1
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Klußmann M, Stillger K, Ruppel M, Sticker CL, Neundorf I. Investigating the impact of thiol reactivity and disulfide formation on cellular uptake of cell-permeable peptides. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3604. [PMID: 38651525 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been explored as versatile tools to transport various molecules into cells. The uptake mechanism of CPPs is still not clearly understood and most probably depends on several factors like the nature of the CPP itself, the attached cargo, the investigated cell system, and other experimental conditions, such as temperature and concentration. One of the first steps of internalization involves the interaction of CPPs with negatively charged molecules present at the outer layer of the cell membrane. Recently, thiol-mediated uptake has been found to support the effective translocation of sulfhydryl-bearing substances that would actually not be cell-permeable. Within this work, we aimed to understand the relevance of thiol reactivity for the uptake mechanism of cysteine-containing CPPs that we have developed previously in our group. Therefore, we compared the two peptides, sC18-Cys and CaaX-1, in their single reduced and dimeric disulfide versions. Cytotoxicity, intracellular accumulation, and impact on the internalization process of the disulfides were investigated in HeLa cells. Both disulfide CPPs demonstrated significantly stronger cytotoxic effects and membrane activity compared with their reduced counterparts. Notably, thiol-mediated uptake could be excluded as a main driver for translocation, showing that peptides like CaaX-1 are most likely taken up by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Klußmann
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Melina Ruppel
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ines Neundorf
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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2
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D'Aniello A, Del Bene A, Mottola S, Mazzarella V, Cutolo R, Campagna E, Di Maro S, Messere A. The bright side of chemistry: Exploring synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3596. [PMID: 38571326 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The present review focuses on synthetic peptide-based vaccine strategies in the context of anticancer intervention, paying attention to critical aspects such as peptide epitope selection, adjuvant integration, and nuanced classification of synthetic peptide cancer vaccines. Within this discussion, we delve into the diverse array of synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines, each derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A or MART-1), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), tumor protein 53 (p53), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), survivin, folate receptor (FR), cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We also describe the synthetic peptide-based vaccines developed for cancers triggered by oncovirus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Additionally, the potential synergy of peptide-based vaccines with common therapeutics in cancer was considered. The last part of our discussion deals with the realm of the peptide-based vaccines delivery, highlighting its role in translating the most promising candidates into effective clinical strategies. Although this discussion does not cover all the ongoing peptide vaccine investigations, it aims at offering valuable insights into the chemical modifications and the structural complexities of anticancer peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia D'Aniello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Bene
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzarella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Cutolo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Erica Campagna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPEB), Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPEB), Naples, Italy
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3
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Michels J, Venkatesh D, Liu C, Budhu S, Zhong H, George MM, Thach D, Yao ZK, Ouerfelli O, Liu H, Stockwell BR, Campesato LF, Zamarin D, Zappasodi R, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T. APR-246 increases tumor antigenicity independent of p53. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202301999. [PMID: 37891002 PMCID: PMC10610029 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activation of p53 by APR-246 reprograms tumor-associated macrophages to overcome immune checkpoint blockade resistance. Here, we demonstrate that APR-246 and its active moiety, methylene quinuclidinone (MQ) can enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells directly. MQ treatment of murine B16F10 melanoma cells promoted activation of melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells and increased the efficacy of a tumor cell vaccine using MQ-treated cells even when the B16F10 cells lacked p53. We then designed a novel combination of APR-246 with the TLR-4 agonist, monophosphoryl lipid A, and a CD40 agonist to further enhance these immunogenic effects and demonstrated a significant antitumor response. We propose that the immunogenic effect of MQ can be linked to its thiol-reactive alkylating ability as we observed similar immunogenic effects with the broad-spectrum cysteine-reactive compound, iodoacetamide. Our results thus indicate that combination of APR-246 with immunomodulatory agents may elicit effective antitumor immune response irrespective of the tumor's p53 mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Michels
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cailian Liu
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hong Zhong
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariam M George
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Thach
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhong-Ke Yao
- The Organic Synthesis Core Facility, MSK, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hengrui Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Felipe Campesato
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immuno-Oncology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jedd D Wolchok
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Department of Pharmacology, Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Carré A, Zhou Z, Perez-Hernandez J, Samassa F, Lekka C, Manganaro A, Oshima M, Liao H, Parker R, Nicastri A, Brandao B, Colli ML, Eizirik DL, Göransson M, Morales OB, Anderson A, Landry L, Kobaisi F, Scharfmann R, Marselli L, Marchetti P, You S, Nakayama M, Hadrup SR, Kent SC, Richardson SJ, Ternette N, Mallone R. Interferon-α promotes neo-antigen formation and preferential HLA-B-restricted antigen presentation in pancreatic β-cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.557918. [PMID: 37745505 PMCID: PMC10516036 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α is the earliest cytokine signature observed in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but its effect on the repertoire of HLA Class I (HLA-I)-bound peptides presented by pancreatic β-cells is unknown. Using immunopeptidomics, we characterized the peptide/HLA-I presentation in in-vitro resting and IFN-α-exposed β-cells. IFN-α increased HLA-I expression and peptide presentation, including neo-sequences derived from alternative mRNA splicing, post-translational modifications - notably glutathionylation - and protein cis-splicing. This antigenic landscape relied on processing by both the constitutive and immune proteasome. The resting β-cell immunopeptidome was dominated by HLA-A-restricted ligands. However, IFN-α only marginally upregulated HLA-A and largely favored HLA-B, translating into a major increase in HLA-B-restricted peptides and into an increased activation of HLA-B-restricted vs. HLA-A-restricted CD8+ T-cells. A preferential HLA-B hyper-expression was also observed in the islets of T1D vs. non-diabetic donors, and we identified islet-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells from T1D donors reactive to HLA-B-restricted granule peptides. Thus, the inflammatory milieu of insulitis may skew the autoimmune response toward epitopes presented by HLA-B, hence recruiting a distinct T-cell repertoire that may be relevant to T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Carré
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Christiana Lekka
- Islet Biology Group, Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Masaya Oshima
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Hanqing Liao
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Parker
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Brandao
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcus Göransson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Amanda Anderson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurie Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Farah Kobaisi
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sine R. Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Group, Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Admon A. The biogenesis of the immunopeptidome. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101766. [PMID: 37141766 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunopeptidome is the repertoire of peptides bound and presented by the MHC class I, class II, and non-classical molecules. The peptides are produced by the degradation of most cellular proteins, and in some cases, peptides are produced from extracellular proteins taken up by the cells. This review attempts to first describe some of its known and well-accepted concepts, and next, raise some questions about a few of the established dogmas in this field: The production of novel peptides by splicing is questioned, suggesting here that spliced peptides are extremely rare, if existent at all. The degree of the contribution to the immunopeptidome by degradation of cellular protein by the proteasome is doubted, therefore this review attempts to explain why it is likely that this contribution to the immunopeptidome is possibly overstated. The contribution of defective ribosome products (DRiPs) and non-canonical peptides to the immunopeptidome is noted and methods are suggested to quantify them. In addition, the common misconception that the MHC class II peptidome is mostly derived from extracellular proteins is noted, and corrected. It is stressed that the confirmation of sequence assignments of non-canonical and spliced peptides should rely on targeted mass spectrometry using spiking-in of heavy isotope-labeled peptides. Finally, the new methodologies and modern instrumentation currently available for high throughput kinetics and quantitative immunopeptidomics are described. These advanced methods open up new possibilities for utilizing the big data generated and taking a fresh look at the established dogmas and reevaluating them critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel.
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6
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Xiong C, Huang L, Kou H, Wang C, Zeng X, Sun H, Liu S, Wu B, Li J, Wang X, Wang Z, Chen L. Identification of novel HLA-A*11:01-restricted HPV16 E6/E7 epitopes and T-cell receptors for HPV-related cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004790. [PMID: 36180070 PMCID: PMC9528665 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Xiong
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hedan Kou
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanli Sun
- Guangdong Xiangxue Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangyuan Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zibing Wang
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Yewdell JW. MHC Class I Immunopeptidome: Past, Present, and Future. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100230. [PMID: 35395404 PMCID: PMC9243166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 35 years since the revelation that short peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules are the secret of the major histocompatibility complex–restricted nature of T-cell recognition, there has been enormous progress in characterizing the immunopeptidome, the repertoire of peptide presented for immunosurveillance. Here, the major milestones in the journey are marked, the contribution of proteasome-mediated splicing to the immunopeptidome is discussed, and exciting recent findings relating the immunopeptidome to the translatome revealed by ribosome profiling (RiboSeq) is detailed. Finally, what is needed for continued progress is opined about, which includes the infusion of talented young scientists into the antigen-processing field, currently undergoing a renaissance; thanks in part to the astounding success of T-cell–based cancer immunotherapy. Concise history of the discoveries leading to the molecular explanation for the phenomenon of the MHC class I–restricted nature of T-cell recognition. Historical review of how MS became a critical technique for defining MHC class I–associated peptides and understanding how peptides are generated from proteins biosynthesized by the antigen-presenting cell. Critical review of recent findings linking the translatome to the MHC class I immunopeptidome and the controversy regarding contribution of proteasome-mediated peptide splicing to the immunopeptidome. Speculative discussion of the future contributions of MS to understanding the generation of the MHC class I immunopeptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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8
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Abstract
This review discusses peptide epitopes used as antigens in the development of vaccines in clinical trials as well as future vaccine candidates. It covers peptides used in potential immunotherapies for infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, hepatitis B and C, HIV, malaria, and others. In addition, peptides for cancer vaccines that target examples of overexpressed proteins are summarized, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), mucin 1 (MUC1), folate receptor, and others. The uses of peptides to target cancers caused by infective agents, for example, cervical cancer caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), are also discussed. This review also provides an overview of model peptide epitopes used to stimulate non-specific immune responses, and of self-adjuvanting peptides, as well as the influence of other adjuvants on peptide formulations. As highlighted in this review, several peptide immunotherapies are in advanced clinical trials as vaccines, and there is great potential for future therapies due the specificity of the response that can be achieved using peptide epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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9
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Gartner JJ, Parkhurst MR, Gros A, Tran E, Jafferji MS, Copeland A, Hanada KI, Zacharakis N, Lalani A, Krishna S, Sachs A, Prickett TD, Li YF, Florentin M, Kivitz S, Chatmon SC, Rosenberg SA, Robbins PF. A machine learning model for ranking candidate HLA class I neoantigens based on known neoepitopes from multiple human tumor types. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:563-574. [PMID: 34927080 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor neoepitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I are recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and are targeted by adoptive T-cell therapies. Identifying which mutant neoepitopes from tumor cells are capable of recognition by T cells can assist in the development of tumor-specific, cell-based therapies and can shed light on antitumor responses. Here, we generate a ranking algorithm for class I candidate neoepitopes by using next-generation sequencing data and a dataset of 185 neoepitopes that are recognized by HLA class I-restricted TIL from individuals with metastatic cancer. Random forest model analysis showed that the inclusion of multiple factors impacting epitope presentation and recognition increased output sensitivity and specificity compared to the use of predicted HLA binding alone. The ranking score output provides a set of class I candidate neoantigens that may serve as therapeutic targets and provides a tool to facilitate in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at the development of more effective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Gartner
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria R Parkhurst
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alena Gros
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Cellex Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Tran
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Amy Copeland
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Hanada
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharakis
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Almin Lalani
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sri Krishna
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd D Prickett
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yong F Li
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Florentin
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott Kivitz
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel C Chatmon
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Bauzá-Martinez J, Heck AJR, Wu W. HLA-B and cysteinylated ligands distinguish the antigen presentation landscape of extracellular vesicles. Commun Biol 2021; 4:825. [PMID: 34211107 PMCID: PMC8249458 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can modulate diverse processes ranging from proliferation and tissue repair, to chemo-resistance and cellular differentiation. With the advent of tissue and immunological targeting, extracellular vesicles are also increasingly viewed as promising vectors to deliver peptide-based cancer antigens to the human immune system. Despite the clinical relevance and therapeutic potential of such 'cell-free' approaches, the natural antigen presentation landscape exported in extracellular vesicles is still largely uncharted, due to the challenging nature of such preparations and analyses. In the context of therapeutic vesicle production, a critical evaluation of the similarity in vesicular antigen presentation is also urgently needed. In this work, we compared the HLA-I peptide ligandomes of extracellular vesicles against that of whole-cells of the same cell line. We found that extracellular vesicles not only over-represent HLA-B complexes and peptide ligands, but also cysteinylated peptides that may modulate immune responses. Collectively, these findings describe the pre-existing provision of vesicular HLA complexes that may be utilized to carry peptide vaccines, as well as the propensity for different peptide and post-translationally modified ligands to be presented, and will outline critical considerations in devising novel EV vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bauzá-Martinez
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Broad-Based Influenza-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response without the Typical Immunodominance Hierarchy and Its Potential Implication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061080. [PMID: 34198851 PMCID: PMC8229067 DOI: 10.3390/v13061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Syngeneic murine systems have pre-fixed MHC, making them an imperfect model for investigating the impact of MHC polymorphism on immunodominance in influenza A virus (IAV) infections. To date, there are few studies focusing on MHC allelic differences and its impact on immunodominance even though it is well documented that an individual’s HLA plays a significant role in determining immunodominance hierarchy. Here, we describe a broad-based CD8+ T cell response in a healthy individual to IAV infection rather than a typical immunodominance hierarchy. We used a systematic antigen screen approach combined with epitope prediction to study such a broad CD8+ T cell response to IAV infection. We show CD8+ T cell responses to nine IAV proteins and identify their minimal epitope sequences. These epitopes are restricted to HLA-B*44:03, HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-A*33:03 and seven out of the nine epitopes are novel (NP319–330# (known and demonstrated minimal epitope positions are subscripted; otherwise, amino acid positions are shown as normal text (for example NP 319–330 or NP 313–330)), M1124–134, M27–15, NA337–346, PB239–49, HA445–453 and NS1195–203). Additionally, most of these novel epitopes are highly conserved among H1N1 and H3N2 strains that circulated in Australia and other parts of the world.
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12
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Mapping the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-derived peptidome presented by HLA class II on dendritic cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109179. [PMID: 34004174 PMCID: PMC8116342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and eliciting protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an urgent priority. To facilitate these objectives, we profile the repertoire of human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II)-bound peptides presented by HLA-DR diverse monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We identify 209 unique HLA-II-bound peptide sequences, many forming nested sets, which map to sites throughout S including glycosylated regions. Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides reveals substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely induced during antigen processing. Our data also highlight the receptor-binding motif in S1 as a HLA-DR-binding peptide-rich region and identify S2-derived peptides with potential for targeting by cross-protective vaccine-elicited responses. Results from this study will aid analysis of CD4+ T cell responses in infected individuals and vaccine recipients and have application in next-generation vaccine design.
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13
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Sturm T, Sautter B, Wörner TP, Stevanović S, Rammensee HG, Planz O, Heck AJR, Aebersold R. Mild Acid Elution and MHC Immunoaffinity Chromatography Reveal Similar Albeit Not Identical Profiles of the HLA Class I Immunopeptidome. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:289-304. [PMID: 33141586 PMCID: PMC7786382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To
understand and treat immunology-related diseases, a comprehensive,
unbiased characterization of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
peptide ligands is of key importance. Preceding the analysis by mass
spectrometry, MHC class I peptide ligands are typically isolated by
MHC immunoaffinity chromatography (MHC-IAC) and less often by mild
acid elution (MAE). MAE may provide a cheap alternative to MHC-IAC
for suspension cells but has been hampered by the high number of contaminating,
MHC-unrelated peptides. Here, we optimized MAE, yielding MHC peptide
ligand purities of more than 80%. When compared with MHC-IAC, obtained
peptides were similar in numbers, identities, and to a large extent
intensities, while the percentage of cysteinylated peptides was 5
times higher in MAE. The latter benefitted the discovery of MHC-allotype-specific,
distinct cysteinylation frequencies at individual positions of MHC
peptide ligands. MAE revealed many MHC ligands with unmodified, N-terminal
cysteine residues which get lost in MHC-IAC workflows. The results
support the idea that MAE might be particularly valuable for the high-confidence
analysis of post-translational modifications by avoiding the exposure
of the investigated peptides to enzymes and reactive molecules in
the cell lysate. Our improved and carefully documented MAE workflow
represents a high-quality, cost-effective alternative to MHC-IAC for
suspension cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Sturm
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Philochem AG, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt Sautter
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias P Wörner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Lee CH, Salio M, Napolitani G, Ogg G, Simmons A, Koohy H. Predicting Cross-Reactivity and Antigen Specificity of T Cell Receptors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565096. [PMID: 33193332 PMCID: PMC7642207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune recognition is mediated by specific interactions between heterodimeric T cell receptors (TCRs) and their cognate peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands, and the methods to accurately predict TCR:pMHC interaction would have profound clinical, therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. Herein, we review recent developments in predicting cross-reactivity and antigen specificity of TCR recognition. We discuss current experimental and computational approaches to investigate cross-reactivity and antigen-specificity of TCRs and highlight how integrating kinetic, biophysical and structural features may offer valuable insights in modeling immunogenicity. We further underscore the close inter-relationship of these two interconnected notions and the need to investigate each in the light of the other for a better understanding of T cell responsiveness for the effective clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe H. Lee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Parker R, Partridge T, Wormald C, Kawahara R, Stalls V, Aggelakopoulou M, Parker J, Doherty RP, Morejon YA, Lee E, Saunders K, Haynes BF, Acharya P, Thaysen-Andersen M, Borrow P, Ternette N. Mapping the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-derived peptidome presented by HLA class II on dendritic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32839772 PMCID: PMC7444283 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.19.255901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and eliciting protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an urgent priority. To facilitate these objectives, we have profiled the repertoire of human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II)-bound peptides presented by HLA-DR diverse monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We identify 209 unique HLA-II-bound peptide sequences, many forming nested sets, which map to sites throughout S including glycosylated regions. Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides revealed substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely introduced during antigen processing. Our data also highlight the receptor-binding motif in S1 as a HLA-DR-binding peptide-rich region. Results from this study have application in vaccine design, and will aid analysis of CD4+ T cell responses in infected individuals and vaccine recipients.
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16
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Sachs A, Moore E, Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Peters B, Sidney J, Rosenberg SA, Robbins PF, Sette A. Impact of Cysteine Residues on MHC Binding Predictions and Recognition by Tumor-Reactive T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:539-549. [PMID: 32571843 PMCID: PMC7413297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The availability of MHC-binding prediction tools has been useful in guiding studies aimed at identifying candidate target Ags to generate reactive T cells and to characterize viral and tumor-reactive T cells. Nevertheless, prediction algorithms appear to function poorly for epitopes containing cysteine (Cys) residues, which can oxidize and form disulfide bonds with other Cys residues under oxidizing conditions, thus potentially interfering with their ability to bind to MHC molecules. Analysis of the results of HLA-A*02:01 class I binding assays carried out in the presence and absence of the reducing agent 2-ME indicated that the predicted affinity for 25% of Cys-containing epitopes was underestimated by a factor of 3 or more. Additional analyses were undertaken to evaluate the responses of human CD8+ tumor-reactive T cells against 10 Cys-containing HLA class I-restricted minimal determinants containing substitutions of α-aminobutyric acid (AABA), a cysteine analogue containing a methyl group in place of the sulfhydryl group present in Cys, for the native Cys residues. Substitutions of AABA for Cys at putative MHC anchor positions often significantly enhanced T cell recognition, whereas substitutions at non-MHC anchor positions were neutral, except for one epitope where this modification abolished T cell recognition. These findings demonstrate the need to evaluate MHC binding and T cell recognition of Cys-containing peptides under conditions that prevent Cys oxidation, and to adjust current prediction binding algorithms for HLA-A*02:01 and potentially additional class I alleles to more accurately rank peptides containing Cys anchor residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - Eugene Moore
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201;
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92122
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17
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Bentzen AK, Hadrup SR. T-cell-receptor cross-recognition and strategies to select safe T-cell receptors for clinical translation. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 2:1-10. [PMID: 35036898 PMCID: PMC8741623 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T-cell-receptor (TCR)-transduced T cells has shown promising results for cancer treatment, but has also produced severe immunotoxicities caused by on-target as well as off-target TCR recognition. Off-target toxicities are related to the ability of a single T cell to cross-recognize and respond to several different peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigens; a property that is essential for providing broad antigenic coverage despite a confined number of unique TCRs in the human body. However, this degeneracy makes it incredibly difficult to account for the range of targets that any TCR might recognize, which represents a major challenge for the clinical development of therapeutic TCRs. The prospect of using affinity-optimized TCRs has been impeded due to observations that affinity enhancement might alter the specificity of a TCR, thereby increasing the risk that it will cross-recognize endogenous tissue. Strategies for selecting safe TCRs for the clinic have included functional assessment after individual incubations with tissue-derived primary cells or with peptides substituted with single amino acids. However, these strategies have not been able to predict cross-recognition sufficiently, leading to fatal cross-reactivity in clinical trials. Novel technologies have emerged that enable extensive characterization of the exact interaction points of a TCR with pMHC, which provides a foundation from which to make predictions of the cross-recognition potential of individual TCRs. This review describes current advances in strategies for dissecting the molecular interaction points of TCRs, focusing on their potential as tools for predicting cross-recognition of TCRs in clinical development. T-cell-receptor (TCR) degeneracy plays a fundamental role in the capacity of our immune systems to recognize foreign antigens. TCR cross-reactivity provides an inherent risk in TCR–gene transfer cell therapies. Advances in description of TCR cross-recognition can guide the selection process for TCRs into clinical use.
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18
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FACS isolation of low percentage human antigen-specific CD8 + T cells based on activation-induced CD3 and CD8 downregulation. J Immunol Methods 2019; 472:35-43. [PMID: 31201792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As T cell activation leads to downregulation of T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptor CD8, we developed a novel FACS-based sorting method to enrich activated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Using multiple established or low percentage T cell cultures, with either single antigen specificity or multiple influenza A virus antigen specificities, we have optimized the sorting method for T cell activation time and stimulating antigen dose. We have also sorted various numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into 96-well plates to demonstrate these T cells are capable of expanding into nearly pure CD8+ T cell lines. Our approach has the advantage of sorting antigen-specific T cells without knowing their specific antigenic epitopes or restricting HLA. We believe this method can be very helpful for successfully establishing CD8+ T cell lines for various purpose, including immunotherapy.
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19
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Zanker DJ, Oveissi S, Tscharke DC, Duan M, Wan S, Zhang X, Xiao K, Mifsud NA, Gibbs J, Izzard L, Dlugolenski D, Faou P, Laurie KL, Vigneron N, Barr IG, Stambas J, Van den Eynde BJ, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW, Chen W. Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Viral and Cellular Defective Ribosomal Products Encoded by Alternative Reading Frames. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3370-3380. [PMID: 31092636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance of antiviral CD8+ T cell recognition of alternative reading frame (ARF)-derived peptides is uncertain. In this study, we describe an epitope (NS1-ARF21-8) present in a predicted 14-residue peptide encoded by the +1 register of NS1 mRNA in the influenza A virus (IAV). NS1-ARF21-8 elicits a robust, highly functional CD8+ T cell response in IAV-infected BALB/c mice. NS1-ARF21-8 is presented from unspliced NS mRNA, likely from downstream initiation on a Met residue that comprises the P1 position of NS1-ARF21-8 Derived from a 14-residue peptide with no apparent biological function and negligible impacts on IAV infection, infectivity, and pathogenicity, NS1-ARF21-8 provides a clear demonstration of how immunosurveillance exploits natural errors in protein translation to provide antiviral immunity. We further show that IAV infection enhances a model cellular ARF translation, which potentially has important implications for virus-induced autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien J Zanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sara Oveissi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Siyuan Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Xiaomu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Kun Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lenny Izzard
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | | | - Ian G Barr
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Jack R Bennink
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia;
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20
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Hickman HD, Mays JW, Gibbs J, Kosik I, Magadán JG, Takeda K, Das S, Reynoso GV, Ngudiankama BF, Wei J, Shannon JP, McManus D, Yewdell JW. Influenza A Virus Negative Strand RNA Is Translated for CD8 + T Cell Immunosurveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1222-1228. [PMID: 30012850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Probing the limits of CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance, we inserted the SIINFEKL peptide into influenza A virus (IAV)-negative strand gene segments. Although IAV genomic RNA is considered noncoding, there is a conserved, relatively long open reading frame present in segment 8, encoding a potential protein termed NEG8. The biosynthesis of NEG8 from IAV has yet to be demonstrated. Although we failed to detect NEG8 protein expression in IAV-infected mouse cells, cell surface Kb-SIINFEKL complexes are generated when SIINFEKL is genetically appended to the predicted C terminus of NEG8, as shown by activation of OT-I T cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, recombinant IAV encoding of SIINFEKL embedded in the negative strand of the neuraminidase-stalk coding sequence also activates OT-I T cells in mice. Together, our findings demonstrate both the translation of sequences on the negative strand of a single-stranded RNA virus and its relevance in antiviral immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jacqueline W Mays
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - James Gibbs
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Javier G Magadán
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Suman Das
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Barbara F Ngudiankama
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - JiaJie Wei
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - John P Shannon
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Daniel McManus
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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21
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Wang Q, Drouin EE, Yao C, Zhang J, Huang Y, Leon DR, Steere AC, Costello CE. Immunogenic HLA-DR-Presented Self-Peptides Identified Directly from Clinical Samples of Synovial Tissue, Synovial Fluid, or Peripheral Blood in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Lyme Arthritis. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:122-136. [PMID: 27726376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR) molecules are highly expressed in synovial tissue (ST), the target of the immune response in chronic inflammatory forms of arthritis. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to identify HLA-DR-presented self-peptides in cells taken directly from clinical samples: ST, synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC), or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and eight with Lyme arthritis (LA). We identified 1593 non-redundant HLA-DR-presented peptides, derived from 870 source proteins. A total of 67% of the peptides identified in SFMC and 55% of those found in PBMC were found in ST, but analysis of SFMC/PBMC also revealed new antigen-presented peptides. Peptides were synthesized and examined for reactivity with the patients' PBMC. To date, three autoantigens in RA and four novel autoantigens in LA, presented in ST and/or PBMC, were shown to be targets of T- and B-cell responses in these diseases; ongoing analyses may add to this list. Thus, immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS can now identify hundreds of HLA-DR-presented self-peptides from individual patients' tissues or fluids with mixed cell populations. Importantly, identification of HLA-DR-presented peptides from SFMC or PBMC allows testing of more patients, including those early in the disease. Direct analysis of clinical samples facilitates identification of novel immunogenic T-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Elise E Drouin
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Chunxiang Yao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,National University of Defense Technology , Changsha, 410000 Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Deborah R Leon
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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22
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Zanker D, Quinn K, Waithman J, Lata R, Murphy R, La Gruta NL, Chen W. T cells recognizing a 11mer influenza peptide complexed to H-2D(b) show promiscuity for peptide length. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:500-7. [PMID: 25559620 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T-cell repertoire is selected according to self peptide-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) complexes in the thymus. Although most peripheral T cells recognize specific pathogen-derived peptides complexed to self-MHC exclusively, some possess cross-reactivity to other self or foreign peptides presented by self-MHC molecules; a phenomenon often termed T-cell receptor (TCR) promiscuity or degeneracy. TCR promiscuity has been attributed to various autoimmune conditions. On the other hand, it is considered a mechanism for a relatively limited TCR repertoire to deal with a potentially much larger antigenic peptide repertoire. Such property has also been utilized to bypass self-tolerance for cancer vaccine development. Although many studies explored such degeneracy for peptide of the same length, few studies reported such properties for peptides of different length. In this study, we finely characterized the CD8(+) T-cell response specific for a 11mer peptide derived from influenza A viral polymerase basic protein 2. The short-term T-cell line, despite possessing highly biased TCR, was able to react with multiple peptides of different length sharing the same core sequence. Out data clearly showed the importance of detailed and quantitative assessments for such T-cell specificity. Our data also emphasize the importance of biochemical demonstration of the naturally presented minimal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Zanker
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roleen Lata
- Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Murphy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Louise La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- T Cell Laboratory, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Ofuji K, Tada Y, Yoshikawa T, Shimomura M, Yoshimura M, Saito K, Nakamoto Y, Nakatsura T. A peptide antigen derived from EGFR T790M is immunogenic in non‑small cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:497-504. [PMID: 25532027 PMCID: PMC4277252 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, have demonstrated marked clinical activity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, in most cases, patients develop acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy. The threonine to methionine change at codon 790 of EGFR (EGFR T790M) mutation is the most common acquired resistance mutation, and is present in ~50% cases of TKI resistance. New treatment strategies for NSCLC patients harboring the EGFR T790M mutation are required. We evaluated the immunogenicity of an antigen derived from EGFR with the T790M mutation. Using BIMAS we selected several EGFR T790M-derived peptides bound to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01. T790M-A peptide (789–797) (IMQLMPFGC)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A2+ healthy donors. An established T790M-A-specific CTL line showed reactivity against the NCSLC cell line, H1975-A2 (HLA-A2+, T790M+), but not H1975 (HLA-A2−, T790M+), and the corresponding wild-type peptide (ITQLMPFGC)-pulsed T2 cells using an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immuno spot (ELISPOT) assay. This CTL line also demonstrated peptide-specific cytotoxicity against H1975-A2 cells. This finding suggests that the EGFR T790M mutation-derived antigen could be a new target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ofuji
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yoshimura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keigo Saito
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Trujillo JA, Croft NP, Dudek NL, Channappanavar R, Theodossis A, Webb AI, Dunstone MA, Illing PT, Butler NS, Fett C, Tscharke DC, Rossjohn J, Perlman S, Purcell AW. The cellular redox environment alters antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27979-91. [PMID: 25135637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-containing peptides represent an important class of T cell epitopes, yet their prevalence remains underestimated. We have established and interrogated a database of around 70,000 naturally processed MHC-bound peptides and demonstrate that cysteine-containing peptides are presented on the surface of cells in an MHC allomorph-dependent manner and comprise on average 5-10% of the immunopeptidome. A significant proportion of these peptides are oxidatively modified, most commonly through covalent linkage with the antioxidant glutathione. Unlike some of the previously reported cysteine-based modifications, this represents a true physiological alteration of cysteine residues. Furthermore, our results suggest that alterations in the cellular redox state induced by viral infection are communicated to the immune system through the presentation of S-glutathionylated viral peptides, resulting in altered T cell recognition. Our data provide a structural basis for how the glutathione modification alters recognition by virus-specific T cells. Collectively, these results suggest that oxidative stress represents a mechanism for modulating the virus-specific T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Trujillo
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Nathan P Croft
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | | | - Andrew I Webb
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Patricia T Illing
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Noah S Butler
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia, and
| | | | - David C Tscharke
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Perlman
- From the Department of Microbiology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242,
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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25
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Nikoopour E, Cheung R, Bellemore S, Krougly O, Lee-Chan E, Stridsberg M, Singh B. Vasostatin-1 antigenic epitope mapping for induction of cellular and humoral immune responses to chromogranin A autoantigen in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1170-80. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Nikoopour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Rebecca Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Stacey Bellemore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Olga Krougly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Edwin Lee-Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology; Robarts Research Institute; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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26
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Li X, Li Z, Xie B, Sharp JS. Improved identification and relative quantification of sites of peptide and protein oxidation for hydroxyl radical footprinting. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1767-76. [PMID: 24014150 PMCID: PMC3814024 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation is typically associated with oxidative stress and aging and affects protein function in normal and pathological processes. Additionally, deliberate oxidative labeling is used to probe protein structure and protein-ligand interactions in hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF). Oxidation often occurs at multiple sites, leading to mixtures of oxidation isomers that differ only by the site of modification. We utilized sets of synthetic, isomeric "oxidized" peptides to test and compare the ability of electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID), as well as nano-ultra high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC) separation, to quantitate oxidation isomers with one oxidation at multiple adjacent sites in mixtures of peptides. Tandem mass spectrometry by ETD generates fragment ion ratios that accurately report on relative oxidative modification extent on specific sites, regardless of the charge state of the precursor ion. Conversely, CID was found to generate quantitative MS/MS product ions only at the higher precursor charge state. Oxidized isomers having multiple sites of oxidation in each of two peptide sequences in HRPF product of protein Robo-1 Ig1-2, a protein involved in nervous system axon guidance, were also identified and the oxidation extent at each residue was quantified by ETD without prior liquid chromatography (LC) separation. ETD has proven to be a reliable technique for simultaneous identification and relative quantification of a variety of functionally different oxidation isomers, and is a valuable tool for the study of oxidative stress, as well as for improving spatial resolution for HRPF studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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27
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Burrows SR, Miles JJ. Immune parameters to consider when choosing T-cell receptors for therapy. Front Immunol 2013; 4:229. [PMID: 23935599 PMCID: PMC3733007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) therapy has arrived as a realistic treatment option for many human diseases. TCR gene therapy allows for the mass redirection of T-cells against a defined antigen while high affinity TCR engineering allows for the creation of a new class of soluble drugs. However, deciding which TCR blueprint to take forward for gene therapy or engineering is difficult. More than one quintillion TCR combinations can be generated by somatic recombination and we are only now beginning to appreciate that not all are functionally equal. TCRs can exhibit high or low degrees of HLA-restricted cross-reactivity and alloreact against one or a combination of HLA alleles. Identifying TCR candidates with high specificity and minimal cross-reactivity/alloreactivity footprints before engineering is obviously highly desirable. Here we will summarize what we currently know about TCR biology with regard to immunoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Burrows
- Human Immunity Laboratory and Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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28
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Zanker D, Waithman J, Yewdell JW, Chen W. Mixed proteasomes function to increase viral peptide diversity and broaden antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:52-9. [PMID: 23709680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The three proteasome subunits with proteolytic activity are encoded by standard or immunoproteasome genes. Many proteasomes expressed by normal cells and cells exposed to cytokines are "mixed", that is, contain both standard and immunoproteasome subunits. Using a panel of 38 defined influenza A virus-derived epitopes recognized by C57BL/6 mouse CD8(+) T cells, we used mice with targeted disruption of β1i, β2i, or β5i/β2i genes to examine the contribution of mixed proteasomes to the immunodominance hierarchy of antiviral CD8(+) T cells. We show that each immunoproteasome subunit has large effects on the primary and recall immunodominance hierarchies due to modulating both the available T cell repertoire and generation of individual epitopes as determined both biochemically and kinetically in Ag presentation assays. These findings indicate that mixed proteasomes function to enhance the diversity of peptides and support a broad CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Zanker
- School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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29
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Campos-Perez J, Rice J, Escors D, Collins M, Paterson A, Savelyeva N, Stevenson FK. DNA fusion vaccine designs to induce tumor-lytic CD8+ T-cell attack via the immunodominant cysteine-containing epitope of NY-ESO 1. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1400-7. [PMID: 23494538 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 contains an immunodominant HLA-A2-binding peptide (SLLMWITQC), designated S9C, an attractive target for vaccination against several human cancers. As cysteine contains a reactive -SH, the oxidation status of exogenous synthetic peptide is uncertain. We have designed tolerance-breaking DNA fusion vaccines incorporating a domain of tetanus toxin fused to tumor-derived peptide sequences (p.DOM-peptide), placed at the C-terminus for optimal immunogenicity. In a "humanized" HLA-A2 preclinical model, p.DOM-S9C primed S9C-specific CD8+ T cells more effectively than adjuvanted synthetic peptide. A DNA vaccine encoding the full NY-ESO-1 sequence alone induced only weak S9C-specific responses, amplified by addition of DOM sequence. The analog peptide (SLLMWITQL) also primed peptide-specific CD8+ T cells, again increased by DNA delivery. Importantly, T cells induced by S9C-encoding DNA vaccines killed tumor cells expressing endogenous NY-ESO-1. Only a fraction of T cells induced by the S9L-encoding DNA vaccines was able to recognize S9C and kill tumor cells. These data indicate that DNA vaccines mimic posttranslational modifications of -SH-containing peptides expressed by tumor cells. Instability of synthetic peptides and the potential dangers of analog peptides contrast with the ability of DNA vaccines to induce high levels of tumor-lytic peptide-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings encourage clinical exploration of this vaccine strategy to target NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Campos-Perez
- Genetic Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Naidu V, Dinesh Babu KR, Thwin MM, Satish R, Kumar PV, Gopalakrishnakone P. RANKL targeted peptides inhibit osteoclastogenesis and attenuate adjuvant induced arthritis by inhibiting NF-κB activation and down regulating inflammatory cytokines. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:467-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Clonal selection theory proposed that individual T cells are specific for a single peptide-MHC antigen. However, the repertoire of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) is dwarfed by the vast array of potential foreign peptide-MHC complexes, and a comprehensive system requires each T cell to recognize numerous peptides and thus be cross-reactive. This compromise on specificity has profound implications because the chance of any natural peptide-MHC ligand being an optimal fit for its cognate TCR is small, as there will almost always be more-potent agonists. Furthermore, any TCR raised against a specific peptide-MHC complex in vivo can only be the best available solution from the naive T cell pool and is unlikely to be the best possible solution from the substantially greater number of TCRs that could theoretically be produced. This 'systems view' of TCR recognition provides a plausible cause for autoimmune disease and substantial scope for multiple therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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32
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Hsu SC, Chang CP, Tsai CY, Hsieh SH, Wu-Hsieh BA, Lo YS, Yang JM. Steric recognition of T-cell receptor contact residues is required to map mutant epitopes by immunoinformatical programmes. Immunology 2012; 136:139-52. [PMID: 22121944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes comprise anchor motifs, T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues and the peptide backbone. Serial variant epitopes with substitution of amino acids at either anchor motifs or TCR contact residues have been synthesized for specific interferon-γ responses to clarify the TCR recognition mechanism as well as to assess the epitope prediction capacity of immunoinformatical programmes. CD8 T lymphocytes recognise the steric configuration of functional groups at the TCR contact side chain with a parallel observation that peptide backbones of various epitopes adapt to the conserved conformation upon binding to the same MHC class I molecule. Variant epitopes with amino acid substitutions at the TCR contact site are not recognised by specific CD8 T lymphocytes without compromising their binding capacity to MHC class I molecules, which demonstrates two discrete antigen presentation events for the binding of peptides to MHC class I molecules and for TCR recognition. The predicted outcome of immunoinformatical programmes is not consistent with the results of epitope identification by laboratory experiments in the absence of information on the interaction with TCR contact residues. Immunoinformatical programmes based on the binding affinity to MHC class I molecules are not sufficient for the accurate prediction of CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes. The predictive capacity is further improved to distinguish mutant epitopes from the non-mutated epitopes if the peptide-TCR interface is integrated into the computing simulation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Chih Hsu
- Vaccine Research and Development Centre, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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33
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David A, Das SR, Gibbs JS, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Cysteinyl-tRNA deacylation can be uncoupled from protein synthesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33072. [PMID: 22427952 PMCID: PMC3302863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are critical components of protein translation, providing ribosomes with aminoacyl-tRNAs. In return, ribosomes release uncharged tRNAs as ARS substrates. Here, we show that tRNA deacylation can be uncoupled from protein synthesis in an amino acid specific manner. While tRNAs coupled to radiolabeled Met, Leu Lys, or Ser are stable in cells following translation inhibition with arsenite, radiolabeled Cys is released from tRNA at a high rate. We discuss possible translation independent functions for tRNACys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre David
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suman R. Das
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James S. Gibbs
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yoshikawa T, Nakatsugawa M, Suzuki S, Shirakawa H, Nobuoka D, Sakemura N, Motomura Y, Tanaka Y, Hayashi SI, Nakatsura T. HLA-A2-restricted glypican-3 peptide-specific CTL clones induced by peptide vaccine show high avidity and antigen-specific killing activity against tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:918-25. [PMID: 21281401 PMCID: PMC11158063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an onco-fetal antigen that is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is only expressed in the placenta and embryonic liver among normal tissues. Previously, we identified an HLA-A2-restricted GPC3(144-152) (FVGEFFTDV) peptide that can induce GPC3-reactive CTLs without inducing autoimmunity in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In this study, we carried out a phase I clinical trial of HLA-A2-restricted GPC3(144-152) peptide vaccine in 14 patients with advanced HCC. Immunological responses were analyzed by ex vivo γ-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The frequency of GPC3(144-152) peptide-specific CTLs after vaccination (mean, 96; range, 5-441) was significantly larger than that before vaccination (mean, 6.5; range, 0-43) (P < 0.01). An increase in the GPC3(144-152) peptide-specific CTL frequency was observed in 12 (86%) of 14 patients after vaccination. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the maximum value of GPC3(144-152) peptide-specific CTLs after vaccination and the dose of the peptide injected (P = 0.0166, r = 0.665). Moreover, we established several GPC3(144-152) peptide-specific CTL clones from PBMCs of patients vaccinated with GPC3(144-152) peptide by single cell sorting using Dextramer and CD107a antibody. These CTL clones had high avidity (the recognition efficiency showing 50% cytotoxicity was 10(-10) or 10(-11) M) and could recognize HCC cell lines expressing GPC3 in an HLA-class I-restricted manner. These results suggest that GPC3(144-152) peptide vaccine can induce high avidity CTLs capable of killing HCC cells expressing GPC3. This trial was registered with University Hospital Medical Information Network number 000001395.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Section for Cancer Immunotherapy, Investigative Treatment Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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35
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Seward RJ, Drouin EE, Steere AC, Costello CE. Peptides presented by HLA-DR molecules in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.002477. [PMID: 21081667 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-associated HLA-DR molecules, which may present autoantigens, constitute the greatest genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis (LA). The peptides presented by HLA-DR molecules in synovia have not previously been defined. Using tandem mass spectrometry, rigorous database searches, and manual spectral interpretation, we identified 1,427 HLA-DR-presented peptides (220-464 per patient) from the synovia of four patients, two diagnosed with RA and two diagnosed with LA. The peptides were derived from 166 source proteins, including a wide range of intracellular and plasma proteins. A few epitopes were found only in RA or LA patients. However, two patients with different diseases who had the same HLA allele had the largest number of epitopes in common. In one RA patient, peptides were identified as originating from source proteins that have been reported to undergo citrullination under other circumstances, yet neither this post-translational modification nor anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies were detected. Instead, peptides with the post-translational modification of S-cysteinylation were identified. We conclude that a wide range of proteins enter the HLA-DR pathway of antigen-presenting cells in the patients' synovial tissue, and their HLA-DR genotype, not the disease type, appears to be the primary determinant of their HLA-DR-peptide repertoire. New insights into the naturally presented HLA-DR epitope repertoire in target tissues may allow the identification of pathogenic T cell epitopes, and this could lead to innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Seward
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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36
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Cebon J, Knights A, Ebert L, Jackson H, Chen W. Evaluation of cellular immune responses in cancer vaccine recipients: lessons from NY-ESO-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:617-29. [PMID: 20518717 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rigorous evaluation of cancer vaccination requires evidence of benefit to patients with cancer or those at risk of relapse from the disease. Clinical trials are expensive and require considerable human and clinical resources in order to demonstrate this benefit. In the era of defined cancer antigens, it is possible to evaluate immunogenic targets, and assess the quality and magnitude of immune responses against these antigens following vaccination. Analyzing these surrogate end points complements clinical assessment and provides a depth of understanding to better inform trial evaluation and design. We have used the immunogenic cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 as a model antigen. This article summarizes our experience in monitoring immunity against NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cebon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
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Bogunovic B, Srinivasan P, Ueda Y, Tomita Y, Maric M. Comparative quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of MHC class II-associated peptides reveals a role of GILT in formation of self-peptide repertoire. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10599. [PMID: 20485683 PMCID: PMC2868880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma interferon Inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) is a unique lysosomal reductase that reduces disulfide bonds of endocytosed proteins. Lack of GILT clearly decreases CD4 T cell-antigen specific responses against some epitopes of antigens containing disulfide bonds, but not to proteins with few or no disulfide bridges. Hence, global impact of GILT on antigen presentation is currently not well understood. We used Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS to investigate how GILT affects diversity of self-peptides presented by MHC class II molecules. Surprisingly, the repertoire of self-peptides in the absence of GILT does not appear to be significantly different, as only few peptide species (∼2%) were found to be the unique indicators of GILT's presence or absence. In the absence of GILT about thirty peptide species (∼5%) were found either uniquely or fourteen to hundred fold more abundantly expressed than in the presence of GILT. Our data indicate that GILT has limited yet unexpected effect on self-peptide species presented by MHC class II antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Priya Srinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Yumi Ueda
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - York Tomita
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Maja Maric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite therapeutic advances, cancer remains the cause of an estimated 23% of deaths in the USA. New treatments for malignancy are greatly needed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Talaporfin sodium is a light-activated drug that causes tissue death through induction of apoptosis. Systemic antitumor effects mediated by CD8(+) T cells have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, providing a mechanism for distant response of tumors noted in clinical trials. Talaporfin sodium is approved in Japan for early-stage endobronchial cancer. Phase I and II studies in solid tumors have shown tumor regression in patients refractory to other therapies. Phase III pivotal studies against hepatocellular carcinoma as monotherapy and liver-metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Talaporfin sodium is also in studies in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Substantial safety data from clinical trials so far indicate that the drug is well tolerated. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Talaporfin sodium has a broad safety profile and a mode of action that could affect growth in treated and untreated tumors. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that talaporfin sodium treatment may offer a powerful option to synergize current therapies, as well as an alternative monotherapy in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Light Sciences Oncology, 15405 SE 37th Street, Suite 100, Bellevue, WA 98006, USA.
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Insights into the Role of GILT in HLA Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation by Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2009; 2009:142959. [PMID: 20016802 PMCID: PMC2792950 DOI: 10.1155/2009/142959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the deadliest of skin cancers and is increasing in incidence. Since current treatment regimens are ineffective at controlling and/or curing the disease, novel approaches, such as immunotherapy, for treating this malignant disease are being explored. In this review, we discuss potential melanoma antigens (Ags) and their role in utilizing the HLA class II pathway to elicit tumor Ag-specific CD4+ T cell responses in order to effectively induce long-lasting CD8+ antitumor memory. We also discuss the role of endolysosomal cathepsins and Gamma-Interferon-inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) in Ag processing and presentation, and at enhancing CD4+ T cell recognition of melanoma cells. This review also summarizes our current knowledge on GILT and highlights a novel mechanism of GILT-mediated immune responses against melanoma cells. At the end, we propose a strategy employing GILT in the development of a potential whole cell vaccine for combating metastatic melanoma.
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Baden EM, Sikkink LA, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Light chain amyloidosis - current findings and future prospects. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2009; 10:500-508. [PMID: 19538145 PMCID: PMC3898330 DOI: 10.2174/138920309789351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is one of several protein misfolding diseases and is characterized by extracellular deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in the form of amyloid fibrils [1]. Immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins consist of two light chains (LCs) and two heavy chains (HCs) that ordinarily form a heterotetramer which is secreted by a plasma cell. In AL, however, a monoclonal plasma cell population produces an abundance of a pathogenic LC protein. In this case, not all of the LCs pair with the HCs, and free LCs are secreted into circulation. The LC-HC dimer is very stable, and losing this interaction may result in an unstable LC protein [2]. Additionally, somatic mutations are thought to cause amyloidogenic proteins to be less stable compared to non-amyloidogenic proteins [3-5], leading to protein misfolding and amyloid fibril formation. The amyloid fibrils cause tissue damage and cell death, leading to patient death within 12-18 months if left untreated [6]. Current therapies are harsh and not curative, including chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplants. Studies of protein pathogenesis and fibril formation mechanisms may lead to better therapies with an improved outlook for patient survival. Much has been done to determine the molecular factors that make a particular LC protein amyloidogenic and to elucidate the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation. Anthony Fink's work, particularly with discerning the role of intermediates in the fibril formation pathway, has made a remarkable impact in the field of amyloidosis research. This review provides a general overview of the current state of AL research and also attempts to capture the most recent ideas and knowledge generated from the Fink laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Baden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Laura A. Sikkink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Post-translationally modified T cell epitopes: immune recognition and immunotherapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1045-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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42
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Fourcade J, Kudela P, Andrade Filho PA, Janjic B, Land SR, Sander C, Krieg A, Donnenberg A, Shen H, Kirkwood JM, Zarour HM. Immunization with analog peptide in combination with CpG and montanide expands tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients. J Immunother 2009; 31:781-91. [PMID: 18779741 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318183af0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Analog peptides represent a promising tool to further optimize peptide-based vaccines in promoting the expansion of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we report the results of a pilot trial designed to study the immunogenicity of the analog peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V in combination with CpG 7909/PF3512676 and Montanide ISA 720 in patients with stage III/IV NY-ESO-1-expressing melanoma. Eight patients were immunized either with Montanide and CpG (arm 1, 3 patients); Montanide and peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V (arm 2, 2 patients); or with Montanide, CpG, and peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V (arm 3, 3 patients). Only the 3 patients immunized with Montanide, CpG, and peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V in arm 3 developed a rapid increase of effector-memory NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells, detectable ex vivo. The majority of these cells exhibited an intermediate/late-stage differentiated phenotype (CD28-). Our study further demonstrated that our vaccine approach stimulated spontaneous tumor-reactive NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells in 2 patients with advanced disease, but failed to prime tumor-reactive NY-ESO-1-specific T cells in 1 patient with no spontaneously tumor-induced CD8+ T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1. Collectively, our data support the capability of the analog peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165V in combination with CpG and Montanide to promote the expansion of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced cancer. They also suggest that the presence of tumor-induced NY-ESO-1-specific T cells of well-defined clonotypes is critical for the expansion of tumor-reactive NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells after peptide-based vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fourcade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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DNA fusion gene vaccination mobilizes effective anti-leukemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes from a tolerized repertoire. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2118-30. [PMID: 18624299 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of known human tumor-associated antigens derive from non-mutated self proteins. T cell tolerance, essential to prevent autoimmunity, must therefore be cautiously circumvented to generate cytotoxic T cell responses against these targets. Our strategy uses DNA fusion vaccines to activate high levels of peptide-specific CTL. Key foreign sequences from tetanus toxin activate tolerance-breaking CD4(+) T cell help. Candidate MHC class I-binding tumor peptide sequences are fused to the C terminus for optimal processing and presentation. To model performance against a leukemia-associated antigen in a tolerized setting, we constructed a fusion vaccine encoding an immunodominant CTL epitope derived from Friend murine leukemia virus gag protein (FMuLV(gag)) and vaccinated tolerant FMuLV(gag)-transgenic (gag-Tg) mice. Vaccination with the construct induced epitope-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells in normal and gag-Tg mice. The frequency and avidity of activated cells were reduced in gag-Tg mice, and no autoimmune injury resulted. However, these CD8(+) T cells did exhibit gag-specific cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Also, epitope-specific CTL killed FBL-3 leukemia cells expressing endogenous FMuLV(gag) antigen and protected against leukemia challenge in vivo. These results demonstrate a simple strategy to engage anti-microbial T cell help to activate epitope-specific polyclonal CD8(+) T cell responses from a residual tolerized repertoire.
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Haeryfar SMM, Hickman HD, Irvine KR, Tscharke DC, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase establishes and broadens antiviral CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:649-59. [PMID: 18566432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The action of TdT on mouse TCR genes accounts for approximately 90% of T cell repertoire diversity. We report that in TdT-/- mice, total T(CD8+) responses to influenza and vaccinia viruses are reduced by approximately 30% relative to wild-type mice. We find that T(CD8+) responses to three subdominant influenza virus determinants are reduced to background values in TdT-/- mice while responses to three immunodominant determinants undergo a major reshuffling. A similar reshuffling occurs in T(CD8+) responses to immunodominant vaccinia virus determinants, and is clearly based on broad differences in TCR family usage and CDR3 length between wild-type and TdT-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that TdT plays a critical role in the magnitude and breadth of anti-viral T(CD8+) responses toward individual determinants and suggests that germline TCR repertoire bias toward the most dominant determinants is a major factor in establishing immunodominance hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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45
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Melief CJM, van der Burg SH. Immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:351-60. [PMID: 18418403 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Review deals with recent progress in the immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease of viral or non-viral origin by synthetic vaccines capable of inducing robust T-cell responses. The most attractive vaccine compounds are synthetic long peptides (SLP) corresponding to the sequence of tumour viral antigens or tumour-associated non-viral antigens. Crucial to induction of therapeutic T-cell immunity is the capacity of SLP to deliver specific cargo to professional antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells (DC)). Proper DC activation then induces the therapeutic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses that are associated with regression of established (pre)malignant lesions, including those induced by high-risk human papilloma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jordan KR, McMahan RH, Oh JZ, Pipeling MR, Pardoll DM, Kedl RM, Kappler JW, Slansky JE. Baculovirus-infected insect cells expressing peptide-MHC complexes elicit protective antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:188-97. [PMID: 18097019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of T cell responses to tumor- and pathogen-derived peptides in preclinical models is necessary to define the characteristics of efficacious peptide vaccines. We show in this study that vaccination with insect cells infected with baculoviruses expressing MHC class I linked to tumor peptide mimotopes results in expansion of functional peptide-specific CD8+ T cells that protect mice from tumor challenge. Specific peptide mimotopes selected from peptide-MHC libraries encoded by baculoviruses can be tested using this vaccine approach. Unlike other vaccine strategies, this vaccine has the following advantages: peptides that are difficult to solublize can be easily characterized, bona fide peptides without synthesis artifacts are presented, and additional adjuvants are not required to generate peptide-specific responses. Priming of antitumor responses occurs within 3 days of vaccination and is optimal 1 wk after a second injection. After vaccination, the Ag-specific T cell response is similar in animals primed with either soluble or membrane-bound Ag, and CD11c+ dendritic cells increase expression of maturation markers and stimulate proliferation of specific T cells ex vivo. Thus, the mechanism of Ag presentation induced by this vaccine is consistent with cross-priming by dendritic cells. This straightforward approach will facilitate future analyses of T cells elicited by peptide mimotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Jordan
- University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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47
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Abstract
Db−/−xβ2 microglobulin (β2m) null mice transgenic for a chimeric HLA-A2.1/Db-β2m single chain (HHD mice) are an effective biological tool to evaluate the antitumour cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response of known major histocompatibility-restricted peptide tumour-associated antigens, and to screen for putative unknown novel peptides. We utilised HHD lymphocytes to identify immunodominant epitopes of colon carcinoma overexpressed genes. We screened with HHD-derived lymphocytes over 500 HLA-A2.1-restricted peptides derived from colon carcinoma overexpressed genes. This procedure culminated in the identification of seven immunogenic peptides, three of these were derived from the ‘human 1-8D gene from interferon inducible gene’ (1-8D). The 1-8D gene was shown to be overexpressed in fresh tumour samples. The three 1-8D peptides were both antigenic and immunogenic in the HHD mice. The peptides induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes that were able to kill a colon carcinoma cell line HCT/HHD, in vitro and retard its growth in vivo. One of the peptides shared by all the 1-8 gene family primed efficiently normal human cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors. These results highlight the 1-8D gene and its homologues as putative immunodominant tumour-associated antigens of colon carcinoma.
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48
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Connors LH, Jiang Y, Budnik M, Théberge R, Prokaeva T, Bodi KL, Seldin DC, Costello CE, Skinner M. Heterogeneity in primary structure, post-translational modifications, and germline gene usage of nine full-length amyloidogenic kappa1 immunoglobulin light chains. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14259-71. [PMID: 18004879 DOI: 10.1021/bi7013773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain (LC) with a critically folded beta-conformation self-aggregates to form highly ordered, nonbranching amyloid fibrils. The insoluble nature of amyloid fibrils ultimately results in the extracellular deposition of the LC in tissues and organs throughout the body. Structural features that confer amyloidogenic properties on an Ig LC likely include amino acid sequence variations and post-translational modifications, but the specific natures of these changes remain to be defined. As part of an exploration of the effective range of amyloidogenic modifications, this study details the structural and genetic analyses of nine kappa1 LC proteins. Urinary LCs were purified by size exclusion chromatography using FPLC, and structural analyses were performed by electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry. RT-PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the monoclonal LC genes were accomplished using bone marrow-derived mRNA. Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Characterization of the urinary kappa1 LCs revealed extensive post-translational modification in all proteins, in addition to somatic mutations expected on the basis of results from genetic analyses. Post-translational modifications included disulfide-linked dimerization, S-cysteinylation, glycosylation, fragmentation, S-sulfonation, and 3-chlorotyrosine formation. Genetic analyses showed that several LC variable region germline gene donors were represented including O18/O8, O12/O2, L15, and L5. Clinical features included soft tissue, cardiac, renal, and hepatic involvement. This study demonstrated the extensive heterogeneity in primary structure, post-translational modifications, and germline gene usage that occurred in nine amyloidogenic kappa1 LC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawreen H Connors
- Alan and Sandra Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory in the Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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49
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Hosken N, McGowan P, Meier A, Koelle DM, Sleath P, Wagener F, Elliott M, Grabstein K, Posavad C, Corey L. Diversity of the CD8+ T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 proteins among persons with genital herpes. J Virol 2007; 80:5509-15. [PMID: 16699031 PMCID: PMC1472180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02659-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic T cells play a major role in controlling herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections in humans. In an effort to more thoroughly evaluate the response to HSV-2 directly, ex vivo, we developed an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay that utilized pools of overlapping synthetic peptides presented by autologous dendritic cells to purified CD8(+) T cells. Donor response rates to individual open reading frames (ORFs) ranged from fewer than 5% responding to as many as 70% responding, with the greatest frequency of responses (by ORF) being directed against UL39, UL25, UL27, ICP0, UL46, and UL47 in descending order of frequency. HSV-2-seropositive subjects responded to as few as 3 or as many as 46 of the 48 ORFs tested, with a median of 11 ORFs recognized. HLA-B*07 expression correlated with stronger responses overall that were directed primarily against UL49 and UL46. Cumulative precursor frequencies in the blood ranged from 500 to almost 6,000 HSV-2 spot-forming units/10(6) CD8(+) T cells. The magnitude and breadth of the response in the infected population were greater than previously appreciated. Whether this variability in the CD8(+) T-cell response within individuals is associated with the frequency of viral reactivation warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hosken
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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50
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McMahan RH, Slansky JE. Mobilizing the low-avidity T cell repertoire to kill tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:317-29. [PMID: 17651986 PMCID: PMC2040124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimally, T cells destroy infected and transformed cells of the host. To be effective the T cell repertoire must have a sufficiently diverse number of T cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize the abundance of foreign and tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules. The T cell repertoire must also not be reactive toward self-antigens on healthy cells to prevent autoimmunity. Unlike antigens derived from pathogens, most tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are also self-antigens. Therefore, central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms delete or inhibit tumor-reactive T cells. Although there are T cells within the peripheral repertoire that recognize TAA, these T cells are not sufficient to prevent growth of clinically relevant tumors. We will discuss how this dysfunction results, in part, from the low functional avidity of T cells for tumor, or antigen presenting cells (APC) displaying TAA. We discuss the limitations of these low-avidity tumor-reactive T cells and review current immunotherapies aimed at enhancing the avidity and antitumor activity of the tumor-specific T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. McMahan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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