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Li X, Gong L, Gu H. Regulation of immune system development and function by Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:123-133. [PMID: 31402498 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a form of posttranslational protein modification that affects the activity of target proteins by regulating their intracellular degradation, trafficking, localization, and association with other regulators. Recent studies have placed protein ubiquitination as an important regulatory mode to control immune system development, function, and pathogenesis. In this review, we will mainly update the research progress from our laboratory on the roles of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the development and function of lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells. In addition, we will highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms used by this family of proteins, especially Cbl and Cbl-b, to co-ordinately regulate the function of various receptors and transcription factors in the context of immune regulation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Kisoji Biotechnologies, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Hathcock KS, Farrington L, Ivanova I, Livak F, Selimyan R, Sen R, Williams J, Tai X, Hodes RJ. The requirement for pre-TCR during thymic differentiation enforces a developmental pause that is essential for V-DJβ rearrangement. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20639. [PMID: 21673984 PMCID: PMC3108609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development occurs in the thymus and is critically dependent on productive TCRβ rearrangement and pre-TCR expression in DN3 cells. The requirement for pre-TCR expression results in the arrest of thymocytes at the DN3 stage (β checkpoint), which is uniquely permissive for V-DJβ recombination; only cells expressing pre-TCR survive and develop beyond the DN3 stage. In addition, the requirement for TCRβ rearrangement and pre-TCR expression enforces suppression of TCRβ rearrangement on a second allele, allelic exclusion, thus ensuring that each T cell expresses only a single TCRβ product. However, it is not known whether pre-TCR expression is essential for allelic exclusion or alternatively if allelic exclusion is enforced by developmental changes that can occur in the absence of pre-TCR. We asked if thymocytes that were differentiated without pre-TCR expression, and therefore without pause at the β checkpoint, would suppress all V-DJβ rearrangement. We previously reported that premature CD28 signaling in murine CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) thymocytes supports differentiation of CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) cells in the absence of pre-TCR expression. The present study uses this model to define requirements for TCRβ rearrangement and allelic exclusion. We demonstrate that if cells exit the DN3 developmental stage before TCRβ rearrangement occurs, V-DJβ rearrangement never occurs, even in DP cells that are permissive for D-Jβ and TCRα rearrangement. These results demonstrate that pre-TCR expression is not essential for thymic differentiation to DP cells or for V-DJβ suppression. However, the requirement for pre-TCR signals and the exclusion of alternative stimuli such as CD28 enforce a developmental "pause" in early DN3 cells that is essential for productive TCRβ rearrangement to occur.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Histones/chemistry
- Histones/metabolism
- Lysine
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Methylation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Hathcock
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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3
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Steinel NC, Brady BL, Carpenter AC, Yang-Iott KS, Bassing CH. Posttranscriptional silencing of VbetaDJbetaCbeta genes contributes to TCRbeta allelic exclusion in mammalian lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1055-62. [PMID: 20562258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feedback inhibition of V(D)J recombination enforces Ag receptor allelic exclusion in mammalian lymphocytes. Yet, in-frame VbetaDJbeta exons can assemble on both alleles in human and mouse alphabeta T lineage cells. To elucidate mechanisms that enforce TCRbeta allelic exclusion in such cells, we analyzed Vbeta expression and rearrangement in mice containing a functional Vbeta14DJbeta1.5Cbeta1 gene (Vbeta14(NT)) and/or Vbeta8.2DJbeta1.1Cbeta1 transgene (Vbeta8(Tg)). The majority of Vbeta14(NT) and Vbeta8(Tg) alphabeta T lineage cells expressed only Vbeta14(+) or Vbeta8(+) TCRbeta-chains, respectively, and lacked Vbeta rearrangements on wild-type TCRbeta loci. However, endogenous Vbeta rearrangements and alphabeta T lineage cells expressing endogenous Vbetas from wild-type alleles alone or with the prerearranged Vbeta in cell surface TCRbeta-chains were observed in Vbeta14(NT) and Vbeta8(Tg) mice. Although nearly all Vbeta8(Tg):Vbeta14(NT) thymocytes and splenic alphabeta T cells expressed Vbeta8(+) TCRbeta-chains, only half of these lymphocytes expressed Vbeta14(+) TCRbeta-chains, even though similar steady-state levels of Vbeta14(NT) mRNA were expressed in Vbeta8(+)Vbeta14(+) and Vbeta8(+)Vbeta14(-) populations. Our data demonstrated that posttranscriptional silencing of functionally assembled endogenous VbetaDJbetaCbeta genes can enforce TCRbeta allelic exclusion and reveal another mechanism that contributes to the development of lymphocytes with monospecific Ag receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Steinel
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Yang-Iott KS, Carpenter AC, Rowh MAW, Steinel N, Brady BL, Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R, Bassing CH. TCR beta feedback signals inhibit the coupling of recombinationally accessible V beta 14 segments with DJ beta complexes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:1369-78. [PMID: 20042591 PMCID: PMC2873682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ag receptor allelic exclusion is thought to occur through monoallelic initiation and subsequent feedback inhibition of recombinational accessibility. However, our previous analysis of mice containing a V(D)J recombination reporter inserted into Vbeta14 (Vbeta14(Rep)) indicated that Vbeta14 chromatin accessibility is biallelic. To determine whether Vbeta14 recombinational accessibility is subject to feedback inhibition, we analyzed TCRbeta rearrangements in Vbeta14(Rep) mice containing a preassembled in-frame transgenic Vbeta8.2Dbeta1Jbeta1.1 or an endogenous Vbeta14Dbeta1Jbeta1.4 rearrangement on the homologous chromosome. Expression of either preassembled VbetaDJbetaC beta-chain accelerated thymocyte development because of enhanced cellular selection, demonstrating that the rate-limiting step in early alphabeta T cell development is the assembly of an in-frame VbetaDJbeta rearrangement. Expression of these preassembled VbetaDJbeta rearrangements inhibited endogenous Vbeta14-to-DJbeta rearrangements as expected. However, in contrast to results predicted by the accepted model of TCRbeta feedback inhibition, we found that expression of these preassembled TCR beta-chains did not downregulate recombinational accessibility of Vbeta14 chromatin. Our findings suggest that TCRbeta-mediated feedback inhibition of Vbeta14 rearrangements depends on inherent properties of Vbeta14, Dbeta, and Jbeta recombination signal sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Diversity/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chromatin/physiology
- Feedback, Physiological/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, Reporter/immunology
- Germ-Line Mutation/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Yang-Iott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrea C. Carpenter
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marta A. W. Rowh
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Natalie Steinel
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brenna L. Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Craig H. Bassing
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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5
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Carpenter AC, Yang-Iott KS, Chao LH, Nuskey B, Whitlow S, Alt FW, Bassing CH. Assembled DJ beta complexes influence TCR beta chain selection and peripheral V beta repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5586-95. [PMID: 19380806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRbeta chain repertoire of peripheral alphabeta T cells is generated through the stepwise assembly and subsequent selection of TCRbeta V region exons during thymocyte development. To evaluate the influence of a two-step recombination process on Vbeta rearrangement and selection, we generated mice with a preassembled Dbeta1Jbeta1.1 complex on the Jbeta1(omega) allele, an endogenous TCRbeta allele that lacks the Dbeta2-Jbeta2 cluster, creating the Jbeta1(DJbeta) allele. As compared with Jbeta1(omega/omega) mice, both Jbeta1(DJbeta/omega) and Jbeta1(DJbeta/DJbeta) mice exhibited grossly normal thymocyte development and TCRbeta allelic exclusion. In addition, Vbeta rearrangements on Jbeta1(DJbeta) and Jbeta1(omega) alleles were similarly regulated by TCRbeta-mediated feedback regulation. However, in-frame VbetaDJbeta rearrangements were present at a higher level on the Jbeta1(DJbeta) alleles of Jbeta1(DJbeta/omega) alphabeta T cell hybridomas, as compared with on the Jbeta1(omega) alleles. This bias was most likely due to both an increased frequency of Vbeta-to-DJbeta rearrangements on Jbeta1(DJbeta) alleles and a preferential selection of cells with in-frame VbetaDJbeta exons assembled on Jbeta1(DJbeta) alleles during the development of Jbeta1(DJbeta/omega) alphabeta T cells. Consistent with the differential selection of in-frame VbetaDJbeta rearrangements on Jbeta1(DJbeta) alleles, the Vbeta repertoire of alphabeta T cells was significantly altered during alphabeta TCR selection in Jbeta1(DJbeta/omega) and Jbeta1(DJbeta/DJbeta) mice, as compared with in Jbeta1(omega/omega) mice. Our data indicate that the diversity of DJbeta complexes assembled during thymocyte development influences TCRbeta chain selection and peripheral Vbeta repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Carpenter
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Bosco N, Engdahl C, Bénard A, Rolink J, Ceredig R, Rolink AG. TCR-beta chains derived from peripheral gammadelta T cells can take part in alphabeta T-cell development. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3520-9. [PMID: 18991270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Between 10 and 20% of the peripheral gammadelta T cells express cytoplasmic TCR-beta proteins, but whether such TCR-beta chains can partake in alphabeta T-cell development has never been systematically investigated. Therefore, we reconstituted the T-cell compartment of CD3epsilon-deficient mice with Pax5-TCR-beta deficient proB cells expressing, via a retroviral vector, TCR-beta chains from either peripheral gammadelta or alphabeta T cells. Recipient thymi reconstituted with proB cells containing empty vector were small (<15x10(6) cells), contained few gammadelta T but no alphabeta T cells. In contrast, thymi from mice receiving proB cells containing gammadelta or alphabeta T-cell-derived TCR-beta chains contained 80-130x10(6) cells, and showed a normal CD4, CD8 and alphabeta TCR expression pattern. However, regardless of the source of TCR-beta chain, reconstituted mice rapidly showed signs of autoimmunity dying 5-15 wk following reconstitution. Autoimmune disease induction could be prevented by co-transfer of Treg cells thereby allowing the functionality of the generated T cells to be assessed. Results obtained show that TCR-beta chains from gammadelta T cells can efficiently take part in alphabeta T-cell development. The implications of these findings for gammadelta T-cell development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Ferrero I, Grosjean F, Fiorini E, MacDonald HR. A critical lineage-nonspecific role for pTalpha in mediating allelic and isotypic exclusion in TCRbeta-transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3220-8. [PMID: 17918204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that early expression of TCRbeta transgenes in the thymus leads to efficient inhibition of both endogenous TCRbeta and TCRgamma rearrangement (also known as allelic and "isotypic" exclusion, respectively) the role of pTalpha in these processes remains controversial. Here, we have systematically re-evaluated this issue using three independent strains of TCRbeta-transgenic mice that differ widely in transgene expression levels, and a sensitive intracellular staining assay that detects endogenous TCRVbeta expression in individual immature thymocytes. In the absence of pTalpha, both allelic and isotypic exclusion were reversed in all three TCRbeta-transgenic strains, clearly demonstrating a general requirement for pre-TCR signaling in the inhibition of endogenous TCRbeta and TCRgamma rearrangement. Both allelic and isotypic exclusion were pTalpha dose dependent when transgenic TCRbeta levels were subphysiological. Moreover, pTalpha-dependent allelic and isotypic exclusion occurred in both alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages, indicating that pre-TCR signaling can potentially be functional in gammadelta precursors. Finally, levels of endogenous RAG1 and RAG2 were not down-regulated in TCRbeta-transgenic immature thymocytes undergoing allelic or isotypic exclusion. Collectively, our data reveal a critical but lineage-nonspecific role for pTalpha in mediating both allelic and isotypic exclusion in TCRbeta-transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferrero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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8
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Touma M, Sun ZYJ, Clayton LK, Marissen WE, Kruisbeek AM, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Importance of the CD3γ Ectodomain Terminal β-Strand and Membrane Proximal Stalk in Thymic Development and Receptor Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3668-79. [PMID: 17339464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD3epsilongamma and CD3epsilondelta are noncovalent heterodimers; each consists of Ig-like extracellular domains associated side-to-side via paired terminal beta-strands that are linked to individual subunit membrane proximal stalk segments. CD3epsilon, CD3gamma, and CD3delta stalks contain the RxCxxCxE motif. To investigate the functional importance of a CD3 stalk and terminal beta-strand, we created a CD3gamma double mutant CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) and a CD3gamma beta-strand triple mutant CD3gamma(Q76S/Y78A/Y79A) for use in retroviral transduction of lymphoid progenitors for comparison with CD3gammawt. Although both mutant CD3gamma molecules reduced association with CD3epsilon in CD3epsilongamma heterodimers, CD3gamma(Q76S/Y78A/Y79A) abrogated surface TCR expression whereas CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) did not. Furthermore, CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) rescued thymic development in CD3gamma(-/-) fetal thymic organ culture. However, the numbers of double-positive and single-positive thymocytes after CD3gamma(C82S/C85S) transduction were significantly reduced despite surface pre-TCR and TCR expression comparable to that of CD3gamma(-/-) thymocytes transduced in fetal thymic organ culture with a retrovirus harboring CD3gammawt cDNA. Furthermore, double-negative thymocyte development was perturbed with attenuated double-negative 3/double-negative 4 maturation and altered surface-expressed CD3epsilongamma, as evidenced by the loss of reactivity with CD3gamma N terminus-specific antisera. Single histidine substitution of either CD3gamma stalk cysteine failed to restore CD3epsilongamma association and conformation in transient COS-7 cell transfection studies. Thus, CD3gamma(C82) and CD3gamma(C85) residues likely are either reduced or form a tight intrachain disulfide loop rather than contribute to a metal coordination site in conjunction with CD3epsilon(C80) and CD3epsilon(C83). The implications of these results for CD3epsilongamma and TCR structure and signaling function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Touma M, Chang HC, Sasada T, Handley M, Clayton LK, Reinherz EL. The TCR C beta FG loop regulates alpha beta T cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6812-23. [PMID: 16709841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The TCRbeta chain constant domain contains an unusually elongated, solvent-exposed FG loop. This structural element forms one component of an alphabeta TCR cavity against which CD3epsilongamma may abut to facilitate Ag-specific signaling. Consistent with this notion, in the present study we show that N15alphabeta TCR transfectants expressing a FG loop-deleted chain (betaDeltaFG) stimulate less tyrosine protein phosphorylation than those bearing a wild-type beta-chain (betawt) upon TCR cross-linking. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation studies suggest a weakened association between the CD3epsilongamma heterodimer and the beta-chain in TCR complexes containing the betaDeltaFG variant. To further investigate the biologic role of the Cbeta FG loop in development, we competitively reconstituted the thymus of Ly5 congenic or RAG-2-/- mice using bone marrow cells from betawt or betaDeltaFG transgenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both betawt and betaDeltaFG precursor cells generate thymocytes representative of all maturational stages. However, betaDeltaFG-expressing thymocytes dominate during subsequent development, resulting in an excess of betaDeltaFG-expressing peripheral T cells with reduced proliferative and cytokine production abilities upon TCR stimulation. Collectively, our results show that the unique Cbeta FG loop appendage primarily controls alphabeta T cell development through selection processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/deficiency
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Touma
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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von Boehmer H. Unique features of the pre-T-cell receptor α-chain: not just a surrogate. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:571-7. [PMID: 15999096 DOI: 10.1038/nri1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR) has a crucial role in the normal development of alphabeta T cells. Different views have emerged concerning the structure and function of the pre-TCR. This molecular complex can be viewed as a variant of the alphabeta-TCR in which the pre-TCR alpha-chain that is covalently associated with the TCR beta-chain is a 'surrogate' TCR alpha-chain. Alternatively, the unique structure of the pre-TCR might be associated with a unique function, owing to evolutionary selection of a pre-TCR alpha-chain that has different capabilities from the TCR alpha-chain. As described here, I consider that experimental evidence favours the latter view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald von Boehmer
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Sepúlveda N, Boucontet L, Pereira P, Carneiro J. Stochastic Modeling of T cell receptor gene rearrangement. J Theor Biol 2005; 234:153-65. [PMID: 15757675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the recombination process of the gamma genes that encode the gamma chain of the antigen receptor of the gammadelta T lymphocytes are unclear. Based on experimental data on the recombination status of the two major TCR gamma genes expressed in V(gamma)4+ and V(gamma)1+ thymocytes, we tested the plausibility of three possible rearrangement mechanisms: (1) a time window mechanism according to which the two chromosomes are accessible to the recombination machinery during a defined period of time; (2) a feedback mechanism in which recombination stops shortly after the first in-frame rearrangement event anywhere in both chromosomes; and (3) a feedback mechanism with asynchronous chromosome accessibility, in which there is a first period when only one chromosome is accessible for recombination, followed by a second period when both chromosomes are accessible; shortly after the first in-frame rearrangement event, during any of these two periods, recombination will definitely stop. We model the time window mechanism using a pure probabilistic approach and the two feedback mechanisms using a continuous-time Markov chain formalism. We used maximum likelihood methodology to infer the goodness-of-fit of the models showing evidence for the last model, which best fits the data. Further analysis of this model suggests an evolutionary tradeoff between allelic and isotypic exclusion and the probability that a precursor differentiates into a mature gammadelta T lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sepúlveda
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, PT-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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12
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Gerber D, Boucontet L, Pereira P. Early Expression of a Functional TCRβ Chain Inhibits TCRγ Gene Rearrangements without Altering the Frequency of TCRγδ Lineage Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2516-23. [PMID: 15294967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the consequences of the simultaneous expression in progenitor cells of a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR on alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment, we have forced expression of functionally rearranged TCRbeta, TCRgamma, and TCRdelta chains by means of transgenes. Mice transgenic for the three TCR chains contain numbers of gammadelta thymocytes comparable to those of mice transgenic for both TCRgamma and TCRdelta chains, and numbers of alphabeta thymocytes similar to those found in mice solely transgenic for a rearranged TCRbeta chain gene. gammadelta T cells from the triple transgenic mice express the transgenic TCRbeta chain, but do not express a TCRalpha chain, and, by a number of phenotypic and molecular parameters, appear to be bona fide gammadelta thymocytes. Our results reveal a remarkable degree of independence in the generation of alphabeta and gammadelta lineage cells from progenitor cells that, in theory, could simultaneously express a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gerber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research/Neuroscience Research Center, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Legrand N, Freitas AA. CD8+ T lymphocytes in double alpha beta TCR transgenic mice. I. TCR expression and thymus selection in the absence or in the presence of self-antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6150-7. [PMID: 11714774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We derived Rag2-deficient mice bearing two rearranged alphabeta TCR transgenes, one specific for the HY male Ag and the second specific for the gp33-41 peptide of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, both restricted to the MHC H-2D(b) class I molecule. We found that, in female double transgenic (DTg) mice, most CD8 T cells express only the TCRbeta chain from the aHY transgene. By comparing the mRNA species for both beta-chains, we observed that in T cells from DTg mice the aHY TCRbeta chain transcripts are abundant, whereas the anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus TCRbeta chain transcripts are rare. In contrast to TCRbeta chain expression, most of the T cells from DTg mice express two TCRalpha chains. We examined the thymus selection of the dual-receptor CD8 T cells in the presence of self-Ag. We found that the presence of a second TCRalpha chain allows a significant number of CD8 T cells expressing a self-reactive receptor to escape central deletion and migrate to the peripheral pools of male mice. Differences in TCR and coreceptor expression between female and male MoaHY and DTg mice suggest that peripheral T cell survival requires an optimal level of signaling, which implies a process of "adaptation" of lymphocyte populations to the host environment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-Y Antigen/genetics
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Legrand
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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14
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Petersson K, Ivars F. Early TCR αβ Expression Promotes Maturation of T Cells Expressing FcεRIγ Containing TCR/CD3 Complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 166:6616-24. [PMID: 11359815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we presented data indicating that the expanded population of CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) alphabeta T cells in TCRalpha-chain-transgenic mice was partially if not entirely derived from gammadelta T cell lineage cells. The development of both gammadelta T cells and DN alphabeta T cells is poorly understood; therefore, we thought it would be important to identify the immediate precursors of the transgene-induced DN alphabeta T cells. We have in this report studied the early T cell development in these mice and we show that the transgenic TCRalpha-chain is expressed by precursor thymocytes already at the CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) (triple negative, TN) CD44(+)CD25(-) stage of development. Both by using purified precursor populations in reconstitution experiments and by analyzing fetal thymocyte development, we demonstrated that early TN precursors expressing endogenous TCRbeta-chains matured into DN alphabeta T cells at several stages of development. The genes encoding the gamma-chain of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRIgamma) and the CD3zeta protein were found to be reciprocally expressed in TN thymocytes such that during development the FcepsilonRIgamma expression decreased whereas CD3zeta expression increased. Furthermore, in a fraction of the transgene-induced DN alphabeta T cells the FcepsilonRIgamma protein colocalized with the TCR/CD3 complex. These data suggest that similarly to gammadelta T cells and NKT cells, precursors expressing the TCR early in the common alphabetagammadelta developmental pathway may use the FcepsilonRIgamma protein as a signaling component of the TCR/CD3 complex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Petersson
- Section for Immunology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22362 Lund, Sweden
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15
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Azogui O, Saint-Ruf C, Grassi F. The impact of pre-T-cell receptor signals on gene expression in developing T cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2001; 64:283-9. [PMID: 11232298 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U373 Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75730 Paris, France
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16
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Jacobs H. TCR-independent T cell development mediated by gain-of-oncogene function or loss-of-tumor-suppressor gene function. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:487-502. [PMID: 11085181 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2000.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern differentiation of T cell precursors during intrathymic development bridge an interdisciplinary research field of immunology, oncology and developmental biology. Critical checkpoints controlling early thymic T cell development and homeostasis are set by the proper signaling function of the IL-7 receptor, c-Kit receptor, and the pre-T cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR). Given the intimate link between cell cycle control and differentiation in T cell development, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors participate as physiological effectors downstream of these receptors not only to influence the cell cycle but also to determine differentiation and survival. Gain- or loss-of-function mutations of these downstream effectors uncouples partially or completely T cell precursors from these checkpoints, providing a selective advantage and enabling aberrant development. These effectors can be identified by provirus tagging in normal mice and more readily by complementation tagging in mice with a predefined block in T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jacobs
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
SLP-76 and LAT are two recently identified adapter proteins that are involved in the signal transduction cascade initiated by engagement of the TCR. The role of these two molecules in thymocyte development has become clearer following studies of gene targeted mice. The data indicate that SLP-76 and LAT are each critical for the expansion and differentiation of double-negative thymocytes and that SLP-76 is essential for allelic exclusion at the TCRbeta locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Pivniouk
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Nishimura H, Honjo T, Minato N. Facilitation of beta selection and modification of positive selection in the thymus of PD-1-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2000; 191:891-8. [PMID: 10704469 PMCID: PMC2195853 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.5.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily member bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, and disruption of the PD-1 gene results in the development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined effects of the PD-1 deficiency on the thymocyte differentiation at the clonal level using T cell receptor (TCR)-beta (Vbeta8) and TCR-alpha/beta (H-Y and 2C) transgenic mice. In these TCR transgenic lines, PD-1 expression in the thymus was variably augmented, but as in the normal mice, confined largely to the CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes. The transgenic mice crossed with PD-1(-/)- mice in the neutral genetic backgrounds exhibited selective increase in the CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) population with little effect on other thymocytes subsets. Similarly, the absence of PD-1 facilitated expansion of DP thymocytes in recombination activating gene (RAG)-2(-/)- mice by anti-CD3epsilon antibody injection. On the other hand, H-Y or 2C transgenic PD-1(-/)- mice with the positively selecting background showed significantly reduced efficiency for the generation of CD8(+) single positive cells bearing the transgenic TCR-alpha/beta in spite of the increased DP population. These results collectively indicate that PD-1 negatively regulates the beta selection and modulates the positive selection, and suggest that PD-1 deficiency may lead to the significant alteration of mature T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nishimura
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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19
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Mancini S, Candéias SM, Fehling HJ, von Boehmer H, Jouvin-Marche E, Marche PN. TCR α-Chain Repertoire in pTα-Deficient Mice Is Diverse and Developmentally Regulated: Implications for Pre-TCR Functions and TCRA Gene Rearrangement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.6053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pre-TCR expression on developing thymocytes allows cells with productive TCRB gene rearrangements to further differentiate. In wild-type mice, most TCRA gene rearrangements are initiated after pre-TCR expression. However, in pTα-deficient mice, a substantial number of αβ+ thymocytes are still produced, in part because early TCR α-chain expression can rescue immature thymocytes from cell death. In this study, the nature of these TCR α-chains, produced and expressed in the absence of pre-TCR expression, have been analyzed. We show, by FACS analysis and sequencing of rearranged transcripts, that the TCRA repertoire is diverse in pTα−/− mice and that the developmental regulation of AJ segment use is maintained, yet slightly delayed around birth when compared with wild-type mice. We also found that T cell differentiation is more affected by pTα inactivation during late gestation than later in life. These data suggest that the pre-TCR is not functionally required for the initiation and regulation of TCRA gene rearrangement and that fetal thymocytes are more dependent than adult cells on pTα-derived signals for their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mancini
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge M. Candéias
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Harald von Boehmer
- ‡Institut Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 373, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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20
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Aifantis I, Pivniouk VI, Gärtner F, Feinberg J, Swat W, Alt FW, von Boehmer H, Geha RS. Allelic exclusion of the T cell receptor beta locus requires the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein (SLP)-76 adaptor protein. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1093-102. [PMID: 10523607 PMCID: PMC2195661 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.8.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1999] [Accepted: 08/10/1999] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the pre-T cell receptor (TCR) is required for the proliferative expansion and maturation of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) thymocytes into CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) cells and for TCR-beta allelic exclusion. The adaptor protein SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein (SLP)-76 has been shown to play a crucial role in thymic development, because thymocytes of SLP-76(-/-) mice are arrested at the CD25(+)CD44(-) DN stage. Here we show that SLP-76(-/-) DN thymocytes express the pre-TCR on their surfaces and that introduction of a TCR-alpha/beta transgene into the SLP-76(-/-) background fails to cause expansion of DN thymocytes or developmental progression to the DP stage. Moreover, analysis of TCR-beta rearrangement in SLP-76(-/-) TCR-transgenic mice or in single CD25(+)CD44(-) DN cells from SLP-76(-/-) mice indicates an essential role of SLP-76 in TCR-beta allelic exclusion.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cell Line
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis Aifantis
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U373, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Vadim I. Pivniouk
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Frank Gärtner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jacqueline Feinberg
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U373, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Wojciech Swat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Frederick W. Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Harald von Boehmer
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U373, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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21
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Haks MC, Krimpenfort P, van den Brakel JH, Kruisbeek AM. Pre-TCR signaling and inactivation of p53 induces crucial cell survival pathways in pre-T cells. Immunity 1999; 11:91-101. [PMID: 10435582 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the pre-TCR is essential for early T cell development and is severely impaired in mice lacking the CD3 gamma chain of the pre-TCR. We here address the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect. Impaired pre-TCR signaling is shown to be associated with a profound increase in the number of apoptotic CD4- CD8- (DN) thymocytes. Introduction of p53 deficiency into CD3 gamma-deficient mice completely reverses the cell survival defect in CD3 gamma-deficient DN thymocytes and rescues the block in pre-T cell differentiation. In addition, the CD4+ CD8+ (DP) compartment is expanded to its normal size. These findings suggest that the pre-TCR regulates progression through the DNA-damage checkpoint of the DN to DP transition by inactivating p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Haks
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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22
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Cleverley S, Henning S, Cantrell D. Inhibition of Rho at different stages of thymocyte development gives different perspectives on Rho function. Curr Biol 1999; 9:657-60. [PMID: 10375531 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of thymocytes can be staged according to the levels of expression of the cell-surface markers CD4, CD8, CD44, CD25 and CD2. Thymocyte development is regulated by a complex signalling network [1], one component of which is the GTPase Rho. The bacterial enzyme C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum selectively ADP-ribosylates Rho in its effector-binding domain and thereby abolishes its biological function [2,3]. To explore the function of Rho in thymocyte development, we previously used the proximal promoter of the gene encoding the Src-family kinase p56lck to make transgenic mice that selectively express C3 transferase in the thymus [4,6]. In these mice, which lack Rho function from the earliest thymocyte stages, thymocyte numbers are reduced by approximately 50- to 100-fold. Here, we describe transgenic mice that express C3 transferase under the control of the locus control region (LCR) of the CD2 gene; this regulatory element drives expression at a later stage of thymocyte development than the lck proximal promoter [7]. In these mice, thymocyte numbers were also reduced by 50- to 100-fold, but unlike the lck-C3 mice, in which the reduction predominantly results from defects in cell survival of CD25(+) thymocyte progenitors, the CD2-C3 transgenic mice had a pre-T-cell differentiation block at the CD25(+) stage after rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chains. Analysis of CD2-C3 mice demonstrated that Rho acts as an intracellular switch for TCR beta selection, the critical thymic-differentiation checkpoint. These results show that Rho-mediated survival signals for CD25(+) pre-T cells are generated by the extracellular signals that act on earlier thymocyte precursors and also that temporal cell-type-specific elimination of Rho can reveal different functions of this GTPase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cleverley
- Lymphocyte Activation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK.
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23
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Malissen B, Ardouin L, Lin SY, Gillet A, Malissen M. Function of the CD3 subunits of the pre-TCR and TCR complexes during T cell development. Adv Immunol 1999; 72:103-48. [PMID: 10361573 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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24
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Eberl G, Fehling HJ, von Boehmer H, MacDonald HR. Absolute requirement for the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain during NK1.1+ TCRalphabeta cell development. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1966-71. [PMID: 10382759 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199906)29:06<1966::aid-immu1966>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Most natural killer T (NKT) cells express a highly skewed alphabeta TCR repertoire, consisting of an invariant V alpha14-J alpha281 chain paired preferentially with a polyclonal Vbeta8.2 chain. This repertoire is positively selected by the monomorphic CD1d molecule expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. The origin of NKT cells and their lineage relationship to conventional T cells is controversial. We show here that the development of NKT cells is absolutely dependent on expression of the pre-TCRalpha chain, in marked contrast to conventional T cells which arise in significant numbers even in the absence of a functional pre-TCR. Distinct developmental requirements for pre-TCR expression in the NKT and T cell lineages may reflect differences in the ability of the TCRalphabeta to substitute functionally for the pre-TCR in immature precursor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eberl
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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25
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Gärtner F, Alt FW, Monroe R, Chu M, Sleckman BP, Davidson L, Swat W. Immature thymocytes employ distinct signaling pathways for allelic exclusion versus differentiation and expansion. Immunity 1999; 10:537-46. [PMID: 10367899 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain allelic exclusion occurs at the thymocyte CD4- 8- (double-negative, or DN) to CD4+ 8+ (double-positive, or DP) transition, concurrently with differentiation and cellular expansion, and is imposed by a negative feedback loop in which a product of the first rearranged TCRbeta allele arrests further recombination in the TCRbeta locus. All of the major events associated with the development of DP cells can be induced by the introduction of TCRbeta or activated Lck transgenes. Here, we present evidence that the signaling pathways that promote thymocyte differentiation and expansion of RAG-deficient DN cells but not those that suppress rearrangements of endogenous TCRbeta genes in normal DN cells are engaged by activated Ras. We propose that TCRbeta allelic exclusion is mediated by effector pathways downstream of Lck but independent of Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gärtner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, and The Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Feinberg J, Lechner O, Saint-Ruf C, Walter U, Buer J, Azogui O. Pleiotropic changes controlled by the pre-T-cell receptor. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:135-42. [PMID: 10322152 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The construction of various gene-deficient mice has facilitated the understanding of the role of various receptors and signaling pathways that control the generation of alphabeta lineage cells. A predominant role is occupied by the pre-TCR, which not only generates large numbers of alphabeta lineage cells but also controls TCRbeta allelic exclusion as well as commitment to the gammadelta lineage versus the alphabeta lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Precursors/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut Necker, INSERM U373, Faculté de Médecine Necker - Enfants Malades, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, F75730, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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27
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Biro J, Würch A, Potocnik AJ, Falk I, Mossmann H, Eichmann K. Regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) beta gene expression by CD3 complex signaling in immature thymocytes: implications for TCRbeta allelic exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3882-7. [PMID: 10097132 PMCID: PMC22389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During alphabeta thymocyte development, clonotype-independent CD3 complexes are expressed at the cell surface before the pre-T cell receptor (TCR). Signaling through clonotype-independent CD3 complexes is required for expression of rearranged TCRbeta genes. On expression of a TCRbeta polypeptide chain, the pre-TCR is assembled, and TCRbeta locus allelic exclusion is established. We investigated the putative contribution of clonotype-independent CD3 complex signaling to TCRbeta locus allelic exclusion in mice single-deficient or double-deficient for CD3zeta/eta and/or p56(lck). These mice display defects in the expression of endogenous TCRbeta genes in immature thymocytes, proportional to the severity of CD3 complex malfunction. Exclusion of endogenous TCRbeta VDJ (variable, diversity, joining) rearrangements by a functional TCRbeta transgene was severely compromised in the single-deficient and double-deficient mutant mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, most of the CD25(+) double-negative (DN) thymocytes of the mutant mice failed to express the TCRbeta transgene, suggesting defective expression of the TCRbeta transgene similar to endogenous TCRbeta genes. In the mutant mice, a proportion of CD25(+) DN thymocytes that failed to express the transgene expressed endogenous TCRbeta polypeptide chains. Many double-positive cells of the mutant mice coexpressed endogenous and transgenic TCRbeta chains or more than one endogenous TCRbeta chain. The data suggest that signaling through clonotype-independent CD3 complexes may contribute to allelic exclusion of the TCRbeta locus by inducing the expression of rearranged TCRbeta genes in CD25(+) DN thymocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- DNA Primers
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/deficiency
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biro
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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28
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Azogui O, Feinberg J, Saint-Ruf C, Zober C, Garcia C, Buer J. Crucial function of the pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) in TCR beta selection, TCR beta allelic exclusion and alpha beta versus gamma delta lineage commitment. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:111-9. [PMID: 9850856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta selection, TCR beta allelic exclusion and TCR beta rearrangement in gamma delta T cells from normal and pre-TCR-deficient mice has shown that the pre-TCR has a crucial role in T-lymphocyte development: The pre-TCR is by far the most effective receptor that generates large numbers of CD4+8+ T cells with productive TCR beta rearrangements. In the absence of the pre-TCR, TCR beta rearrangement proceeds in developing cells irrespective of whether they already contain a productive TCR beta gene. The pre-TCR directs developing T cells to the alpha beta lineage because gamma delta T cells from pT alpha-/- mice proceed much further in TCR beta rearrangement than gamma delta T cells from wild-type mice. It is argued that the pre-TCR commits developing T cells to the alpha beta lineage by an instructive mechanism, which has largely replaced an evolutionarily more ancient mechanism that involves stochastic alpha beta lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut Necker, INSERM U373, Faculté de Médecine, Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
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29
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Schmedt C, Saijo K, Niidome T, Kühn R, Aizawa S, Tarakhovsky A. Csk controls antigen receptor-mediated development and selection of T-lineage cells. Nature 1998; 394:901-4. [PMID: 9732874 DOI: 10.1038/29802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and function of alphabetaT lymphocytes depend on signals derived from pre-T and alphabetaT cell receptors (preTCR and alphabetaTCR) (reviewed in refs 1, 2). The engagement of these receptors leads to the activation of Lck and Fyn, which are protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the Src family. It remains unclear to what extent the activation of Src-family PTKs can direct the differentiation steps triggered by preTCR and alphabetaTCR. Here we show that the inactivation of the negative regulator of Src-family PTKs, carboxy-terminal Src kinase (Csk), in immature thymocytes abrogates the requirement for preTCR, alphabetaTCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II for the development of CD4+ 8+ double-positive and CD4+ single-positive thymocytes as well as peripheral CD4 alphabetaT-lineage cells. These data show that Csk and its substrates are required to establish preTCR/alphabetaTCR-mediated control over the development of alphabetaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmedt
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling, University of Cologne, Germany.
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30
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31
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Killeen N, Irving BA, Pippig S, Zingler K. Signaling checkpoints during the development of T lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10:360-7. [PMID: 9638374 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two major lineage decisions face immature T cells as they develop in the thymus. At an early stage in their development, they must first commit to either the gamma delta or alpha beta lineages. If they opt for the alpha beta lineage, then at a later stage they must also choose between a CD4+ or CD8+ fate before they can pass through the thymic medulla and exit to the periphery. Thymocyte survival at key developmental checkpoints is determined by signaling from cytokine receptors and the T-cell receptor. Recent advances have been made in contemporary understanding of the signals that regulate thymocyte survival, proliferation and lineage decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Killeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0414, USA.
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32
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Irving BA, Alt FW, Killeen N. Thymocyte development in the absence of pre-T cell receptor extracellular immunoglobulin domains. Science 1998; 280:905-8. [PMID: 9572735 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5365.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immature thymocytes express a pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) composed of the TCRbeta chain paired with pre-Talpha. Signals from this receptor are essential for passage of thymocytes through a key developmental checkpoint in the thymus. These signals were efficiently delivered in vivo by a truncated form of the murine pre-TCR that lacked all of its extracellular immunoglobulin domains. De novo expression of the truncated pre-TCR or an intact alphabetaTCR was sufficient to activate characteristic TCR signaling pathways in a T cell line. These findings support the view that recognition of an extracellular ligand is not required for pre-TCR function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/chemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Jurkat Cells
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Irving
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
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33
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Di Santo JP, Rodewald HR. In vivo roles of receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors in early thymocyte development. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10:196-207. [PMID: 9602309 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The early phases of T-cell development require both cell-cell interactions and soluble factors provided by stromal cells within the thymic microenvironment. Still, the precise nature of the signals delivered in vivo by cytokines (resulting in survival, proliferation or differentiation) remains unclear. Recent studies using mice deficient in cytokines or in their receptors have helped to identify essential signaling pathways required for the development of intrathymic precursors to mature alpha beta and gamma delta T cells. In addition, cytokine requirements for the development of natural killer cells were revealed in such mutants. The results obtained demonstrate that the development of all classes of lymphocytes (natural killer, gamma delta T cells and alpha beta T cells) is cytokine dependent, but the specific requirements differ for each lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Di Santo
- INSERM U429, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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34
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Ardouin L, Ismaili J, Malissen B, Malissen M. The CD3-gammadeltaepsilon and CD3-zeta/eta modules are each essential for allelic exclusion at the T cell receptor beta locus but are both dispensable for the initiation of V to (D)J recombination at the T cell receptor-beta, -gamma, and -delta loci. J Exp Med 1998; 187:105-16. [PMID: 9419216 PMCID: PMC2199187 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR) associates with CD3-transducing subunits and triggers the selective expansion and maturation of T cell precursors expressing a TCR-beta chain. Recent experiments in pre-Talpha chain-deficient mice have suggested that the pre-TCR may not be required for signaling allelic exclusion at the TCR-beta locus. Using CD3-epsilon- and CD3-zeta/eta-deficient mice harboring a productively rearranged TCR-beta transgene, we showed that the CD3-gammadeltaepsilon and CD3-zeta/eta modules, and by inference the pre-TCR/CD3 complex, are each essential for the establishment of allelic exclusion at the endogenous TCR-beta locus. Furthermore, using mutant mice lacking both the CD3-epsilon and CD3-zeta/eta genes, we established that the CD3 gene products are dispensable for the onset of V to (D)J recombination (V, variable; D, diversity; J, joining) at the TCR-beta, TCR-gamma, and TCR-delta loci. Thus, the CD3 components are differentially involved in the sequential events that make the TCR-beta locus first accessible to, and later insulated from, the action of the V(D)J recombinase.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, RAG-1
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- VDJ Recombinases
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ardouin
- Centre d'Immunologie Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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35
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Fehling HJ, Gilfillan S, Ceredig R. αβ/γδ Lineage Commitment in the Thymus of Normal and Genetically Manipulated Mice. Adv Immunol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Aifantis I, Buer J, von Boehmer H, Azogui O. Essential role of the pre-T cell receptor in allelic exclusion of the T cell receptor beta locus. Immunity 1997; 7:601-7. [PMID: 9390684 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent realization that TCR beta transgenes can severely inhibit the rearrangement of endogenous Vbeta gene segments in the absence of pre-TCR alpha (pT alpha) chains, we tested whether the pre-TCR has an essential role in TCR beta allelic exclusion under more physiological conditions by analyzing TCR rearrangement in immature thymocytes by single-cell PCR. Our results in pT alpha+ mice are consistent with an ordered model of TCR beta rearrangement beginning on one allele and continuing on the other only when the first attempt is unsuccessful. By contrast, a higher proportion of thymocytes from pT alpha-/- mice exhibited two productive TCR beta alleles. Thus, the pre-TCR-independent suppression of rearrangement by TCR beta transgenes represents a transgene artifact, whereas under physiological conditions the pre-TCR is essential for allelic exclusion.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aifantis
- Institut Necker, Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Medicale, 373, Paris, France
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