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Duong MN, Erdes E, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. Chronic TCR-MHC (self)-interactions limit the functional potential of TCR affinity-increased CD8 T lymphocytes. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:284. [PMID: 31690351 PMCID: PMC6833194 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Affinity-optimized T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered lymphocytes targeting tumor antigens can mediate potent antitumor responses in cancer patients, but also bear substantial risks for off-target toxicities. Most preclinical studies have focused on T cell responses to antigen-specific stimulation. In contrast, little is known on the regulation of T cell responsiveness through continuous TCR triggering and consequent tonic signaling. Here, we addressed the question whether increasing the TCR affinity can lead to chronic interactions occurring directly between TCRs and MHC-(self) molecules, which may modulate the overall functional potency of tumor-redirected CD8 T cells. For this purpose, we developed two complementary human CD8 T cell models (i.e. HLA-A2 knock-in and knock-out) engineered with incremental-affinity TCRs to the HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen. Methods The impact of HLA-A2 recognition, depending on TCR affinity, was assessed at the levels of the TCR/CD3 complex, regulatory receptors, and signaling, under steady-state conditions and in kinetic studies. The quality of CD8 T cell responses was further evaluated by gene expression and multiplex cytokine profiling, as well as real-time quantitative cell killing, combined with co-culture assays. Results We found that HLA-A2 per se (in absence of cognate peptide) can trigger chronic activation followed by a tolerance-like state of tumor-redirected CD8 T cells with increased-affinity TCRs. HLA-A2pos but not HLA-A2neg T cells displayed an activation phenotype, associated with enhanced upregulation of c-CBL and multiple inhibitory receptors. T cell activation preceded TCR/CD3 downmodulation, impaired TCR signaling and functional hyporesponsiveness. This stepwise activation-to-hyporesponsive state was dependent on TCR affinity and already detectable at the upper end of the physiological affinity range (KD ≤ 1 μM). Similar findings were made when affinity-increased HLA-A2neg CD8 T cells were chronically exposed to HLA-A2pos-expressing target cells. Conclusions Our observations indicate that sustained interactions between affinity-increased TCR and self-MHC can directly adjust the functional potential of T cells, even in the absence of antigen-specific stimulation. The observed tolerance-like state depends on TCR affinity and has therefore potential implications for the design of affinity-improved TCRs for adoptive T cell therapy, as several engineered TCRs currently used in clinical trials share similar affinity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ngoc Duong
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Efe Erdes
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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2
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da Cunha A, Antoniazi Michelin M, Cândido Murta EF. Phenotypic profile of dendritic and T cells in the lymph node of Balb/C mice with breast cancer submitted to dendritic cells immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2016; 177:25-37. [PMID: 27423825 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant neoplasm and the cause of death by cancer among women worldwide. Its development influenced by various mutations that occur in the tumor cell and by the immune system's status, which has a direct influence on the tumor microenvironment and, consequently, on interactions with non-tumor cells involved in the immunological response. Strategies using dendritic cells (DCs) or antigen-presenting cells (APCs), therapeutic mode, in cancer have been developed for some time. The proper interaction between DCs and T cells upon antigen presentation is of greatest importance for an antitumor immune response activation. Thus, various receptors on the surface of T cells must be able to recognize ligands that are located on the surface of APCs. However, little is known about the real behavior and interaction forms of CDs and T cells after vaccination. Due to the crucial importance of DCs in an effective anti-tumor immune response activation and the search for compliant results in inducing this response by immunotherapies with DCs, the phenotypic profile of DCs and T cells in lymph nodes obtained from female Balb/C mice with breast cancer induced by 4T1 cells and DCs treated with vaccines was investigated. We evaluated through flow cytometry based on the surface and intracellular molecules marking; as well as the presence of cytokines and chemokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β in the supernatant of the culture of Balb/C lymph nodes by ELISA. The results show that the vaccination with DCs, in the maturation parameters used in this study, was able to stimulate the secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12 and inhibit the secretion of TGF-β and IL-10 in nodal lymph infiltrates, as well as co-stimulatory activating (CD86) and adhesion molecules in DCs and T cells LFA-1/ICAM-1 and inhibit the secretion of CTLA-4 present in lymph nodes. Facts that led to aTh1 profile polarization, immuno competent in relation to breast cancer. We indirectly evaluated the interaction between DCs and T cells dependent on the vaccination with DCs in tumor draining lymph nodes, in breast cancer in Balb/C mice and we believe that, this way, we will be able to achieve a model vaccine protocol in the future, based on the correct interaction between cells that enable the induction of anti-tumor effective response. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant neoplasm and the cause of death by cancer among women worldwide. Its development influenced by various mutations that occur in the tumor cell and by the immune system's status, which has a direct influence on the tumor microenvironment and, consequently, on interactions with non-tumor cells involved in the immunological response. Strategies using dendritic cells (DCs) or antigen-presenting cells (APCs), therapeutic mode, in cancer have been developed for some time. The proper interaction between DCs and T cells upon antigen presentation is of greatest importance for an antitumor immune response activation. Thus, various receptors on the surface of T cells must be able to recognize ligands that are located on the surface of APCs. However, little is known about the real behavior and interaction forms of DCs and T cells after vaccination. Due to the crucial importance of DCs in an effective anti-tumor immune response activation and the search for compliant results in inducing this response by immunotherapies with DCs, the phenotypic profile of DCs and T cells in lymph nodes obtained from female Balb/C mice with breast cancer induced by 4T1 cells and DCs treated with vaccines was investigated. We evaluated through flow cytometry based on the surface and intracellular molecules marking; as well as the presence of cytokines and chemokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β in the supernatant of the culture of Balb/C lymph nodes by ELISA. The results show that the vaccination with DCs, in the maturation parameters used in this study, was able to stimulate the secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12 and inhibit the secretion of TGF-β and IL-10 in nodal lymph infiltrates, as well as co-stimulatory activating (CD86) and adhesion molecules in DCs and T cells LFA-1/ICAM-1 and inhibit the secretion of CTLA-4 present in lymph nodes. Facts that led to aTh1 profile polarization, immuno competent in relation to breast cancer. We indirectly evaluated the interaction between DCs and T cells dependent on the vaccination with DCs in tumor draining lymph nodes, in breast cancer in Balb/C mice and we believe that, this way, we will be able to achieve a model vaccine protocol in the future, based on the correct interaction between cells that enable the induction of anti-tumor effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra da Cunha
- Research Oncology Institute (IPON), Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-440, Brazil
| | - Marcia Antoniazi Michelin
- Discipline of Immunology, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-440, Brazil
| | - Eddie Fernando Cândido Murta
- Discipline of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-440, Brazil.
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3
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Popmihajlov Z, Santori FR, Gebreselassie D, Sandler AD, Vukmanovic S. Effective adoptive therapy of tap-deficient lymphoma using diverse high avidity alloreactive T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:629-33. [PMID: 20020123 PMCID: PMC11030666 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High avidity for antigen and diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire are essential for effective immunity against cancer. We have previously created a transgenic mouse strain with increased TCR avidity in a diverse T cell population. In this report, we show that strong alloreactive responses of transgenic T cells against targets with low MHC class I expression can be used for effective adoptive transfer of tumor immunity in vivo. Alloreactive transgenic T cells could be an effective therapeutic approach counteracting tumor evasion of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Popmihajlov
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Present Address: Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 515 East 71st Street, S-222, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Fabio R. Santori
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Present Address: Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute for Molecular Medicine, NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Daniel Gebreselassie
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970 USA
- Present Address: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. N.W, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Anthony D. Sandler
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970 USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970 USA
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4
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Uckert W, Schumacher TNM. TCR transgenes and transgene cassettes for TCR gene therapy: status in 2008. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:809-22. [PMID: 19189103 PMCID: PMC11030292 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic introduction of T cell receptor genes into T cells has been developed over the past decade as a strategy to induce defined antigen-specific T cell immunity. With the potential value of TCR gene therapy well-established in murine models and the feasibility of infusion of TCR-modified autologous T cells shown in a first phase I trial, the next key step will be to transform TCR gene transfer from an experimental technique into a robust clinical strategy. In this review, we discuss the different properties of the TCR transgene and transgene cassette that can strongly affect both the efficacy and the safety of TCR gene transfer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic/statistics & numerical data
- Codon/genetics
- Dimerization
- Feasibility Studies
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide
- Genetic Therapy/adverse effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/secondary
- Melanoma/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uckert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ton N. M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Zhao Y, Bennett AD, Zheng Z, Wang QJ, Robbins PF, Yu LYL, Li Y, Molloy PE, Dunn SM, Jakobsen BK, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. High-affinity TCRs generated by phage display provide CD4+ T cells with the ability to recognize and kill tumor cell lines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5845-54. [PMID: 17947658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the activity of human T cells engineered to express variants of a single TCR (1G4) specific for the cancer/testis Ag NY-ESO-1, generated by bacteriophage display with a wide range of affinities (from 4 microM to 26 pM). CD8(+) T cells expressing intermediate- and high-affinity 1G4 TCR variants bound NY-ESO-1/HLA-A2 tetramers with high avidity and Ag specificity, but increased affinity was associated with a loss of target cell specificity of the TCR gene-modified cells. T cells expressing the highest affinity TCR (K(D) value of 26 pM) completely lost Ag specificity. The TCRs with affinities in the midrange, K(D) 5 and 85 nM, showed specificity only when CD8 was absent or blocked, while the variant TCRs with affinities in the intermediate range-with K(D) values of 450 nM and 4 microM-demonstrated Ag-specific recognition. Although the biological activity of these two relatively low-affinity TCRs was comparable to wild-type reactivity in CD8(+) T cells, introduction of these TCR dramatically increased the reactivity of CD4(+) T cells to tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbing Zhao
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Ferreira C, Furmanski A, Millrain M, Bartok I, Guillaume P, Lees R, Simpson E, MacDonald HR, Dyson J. TCR-alpha CDR3 loop audition regulates positive selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2477-85. [PMID: 16888009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
How positive selection molds the T cell repertoire has been difficult to examine. In this study, we use TCR-beta-transgenic mice in which MHC shapes TCR-alpha use. Differential AV segment use is directly related to the constraints placed on the composition of the CDR3 loops. Where these constraints are low, efficient selection of alphabeta pairs follows. This mode of selection preferentially uses favored AV-AJ rearrangements and promotes diversity. Increased constraint on the alpha CDR3 loops leads to inefficient selection associated with uncommon recombination events and limited diversity. Further, the two modes of selection favor alternate sets of AJ segments. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the imprint of self-MHC restriction and peripheral T cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- H-2 Antigens/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreira
- Transplantation Biology Group, Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Fahmy TM, Bieler JG, Schneck JP. Probing T cell membrane organization using dimeric MHC-Ig complexes. J Immunol Methods 2002; 268:93-106. [PMID: 12213346 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we review a novel method for probing the membrane organization of T cells using dimeric major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), MHC-Ig. MHC-Ig complexes are useful reagents for quantitative analysis of binding data since their valency is controlled. These complexes can be easily labeled and loaded with a variety of peptides. A binding assay using these dimers and quantitative analysis of the MHC-Ig dimer-T cell binding curves is described in detail. Using this approach, we show that the organization of TCR on activated T cells is different from TCR organization on nai;ve T cells. The implications of these findings are discussed with regards to current models of T cell recognition. This analysis offers insight into how T cell controls their biological range of responsiveness. Specifically, these findings reveal the biophysical basis of the ability of activated T cells to recognize low amounts of antigen independent of costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunopathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 664G Ross Bldg., 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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8
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Hsiao YW, Liao KW, Hung SW, Chu RM. Effect of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes on the expression of MHC molecules in canine transmissible venereal tumor cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 87:19-27. [PMID: 12052339 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) can be allo-transplanted across major histocompatibility complex barriers. The expression of MHC molecules is usually low in the progression (P) stage and then greatly increases during tumor regression (R). We investigated the effects of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) on the expression of MHC molecules of CTVT cells. Isolated, viable CTVT cells were inoculated at each of 12 sites (1 x 10(8) CTVT cells per site) on the back of six, mixed-breed dogs. Tumor masses were collected every 2-3 weeks and prepared for histopathologic, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and immunoblotting studies. The level of MHC expression on tumor cells from different stages of growth was measured. Initially, expression of MHC I and II molecules in P phase CTVT was low. Twelve weeks post-inoculation (PI), expression increased dramatically and it continued to increase during R phase. Tumor growth slowed after 12 weeks PI and tumors entered R phase around 17 weeks PI. We hypothesize that CTVT evades host immunosurveillance and grows progressively for 12 weeks, when it becomes vulnerable and subject to the host's anti-tumor immune responses. We further demonstrated that R phase, but not P phase, TIL were closely associated with the over-expression of MHC I and II molecules by CTVT cells. The number and proportion of TIL were higher in R phase tumors. Supernatants, from R phase co-cultures (CTVT+TIL) and TIL only, promoted MHC I and II expression on P phase CTVT cells. After culturing alone for 1 month, expression of MHC classes I and II molecules in R phase CTVT cells decreased to the level of P phase CTVT cells. However, the above-mentioned supernatants restored their expression of MHC I and II molecules. In contrast, supernatants from P phase TIL or CTVT cells increased expression slightly or had no effect. Therefore, TIL, not CTVT cells, produce the effective substance (s) to promote the expression of MHC molecules by the tumor cells. Heat treated supernatant was unable to promote the expression of MHC I and II molecules by CTVT cells. In conclusion, TIL isolated from R phase CTVT secreted a heat-sensitive, soluble substance(s) that triggered over-expression of MHC I and II after 12 weeks PI. This caused the tumor to enter R phase and helped stop CTVT growth. Our findings will facilitate the understanding and further investigation of the mechanisms that initiate host immune surveillance against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 142 Chou-San Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Nesić D, Marić M, Santori FR, Vukmanović S. Factors influencing the patterns of T lymphocyte allorecognition. Transplantation 2002; 73:797-803. [PMID: 11907430 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200203150-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong alloreactive T cell responses are a menace in transplantation surgery and their menagement requires understanding the basis of alloreactivity. Alloantigen recognition can be peptide independent, peptide specific, or peptide dependent. The mechanisms influencing each recognition pattern are largely unknown. METHODS Peptide dependence was examined in vitro by adding peptides to antigen processing-deficient cell line used as target in cytotoxic T cell assays. Responses to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles most homologous to self were recently shown to be more peptide dependent than to those with lesser homology to self. Hence, peptide reactivity in vivo was estimated based on relative strengths of alloreactive responses to more homologous and less homologous MHC alleles. RESULTS Alloreactive CD8+ TCR repertoire in beta2-microglobulin-deficient mice is preferentially peptide independent. The peptide-specific component is acquired as a function of wild-type thymic epithelium grafting. Irrespective of the presence of the peptide-specific component, in vivo alloantigenic priming was associated with a greater sensitivity to the MHC structure than was in vitro priming. CONCLUSIONS Thymic positive selection and the mode of alloreactivity induction are the major independent factors determining the patterns of alloantigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nesić
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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10
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Wülfing C, Sumen C, Sjaastad MD, Wu LC, Dustin ML, Davis MM. Costimulation and endogenous MHC ligands contribute to T cell recognition. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:42-7. [PMID: 11731799 DOI: 10.1038/ni741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To initiate an immune response, key receptor-ligand pairs must cluster in "immune synapses" at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface. We visualized the accumulation of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, I-E(k), at a T cell-B cell interface and found it was dependent on both antigen recognition and costimulation. This suggests that costimulation-driven active transport of T cell surface molecules helps to drive immunological synapse formation. Although only agonist peptide-MHC class II (agonist pMHC class II) complexes can initiate T cell activation, endogenous pMHC class II complexes also appeared to accumulate. To test this directly, we labeled a "null" pMHC class II complex and found that, although it lacked major TCR contact residues, it could be driven into the synapse in a TCR-dependent manner. Thus, low-affinity ligands can contribute to synapse formation and T cell signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Immunologic Capping
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Ligands
- Luminescent Proteins/analysis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Video
- Models, Immunological
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Self Tolerance/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wülfing
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Sandberg JK, Franksson L, Sundbäck J, Michaelsson J, Petersson M, Achour A, Wallin RP, Sherman NE, Bergman T, Jörnvall H, Hunt DF, Kiessling R, Kärre K. T cell tolerance based on avidity thresholds rather than complete deletion allows maintenance of maximal repertoire diversity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:25-33. [PMID: 10861031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the flexible nature of TCR specificity, deletion or permanent disabling of all T cells with the capacity to recognize self peptides would severely limit the diversity of the repertoire and the capacity to recognize foreign Ags. To address this, we have investigated the patterns of CD8+ CTL reactivity to a naturally H-2Kb-presented self peptide derived from the elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha). EF1alpha occurs as two differentially expressed isoforms differing at one position of the relevant peptide. Low avidity CTLs could be raised against both variants of the EF1alpha peptide. These CTLs required 100-fold more peptide-H-2Kb complexes on the target cell compared with CTLs against a viral peptide, and did not recognize the naturally expressed levels of EF1alpha peptides. Thus, low avidity T cells specific for these self peptides escape tolerance by deletion, despite expression of both EF1alpha isoforms in dendritic cells known to mediate negative selection in the thymus. The low avidity in CTL recognition of these peptides correlated with low TCR affinity. However, self peptide-specific CTLs expressed elevated levels of CD8. Furthermore, CTLs generated against altered self peptide variants displayed intermediate avidity, indicating cross-reactivity in induction of tolerance. We interpret these data, together with results previously published by others, in an avidity pit model based on avidity thresholds for maintenance of both maximal diversity and optimal self tolerance in the CD8+ T cell repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immune Tolerance
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligopeptides/biosynthesis
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/isolation & purification
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/biosynthesis
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/immunology
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sandberg
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Prévost-Blondel A, Roth E, Rosenthal FM, Pircher H. Crucial role of TNF-alpha in CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of 3LL-A9 Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3645-51. [PMID: 10725721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of perforin, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity was examined in a new tumor model using a CD8 T cell epitope (GP33) derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a tumor-associated Ag. In contrast with parental 3LL-A9 (A9) Lewis lung carcinoma cells that progressively grow in C57BL/6 mice, s.c. injection of GP33-transfected A9GP33 tumor cells induced a protective GP33-specific CD8 T cell response that led to complete tumor cell elimination. Tumor regression was dependent on perforin, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha, because A9GP33 tumors developed in mice deficient in one of these genes. A9GP33 tumors arising in perforin- and IFN-gamma-deficient mice represented GP33 Ag-loss variants, demonstrating that GP33-specific CD8 T cells from these mice were able to exert an Ag selection pressure. In contrast, tumor cells growing in TNF-alpha knock-out mice still expressed the tumor-associated GP33 peptide despite the presence of activated GP33-specific CD8 T cells. These findings provide evidence for a crucial role of TNF-alpha in A9 tumor cell elimination by CD8 T cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/prevention & control
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prévost-Blondel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Hemmer B, Pinilla C, Gran B, Vergelli M, Ling N, Conlon P, McFarland HF, Houghten R, Martin R. Contribution of individual amino acids within MHC molecule or antigenic peptide to TCR ligand potency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:861-71. [PMID: 10623833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR recognition of peptides bound to MHC class II molecules is highly flexible in some T cells. Although progress has been made in understanding the interactions within the trimolecular complex, to what extent the individual components and their amino acid composition contribute to ligand recognition by individual T cells is not completely understood. We investigated how single amino acid residues influence Ag recognition of T cells by combining several experimental approaches. We defined TCR motifs for CD4+ T cells using peptide synthetic combinatorial libraries in the positional scanning format (PS-SCL) and single amino acid-modified peptide analogues. The similarity of the TCR motifs defined by both methods and the identification of stimulatory antigenic peptides by the PS-SCL approach argue for a contribution of each amino acid residue to the overall potency of the antigenic peptide ligand. In some instances, however, motifs are formed by adjacent amino acids, and their combined influence is superimposed on the overall contribution of each amino acid within the peptide epitope. In contrast to the flexibility of the TCR to interact with different peptides, recognition was very sensitive toward modifications of the MHC-restriction element. Exchanges of just one amino acid of the MHC molecule drastically reduced the number of peptides recognized. The results indicate that a specific MHC molecule not only selects certain peptides, but also is crucial for setting an affinity threshold for TCR recognition, which determines the flexibility in peptide recognition for a given TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hemmer
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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