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Gottimukkala KP, Jangid R, Patta I, Sultana DA, Sharma A, Misra-Sen J, Galande S. Regulation of SATB1 during thymocyte development by TCR signaling. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:34-43. [PMID: 27454343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocyte development and differentiation is a multi-step process that begins in the thymus and completed in the periphery. Sequential development of thymocytes is dependent on T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and an array of transcription factors. In this study we show that special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), a T lineage-enriched chromatin organizer and regulator, is induced in response to TCR signaling during early thymocyte development. SATB1 expression profile coincides with T lineage commitment and upregulation of SATB1 correlates with positive selection of thymocytes. CD4 thymocytes exhibit a characteristic bimodal expression pattern that corresponds to immature and mature CD4 thymocytes. We also demonstrate that GATA3, the key transcriptional regulator of αβ T cells positively regulates SATB1 expression in thymocytes suggesting an important role for SATB1 during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Jangid
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Indumathi Patta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Dil Afroz Sultana
- National Institute on Aging, NIH and School of Medicine Immunology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Archna Sharma
- National Institute on Aging, NIH and School of Medicine Immunology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra-Sen
- National Institute on Aging, NIH and School of Medicine Immunology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India; National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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2
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Vacchio MS, Olaru A, Livak F, Hodes RJ. ATM deficiency impairs thymocyte maturation because of defective resolution of T cell receptor alpha locus coding end breaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6323-8. [PMID: 17405860 PMCID: PMC1851038 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611222104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein plays a central role in sensing and responding to DNA double-strand breaks. Lymphoid cells are unique in undergoing physiologic double-strand breaks in the processes of Ig class switch recombination and T or B cell receptor V(D)J recombination, and a role for ATM in these processes has been suggested by clinical observations in ataxia telangiectasia patients as well as in engineered mice with mutations in the Atm gene. We demonstrate here a defect in thymocyte maturation in ATM-deficient mice that is associated with decreased efficiency in V-J rearrangement of the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR)alpha locus, accompanied by increased frequency of unresolved TCR Jalpha coding end breaks. We also demonstrate that a functionally rearranged TCRalphabeta transgene is sufficient to restore thymocyte maturation, whereas increased thymocyte survival by bcl-2 cannot improve TCRalpha recombination and T cell development. These data indicate a direct role for ATM in TCR gene recombination in vivo that is critical for surface TCR expression in CD4(+)CD8(+) cells and for efficient thymocyte selection. We propose a unified model for the two major clinical characteristics of ATM deficiency, defective T cell maturation and increased genomic instability, frequently affecting the TCRalpha locus. In the absence of ATM, delayed TCRalpha coding joint formation results both in a reduction of alphabeta TCR-expressing immature cells, leading to inefficient thymocyte selection, and in accumulation of unstable open chromosomal DNA breaks, predisposing to TCRalpha locus-associated chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Vacchio
- *Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alexandru Olaru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Richard J. Hodes
- *Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 4B36, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
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3
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Yélamos J, Monreal Y, Saenz L, Aguado E, Schreiber V, Mota R, Fuente T, Minguela A, Parrilla P, de Murcia G, Almarza E, Aparicio P, Ménissier-de Murcia J. PARP-2 deficiency affects the survival of CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes. EMBO J 2006; 25:4350-60. [PMID: 16946705 PMCID: PMC1570435 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) belongs to a large family of enzymes that synthesize and transfer ADP-ribose polymers to acceptor proteins, modifying their functional properties. PARP-2-deficient (Parp-2-/-) cells, similar to Parp-1-/- cells, are sensitive to both ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. Here we show that inactivation of mouse Parp-2, but not Parp-1, produced a two-fold reduction in CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes associated with decreased DP cell survival. Microarray analyses revealed increased expression of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Noxa in Parp-2-/- DP thymocytes compared to littermate controls. In addition, DP thymocytes from Parp-2-/- have a reduced expression of T-cell receptor (TCR)alpha and a skewed repertoire of TCRalpha toward the 5' Jalpha segments. Our results show that in the absence of PARP-2, the survival of DP thymocytes undergoing TCRalpha recombination is compromised despite normal amounts of Bcl-xL. These data suggest a novel role for PARP-2 as an important mediator of T-cell survival during thymopoiesis by preventing the activation of DNA damage-dependent apoptotic response during the multiple rounds of TCRalpha rearrangements preceding a positively selected TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yélamos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Apartado de Correos 4021, Universidad de Murcia, 30100-Murcia, Spain. Tel.: +34 968 369090; Fax: +34 968 369678; E-mail:
| | - Yolanda Monreal
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Luis Saenz
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- UPR 9003 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rubén Mota
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Teodomiro Fuente
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Pascual Parrilla
- Transplant Unit, University Hospital ‘Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain
| | - Gilbert de Murcia
- UPR 9003 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pedro Aparicio
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josiane Ménissier-de Murcia
- UPR 9003 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
- UPR 9003 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, BP10413, 67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France. Tel.: +33 390 244704; Fax: +33 390 244686; E-mail:
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4
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Porcedda P, Turinetto V, Lantelme E, Fontanella E, Chrzanowska K, Ragona R, De Marchi M, Delia D, Giachino C. Impaired elimination of DNA double-strand break-containing lymphocytes in ataxia telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:904-13. [PMID: 16765653 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks is critical for genome integrity and tumor suppression. Here we show that following treatment with the DNA-intercalating agent actinomycin D (ActD), normal quiescent T cells accumulate double-strand breaks and die, whereas T cells from ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) patients are resistant to this death pathway despite a comparable amount of DNA damage. We demonstrate that the ActD-induced death pathway in quiescent T lymphocytes follows DNA damage and H2AX phosphorylation, is ATM- and NBS1-dependent and due to p53-mediated cellular apoptosis. In response to genotoxic 2-Gy gamma-irradiation, on the other hand, quiescent T cells from normal donors survive following complete resolution of the damage thus induced. T cells from AT and NBS patients also survive, but retain foci of phosphorylated H2AX due to a subtle double-strand break (DSB) repair defect. A common consequence of these two genetic defects in the DSB response is the apparent tolerance of cells containing DNA breaks. We suggest that this tolerance makes a major contribution to the oncogenic risk of patients with chromosome instability syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Porcedda
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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5
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Tumor development: haploinsufficiency and local network assembly. Cancer Lett 2005; 240:17-28. [PMID: 16223564 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the current models, tumor development is a continuous process of mutation accumulation, leading to several intermediate phenotypes and final phases of autonomy, unlimited growth and metastasis. One of the most important events in that process is the initial destabilization of cellular pathways that subsequently allow mutations to accumulate. The mechanisms involved in that stage are not clear. In principle, the estimated very low mutation frequency in human or mouse cells would suggest that accumulating the required number of mutations for tumor development should be a statistically unlikely event. However, this theory is contradicted by the high incidence of cancers. Here we discuss the role of protein haploinsufficiency as a contributor to the initial phases of tumor development, and suggest possible mechanisms that might be involved in that process.
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6
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Smilenov LB, Lieberman HB, Mitchell SA, Baker RA, Hopkins KM, Hall EJ. Combined Haploinsufficiency for ATM and RAD9 as a Factor in Cell Transformation, Apoptosis, and DNA Lesion Repair Dynamics. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.933.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Loss of function of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA damage processing genes has been implicated in the development of many types of cancer, but for the vast majority of cases, there is no link to specific germ line mutations. In the last several years, heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair pathways was shown to play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis after DNA damage is induced. Because the effect of haploinsufficiency for one protein is relatively small, we hypothesize that predisposition to cancer could be a result of the additive effect of heterozygosity for two or more genes, critical for pathways that control DNA damage signaling, repair or apoptosis. To address this issue, primary mouse cells, haploinsufficient for one or two proteins, ATM and RAD9, related to the cellular response to DNA damage were examined. The results show that cells having low levels of both ATM and RAD9 proteins are more sensitive to transformation by radiation, have different DNA double-strand break repair dynamics and are less apoptotic when compared with wild-type controls or those cells haploinsufficient for only one of these proteins. Our conclusions are that under stress conditions, the efficiency and capacity for DNA repair mediated by the ATM/RAD9 cell signaling network depend on the abundance of both proteins and that, in general, DNA repair network efficiencies are genotype-dependent and can vary within a specific range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir B. Smilenov
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen A. Mitchell
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ronald A. Baker
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kevin M. Hopkins
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Eric J. Hall
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Abstract
The primary T-cell receptor repertoire is generated by somatic rearrangement of discontinuous gene segments. The shape of the combinatorial repertoire is stereotypical and, in part, evolutionarily conserved among mammals. Rearrangement is initiated by specific interactions between the recombinase and the recombination signals (RSs) that flank the gene segments. Conserved sequence variations in the RS, which modulate its interactions with the recombinase, appear to be a major factor in shaping the primary repertoire. In vitro, biochemical studies have revealed distinct steps in these complex recombinase-RS interactions that may determine the final frequency of gene segment rearrangement. These studies offer a plausible model to explain gene segment selection, but new, more physiological approaches will have to be developed to verify and refine the mechanism by which the recombinase targets the RS in its endogenous chromosomal context in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA Damage/physiology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/physiology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- VDJ Recombinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Livák
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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8
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Starczynski J, Simmons W, Flavell JR, Byrd PJ, Stewart GS, Kullar HS, Groom A, Crocker J, Moss PAH, Reynolds GM, Glavina-Durdov M, Taylor AMR, Fegan C, Stankovic T, Murray PG. Variations in ATM protein expression during normal lymphoid differentiation and among B-cell-derived neoplasias. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:423-32. [PMID: 12875964 PMCID: PMC1868216 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays a central role in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Developmentally programmed DSBs are restricted to cellular subsets within lymphoid tissues and we asked whether ATM expression is differentially regulated during lymphoid differentiation. We showed that immature B cells in bone marrow and immature T cells of the thymic cortex were negative or weakly ATM-positive. T cells of thymic medulla and peripheral tissues strongly expressed ATM. High levels of ATM were present in the B lymphocytes of the mantle zone and in plasma cells, while the majority of germinal center B cells were negative or weakly labeled. Therefore, ATM expression appears to be down-regulated at those stages of lymphoid development where physiological DNA DSBs occur. In B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma we observed two categories: ATM-negative tumors, most likely reflecting the presence of ATM mutation, and tumors with abundant ATM expression. Most follicular center-cell lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, which rarely show inactivation of the ATM gene, were negative or weakly ATM-positive. Tumor cells from most cases of Hodgkin's disease were ATM-negative. Therefore, unless ATM inactivation occurs, ATM expression in lymphoid tumors is likely to reflect their cellular origin. As a result, immunostaining to identify lymphoid neoplasias with ATM inactivation might only be feasible for tumors derived from the stages where ATM is constitutively highly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Starczynski
- Department of Histopathology, Birmingham Heartland's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kralovicova J, Hammarström L, Plebani A, Webster ADB, Vorechovsky I. Fine-scale mapping at IGAD1 and genome-wide genetic linkage analysis implicate HLA-DQ/DR as a major susceptibility locus in selective IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2765-75. [PMID: 12594308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are the most common primary immunodeficiencies in humans. A high degree of familial clustering, marked differences in the population prevalence among ethnic groups, association of IgAD and CVID in families, and a predominant inheritance pattern in multiple-case pedigrees have suggested a strong, shared genetic predisposition. Previous genetic linkage, case-control, and family-based association studies mapped an IgAD/CVID susceptibility locus, designated IGAD1, to the MHC, but its precise location within the MHC has been controversial. We have analyzed a sample of 101 multiple- and 110 single-case families using 36 markers at the IGAD1 candidate region and mapped homozygous stretches across the MHC shared by affected family members. Haplotype analysis, linkage disequilibrium, and homozygosity mapping indicated that HLA-DQ/DR is the major IGAD1 locus, strongly suggesting the autoimmune pathogenesis of IgAD/CVID. This is supported by the highest excess of allelic sharing at 6p in the genome-wide linkage analysis of 101 IgAD/CVID families using 383 marker loci, by previously reported restrictions of the T cell repertoires in CVID, the presence of autoantibodies, impaired T cell activation, and a dysregulation of a number of genes in the targeted immune system. IgAD/CVID may thus provide a useful model for the study of pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kralovicova
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Southampton University Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
One of the cornerstones of the web of signaling pathways governing cellular life and differentiation is the DNA damage response. It spans a complex network of pathways, ranging from DNA repair to modulation of numerous processes in the cell. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are formed as a result of genotoxic stress or normal recombinational processes, are extremely lethal lesions that rapidly mobilize this intricate defense system. The master controller that pilots cellular responses to DSBs is the ATM protein kinase, which turns on this network by phosphorylating key players in its various branches. ATM is the protein product of the gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), which is characterized by neuronal degeneration, immunodeficiency, sterility, genomic instability, cancer predisposition, and radiation sensitivity. The clinical and cellular phenotype of A-T attests to the numerous roles of ATM, on the one hand, and to the link between the DNA damage response and developmental processes on the other hand. Recent studies of this protein and its effectors, combined with a thorough investigation of animal models of A-T, have led to new insights into the mode of action of this master controller of the DNA damage response. The evidence that ATM is involved in signaling pathways other than those related to damage response, particularly ones relating to cellular growth and differentiation, reinforces the multifaceted nature of this protein, in which genome stability, developmental processes, and cancer cross paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shiloh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Gardner K, Liu ET. BRCA1 function in T lymphocytes: a cellular specificity of a different kind. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3:11-3. [PMID: 11250741 PMCID: PMC138670 DOI: 10.1186/bcr263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2000] [Accepted: 11/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work by Mak et al demonstrates that mice carrying a T-cell-specific disruption of the brca1 gene display markedly impaired T-lymphocyte development and proliferation in the absence of any increased tendency for the formation of tumors. Interestingly, the extent of these defects was found to be highly dependent on cellular context. Contrasting the rather broad tissue expression pattern of brca1 against its exquisitely selective etiologic role in cancers of the breast and ovary, many of us are left to ponder--where is the specificity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gardner
- Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Edison T Liu
- Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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