was associated with DC recruitment. In vivo and in vitro treatment with dsRNA amplified airway epithelial production of the pro-Th2 chemokines CCL11 and CCL17, their secretion being enhanced by Th2 cytokines. In conclusion, dsRNA derived from respiratory viruses trigger exacerbation of the pulmonary allergic reaction through TLR3/TRIF-dependent pathway. Moreover, Th2 cytokines participate in this process by modulating the response of airway epithelium and DCs to dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Torres
- Infection Pulmonaire et Immunité Innée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1019, France
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Deschildre A, Boileau S, Torres D, Leblond IT, Romero D, Decleyre IB, Thumerelle C, Santos C, Gosset P. Immunité innée, virus et exacerbation de l’asthme. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Xirakia C, Koltsida O, Stavropoulos A, Thanassopoulou A, Aidinis V, Sideras P, Andreakos E. Toll-like receptor 7-triggered immune response in the lung mediates acute and long-lasting suppression of experimental asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1207-16. [PMID: 20224068 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200908-1255oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 ligands are promising candidate drugs for the treatment of allergic asthma and rhinitis. Although their clinical application depends on the development of strategies for topical administration to the lung, this has not been explored in preclinical disease models. OBJECTIVES To examine the therapeutic effectiveness, persistence of effect, and mode of action of intranasal TLR7 ligand administration in allergic airway disease. METHODS Wild-type, IFN-alpha receptor (IFN-alphaR)(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-), CD8(-/-), TLR7(-/-), and radiation-induced chimeric mice deficient in hematopoietic TLR7 expression were subjected to an established model of allergic airway disease. R-848, a specific TLR7 agonist in mice, was administered prophylactically or therapeutically and effects of treatment on helper T-cell type 2 (Th2) responses, eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intranasal R-848 administration induced a transient immune response characterized by type I interferon production and infiltration of innate immune cells into the lung. This conferred long-term suppression of allergic airway disease via two complementary molecular processes, one mediated by type I interferons and providing acute protection by directly inhibiting effector Th2 responses, and one mediated by immunoregulatory CD8(+) T cells and inducing long-lasting protection by suppressing Th2 responses in an IFN-gamma-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Intranasal R-848 administration is an effective treatment for allergic airway disease. It hijacks an otherwise proinflammatory immune process triggered by TLR7 to mediate long-lasting disease suppression. This provides important insight into the efficacy and mode of action of TLR7 ligands in murine models of allergic airway disease and paves the way for their clinical application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charoula Xirakia
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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32
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Arnaboldi PM, Roth-Walter F, Mayer L. Suppression of Th1 and Th17, but not Th2, responses in a CD8(+) T cell-mediated model of oral tolerance. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:427-38. [PMID: 19571798 PMCID: PMC2857757 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of CD8(+) T cells in oral tolerance remains unclear. To address this, we developed a model to induce CD8(+) Tregs by feeding the major histocompatibility complex class I immunodominant epitope of OVA, OVA((257-264)). OVA((257-264)) feeding induced tolerance similar to that observed in OVA protein-fed mice, capable of suppressing the production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and inhibiting a Th1-driven delayed-type hypersensitivity response following immunization with whole OVA (wOVA) protein. OVA((257-264)) peptide-induced suppression could be transferred to naive mice with CD8(+) cells, but not CD8-depleted cells, isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of peptide-fed mice. Interestingly, while capable of inhibiting Th1 and Th17 responses, OVA((257-264)) feeding could not suppress any feature of a Th2 inflammatory response, though OVA protein feeding could, suggesting that these cells function through a different mechanism than their CD4(+) counterparts generated in response to feeding with wOVA. Thus, CD8(+) T cells are functionally capable of mediating tolerance to Th1 and Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Arnaboldi
- Immunology Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Current Address: Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Immunology Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029,Address correspondence to: Dr. Lloyd Mayer, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1089, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. Phone: 212-659-9266; Fax: 212-987-5593;
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Roberts WK, Deluca IJ, Thomas A, Fak J, Williams T, Buckley N, Dousmanis AG, Posner JB, Darnell RB. Patients with lung cancer and paraneoplastic Hu syndrome harbor HuD-specific type 2 CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2042-51. [PMID: 19509467 DOI: 10.1172/jci36131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) offer an uncommon opportunity to study human tumor immunity and autoimmunity. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), expression of the HuD neuronal antigen is thought to lead to immune recognition, suppression of tumor growth, and, in a subset of patients, triggering of the Hu paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome. Antigen-specific CTLs believed to contribute to disease pathophysiology were described 10 years ago in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Despite parallel efforts, similar cells have not been defined in Hu patients. Here, we have identified HuD-specific T cells in Hu patients and provided an explanation for why their detection has been elusive. Different Hu patients harbored 1 of 2 kinds of HuD-specific CD8+ T cells: classical IFN-gamma-producing CTLs or unusual T cells that produced type 2 cytokines, most prominently IL-13 and IL-5, and lacked cytolytic activity. Further, we found evidence that SCLC tumor cells produced type 2 cytokines and that these cytokines trigger naive CD8+ T cells to adopt the atypical type 2 phenotype. These observations demonstrate the presence of an unusual noncytotoxic CD8+ T cell in patients with the Hu paraneoplastic syndrome and suggest that SCLC may evade tumor immune surveillance by skewing tumor antigen-specific T cells to this unusual noncytolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Roberts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Tillie-Leblond I, Montani D, Crestani B, de Blic J, Humbert M, Tunon-de-Lara M, Magnan A, Roche N, Ostinelli J, Chanez P. Relation between inflammation and symptoms in asthma. Allergy 2009; 64:354-67. [PMID: 19210358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma symptoms are the main reason for healthcare utilization and are a fundamental parameter for the evaluation of asthma control. Currently, asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease. A French expert group studied the association between inflammation and asthma symptoms by carrying out a critical review of the international literature. Uncontrolled asthmatics have an increased number of polynuclear eosinophils in the induced sputum and an increased production of exhaled NO. Control by anti-inflammatory treatment is accompanied by a reduction in bronchial eosinophilia and exhaled NO. Asthma symptoms are the result of complex mechanisms and many factors modify their perception. Experimental data suggest that there is a relationship between the perception of symptoms and eosinophilic inflammation and that inhaled corticoid therapy improves this perception. Although they are still not applicable in routine practice, follow-up strategies based on the evaluation of inflammation are thought to be more effective in reducing exacerbations than those usually recommended based on symptoms and sequential analysis of respiratory function. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is the reference disease-modifying therapy for persistent asthma. Recent studies demonstrated that adjustment of anti-inflammatory treatment based on symptoms is an effective strategy to prevent exacerbations and reduce the total number of doses of inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tillie-Leblond
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Hôpital Albert Calmette, Lille, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EO) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oesophagus, with an emergent character, defined by the presence of a dense infiltrate by eosinophilic leukocytes restricted to the mucosa of this organ after excluding gastro-oesophageal acid reflux. It is manifested by chronic and/or recurrent dysphagia and episodes of oesophageal alimentary impaction, with great variation in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration of the attacks. METHODS An Internet-based search was performed for the most recent articles with relevant information concerning immunopathological mechanisms involved in EO. RESULTS Bibliographical data allow us to define that EO is related to an allergic or hypersensitivity-induced reaction after exposure to foods or inhalants, with increased prevalence of sensitisation to these allergens. Data published up to now suggest a cellular hypersensitivity reaction rather than a humoral one in the physiopathology of EO. In this disease, sensitised T-lymphocytes mediate a Th2 type response, releasing cytokines such as IL-5, with a possible Th1 component that requires further investigation. The function of the abundant CD8+ T-lymphocytes present in the oesophageal epithelium has yet to be explained. Mast cells also participate in epithelial inflammatory infiltrate in EO, and it is still unknown if its activation, mainly through IgE, contributes to the immunopathology of the disease even though EO rarely manifests immediate hypersensitivity reactions. IL-5 and different forms of eotaxins perform an important active role in the recruitment of eosinophils to the oesophagus. CONCLUSIONS EO is an immunologically complex and little studied entity that is associated with other allergic diseases and in which different effector cells participate, determining an immunological response of cellular rather than a humoral hypersensitivity reaction. The data available point out that EO is a disorder of the Th2 retarded immune response, in which the triggering factor might not be IgE. Although the final inflammatory phenomena observed in EO are common for the different patients, the cascade of inflammatory mediators that lead to them might not be identical in all cases, and the morphological and functional disorders observed in EO would represent the final convergence of different activation forms of the mechanisms of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lucendo
- Department of Gastroenterology. Complejo Hospitalario La Mancha Centro. Alcázar de San Juan-Tomelloso. Ciudad Real. Spain
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36
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Abstract
In asthma, symptoms are the main reason for recourse to healthcare and are a fundamental parameter for the evaluation of asthma control. Currently, asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease. Uncontrolled asthmatics have an increased number of eosinophils in induced sputum and an increased production of exhaled NO. Control by anti-inflammatory treatment is accompanied by a reduction in bronchial eosinophilia and exhaled NO. Asthma symptoms are the result of complex mechanisms and many factors modify their perception. Experimental data suggests that there is a relationship between the perception of symptoms and eosinophilic inflammation, and that inhaled corticoid therapy improves this perception. Although they are still not applicable in routine practice, follow-up strategies based on the evaluation of inflammation are thought to be more effective in reducing exacerbations than those usually recommended based on retrospective evaluation of symptoms and sequential analysis of respiratory function. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is the reference maintenance therapy for persistent asthma and adjustment of anti-inflammatory treatment based on symptoms is an effective strategy to prevent exacerbations and reduce the total dose of inhaled corticosteroids. A French expert group has undertaken a study of the association between inflammation and asthma symptoms by carrying out a critical review of the international literature.
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Message SD, Johnston SL. Infections. ASTHMA AND COPD 2009. [PMCID: PMC7149941 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374001-4.00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the epidemiological evidence implicating infectious pathogens as triggers and will discuss the mechanisms of interaction between the host–pathogen response and preexisting airway pathology that result in an exacerbation. Asthma is a multifaceted syndrome involving atopy, bronchial hyperreactivity, and IgE and non-IgE-mediated acute and chronic immune responses. The asthmatic airway is characterized by an infiltrate of eosinophils and of T-lymphocytes expressing the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Trigger factors associated with acute exacerbations of asthma include exposure to environmental allergens, especially animals, molds, pollens and mites, cold, exercise, and drugs. The frequency of exacerbations is a major factor in the quality of life of patients with COPD. The typical clinical features of an exacerbation include increased dyspnea, wheezing, cough, sputum production, and worsened gas exchange. Although noninfectious causes of exacerbations such as allergy, air pollution, or inhaled irritants including cigarette smoke may be important, acute airway infections are the major precipitants. The infection and consequent host inflammatory response result in increased airway obstruction. The success of vaccination to prevent respiratory virus infections has been limited by significant variation within the major virus types causing disease. Currently much of the treatment of infective exacerbations of asthma and COPD is symptomatic, consisting of increased bronchodilators, either short-acting β 2—agonists in inhaled or intravenous form or anticholinergics or theophyllines, or supportive in the form of oxygen and in severe cases noninvasive or invasive ventilatory measures.
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Common Colds and Respiratory Viruses: Impact on Allergy and Asthma. ALLERGY FRONTIERS: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121093 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-88317-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Betts RJ, Kemeny DM. CD8+ T cells in asthma: friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:123-31. [PMID: 18940198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that CD4(+) T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the initiation, progression and persistence of asthma, the role of CD8(+) T cells is less understood. CD8(+) T cells form functionally similar subsets which exhibit similar cytokine profiles as Th1 and Th2 cells, known as Tc1 and Tc2. Evidence from animal studies suggest that CD8(+) T cells are capable of regulating IgE production through the induction of IL-12 and IL-18 production in dendritic cells, and that CD8(+) T cells may act to moderate Th2 polarisation within the localised lymph nodes during allergic sensitisation. Such findings have led to the suggestion that Th1 polarising, CD8(+) T cell-inducing vaccines would inhibit the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and Th2 cell infiltration. Despite these positive findings, the role of CD8(+) T cells within the lung remains poorly understood. While CD8(+) T cells, particularly those expressing the Tc1 phenotype, are capable of moderating inflammation and suppressing AHR, it has been postulated that Tc2 CD8(+) T cells predominate within established asthma and may act to amplify the inappropriate immune response which defines the condition. Within the clinic, the association between CD8(+) T cells and asthma is almost universally defined as injurious, further suggesting a prejudicial role for these cells within the established disease. CD8(+) T cells may be a valuable potential target for therapeutic intervention, either by potentiating their regulatory effects prior to the development of sensitisation, or through suppressing their pro-inflammatory properties within established atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Betts
- Immunology Program and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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40
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Mamessier E, Nieves A, Lorec AM, Dupuy P, Pinot D, Pinet C, Vervloet D, Magnan A. T-cell activation during exacerbations: a longitudinal study in refractory asthma. Allergy 2008; 63:1202-10. [PMID: 18699937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations represent the main source of costs and morbidity in asthma care, and drugs specifically designed to prevent exacerbations are needed. A prerequisite is to dispose of a precise knowledge of inflammatory events leading to exacerbations. OBJECTIVE To study T-cell activation during exacerbations from severe refractory asthmatics. METHODS Proportions of blood T-cell interleukin (IL)-13, interferon-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 production and of CD4+CD25+(high)CD62L+CD45RO+ [T regulatory (Treg)] cells were determined by flow cytometry. Blood cytokine mRNA was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the respective protein levels were determined by cytokine beads array. Depletion of Treg cells was performed to study their activation. T-cell cytokines were detected in parallel in induced sputum. RESULTS At baseline, T helper 2 (Th2) cells were increased in asthmatics, whereas T helper 1 (Th1) and Treg T cells were decreased. T helper 2 cells increased before exacerbations, followed by Th1 cells, in blood and induced sputum, albeit Treg cells decreased in parallel with IL-10-producing T cells. Concordant results were found at the mRNA level. The suppressive activity of Treg cells was impaired during exacerbations compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS New insights are given into pathophysiology of asthma exacerbations: Although at baseline T-cell activation is Th2-biased, a mixed Th1/Th2 activation occurs during exacerbations. The Treg cell deficiency found at baseline in SRA increases during exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamessier
- Université de Méditerranée, EA 3287, IFR125, France
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Proskocil BJ, Bruun DA, Lorton JK, Blensly KC, Jacoby DB, Lein PJ, Fryer AD. Antigen sensitization influences organophosphorus pesticide-induced airway hyperreactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:381-8. [PMID: 18335107 PMCID: PMC2265045 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiologic studies have identified organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) as environmental factors potentially contributing to the increase in asthma prevalence over the last 25 years. In support of this hypothesis, we have demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations of OPs induce airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. OBJECTIVES Sensitization to allergen is a significant contributing factor in asthma, and we have shown that sensitization changes virus-induced airway hyperreactivity from an eosinophil-independent mechanism to one mediated by eosinophils. Here, we determine whether sensitization similarly influences OP-induced airway hyperreactivity. METHODS Nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with the OP parathion (0.001-1.0 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours later, animals were anesthetized and ventilated, and bronchoconstriction was measured in response to either vagal stimulation or intravenous acetylcholine. Inflammatory cells and acetylcholinesterase activity were assessed in tissues collected immediately after physiologic measurements. RESULTS Ovalbumin sensitization decreased the threshold dose for parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity and exacerbated parathion effects on vagally induced bronchoconstriction. Pretreatment with antibody to interleukin (IL)-5 prevented parathion-induced hyperreactivity in sensitized but not in nonsensitized guinea pigs. Parathion did not increase the number of eosinophils in airways or the number of eosinophils associated with airway nerves nor did it alter eosinophil activation as assessed by major basic protein deposition. CONCLUSIONS Antigen sensitization increases vulnerability to parathion-induced airway hyperreactivity and changes the mechanism to one that is dependent on IL-5. Because sensitization to allergens is characteristic of 50% of the general population and 80% of asthmatics (including children), these findings have significant implications for OP risk assessment, intervention, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Proskocil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Immunology. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of forbidden foods that should not be eaten goes back to the Garden of Eden and apart from its religious meanings it may also have foreshadowed the concept of foods that can provoke adverse reactions. Thus we could say that allergic diseases have plagued mankind since the beginning of life on earth. The prophet Job was affected by a condition that following the rare symptoms described by the Holy Bible might be identified as a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD). The earliest record of an apparently allergic reaction is 2621 B.C., when death from stinging insects was first described by hieroglyphics carved into the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Menes depicting his death following the sting of a wasp. In 79 A.D., the death of the Roman admiral Pliny the Elder was ascribed to the SO2-rich gases emanating from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) was probably the first to describe how cow’s milk (CM) could cause gastric upset and hives, proposing dietetic measures including both treatment and prevention for CM allergy.
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Cavaillès A, Pinot D, Nieves A, Botturi K, Lorec AM, Vervloet D, Lara MTD, Magnan A. [Exacerbation in asthma: definitions and immunopathology]. Presse Med 2007; 37:136-42. [PMID: 18065189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no unequivocal definition of exacerbation in asthma. These are defined as episodes of increased or aggravated respiratory symptoms or as use of oral corticosteroid therapy. Viral infection is the most frequent cause of exacerbations. Inflammation during exacerbations is heterogeneous. It may be associated with bronchial hypereosinophilia, which is used as a predictive marker for exacerbation, and with neutrophilia, which is more resistant to corticosteroids. During viral infection, an inappropriate Th1 antiviral inflammation develops, associated with the intrinsic Th2 activity that leads to an aberrant immune response. Exacerbations secondary to allergen exposure are classically described as due to a Th2-type inflammation; but Th1 response also seems to play a role. Exposure to air pollutants appears able not only to induce bronchial inflammation but also to potentiate the inflammatory reactions of patients with exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cavaillès
- UPRES 3287, IPHM IFR125, Faculté de médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, F-13009 Marseille, France.
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Kay AB. T Cells as Orchestrators of the Asthmatic Response. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 206 - THE RISING TRENDS IN ASTHMA 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470515334.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mosmann TR, Sad S, Krishnan L, Wegmann TG, Guilbert LJ, Belosevic M. Differentiation of subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 195:42-50; discussion 50-4. [PMID: 8724829 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514849.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the cytokine secretion patterns of T cells and other cells is clearly becoming more complex. The T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 patterns may represent the extremes of a spectrum of cytokine regulatory patterns controlled by several cell types. CD8+ T cells can also secrete either Th1-like or Th2-like cytokine patterns, and they can contribute to bystander B cell activation. Interactions occur between immune cytokine regulatory networks and other systems, and pregnancy and responses against infection can profoundly influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Mosmann
- Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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47
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Ho WC, Hartley WR, Myers L, Lin MH, Lin YS, Lien CH, Lin RS. Air pollution, weather, and associated risk factors related to asthma prevalence and attack rate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:402-9. [PMID: 17316602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an important public health challenge. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship of air pollution and weather to adolescent asthma prevalence and attack rate. A 6-month mass screening asthma study was conducted from October 1995 to March 1996 in Taiwan. The study population included junior high school students from throughout the country (1,139,452 students). Eighty-nine percent of students completed questionnaires (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood-ISAAC and New England Core Questionnaires) and passed a logical screening error program. Lung function data was collected to assist in the diagnosis of asthma status. From the students screened during this mass survey, a stratified random sample of 64,660 students was analyzed for asthma prevalence and attack rate. Using a regression model to compare the USEPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2000 (NAAQS, 2000) to asthma prevalence, this investigation found that the standards may not provide enough protection for adolescents after controlling for age, rhinitis, eczema, urban birth location, parental education level, exercise, cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoking, alcohol beverage consumption and weather factors. The general estimating equations (GEE) model, a repeated measurement regression model, was used to examine the relationship between the monthly asthma attack rate among asthma patients and air pollution (nitrogen oxides; nitrogen dioxide; nitric oxide; Ozone; PM10) while controlling for household smoking. The GEE model demonstrated that air pollution is related to asthma attack rate. Air pollution factors also interacted with weather parameters when related to asthma attack rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40402, ROC.
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Simon D, Simon HU. Eosinophilic disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1291-300; quiz 1301-2. [PMID: 17399779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammatory responses occur in association with multiple disorders. Although the initial cause and the affected organs vary among the different eosinophilic disorders, there are only 2 major pathways that mediate eosinophilia: (1) cytokine-mediated increased differentiation and survival of eosinophils (extrinsic eosinophilic disorders), and (2) mutation-mediated clonal expansion of eosinophils (intrinsic eosinophilic disorders). Independent from the original trigger, the most common cause of eosinophilia is the increased generation of IL-5-producing T cells. In some cases, tumor cells are the source of eosinophil hematopoietins. The intrinsic eosinophilic disorders are characterized by mutations in pluripotent or multipotent hematopoietic stem cells leading to chronic myeloid leukemias with eosinophils as part of the clone. Here, we propose a new classification of eosinophilic disorders on the basis of these obvious pathogenic differences between the 2 groups of patients. We then discuss many known eosinophilic disorders, which can be further subdivided by differences in T-cell activation mechanisms, origin of the cytokine-producing tumor cell, or potency of the mutated stem cell. Interestingly, many subgroups of patients originally thought to have the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome can be integrated in this classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Holtzman MJ, Kim EY, Lo MS, Tyner JW, Shornick LP, Sumino KC, Zhang Y. Defining and adjusting divergent host responses to viral infection. Immunol Res 2006; 32:123-41. [PMID: 16106064 DOI: 10.1385/ir:32:1-3:123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory focuses on the signal-transduction basis for mucosal immunity, inflammation, and remodeling, especially in relation to respiratory viral infection. Our approach aims to answer two major questions: (1) What are the mechanisms that control common viral infections? and (2) How can these transient infections cause long-term diseases, such as asthma? Our studies show that antiviral defense depends critically on a specialized network of mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages. When this network is compromised, the host is highly susceptible to infection, but when it is engineered to be broadly hyperresponsive to interferon, the host is markedly resistant to otherwise lethal viral infections. Similar but less effective hyperresponsiveness appears in asthma, suggesting that evolving attempts to improve antiviral defense may instead cause inflammatory disease. Indeed, in susceptible genetic backgrounds, respiratory viruses can also cause a hit-and-run phenomenon that is manifest by the development of a permanent asthmatic phenotype long after the infection has been cleared. This complex phenotype can be segregated into individual traits using pharmacologic, immunologic, and genetic strategies to achieve more precise definition of just how viruses can reprogram host behavior. Evidence of reprogramming is manifest by persistent abnormalities in epithelial cell survival and macrophage activation that when corrected can prevent the development of disease phenotypes. Our results led us to pursue the hypothesis that specific components of the innate immune system may manifest an aberrant antiviral response as a basis for chronic inflammatory diseases and that adjusting this response can improve short- and long-term outcomes after viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Lefrançois L, Puddington L. Intestinal and pulmonary mucosal T cells: local heroes fight to maintain the status quo. Annu Rev Immunol 2006; 24:681-704. [PMID: 16551263 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity in the lung and intestine is controlled by complex multifaceted systems. While mucosal T cells are essential for protection against invading pathogens owing to their proximity to the outside world, powerful systems must also be in place to harness ongoing inflammatory processes. In each site, distinct anatomical structures play key roles in mounting and executing both protective and deleterious mucosal T cell responses. Although analogies can be drawn regarding the immune systems of these two organs, there are substantial dissimilarities necessitated by unique physiologic constraints. Here, we discuss how T cell activation and effector function are generated in the mucosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lefrançois
- Center for Integrative Immunology and Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1319, USA.
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