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Castro CD, Boughter CT, Broughton AE, Ramesh A, Adams EJ. Diversity in recognition and function of human γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:134-152. [PMID: 33136294 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest increases in harnessing the potential power of tissue-resident cells for human health and disease, γδ T cells have been thrust into the limelight due to their prevalence in peripheral tissues, their sentinel-like phenotypes, and their unique antigen recognition capabilities. This review focuses primarily on human γδ T cells, highlighting their distinctive characteristics including antigen recognition, function, and development, with an emphasis on where they differ from their αβ T cell comparators, as well as from γδ T cell populations in the mouse. We review the antigens that have been identified thus far to regulate members of the human Vδ1 population and discuss what players are involved in transducing phosphoantigen-mediated signals to human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. We also briefly review distinguishing features of these cells in terms of TCR signaling, use of coreceptor and costimulatory molecules and their development. These cells have great potential to be harnessed in a clinical setting, but caution must be taken to understand their unique capabilities and how they differ from the populations to which they are commonly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher T Boughter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Augusta E Broughton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amrita Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Hahn AM, Winkler TH. Resolving the mystery-How TCR transgenic mouse models shed light on the elusive case of gamma delta T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:993-1007. [PMID: 32068302 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0120-237r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge questions in αβ T cell biology were addressed by investigating a range of different genetically modified mouse models. In comparison, the γδ T cell field lacks behind on the availability of such models. Nevertheless, transgenic mouse models proved useful for the investigation of γδ T cell biology and their stepwise development in the thymus. In general, animal models and especially mouse models give access to a wide range of opportunities of modulating γδ T cells, which is unachievable in human beings. Because of their complex biology and specific tissue tropism, it is especially challenging to investigate γδ T cells in in vitro experiments since they might not reliably reflect their behavior and phenotype under physiologic conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive historical overview about how different transgenic mouse models contributed in regards of the understanding of γδ T cell biology, whereby a special focus is set on studies including the elusive role of the γδTCR. Furthermore, evolutionary and translational remarks are discussed under the aspect of future implications for the field. The ultimate full understanding of γδ T cells will pave the way for their usage as a powerful new tool in immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cell Movement
- Founder Effect
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Hahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Malhotra N, Qi Y, Spidale NA, Frascoli M, Miu B, Cho O, Sylvia K, Kang J. SOX4 controls invariant NKT cell differentiation by tuning TCR signaling. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2887-2900. [PMID: 30287480 PMCID: PMC6219734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells expressing the invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) serve an essential function in clearance of certain pathogens and have been implicated in autoimmune and allergic diseases. Complex effector programs of these iNKT cells are wired in the thymus, and upon thymic egress, they can respond within hours of antigenic challenges, classifying iNKT cells as innate-like. It has been assumed that the successful rearrangement of the invariant iTCRα chain is the central event in the divergence of immature thymocytes to the NKT cell lineage, but molecular properties that render the iTCR signaling distinct to permit the T cell lineage diversification remain obscure. Here we show that the High Mobility Group (HMG) transcription factor (TF) SOX4 controls the production of iNKT cells by inducing MicroRNA-181 (Mir181) to enhance TCR signaling and Ca2+ fluxes in precursors. These results suggest the existence of tailored, permissive gene circuits in iNKT precursors for innate-like T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yilin Qi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michela Frascoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Bing Miu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Okhyun Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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4
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Kumar S, Singh R, Malik S, Manne U, Mishra M. Prostate cancer health disparities: An immuno-biological perspective. Cancer Lett 2018; 414:153-165. [PMID: 29154974 PMCID: PMC5743619 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in males, and, in the United States, is the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men older than 40 years. There is a higher incidence of PCa for African Americans (AAs) than for European-Americans (EAs). Investigations related to the incidence of PCa-related health disparities for AAs suggest that there are differences in the genetic makeup of these populations. Other differences are environmentally induced (e.g., diet and lifestyle), and the exposures are different. Men who immigrate from Eastern to Western countries have a higher risk of PCa than men in their native countries. However, the number of immigrants developing PCa is still lower than that of men in Western countries, suggesting that genetic factors are involved in the development of PCa. Altered genetic polymorphisms are associated with PCa progression. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are involved in the development and progression of PCa. For populations with diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, differences in lifestyle, diet, and biology, including genetic mutations/polymorphisms and levels of androgens and AR, are risk factors for PCa. Here, we provide an immuno-biological perspective on PCa in relation to racial/ethnic disparities and identify factors associated with the disproportionate incidence of PCa and its clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Shalie Malik
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Manoj Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
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5
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MicroRNA-181a/b-1 Is Not Required for Innate γδ NKT Effector Cell Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145010. [PMID: 26673421 PMCID: PMC4682956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic development of αβ T lymphocytes into invariant natural killer (NK) T cells depends on their selection via agonistic lipid antigen presented by CD1d. If successful, newly selected NKT cells gain effector functions already in the thymus. Some γδ T cell subsets also acquire effector functions in the thymus. However, it is not clear whether agonistic TCR stimulation is involved in thymic γδ T cell selection and development. Here we combine two genetic models to address this question. MiR-181a/b-1–/–mice, which show impaired agonistic T cell selection of invariant αβ NKT cells, were crossed to Tcrd-H2BeGFP reporter mice to monitor selection, intra-thymic expansion and differentiation of γδ T cells. We found that miR-181a/b-1-deficiency had no effect on numbers of thymic γδ T cell or on their differentiation towards an IL-17- or IFN-γ-producing effector phenotype. Also, the composition of peripheral lymph node γδ T cells was not affected by miR-181a/b-1-deficiency. Dendritic epidermal γδ T cells were normally present in knock-out animals. However, we observed elevated frequencies and numbers of γδ NKT cells in the liver, possibly because γδ NKT cells can expand and replace missing αβ NKT cells in peripheral niches. In summary, we investigated the role of miR-181a/b-1 for selection, intrathymic development and homeostasis of γδ T cells. We conclude that miR-181a/b-1-dependent modulation of T cell selection is not critically required for innate development of γδ NKT cells or of any other γδ T cell subtypes.
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6
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Antitumor Responses of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:652875. [PMID: 26543874 PMCID: PMC4620262 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that were first described in the late 1980s. Since their initial description, numerous studies have collectively shed light on their development and effector function. These studies have highlighted the unique requirements for the activation of these lymphocytes and the functional responses that distinguish these cells from other effector lymphocyte populations such as conventional T cells and NK cells. This body of literature suggests that NKT cells play diverse nonredundant roles in a number of disease processes, including the initiation and propagation of airway hyperreactivity, protection against a variety of pathogens, development of autoimmunity, and mediation of allograft responses. In this review, however, we focus on the role of a specific lineage of NKT cells in antitumor immunity. Specifically, we describe the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and the factors that are critical for their acquisition of effector function. Next, we delineate the mechanisms by which iNKT cells influence and modulate the activity of other immune cells to directly or indirectly affect tumor growth. Finally, we review the successes and failures of clinical trials employing iNKT cell-based immunotherapies and explore the future prospects for the use of such strategies.
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7
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Pereira P, Berthault C, Burlen-Defranoux O, Boucontet L. Critical Role of TCR Specificity in the Development of Vγ1Vδ6.3+ Innate NKTγδ Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1716-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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8
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Besin G, Yousefi M, Saba I, Klinck R, Pandolfi PP, Duplay P. Dok-1 overexpression promotes development of γδ natural killer T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2491-504. [PMID: 22736313 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In T cells, two members of the Dok family, Dok-1 and Dok-2, are predominantly expressed. Recent evidence suggests that they play a negative role in T-cell signaling. In order to define whether Dok proteins regulate T-cell development, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing Dok-1 in thymocytes and peripheral T cells. We show that overexpression of Dok-1 retards the transition from the CD4(-) CD8(-) to CD4(+) CD8(+) stage. Moreover, there is a specific expansion of PLZF-expressing Vγ1.1(+) Vδ6.3(+) T cells. This subset of γδ T cells acquires innate characteristics including rapid IL-4 production following stimulation and requiring SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP) for their development. Moreover, Dok-1 overexpression promotes the generation of an innate-like CD8(+) T-cell population that expresses Eomesodermin. Altogether, these findings identify a novel role for Dok-1 in the regulation of thymic differentiation and in particular, in the development of PLZF(+) γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Besin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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9
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Pereira P, Boucontet L. Innate NKTγδ and NKTαβ cells exert similar functions and compete for a thymic niche. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pereira
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Limphopoïese, INSERM U668; Paris France
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10
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Chauhan AK, Moore TL. Immune complexes and late complement proteins trigger activation of Syk tyrosine kinase in human CD4(+) T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:235-45. [PMID: 22235999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the autoantibodies that form immune complexes (ICs) trigger activation of the complement system. This results in the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on cell membrane and the soluble terminal complement complex (TCC). Hyperactive T cell responses are hallmark of SLE pathogenesis. How complement activation influences the T cell responses in SLE is not fully understood. We observed that aggregated human γ-globulin (AHG) bound to a subset of CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and this population increased in the SLE patients. Human naive CD4(+) T cells, when treated with purified ICs and TCC, triggered recruitment of the FcRγ chain with the membrane receptor and co-localized with phosphorylated Syk. These events were also associated with aggregation of membrane rafts. Thus, results presented suggest a role for ICs and complement in the activation of Syk in CD4(+) T cells. Thus, we propose that the shift in signalling from ζ-chain-ZAP70 to FcRγ chain-Syk observed in T cells of SLE patients is triggered by ICs and complement. These results demonstrate a link among ICs, complement activation and phosphorylation of Syk in CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Chauhan
- Division of Adult and Pediatric Rheumatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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11
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Das R, Sant'Angelo DB, Nichols KE. Transcriptional control of invariant NKT cell development. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:195-215. [PMID: 20969594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a rare lymphocyte sublineage with phenotypic and functional properties similar to T and NK cells. Akin to conventional αβ T cells, their development occurs primarily in the thymus, where they originate from CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive (DP) progenitors. However, the selection of iNKT cells is unique in that it is mediated by homotypic interactions of DP cells and recognition of glycolipid antigen-CD1d complexes. Additionally, iNKT cells acquire an activated innate-like phenotype during development that allows them to release cytokines rapidly following antigen exposure. Given their hybrid features, it is not surprising that the developmental program of iNKT cells partially overlaps with that of T and NK cells. Several recent reports have provided new and exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that direct natural killer T (NKT) cell lineage commitment and maturation. In this review, we provide a discussion of the NKT cell developmental program with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms and transcription factors that influence the ontogeny of this lineage. Continued investigations into the complex interplay of these transcription factors and their relationship with other extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this unusual T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Narayan K, Kang J. Disorderly conduct in gammadelta versus alphabeta T cell lineage commitment. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:222-7. [PMID: 20451409 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of T cell precursor commitment to the gammadelta or alphabeta T cell lineage remains unclear. While TCR signal strength has emerged as a key factor in lineage commitment based on TCR transgenic models, the entire TCR repertoire may not possess the same discriminatory power. A counterbalance to the TCR as the lineage determinant is the pre-existing heterogeneity in gene expression among precursors, which suggests that single precursors are unlikely to respond homogeneously to a given instructive signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Narayan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, S3-137, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are CD1d-restricted, lipid antigen-reactive, immunoregulatory T lymphocytes that can promote cell-mediated immunity to tumors and infectious organisms, including bacteria and viruses, yet paradoxically they can also suppress the cell-mediated immunity associated with autoimmune disease and allograft rejection. Furthermore, in some diseases, such as atherosclerosis and allergy, NKT cell activity can be deleterious to the host. Although the precise means by which these cells carry out such contrasting functions is unclear, recent studies have highlighted the existence of many functionally distinct NKT cell subsets. Because their frequency and number vary widely between individuals, it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of NKT cells and subsets thereof, which is the subject of this review.
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Abstract
The invariant (i) natural killer (NK)T cells represent a unique subset of T lymphocytes which express the V alpha 14 chain of the T cell receptor (TCR), that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like antigen presentation molecule CD1d, and they participate in protection against some microbial pathogens. Although iNKT cells have originally been regarded as T cells co-expressing NKR-P1B/C (NK1.1: CD 161), they do not seem to consistently express this marker, since NK1.1 surface expression on iNKT cells undergoes dramatic changes following facultative intracellular bacterial infection, which is correlated with functional changes of this cell population. Accumulating evidence suggests that NK1.1 allows recognition of "missing-self", thus controlling activation/inhibition of NK1.1-expressing cells. Therefore, it is tempting to suggest that iNKT cells participate in the regulation of host immune responses during facultative intracellular bacterial infection by controlling NK1.1 surface expression. These findings shed light not only on the unique role of iNKT cells in microbial infection, but also provide evidence for new aspects of the NK1.1 as a regulatory molecule on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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15
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Vogtenhuber C, O'Shaughnessy MJ, Vignali DAA, Blazar BR. Outgrowth of CD4low/negCD25+ T cells with suppressor function in CD4+CD25+ T cell cultures upon polyclonal stimulation ex vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8767-75. [PMID: 19050298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in controlling autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Several ex vivo activation and expansion protocols have been developed to amplify cell numbers and suppressor function of murine and human Tregs. We demonstrate in this study that ex vivo activation and expansion of murine Tregs resulted in an enrichment of a CD4(low/neg)CD25(+) T cell population that was more than 20-fold more potent than expanded conventional Tregs in suppressing an in vitro CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell response to allo-Ag. The generation of CD4(low/neg)CD25(+) T cells was independent of the presence of Tregs in the culture, and suppressor function was acquired only after activation and expansion. CD4(low/neg)CD25(+) T cells expressed either an alphabeta or gammadelta TCR, had an activated phenotype, and did not express the transcription factor FoxP3. Despite expressing the cell surface Ags lymphocyte activation gene-3 (CD223) and CD103, neither was essential for suppressor cell function. Suppression by CD4(low/neg)CD25(+) T cells was prevented by a semipermeable membrane and was independent of IL-10 and TGF-beta. In summary, we describe in this study CD4(low/neg)CD25(+) FoxP3(neg) T cells with highly potent suppressor cell function derived from cultures of an enriched population of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells that may contribute to the suppressor activity of ex vivo expanded bone fide Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Vogtenhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
NKT cells are a relatively newly recognized member of the immune community, with profound effects on the rest of the immune system despite their small numbers. They are true T cells with a T cell receptor (TCR), but unlike conventional T cells that detect peptide antigens presented by conventional major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a nonclassical MHC molecule. As members of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, they bridge the gap between these, and respond rapidly to set the tone for subsequent immune responses. They fill a unique niche in providing the immune system a cellular arm to recognize lipid antigens. They play both effector and regulatory roles in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, subsets of NKT cells can play distinct and sometimes opposing roles. In cancer, type I NKT cells, defined by their invariant TCR using Valpha14Jalpha18 in mice and Valpha24Jalpha18 in humans, are mostly protective, by producing interferon-gamma to activate NK and CD8(+) T cells and by activating dendritic cells to make IL-12. In contrast, type II NKT cells, characterized by more diverse TCRs recognizing lipids presented by CD1d, primarily inhibit tumor immunity. Moreover, type I and type II NKT cells counter-regulate each other, forming a new immunoregulatory axis. Because NKT cells respond rapidly, the balance along this axis can greatly influence other immune responses that follow. Therefore, learning to manipulate the balance along the NKT regulatory axis may be critical to devising successful immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Thomson CW, Teft WA, Chen W, Lee BPL, Madrenas J, Zhang L. FcR gamma presence in TCR complex of double-negative T cells is critical for their regulatory function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2250-7. [PMID: 16887985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TCRalphabeta+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) T regulatory (Treg) cells have recently been shown to suppress Ag-specific immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in humans and mice. Our previous study using cDNA microarray analysis of global gene expression showed that FcRgamma was the most highly overexpressed gene in functional DN Treg cell clones compared with nonfunctional mutant clones. In this study, we demonstrate that FcRgamma-deficient DN T cells display markedly reduced suppressive activity in vitro. In addition, unlike FcRgamma-sufficient DN T cells, FcRgamma-deficient DN T cells were unable to prolong donor-specific allograft survival when adoptively transferred to recipient mice. Protein analyses indicate that in addition to FcRgamma, DN Treg cell clones also express higher levels of TCRbeta, while mutant clones expressed higher levels of Zap70 and Lck. Within DN Treg cells, we found that FcRgamma associates with the TCR complex and that both FcRgamma and Syk are phosphorylated in response to TCR cross-linking. Inhibition of Syk signaling and FcRgamma expression were both found to reduce the suppressive function of DN Treg cells in vitro. These results indicate that FcRgamma deficiency significantly impairs the ability of DN Treg cells to down-regulate allogeneic immune responses both in vitro and in vivo, and that FcRgamma plays a role in mediating TCR signaling in DN Treg cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Thomson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Taylor KN, Shinde Patil VR, Colson YL. Reconstitution of Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cells: The Essential Role of FcRγ and the TCR β-Chain-FCp33 Complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1444-50. [PMID: 16849450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of purified allogeneic hemopoietic stem cells (SC) alone is characterized by a decreased risk of graft-vs-host disease but increased incidence of engraftment failure. It has been established that the facilitating cell (FC) promotes allogeneic SC reconstitution and results in donor-specific transplantation tolerance across MHC disparities, without graft-vs-host disease. Although the requirements for this facilitating function are not well-characterized, it is known that facilitation is dependent on FC expression of a unique heterodimer consisting of the TCR beta-chain (TCRbeta) and a 33-kDa protein, FCp33. The current study confirms that CD3epsilon and TCRbeta expression are present on the FC at the time of transplantation and demonstrates that the majority of cells in the FC population express the TCR signaling molecule, FcRgamma, rather than the more conventional CD3zeta receptor. Of particular significance, we have now demonstrated that FC-mediated allogeneic SC reconstitution is critically dependent on FcRgamma expression and that FcRgamma coprecipitates with the TCRbeta-FCp33 heterodimer. The mandatory requirement of TCRbeta and FcRgamma for FC function provides the first evidence of a previously undescribed role for FcRgamma in the facilitation of allogeneic SC reconstitution and establishes that FcRgamma is part of the TCRbeta-FCp33 complex uniquely expressed on FC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Dimerization
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Isoantigens/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Taylor
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Gerber D, Boucontet L, Pereira P. Early Expression of a Functional TCRβ Chain Inhibits TCRγ Gene Rearrangements without Altering the Frequency of TCRγδ Lineage Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2516-23. [PMID: 15294967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the consequences of the simultaneous expression in progenitor cells of a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR on alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment, we have forced expression of functionally rearranged TCRbeta, TCRgamma, and TCRdelta chains by means of transgenes. Mice transgenic for the three TCR chains contain numbers of gammadelta thymocytes comparable to those of mice transgenic for both TCRgamma and TCRdelta chains, and numbers of alphabeta thymocytes similar to those found in mice solely transgenic for a rearranged TCRbeta chain gene. gammadelta T cells from the triple transgenic mice express the transgenic TCRbeta chain, but do not express a TCRalpha chain, and, by a number of phenotypic and molecular parameters, appear to be bona fide gammadelta thymocytes. Our results reveal a remarkable degree of independence in the generation of alphabeta and gammadelta lineage cells from progenitor cells that, in theory, could simultaneously express a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gerber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research/Neuroscience Research Center, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Onoé K, Gotohda T, Nishihori H, Aranami T, Iwabuchi C, Iclozan C, Morohashi T, Ogasawara K, Good RA, Iwabuchi K. Positive and negative selection of T cell repertoires during differentiation in allogeneic bone marrow chimeras. Transpl Immunol 2004; 12:79-88. [PMID: 14551035 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(03)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells acquire immune functions during expansion and differentiation in the thymus. Mature T cells respond to peptide antigens (Ag) derived from foreign proteins when these peptide Ag are presented on the self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules but not on allo-MHC. This is termed self-MHC restriction. On the other hand, T cells do not induce aggressive responses to self Ag (self-tolerance). Self-MHC restriction and self-tolerance are not genetically determined but acquired a posteriori by positive and negative selection in the thymus in harmony with the functional maturation. Allogeneic bone marrow (BM) chimera systems have been a useful strategy to elucidate mechanisms underlying positive and negative selection. In this communication, the contribution of BM chimera systems to the investigation of the world of T-ology is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Columbidae
- Cytochromes c/genetics
- Cytochromes c/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Graft vs Host Reaction/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Immunological
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Onoé
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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21
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Godfrey DI, MacDonald HR, Kronenberg M, Smyth MJ, Van Kaer L. NKT cells: what's in a name? Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:231-7. [PMID: 15039760 DOI: 10.1038/nri1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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22
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Grigoriadou K, Boucontet L, Pereira P. Most IL-4-producing gamma delta thymocytes of adult mice originate from fetal precursors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2413-20. [PMID: 12928388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1(dull) gammadelta T cells constitute a distinct adult gammadelta T cell subset characterized by the expression of a TCR composed of Vgamma1Cgamma4 and Vdelta6Cdelta chains with limited junctional sequence diversity. However, several features of the expressed Thy-1(dull) TCR-gammadelta genes, in particular the absence or minimal presence of N region diversity and the almost invariable Ddelta2-Jdelta1 junction, are typical of rearrangements often found in the fetal thymus. In this study, we have investigated the origin of these cells. Few Thy-1(dull) gammadelta thymocytes developed in syngeneic radiation adult chimeras, regardless of whether the recipient mice were given adult bone marrow or fetal liver cells as a source of hemopoietic precursors. In contrast, normal numbers of Thy-1(dull) gammadelta T cells developed in fetal thymi grafted into adult syngeneic recipients. Interestingly, the majority of Thy-1(dull) gammadelta thymocytes present in the grafts were of graft origin, even when most conventional gammadelta and alphabeta thymocytes in the grafted thymi originated from T cell precursors of recipient origin. Single-cell PCR analyses of the nonselected TCR-gamma rearrangements present in adult Thy-1(dull) gammadelta thymocytes revealed that more than one-half of these cells represent the progenies of a limited number of clones that greatly expanded possibly during the first weeks of life. Finally, the second TCR-delta allele of a large number of Thy-1(dull) gammadelta T cells contained incomplete TCR-delta rearrangements, thus providing an explanation for the adult-type rearrangements previously found among nonfunctional V(D)J rearrangements present in Thy-1(dull) gammadelta thymocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Alleles
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Fetal Tissue Transplantation/immunology
- Fetal Tissue Transplantation/pathology
- Fetus
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Liver Transplantation/immunology
- Liver Transplantation/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Thy-1 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Grigoriadou
- Unité du Développement des Lymphocytes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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23
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Seo N, Hayakawa S, Tokura Y. Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:291-300. [PMID: 12147203 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In murine tumors, innate immunity act as a trigger for the development of acquired immunity. The innate immune cells, natural killer (NK) and natural T (NKT) cells, generate the acquired immune cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper (Th) 1 cells, by releasing interferon (IFN)-gamma. Regulatory T cells co-infiltrate with these tumoricidal effectors. In the innate phase, T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta-bearing T (gammadelta T) and TCRalphabeta intermediate T cells are the regulators that suppress NK and NKT cells by elaborating interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. The acquired phase has Th3/T regulatory 1-like cells that inhibit CTLs and Th1 cells by TGF-beta. Thus, cytokines from regulatory T cells exert profound effects on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handa-Yama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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24
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Van Beneden K, De Creus A, Stevenaert F, Debacker V, Plum J, Leclercq G. Expression of inhibitory receptors Ly49E and CD94/NKG2 on fetal thymic and adult epidermal TCR V gamma 3 lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3295-302. [PMID: 11907085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 inhibitory receptors are predominantly expressed on murine NK cells, but they are also expressed on a subpopulation of peripheral CD8 memory TCR alphabeta lymphocytes. In this study we demonstrate that Ly49E and CD94/NKG2 receptors are expressed on mature TCR Vgamma3(+) cells in the fetal thymus. Expression correlated with a memory phenotype, such as expression of CD44, 2B4, and IL-2Rbeta (CD122), and absence of IL-2Ralpha (CD25) expression. No expression of Ly49A, C, D, G2, or I receptors was observed. This phenotype is similar to that of fetal thymic NK cells. Skin-located Vgamma3 T cells, the progeny of fetal thymic Vgamma3 cells, also expressed CD94/NKG2 and Ly49E but not the other members of the Ly49 family. The development and survival of Ly49E(+) or CD94/NKG2(+) Vgamma3 T lymphocytes was not dependent upon expression of MHC class I molecules. The cytotoxicity of TCR Vgamma3 cells was inhibited when Qdm, the ligand for CD94/NKG2, was presented by Qa1(b)-transfected target cells. Also, upon cross-linking of CD94/NKG2 with mAb 3S9, TCR Vgamma3 thymocytes were prevented from killing FcgammaR(+) P815 target cells. These effects were most pronounced in the CD94/NKG2(high) subpopulation as compared with the CD94/NKG2(low) subpopulation of Vgamma3 cells. Our data demonstrate that Vgamma3 T cells expressing inhibitory Ly49E and CD94/NKG2 receptors are mature and display a memory phenotype, and that CD94/NKG2 functions as an inhibitory receptor on these T lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Ly/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Fetus
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Beneden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ghent, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Lees RK, Ferrero I, MacDonald HR. Tissue-specific segregation of TCRgamma delta+ NKT cells according to phenotype TCR repertoire and activation status: parallels with TCR alphabeta+NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2901-9. [PMID: 11592065 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<2901::aid-immu2901>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the majority of NKT cells in the mouse express an alpha beta TCR (NKTalpha beta cells), a small subset of NKT cells express a gamma delta TCR (NKTgamma delta). Here we have systematically analyzed the phenotype, TCR repertoire and activation status of NKTgamma delta cells in the thymus, liver, spleen and bone marrow of normal C57BL/6 mice. Our data indicate that NKTgamma delta cells segregate in a tissue-specific manner according to these parameters. While most NKTgamma delta cells in the thymus and liver have a recently activated CD62L(lo) phenotype and a TCR repertoire that is heavily biased to Vgamma1.1 and Vdelta6.3, the majority of NKTgamma delta cells in the spleen and bone marrow are CD62L(hi) and have a much less biased TCR repertoire. Moreover, expression of NK markers is high on NKTgamma delta cells in spleen and bone marrow but low in thymus and liver. Collectively our results reveal a tissue-specific segregation of NKTgamma delta cells that is strikingly similar to that recently described for CD1d-dependent and Cd1d-independent NKTalpha beta cells. We therefore propose that chronic TCR activation by tissue-specific endogenous ligands is a generic property of NKT cells of both the alpha beta and gamma delta lineages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Immunologic/analysis
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Lees
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Baur N, Nerz G, Nil A, Eichmann K. Expression and selection of productively rearranged TCR beta VDJ genes are sequentially regulated by CD3 signaling in the development of NK1.1(+) alpha beta T cells. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1031-42. [PMID: 11470773 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of thymic NK1.1(+)alpha beta T (NKT) cells involves positive selection of cells enriched for V(alpha)14/V(beta)8 TCR by CD1d MHC class I molecules. However, it has not been determined whether positive selection is preceded by pre-TCR-dependent beta selection. Here we studied NKT cell development in CD3 signaling-deficient mice (CD3 zeta/eta(-/-) and/or p56(lck-/-)) and TCR alpha-deficient mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, NK1.1(+) thymocytes in CD3 signaling-deficient mice are approximately 10-fold reduced in number, do not exhibit V(alpha)14-J(alpha)281 rearrangements and fail to express alpha beta TCR at the cell surface. However, they exhibit TCR beta VDJ rearrangements and pre-T alpha mRNA, suggesting that they contain pre-NKT cells. Strikingly, pre-NKT cells of CD3 zeta/Lck double-deficient mice fail to express TCR beta mRNA and protein. Whereas in wild-type NKT cells TCR beta VDJ junctions are selected for productive V(beta)8 and against productive V(beta)5 rearrangements, V(beta)8 and V(beta)5 rearrangements are non-selected in pre-NKT cells of CD3 signaling-deficient mice. Thus, pre-NKT cell development in CD3 signaling-deficient mice is blocked after rearrangement of TCR beta VDJ genes but before expression of TCR beta proteins. Most NKT cells of TCR alpha-deficient mice exhibit cell surface gamma delta TCR. In contrast to pre-NKT cells of CD3 signaling-deficient mice, approximately 25% of NKT cells of TCR alpha-deficient mice exhibit intracellular TCR beta polypeptide chains. Moreover, both V(beta)8 and V(beta)5 families are selected for in-frame VDJ joints in the TCR beta(+) NKT cell subset of TCR alpha-deficient mice. The data suggest that CD3 signals regulate initial TCR beta VDJ gene expression prior to beta selection in developing pre-NKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA Precursors/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baur
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Petersson K, Ivars F. Early TCR αβ Expression Promotes Maturation of T Cells Expressing FcεRIγ Containing TCR/CD3 Complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 166:6616-24. [PMID: 11359815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we presented data indicating that the expanded population of CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) alphabeta T cells in TCRalpha-chain-transgenic mice was partially if not entirely derived from gammadelta T cell lineage cells. The development of both gammadelta T cells and DN alphabeta T cells is poorly understood; therefore, we thought it would be important to identify the immediate precursors of the transgene-induced DN alphabeta T cells. We have in this report studied the early T cell development in these mice and we show that the transgenic TCRalpha-chain is expressed by precursor thymocytes already at the CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) (triple negative, TN) CD44(+)CD25(-) stage of development. Both by using purified precursor populations in reconstitution experiments and by analyzing fetal thymocyte development, we demonstrated that early TN precursors expressing endogenous TCRbeta-chains matured into DN alphabeta T cells at several stages of development. The genes encoding the gamma-chain of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRIgamma) and the CD3zeta protein were found to be reciprocally expressed in TN thymocytes such that during development the FcepsilonRIgamma expression decreased whereas CD3zeta expression increased. Furthermore, in a fraction of the transgene-induced DN alphabeta T cells the FcepsilonRIgamma protein colocalized with the TCR/CD3 complex. These data suggest that similarly to gammadelta T cells and NKT cells, precursors expressing the TCR early in the common alphabetagammadelta developmental pathway may use the FcepsilonRIgamma protein as a signaling component of the TCR/CD3 complex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Petersson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22362 Lund, Sweden
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28
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Iwabuchi K, Iwabuchi C, Tone S, Itoh D, Tosa N, Negishi I, Ogasawara K, Uede T, Onoé K. Defective development of NK1.1+ T-cell antigen receptor alphabeta+ cells in zeta-associated protein 70 null mice with an accumulation of NK1.1+ CD3- NK-like cells in the thymus. Blood 2001; 97:1765-75. [PMID: 11238119 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.6.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of natural killer 1.1+ (NK1.1+) CD3+ (NK1.1+ T) cells was analyzed in zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70) null ((-/-)) mice. Both NK1.1+ TCRalphabeta+ and NK1.1+ TCRgammadelta+ cell populations were absent in the thymus and spleen. By contrast, the number of NK1.1+ CD3- cells was increased in these tissues. The NK1.1+ CD3- thymocytes in ZAP-70(-/-) mice had surface phenotypes in common with NK or NK1.1+ T cells. However, some of them were discordant either with NK cells or with NK1.1+ T cells. The NK1.1+ CD3- cells produced interferon-gamma upon stimulation with NK1.1 cross-linking in the presence of interleukin-2 and exhibited a substantial cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells. Moreover, the generation of NK1.1+ T cells with invariant Valpha14Jalpha281 chains was induced from the NK1.1+ CD3- thymocytes following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin in a neonatal thymic organ culture. An introduction of TCRalpha and beta transgenes to the ZAP-70(-/-) mice resulted in generation of an NK1.1+ TCRalphabeta(dim) population, whereas no substantial CD4+ CD8- or CD4- CD8+ population that expressed the introduced TCRalphabeta was generated in the mainstream T lineage. These findings demonstrate that ZAP-70 kinase is indispensable for the development of NK1.1+ T cells and that the unique NK1.1+ CD3- thymocytes in ZAP-70(-/-) mice contain immediate precursors of NK1.1+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Gene Rearrangement/drug effects
- Immunophenotyping
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwabuchi
- Division of Immunobiology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Liu ZX, Govindarajan S, Okamoto S, Dennert G. Fas-mediated apoptosis causes elimination of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in the virus-infected liver. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3035-41. [PMID: 11207253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to allogeneic MHC Ags is weak in rodent livers, raising questions as to the mechanisms that might control responses in this organ. Infection with an adenovirus vector reveals that T cell-mediated immunity to nonself-Ags in the liver is self-limiting. Virus-induced liver injury decreases and coincides with disappearance of virus-specific CTL, concomitant to an increase of apoptotic T cells early after infection. But whereas death in CD4 cells is independent of Fas, perforin, and TNF-alpha, that of CD8 cells requires Fas and not perforin or TNF-alpha pathways. Fas ligand is expressed on liver-infiltrating cells, pointing to death by fratricide that causes almost complete disappearance of virus-specific CTL 4 wk after infection. CTL elimination is virus dose dependent, and high doses induced high alanine aminotransferase values, elevated expression of Fas ligand on CD8 cells, and increased CD8 cell migration into the infected liver.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae Infections/immunology
- Adenoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Adenoviridae Infections/virology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clonal Deletion
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Animal/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- fas Receptor/metabolism
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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30
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Arase H, Suenaga T, Arase N, Kimura Y, Ito K, Shiina R, Ohno H, Saito T. Negative regulation of expression and function of Fc gamma RIII by CD3 zeta in murine NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:21-5. [PMID: 11123272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fc gamma RIII is involved in Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytokine production by NK cells. Signaling and expression of Fc gamma RIII are dependent on FcR gamma. Although NK cells express not only FcR gamma but also CD3 zeta, the role of CD3 zeta in NK cell function remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression of Fc gamma RIII on NK cells from CD3 zeta-deficient mice is unexpectedly up-regulated compared with that on cells from normal mice. Furthermore, ADCC and IFN-gamma production upon Fc gamma RIII-cross-linking by NK cells from CD3 zeta-deficient mice were also up-regulated. Up-regulation of the surface expression of Fc gamma RIII on CD3 zeta-deficient NK cells is not mediated by transcriptional augmentation of either Fc gamma RIII or FcR gamma gene because there was no significant difference in the expression of mRNA for Fc gamma RIII and FcR gamma. Transfection of CD3 zeta into a cell line expressing Fc gamma RIII and FcR gamma induced a decrease in the cell surface expression of Fc gamma RIII. These findings reveal a negative regulatory role of CD3 zeta in Fc gamma RIII-mediated function of murine NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arase
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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31
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Baur N, Eichmann K. CD3-dependent regulation of early TCRβ gene expression in mainstream αβ and NKαβ T cell development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Tamura T, Kunimatsu T, Yee ST, Igarashi O, Utsuyama M, Tanaka S, Miyazaki SI, Hirokawa K, Nariuchi H. Molecular mechanism of the impairment in activation signal transduction in CD4(+) T cells from old mice. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1205-15. [PMID: 10917895 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.8.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that IL-2 production of CD4(+) T cells from old mice (old T cells) is impaired. In this study, we have examined TCR complex zeta chain expression of old T cells and their TCR downstream signal transduction pathways stimulated with anti-CD3. Activation of protein tyrosine kinases, Fyn and ZAP-70, and turnover of inositol phosphates stimulated with anti-CD3 were severely impaired in old T cells, although levels of these proteins were comparable to those in young T cells. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in old T cells was also impaired. Old T cells starting the Ca(2+) oscillation by the anti-CD3 stimulation were severely decreased in number and the oscillation waves were broader in shape. T cells with zeta-FcvarepsilonRgamma heterodimer in the TCR-CD3 complex were increased in proportion in old T cells with a concomitant decrease in the T cells with zeta-zeta homodimer. The density of the TCR-CD3 complex on old T cells was confirmed to be comparable to that on young T cells. The impairment in TCR downstream signal transduction pathways and the increase in zeta-FcvarepsilonRgamma heterodimer in the TCR-CD3 complex were confirmed to be the situation in Th1 clones established from old mice. These results indicate that old T cells are impaired in response to TCR stimulation, because T cells with the TCR-CD3 complex containing the zeta-FcvarepsilonRgamma heterodimer are increased in proportion in old T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Calcium Signaling
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/chemistry
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamura
- Department of Allergology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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33
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Abstract
T lymphocytes express two Src tyrosine kinases, Lck and Fyn. While thymocyte and T cell subsets are largely normal in fyn(-/-) mice, animals lacking Lck have impaired T cell development. Here, it is shown that Fyn is required for the rapid burst of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 synthesis, which occurs promptly after T cell receptor activation. The lack of cytokine induction in fyn mutant mice is due to a block in natural killer (NK) T cell development. Studies using bone marrow chimeras indicate that the defect behaves in a cell-autonomous manner, and the lack of NK T cells is probably not caused by inappropriate microenvironmental cues. Both NK T cells and conventional T cells express similar levels of Lck, implying that Fyn and Lck have distinct roles in regulating NK T cell ontogeny. The fyn mutation defines the first signaling molecule that is selectively required for NK T cell, but not for T lymphocyte or NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gadue
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Neil Morton
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul L. Stein
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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34
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Seo N, Tokura Y. Downregulation of innate and acquired antitumor immunity by bystander gammadelta and alphabeta T lymphocytes with Th2 or Tr1 cytokine profiles. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:555-61. [PMID: 10433355 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been thought that natural killer (NK) cells appearing early in tumor lesions play a pivotal role in the innate immunity against tumor cells. Although NK cells serve as the first tumoricidal effector cells, they subsequently promote a shift in effectors from themselves to tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that mediate the acquired immunity. The mechanism of this shift has not been fully elucidated, however, NK cell-derived T helper (Th) 1 cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-gamma seem to play a key role. Another NK-lineage, termed natural killer T (NK T) cells, may also participate in the innate period when they acquire the ability to secrete Th1 cytokines. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10, belonging to Th2, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), belonging to T regulatory (Tr) 1 cytokines, are known to suppress the development of NK, NK T cells, as well as CTLs and to block Th0 cell differentiation to Th1 cells, suggesting that tumor cells can evade the innate and acquired immunity by virtue of cells producing these inhibitory cytokines. In early tumor lesions of murine B16 melanoma, gammadelta T and alphabeta intermediate (int) T cells that co-infiltrate with NK and NK T cells can produce Th2 cytokines and inhibit the innate immunity. In MM2 mammary tumor-bearing mice, gammadelta T cells appearing both lesionally and systemically secrete Tr1-type cytokines and depress the acquired immunity. These Th2- or Tr1-type gammadelta T and alphabeta(int) T cells downregulate the tumoricidal cells by means of both their secreted cytokines and express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is considered to be an autoimmune disease that results from aberrant immune responses to central nervous system antigens. T cells are considered to be crucial in orchestrating an immunopathological cascade that culminates in damage to the myelin sheath, oligodendrocytes and axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martino
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Insitute-DIBIT, Milan, Italy
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36
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Azuara V, Lembezat MP, Pereira P. The homogeneity of the TCRdelta repertoire expressed by the Thy-1dull gammadelta T cell population is due to cellular selection. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:3456-67. [PMID: 9842888 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3456::aid-immu3456>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1dull gammadelta T cells are an unusual subset of mature TCRgammadelta T cells characterized by their highly restricted TCR repertoire. In DBA/2 mice, they predominantly express the product of the Vgamma1 gene together with that of a member of the Vdelta6 subfamily (the Vdelta6.4 gene) and their junctional sequences show very little diversity. To address the mechanisms underlying the expression of the restricted TCRgammadelta repertoire, we have cloned all Vdelta6 subfamily members present in DBA/2 mice and studied their frequency of expression in Thy-1dull and Thy-1bright gammadelta thymocyte populations. Furthermore, we have also cloned non-functional Vdelta6DdeltaJdelta1 rearrangements present in the Thy-1dull gammadelta T cell population and compared their Vdelta6 gene utilization and their junctional sequences with those expressed by this population. Our results indicate that the restricted TCRdelta repertoire expressed by the Thy-1dull gammadelta thymocytes results from cellular selection, rather than molecular constraints suggesting the existence of a limited set of self-ligands. Finally, phenotypic, functional and TCRgammadelta repertoire analysis of Thy-1dull gammadelta T cells in beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-deficient mice indicated that these putative ligands are not beta2m-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I or class I-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Azuara
- Unité du Développement des Lymphocytes, CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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37
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Shores EW, Ono M, Kawabe T, Sommers CL, Tran T, Lui K, Udey MC, Ravetch J, Love PE. T cell development in mice lacking all T cell receptor zeta family members (Zeta, eta, and FcepsilonRIgamma). J Exp Med 1998; 187:1093-101. [PMID: 9529325 PMCID: PMC2212212 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.7.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The zeta family includes zeta, eta, and FcepsilonRIgamma (Fcgamma). Dimers of the zeta family proteins function as signal transducing subunits of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), the pre-TCR, and a subset of Fc receptors. In mice lacking zeta/eta chains, T cell development is impaired, yet low numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells develop. This finding suggests either that pre-TCR and TCR complexes lacking a zeta family dimer can promote T cell maturation, or that in the absence of zeta/eta, Fcgamma serves as a subunit in TCR complexes. To elucidate the role of zeta family dimers in T cell development, we generated mice lacking expression of all of these proteins and compared their phenotype to mice lacking only zeta/eta or Fcgamma. The data reveal that surface complexes that are expressed in the absence of zeta family dimers are capable of transducing signals required for alpha/beta-T cell development. Strikingly, T cells generated in both zeta/eta-/- and zeta/eta-/--Fcgamma-/- mice exhibit a memory phenotype and elaborate interferon gamma. Finally, examination of different T cell populations reveals that zeta/eta and Fcgamma have distinct expression patterns that correlate with their thymus dependency. A possible function for the differential expression of zeta family proteins may be to impart distinctive signaling properties to TCR complexes expressed on specific T cell populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Shores
- Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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38
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39
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Arase N, Arase H, Park SY, Ohno H, Ra C, Saito T. Association with FcRgamma is essential for activation signal through NKR-P1 (CD161) in natural killer (NK) cells and NK1.1+ T cells. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1957-63. [PMID: 9396764 PMCID: PMC2199168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.12.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit cytotoxicity against variety of tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization and represent unique lymphocytes involved in primary host defense. NKR-P1 is thought to be one of NK receptors mediating activation signals because cross-linking of NKR-P1 activates NK cells to exhibit cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. However, molecular mechanism of NK cell activation via NKR-P1 is not well elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the cell surface complex associated with NKR-P1 on NK cells and found that NKR-P1 associates with the FcRgamma chain which is an essential component of Fc receptors for IgG and IgE. The association between FcRgamma and NKR-P1 is independent of Fc receptor complexes. Furthermore, NK cells from FcRgamma-deficient mice did not show cytotoxicity or IFN-gamma production upon NKR-P1 cross-linking. Similarly, NK1.1+ T cells from FcRgamma-deficient mice did not produce IFN-gamma upon NKR-P1 crosslinking. These findings demonstrate that the FcRgamma chain plays an important role in activation of NK cells via the NKR-P1 molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arase
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Biological Science, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba 260, Japan
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40
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Fuse Y, Nishimura H, Maeda K, Yoshikai Y. CD95 (Fas) may control the expansion of activated T cells after elimination of bacteria in murine listeriosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1883-91. [PMID: 9125576 PMCID: PMC175236 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.5.1883-1891.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 (Fas) is known to mediate activation-induced T-cell death by apoptosis. To understand the role of CD95 during the course of bacterial infection, we examined the kinetics of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells in the peritoneal cavities and livers of 5-week-old CD95-defective MRL/lpr mice after an intraperitoneal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The number of bacteria in the spleen decreased to an undetectable level by day 10 after infection with 7 x 10(3) Listeria cells similar to the number in MRL/+/+ mice. The number of alphabeta T cells expressing CD44 and CD95 reached a maximum in the peritoneal cavity on day 6 after listerial infection and thereafter decreased gradually in MRL/+/+ mice, whereas CD44+ alphabeta T cells without CD95 expression continued to increase throughout the course of listerial infection in MRL/lpr mice. Freshly isolated T cells from MRL/+/+ mice infected with L. monocytogenes 10 days previously showed DNA fragmentation with apoptosis, whereas such fragmentation was not prominent in T cells from infected MRL/lpr mice. In correlation with the increased number of CD44+ alphabeta T cells, Listeria-specific T-cell proliferation of peritoneal exudate cells was significantly greater in MRL/lpr mice than in MRL/+/+ mice on day 10 after listerial infection. In contrast to alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells increased in number only transiently in the peritoneal cavity and liver after listerial infection in both MRL/lpr mice and MRL/+/+ mice. These results suggest that CD95-mediated cell death with apoptosis may be involved in termination of the alphabeta-T-cell-mediated immune response after the battle against L. monocytogenes has been won, whereas gammadelta T cells may undergo apoptosis independently of CD95 during the course of listerial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- DNA Fragmentation
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Kinetics
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Peritoneal Cavity/cytology
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Spleen/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fuse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Branch Hospital, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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41
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Lantz O, Sharara LI, Tilloy F, Andersson A, DiSanto JP. Lineage relationships and differentiation of natural killer (NK) T cells: intrathymic selection and interleukin (IL)-4 production in the absence of NKR-P1 and Ly49 molecules. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1395-401. [PMID: 9126920 PMCID: PMC2196284 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.8.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have assessed the lineage relationships and cytokine dependency of natural killer (NK) T cells compared with mainstream TCR-alphabeta T cells and NK cells. For this purpose, we studied common gamma chain (gamma c)-deficient mice, which demonstrate a selective defect in CD3- NK cell development relative to conventional TCR-alphabeta T cells. NK thymocytes differentiate in gamma c- mice as shown by the normal percentage of TCR Vbeta8+ CD4-CD8- cells and the normal quantity of thymic Va14-Jalpha281 mRNA that characterize the NK T repertoire. However, gamma c-deficient NK thymocytes fail to coexpress the NK-associated markers NKR-P1 or Ly49, yet retain characteristic expression of the cytokine receptors interleukin (IL)-7R alpha and IL-2Rbeta. Despite these phenotypic abnormalities, gamma c- NK thymocytes could produce normal amounts of IL-4. These results define a maturational progression of NK thymocyte differentiation where intrathymic selection and IL-4-producing capacity can be clearly dissociated from the acquisition of the NK phenotype. Moreover, these data suggest a closer ontogenic relationship of NK T cells to TCR-alphabeta T cells than to NK cells with respect to cytokine dependency. We also failed to detect peripheral NK T cells in these mice, demonstrating that gamma c-dependent interactions are required for export and/or survival of NK T cells from the thymus. These results suggest a stepwise pattern of differentiation for thymically derived NK T cells: primary selection via their invariant TCR to confer the IL-4-producing phenotype, followed by acquisition of NK-associated markers and maturation/export to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lantz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U267, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
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42
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Azuara V, Levraud JP, Lembezat MP, Pereira P. A novel subset of adult gamma delta thymocytes that secretes a distinct pattern of cytokines and expresses a very restricted T cell receptor repertoire. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:544-53. [PMID: 9045929 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the function, phenotype, ontogenic development, and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of a subpopulation of gamma delta thymocytes, initially defined by expressing low levels of Thy-1, that represents around 5% and 30% of total gamma delta thymocytes in adult C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, respectively. Activation of FACS-sorted Thy-1dull gamma delta thymocytes from DBA/2 mice with anti-gamma delta monoclonal antibodies in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) results in the secretion of high levels of several cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4, IL-10, and IL-3. In contrast, only IFN-gamma was detected in parallel cultures of Thy-1bright gamma delta thymocytes. Virtually all Thy-1dull gamma delta thymocytes express high levels of CD44 and low levels of the heat-stable antigen and CD62 ligand, while around half of them express the NK1.1 marker. Thy-1dull gamma delta thymocytes are barely detectable in newborn animals, and their representation increases considerably during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. The majority of Thy-1dull gamma delta thymocytes from DBA/2 mice express TCR encoded by the V gamma 1 gene and a novel V delta 6 gene named V delta 6.4. Sequence analysis of these functionally rearranged gamma and delta genes revealed highly restricted V delta-D delta-J delta junctions, and somewhat more diverse V gamma-J gamma junctions. We conclude that Thy-1dull gamma delta thymocytes exhibit properties that are equivalent to those of natural killer TCR alpha beta T cells. Both cell populations produce the same distinct pattern of cytokines upon activation, share a number of phenotypic markers originally defined for activated or memory T cells, display similar postnatal kinetics of appearance in the thymus and express a very restricted TCR repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Hybridomas
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thy-1 Antigens/analysis
- Thy-1 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Thy-1 Antigens/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- V Azuara
- Unité d'Immunobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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43
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Bendelac A, Rivera MN, Park SH, Roark JH. Mouse CD1-specific NK1 T cells: development, specificity, and function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:535-62. [PMID: 9143699 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
NK1 T cells are a specialized population of alpha/beta T cells that coexpress receptors of the NK lineage and have the unique potential to very rapidly secrete large amounts of cytokines, providing early help for effector cells and regulating the Th1 or Th2 differentiation of some immune responses. NK1 T cells express a restricted TCR repertoire made of an invariant TCR alpha chain, V alpha 14-J alpha 281, associated with polyclonal V beta 8, V beta 7, and V beta 2 TCR beta chains. NK1 T cells recognize the products of the conserved family of MHC class I-like CD1 genes, apparently in the absence of foreign antigens. Thus, this novel regulatory pathway, which straddles the innate and the adaptive immune systems, is unique in that its activation may not require associative recognition of antigen. Here, we review the specificity and function of mouse NK1 T cells, and we discuss the relationship of this lineage to mainstream T cells and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bendelac
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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44
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Guy-Grand D, Cuénod-Jabri B, Malassis-Seris M, Selz F, Vassalli P. Complexity of the mouse gut T cell immune system: identification of two distinct natural killer T cell intraepithelial lineages. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2248-56. [PMID: 8814274 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gut thymo-dependent (CD8 alpha + beta + or CD4+) or -independent (CD8 alpha + beta -) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) mediate cytotoxicity following T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 signaling, but only TCR gamma delta + and alpha beta + thymo-independent IEL show cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity types. Moreover, TCR alpha beta + and gamma delta + thymo-independent IEL express NK receptors, and may therefore be referred to as NK-TIEL. NK-TIEL cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin, Fas, or both pathways. In contrast to that of other NK cells, this cytotoxicity is not negatively regulated by signals delivered through the recognition of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Thus, gut IEL include T cell subsets with unique specificities and functions, ontogenically distinct from other T cell lineages, which may increase the antigenic repertoire diversity of the immune system participating in the defense of the epithelial barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Intestines/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guy-Grand
- INSERM U.429 Hôpital Necker, Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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45
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Heiken H, Schulz RJ, Ravetch JV, Reinherz EL, Koyasu S. T lymphocyte development in the absence of Fc epsilon receptor I gamma subunit: analysis of thymic-dependent and independent alpha beta and gamma delta pathways. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1935-43. [PMID: 8765042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During fetal development, early thymocyte progenitors transiently express low affinity Fc receptors for IgG (Fc gamma R) of both Fc gamma RII and III isoforms. Only the Fc gamma RIII isoform requires association of an Fc gamma RIII (CD16) alpha subunit with an Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimer for surface expression. To address the role of Fc gamma R in ontogeny, we studied thymic development in Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice. We fine that day 14.5 CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) fetal thymocytes of Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice express mRNA of both Fc gamma RIIb1 and Fc gamma RIII. Surface expression of Fc gamma RII/III is readily detected on these cells. It appears that Fc gamma RIIb1, whose surface expression is Fc epsilon RI gamma independent, replaces Fc gamma RIII during thymic development in these animals. Moreover, subsequent development into CD4+CD8+ double-positive and CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ single-positive subsets appears normal even in the absence of Fc epsilon RI gamma. However, alterations were noted in adult animals among the DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes and peripheral splenic DN T cells as well as CD8 alpha alpha + intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). In contrast to conventional T lymphocytes, which do not express either Fc gamma RIII or Fc epsilon RI gamma, DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes and extrathymically derived alpha beta TCR+ and gamma delta TCR+ CD8 alpha alpha + beta- iIEL express TCR which incorporate Fc epsilon RI gamma as one of their subunits. Consistent with this, the TCR levels of these cells are lower than the TCR levels on cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Despite the reduction in the level of surface TCR, the development of these cells was unaltered by the absence of Fc epsilon RI gamma. Thus, we observed alterations in adult DN alpha beta TCR+ thymocytes, splenic DN alpha beta TCR+ and DN gamma delta TCR+ large granular lymphocytes (LGL), and alpha beta TCR+ and gamma delta TCR+ CD8 alpha alpha+beta- iIEL, but no detectable changes in their major fetal thymic developmental pathways. Cultivation of peripheral DN alpha beta TCR+ and DN gamma delta TCR+ cells from Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice with interleukin-2 generates LGL which mediate natural killer activity. Unlike LGL from wild-type C57BL/6 mice, LGL from Fc epsilon RI gamma-/- mice lack Fc gamma RIII expression and could not mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity through Fc gamma RIII.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, T-Independent/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, IgE/deficiency
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heiken
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Vicari AP, Mocci S, Openshaw P, O'Garra A, Zlotnik A. Mouse gamma delta TCR+NK1.1+ thymocytes specifically produce interleukin-4, are major histocompatibility complex class I independent, and are developmentally related to alpha beta TCR+NK1.1+ thymocytes. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1424-9. [PMID: 8766542 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mouse T cells co-expressing an alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR) and the NK1.1 antigen have been shown to be major interleukin (IL)-4-producing cells and could therefore regulate cell-mediated immune responses. We have identified a related sub-set of thymocytes co-expressing a gamma delta TCR and NK1.1 which also produce IL-4. Unlike alpha beta +NK1.1+ thymocytes, the selection of gamma delta +NK1.1+ thymocytes is not dependent upon beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m)-associated class I molecule expression because these cells are present in beta 2m-deficient mice. This suggests that gamma delta +NK1.1+ T cells may regulate immune responses to a different variety of antigens. However, the development of alpha beta +NK1.1+ and gamma delta +NK1.1+ thymocytes appears to be related. Analysis of different mutant mice lacking alpha beta +NK1.1+ thymocytes revealed a specific increase in gamma delta +NK1.1+ thymocyte production when the block in alpha beta +NK1.1+ thymocyte differentiation occurs after beta TCR rearrangement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Vicari
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA.
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47
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Arase H, Arase N, Saito T. Interferon gamma production by natural killer (NK) cells and NK1.1+ T cells upon NKR-P1 cross-linking. J Exp Med 1996; 183:2391-6. [PMID: 8642351 PMCID: PMC2192568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.5.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune response by producing interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) as well as exhibiting cytotoxic function. IFN-gamma produced by NK cells has been suggested to be involved in differentiation of T helper cells. On the other hand, the NKR-P1 molecule was recently identified as one of the important NK cell receptors, and it recognizes certain kinds of oligosaccharides on target cells and triggers NK cells for cytotoxicity. In the present study, we found that NK cells produce great amounts of IFN-gamma upon cross-linking of the NKR-P1 molecule. In contrast, stimulation of NK cells with IL-2 induced proliferation without producing IFN-gamma. Similar to NK cells, NK1.1+ T cells also produced IFN-gamma upon NKR-P1 cross-linking. NK1.1+ T cells produced IFN-gamma but not interleukin 4 (IL-4) upon NKR-P1 cross-linking, whereas they secreted both IFN-gamma and IL-4 upon T cell receptor cross-linking. These results indicate that NKR-P1 is a receptor molecule on NK and NK1.1+ T cells that induces not only cytotoxicity but also IFN-gamma production. Our findings provide a new pathway for IFN-gamma production by NK and NK1.1+ T cells through NKR-P1 molecules; it may be essential for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arase
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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48
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Ohteki T, Wilson A, Verbeek S, MacDonald HR, Clevers H. Selectively impaired development of intestinal T cell receptor gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1+ T cell receptor alpha beta+ cells in T cell factor-1-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:351-5. [PMID: 8617303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) is a transcription factor that binds to a sequence motif present in several T cell-specific enhancer elements. In Tcf-1-deficient (Tcf-1-/-) mice, thymocyte development is partially blocked at the transition from the CD4-8+ immature single-positive stage to the CD4+8+ double-positive stage, resulting in a marked decrease of mature peripheral T cells in lymph node and spleen. We report here that the development of most intestinal TCR gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1.1+TCR alpha beta+ (NK1+T) cells, which are believed to be of extrathymic origin, is selectively impaired in Tcf-1-/- mice. In contrast, thymic and thymus-derived (splenic) TCR gamma delta+ cells are present in normal numbers in Tcf-1-/- mice, as are other T cell subsets in intestine and liver. Collectively, our data suggest that Tcf-1 is differentially required for the development of some extrathymic T cell subsets, including intestinal TCR gamma delta+ cells and liver CD4+ NK1+T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha
- Immunophenotyping
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T Cell Transcription Factor 1
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohteki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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49
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Abstract
The NK1.1 antigen defines a subset of T cells that produce high titers of cytokines and express a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptors. Here, Alain Vicari and Albert Zlotnik discuss the characteristics of NK1.1+ T cells that distinguish them from the mainstream CD4+ helper or CD8+ cytotoxic families of T cells. It appears that NK1.1+ T cells may play major roles in the regulation of some immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Vicari
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
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50
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MacDonald HR. NK1.1+ T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ cells: new clues to their origin, specificity, and function. J Exp Med 1995; 182:633-8. [PMID: 7650474 PMCID: PMC2192172 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.3.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/analysis
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/cytology
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Proteins/analysis
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H R MacDonald
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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