1
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Budeus B, Álvaro-Benito M, Crivello P. HLA-DM and HLA-DO interplay for the peptide editing of HLA class II in healthy tissues and leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2024; 37:101561. [PMID: 39098801 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2024.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
HLA class II antigen presentation is modulated by the activity of the peptide editor HLA-DM and its antagonist HLA-DO, with their interplay controlling the peptide repertoires presented by normal and malignant cells. The role of these molecules in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is poorly investigated. Balanced expression of HLA-DM and HLA-DO can influence the presentation of leukemia-associated antigens and peptides targeted by alloreactive T cells, therefore affecting both anti-leukemia immunity and the potential onset of Graft versus Host Disease. We leveraged on a large collection of bulk and single cell RNA sequencing data, available at different repositories, to comprehensively review the level and distribution of HLA-DM and HLA-DO in different cell types and tissues of the human body. The resulting expression atlas will help future investigations aiming to dissect the dual role of HLA class II peptide editing in alloHCT, and their potential impact on its clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pietro Crivello
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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2
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Runsala M, Kuokkanen E, Uski E, Šuštar V, Balci MÖ, Rajala J, Paavola V, Mattila PK. The Small GTPase Rab7 Regulates Antigen Processing in B Cells in a Possible Interplay with Autophagy Machinery. Cells 2023; 12:2566. [PMID: 37947644 PMCID: PMC10649364 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In B cells, antigen processing and peptide-antigen (pAg) presentation is essential to ignite high-affinity antibody responses with the help of cognate T cells. B cells efficiently internalize and direct specific antigens for processing and loading onto MHCII. This critical step, which enables pAg presentation, occurs in MHCII compartments (MIICs) which possess the enzymatic machinery for pAg loading on MHCII. The intracellular transport systems that guide antigen and maintain this unique compartment remain enigmatic. Here, we probed the possible functional role of two known endosomal proteins, the Rab family small GTPases Rab7 and Rab9, that are both reported to colocalize with internalized antigen. As compared to Rab9, we found Rab7 to exhibit a higher overlap with antigen and MIIC components. Rab7 also showed a higher association with antigen degradation. The inhibition of Rab7 drastically decreased pAg presentation. Additionally, we detected the strong colocalization of perinuclearly clustered and presumably MIIC-associated antigen with autophagy protein LC3. When we pharmacologically inhibited autophagy, pAg presentation was inhibited. Together, our data promote Rab7 as an important regulator of antigen processing and, considering the previously reported functions of Rab7 in autophagy, this also raises the possibility of the involvement of autophagy-related machinery in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Runsala
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Kuokkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Uski
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vid Šuštar
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Meryem Özge Balci
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Rajala
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vilma Paavola
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pieta K. Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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3
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Whitaker EE, Mecum NE, Cott RC, Goode DJ. Novel expression of major histocompatibility complex II in dorsal root ganglion neurons attenuates paclitaxel-induced cold hypersensitivity in male and female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535136. [PMID: 37066176 PMCID: PMC10103942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often a life-saving treatment, but the development of intractable pain caused by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major dose-limiting toxicity that restricts survival rates. Recent reports demonstrate that paclitaxel (PTX) robustly increases anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and that T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines are protective against CIPN. However, the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells are activated, and the extent cytokines released by CD4+ T cells target DRG neurons are unknown. Here, we found novel expression of functional major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein in DRG neurons, and CD4+ T cells in close proximity to DRG neurons, together suggesting CD4+ T cell activation and targeted cytokine release. MHCII protein is primarily expressed in small nociceptive neurons in male mouse DRG regardless of PTX, while MHCII is induced in small nociceptive neurons in female DRG after PTX. Accordingly, reducing MHCII in small nociceptive neurons increased hypersensitivity to cold only in naive male mice, but increased severity of PTX-induced cold hypersensitivity in both sexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate expression of MHCII on DRG neurons and a functional role during homeostasis and inflammation.
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4
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Roberts AD, Taraska JW. B cell receptor (BCR) endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:159-177. [PMID: 36631191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) interacts with foreign antigens to mediate B cell activation and secretion of antibodies. B cell activation begins with initiation of signaling pathways, such as NFAT, NF-κB, and MAPK, and endocytosis of the BCR-antigen complex. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways associated with BCR activation, and this work has led to significant advances in drug therapies to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases that are linked to aberrant BCR signaling. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms of BCR endocytosis and the role endocytosis plays in B cell pathogenesis. This chapter will review key characteristics of the BCR, including a review of signaling pathways, and endocytic mechanisms associated with the activated BCR. We will also review recent studies investigating the role of BCR endocytosis disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah D Roberts
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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5
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Lagos J, Sagadiev S, Diaz J, Bozo JP, Guzman F, Stefani C, Zanlungo S, Acharya M, Yuseff MI. Autophagy Induced by Toll-like Receptor Ligands Regulates Antigen Extraction and Presentation by B Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233883. [PMID: 36497137 PMCID: PMC9741325 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of B cells with surface-tethered antigens triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where the local secretion of lysosomes can facilitate antigen uptake. Lysosomes intersect with other intracellular processes, such as Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling and autophagy coordinating immune responses. However, the crosstalk between these processes and antigen presentation remains unclear. Here, we show that TLR stimulation induces autophagy in B cells and decreases their capacity to extract and present immobilized antigens. We reveal that TLR stimulation restricts lysosome repositioning to the IS by triggering autophagy-dependent degradation of GEF-H1, a Rho GTP exchange factor required for stable lysosome recruitment at the synaptic membrane. GEF-H1 degradation is not observed in B cells that lack αV integrins and are deficient in TLR-induced autophagy. Accordingly, these cells show efficient antigen extraction in the presence of TLR stimulation, confirming the role of TLR-induced autophagy in limiting antigen extraction. Overall, our results suggest that resources associated with autophagy regulate TLR and BCR-dependent functions, which can finetune antigen uptake by B cells. This work helps to understand the mechanisms by which B cells are activated by surface-tethered antigens in contexts of subjacent inflammation before antigen recognition, such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lagos
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Bozo
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Caroline Stefani
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Yuseff
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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6
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Pinon L, Ruyssen N, Pineau J, Mesdjian O, Cuvelier D, Chipont A, Allena R, Guerin CL, Asnacios S, Asnacios A, Pierobon P, Fattaccioli J. Phenotyping polarization dynamics of immune cells using a lipid droplet-cell pairing microfluidic platform. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100335. [PMID: 36452873 PMCID: PMC9701611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse is the tight contact zone between a lymphocyte and a cell presenting its cognate antigen. This structure serves as a signaling platform and entails a polarization of intracellular components necessary to the immunological function of the cell. While the surface properties of the presenting cell are known to control the formation of the synapse, their impact on polarization has not yet been studied. Using functional lipid droplets as tunable artificial presenting cells combined with a microfluidic pairing device, we simultaneously observe synchronized synapses and dynamically quantify polarization patterns of individual B cells. By assessing how ligand concentration, surface fluidity, and substrate rigidity impact lysosome polarization, we show that its onset and kinetics depend on the local antigen concentration at the synapse and on substrate rigidity. Our experimental system enables a fine phenotyping of monoclonal cell populations based on their synaptic readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Pinon
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruyssen
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Mesdjian
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 926 Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Chipont
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachele Allena
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
- LJAD, UMR 7351, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Coralie L. Guerin
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 925 Physics, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fattaccioli
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
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7
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Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
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8
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Brian BF, Sauer ML, Greene JT, Senevirathne SE, Lindstedt AJ, Funk OL, Ruis BL, Ramirez LA, Auger JL, Swanson WL, Nunez MG, Moriarity BS, Lowell CA, Binstadt BA, Freedman TS. A dominant function of LynB kinase in preventing autoimmunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5227. [PMID: 35452291 PMCID: PMC9032976 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that the LynB splice variant of the Src-family kinase Lyn exerts a dominant immunosuppressive function in vivo, whereas the LynA isoform is uniquely required to restrain autoimmunity in female mice. We used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to constrain lyn splicing and expression, generating single-isoform LynA knockout (LynAKO) or LynBKO mice. Autoimmune disease in total LynKO mice is characterized by production of antinuclear antibodies, glomerulonephritis, impaired B cell development, and overabundance of activated B cells and proinflammatory myeloid cells. Expression of LynA or LynB alone uncoupled the developmental phenotype from the autoimmune disease: B cell transitional populations were restored, but myeloid cells and differentiated B cells were dysregulated. These changes were isoform-specific, sexually dimorphic, and distinct from the complete LynKO. Despite the apparent differences in disease etiology and penetrance, loss of either LynA or LynB had the potential to induce severe autoimmune disease with parallels to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F. Brian
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Monica L. Sauer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph T. Greene
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S. Erandika Senevirathne
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anders J. Lindstedt
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia L. Funk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian L. Ruis
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Luis A. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Auger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Whitney L. Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Myra G. Nunez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tanya S. Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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9
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Pishesha N, Harmand TJ, Ploegh HL. A guide to antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:751-764. [PMID: 35418563 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide such help, use antigen-specific receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in complex with peptide cargo. Similarly, eradication of virus-infected cells often depends on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which rely on the recognition of peptide-MHC complexes for their action. The two major classes of glycoproteins entrusted with antigen presentation are the MHC class I and class II molecules, which present antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, respectively. This Review describes the essentials of antigen processing and presentation. These pathways are divided into six discrete steps that allow a comparison of the various means by which antigens destined for presentation are acquired and how the source proteins for these antigens are tagged for degradation, destroyed and ultimately displayed as peptides in complex with MHC molecules for T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novalia Pishesha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Ulloa R, Corrales O, Cabrera-Reyes F, Jara-Wilde J, Saez JJ, Rivas C, Lagos J, Härtel S, Quiroga C, Yuseff MI, Diaz-Muñoz J. B Cells Adapt Their Nuclear Morphology to Organize the Immune Synapse and Facilitate Antigen Extraction. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801164. [PMID: 35222354 PMCID: PMC8863768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon interaction with immobilized antigens, B cells form an immune synapse where actin remodeling and re-positioning of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) together with lysosomes can facilitate antigen extraction. B cells have restricted cytoplasmic space, mainly occupied by a large nucleus, yet the role of nuclear morphology in the formation of the immune synapse has not been addressed. Here we show that upon activation, B cells re-orientate and adapt the size of their nuclear groove facing the immune synapse, where the MTOC sits, and lysosomes accumulate. Silencing the nuclear envelope proteins Nesprin-1 and Sun-1 impairs nuclear reorientation towards the synapse and leads to defects in actin organization. Consequently, B cells are unable to internalize the BCR after antigen activation. Nesprin-1 and Sun-1-silenced B cells also fail to accumulate the tethering factor Exo70 at the center of the synaptic membrane and display defective lysosome positioning, impairing efficient antigen extraction at the immune synapse. Thus, changes in nuclear morphology and positioning emerge as critical regulatory steps to coordinate B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Ulloa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oreste Corrales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Cabrera-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Jara-Wilde
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan José Saez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Lagos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile and Centro Nacional en Sistemas de Información en Salud CENS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clara Quiroga
- División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Isabel Yuseff
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jheimmy Diaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Cabrera-Reyes F, Parra-Ruiz C, Yuseff MI, Zanlungo S. Alterations in Lysosome Homeostasis in Lipid-Related Disorders: Impact on Metabolic Tissues and Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790568. [PMID: 34957117 PMCID: PMC8703004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-related disorders, which primarily affect metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue and the liver are associated with alterations in lysosome homeostasis. Obesity is one of the more prevalent diseases, which results in energy imbalance within metabolic tissues and lysosome dysfunction. Less frequent diseases include Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) and Gaucher diseases, both of which are known as Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs), where lysosomal dysfunction within metabolic tissues remains to be fully characterized. Adipocytes and hepatocytes share common pathways involved in the lysosome-autophagic axis, which are regulated by the function of cathepsins and CD36, an immuno-metabolic receptor and display alterations in lipid diseases, and thereby impacting metabolic functions. In addition to intrinsic defects observed in metabolic tissues, cells of the immune system, such as B cells can infiltrate adipose and liver tissues, during metabolic imbalance favoring inflammation. Moreover, B cells rely on lysosomes to promote the processing and presentation of extracellular antigens and thus could also present lysosome dysfunction, consequently affecting such functions. On the other hand, growing evidence suggests that cells accumulating lipids display defective inter-organelle membrane contact sites (MCSs) established by lysosomes and other compartments, which contribute to metabolic dysfunctions at the cellular level. Overall, in this review we will discuss recent findings addressing common mechanisms that are involved in lysosome dysregulation in adipocytes and hepatocytes during obesity, NPC, and Gaucher diseases. We will discuss whether these mechanisms may modulate the function of B cells and how inter-organelle contacts, emerging as relevant cellular mechanisms in the control of lipid homeostasis, have an impact on these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Cabrera-Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Parra-Ruiz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Liu JC, Liu SH, Fu G, Qiu XR, Jiang RD, Huang SY, Zhu YL, Li WZ. Blood Immune Cell Composition Associated with Obesity and Drug Repositioning Revealed by Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Conjoint Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:714643. [PMID: 34712134 PMCID: PMC8546369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was designed to analyze the composition of immune cells in obesity and identify novel and potent drugs for obesity management by epigenetic and transcriptomic conjoint analysis. DNA methylation data set (GSE166611) and mRNA expression microarray (GSE18897) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 72 objects (35 obese samples and 37 controls) were included in the study. Immune cell composition analysis, drug repositioning, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed using CIBERSORT, connectivity map (CMap), and GSEA tools. Besides, we performed a single-cell RNA-seq of the immune cells from whole blood samples obtained from one obese patient and one healthy control. mRNA levels of drug target genes were analyzed by qPCR assay in blood samples from six patients and six healthy controls. Immune cell composition analysis found that CD8 + T cells and NK cells were significantly lower in the obese group. 11 drugs/compounds are considered to possess obesity-control potential, such as atorvastatin. Moreover, the expression of drug targets (STAT3, MCL1, PMAIP1, SOD2, FOX O 3, FOS, FKBP5) in obese patients were higher than those in controls. In conclusion, immune cells are potential therapeutic targets for obesity. Our results also contribute to accelerate research on drug development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Liu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Liu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Qiu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Run-Dong Jiang
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Huang
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Li Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Promotion or inhibition of extracellular vesicle release: Emerging therapeutic opportunities. J Control Release 2021; 340:136-148. [PMID: 34695524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vehicles of intercellular communication that are released from various cell types under physiological and pathological conditions, with differing effects on the body. Under physiological conditions, EVs mediate cell-to-cell and intertissue communication and participate in maintaining homeostasis. Certain EV types have emerged as biological therapeutic agents in various fields, such as cell-free regenerative medicine, drug delivery and immunotherapy. However, the low yield of EVs is a bottleneck in the large-scale implementation of these therapies. Conversely, more EVs in the microenvironment in other circumstances, such as tumor metastasis, viral particle transmission, and the propagation of neurodegenerative disease, can exacerbate the situation, and the inhibition of EV secretion may delay the progression of these diseases. Therefore, the promotion and inhibition of EV release is a new and promising field because of its great research potential and wide application prospects. We first review the methods and therapeutic opportunities for the regulation of EV release based on the mechanism of EV biogenesis and consider the side effects and challenges.
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14
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Mincham KT, Young JD, Strickland DH. OMIP 076: High-dimensional immunophenotyping of murine T-cell, B-cell, and antibody secreting cell subsets. Cytometry A 2021; 99:888-892. [PMID: 34159723 PMCID: PMC9546025 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob D Young
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Cancer Cell-Specific Major Histocompatibility Complex II Expression as a Determinant of the Immune Infiltrate Organization and Function in the NSCLC Tumor Microenvironment. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1694-1704. [PMID: 34048945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients with NSCLC, the prognostic significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) immune composition has been revealed using single- or dual-marker staining on sequential tissue sections. Although these studies reveal that relative abundance and localization of immune cells are important parameters, deeper analyses of the NSCLC TME are necessary to refine the potential application of these findings to clinical care. Currently, the complex spatial relationships between cells of the NSCLC TME and potential drivers contributing to its immunologic composition remain unknown. METHODS We used multispectral quantitative imaging on the lung adenocarcinoma TME in 153 patients with resected tumors. On a single slide per patient, we evaluated the TME with markers for CD3, CD8, CD14, CD19, major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), cytokeratin, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Image analysis, including tissue segmentation, phenotyping, and spatial localization, was performed. RESULTS Specimens wherein greater than or equal to 5% of lung cancer cells expressed MHCII (MHCIIhi TME) had increased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD14+ cell infiltration. In the MHCIIhi TME, the immune infiltrate was closer to cancer cells and expressed an activated phenotype. Morphologic image analysis revealed cancer cells in the MHCIIhi TME more frequently interfaced with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Patients with an MHCIIhi TME experienced improved overall survival (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer cell-specific expression of MHCII associates with levels of immune cell infiltration, spatial localization, and activation status within the TME. This suggests that cancer cell-specific expression of MHCII may represent a biomarker for the immune system's recognition and activation against the tumor.
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16
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Mapping the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-derived peptidome presented by HLA class II on dendritic cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109179. [PMID: 34004174 PMCID: PMC8116342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and eliciting protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an urgent priority. To facilitate these objectives, we profile the repertoire of human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II)-bound peptides presented by HLA-DR diverse monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We identify 209 unique HLA-II-bound peptide sequences, many forming nested sets, which map to sites throughout S including glycosylated regions. Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides reveals substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely induced during antigen processing. Our data also highlight the receptor-binding motif in S1 as a HLA-DR-binding peptide-rich region and identify S2-derived peptides with potential for targeting by cross-protective vaccine-elicited responses. Results from this study will aid analysis of CD4+ T cell responses in infected individuals and vaccine recipients and have application in next-generation vaccine design.
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17
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Ibañez-Vega J, Del Valle F, Sáez JJ, Guzman F, Diaz J, Soza A, Yuseff MI. Ecm29-Dependent Proteasome Localization Regulates Cytoskeleton Remodeling at the Immune Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650817. [PMID: 34055780 PMCID: PMC8155528 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of an immune synapse (IS) enables B cells to capture membrane-tethered antigens, where cortical actin cytoskeleton remodeling regulates cell spreading and depletion of F-actin at the centrosome promotes the recruitment of lysosomes to facilitate antigen extraction. How B cells regulate both pools of actin, remains poorly understood. We report here that decreased F-actin at the centrosome and IS relies on the distribution of the proteasome, regulated by Ecm29. Silencing Ecm29 decreases the proteasome pool associated to the centrosome of B cells and shifts its accumulation to the cell cortex and IS. Accordingly, Ecm29-silenced B cells display increased F-actin at the centrosome, impaired centrosome and lysosome repositioning to the IS and defective antigen extraction and presentation. Ecm29-silenced B cells, which accumulate higher levels of proteasome at the cell cortex, display decreased actin retrograde flow in lamellipodia and enhanced spreading responses. Our findings support a model where B the asymmetric distribution of the proteasome, mediated by Ecm29, coordinates actin dynamics at the centrosome and the IS, promoting lysosome recruitment and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Del Valle
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan José Sáez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Yuseff
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Li X, Gong L, Meli AP, Karo-Atar D, Sun W, Zou Y, King IL, Gu H. Cbl and Cbl-b control the germinal center reaction by facilitating naive B cell antigen processing. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151892. [PMID: 32584413 PMCID: PMC7478728 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen uptake and presentation by naive and germinal center (GC) B cells are different, with the former expressing even low-affinity BCRs efficiently capture and present sufficient antigen to T cells, whereas the latter do so more efficiently after acquiring high-affinity BCRs. We show here that antigen uptake and processing by naive but not GC B cells depend on Cbl and Cbl-b (Cbls), which consequently control naive B and cognate T follicular helper (Tfh) cell interaction and initiation of the GC reaction. Cbls mediate CD79A and CD79B ubiquitination, which is required for BCR-mediated antigen endocytosis and postendocytic sorting to lysosomes, respectively. Blockade of CD79A or CD79B ubiquitination or Cbls ligase activity is sufficient to impede BCR-mediated antigen processing and GC development. Thus, Cbls act at the entry checkpoint of the GC reaction by promoting naive B cell antigen presentation. This regulation may facilitate recruitment of naive B cells with a low-affinity BCR into GCs to initiate the process of affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Karo-Atar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weili Sun
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yongrui Zou
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Parker R, Partridge T, Wormald C, Kawahara R, Stalls V, Aggelakopoulou M, Parker J, Doherty RP, Morejon YA, Lee E, Saunders K, Haynes BF, Acharya P, Thaysen-Andersen M, Borrow P, Ternette N. Mapping the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-derived peptidome presented by HLA class II on dendritic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32839772 PMCID: PMC7444283 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.19.255901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and eliciting protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an urgent priority. To facilitate these objectives, we have profiled the repertoire of human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II)-bound peptides presented by HLA-DR diverse monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We identify 209 unique HLA-II-bound peptide sequences, many forming nested sets, which map to sites throughout S including glycosylated regions. Comparison of the glycosylation profile of the S protein to that of the HLA-II-bound S peptides revealed substantial trimming of glycan residues on the latter, likely introduced during antigen processing. Our data also highlight the receptor-binding motif in S1 as a HLA-DR-binding peptide-rich region. Results from this study have application in vaccine design, and will aid analysis of CD4+ T cell responses in infected individuals and vaccine recipients.
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20
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Longjohn MN, Hudson JABJ, Smith NC, Rise ML, Moorehead PC, Christian SL. Deciphering the messages carried by extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Blood Rev 2020; 46:100734. [PMID: 32736879 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound particles released from all living cells examined thus far. EVs can transfer information in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from donor cells to recipient cells. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the role(s) EVs play in hematological malignancies (HM) and outline potential prognostic and diagnostic strategies using EVs. EVs have been shown to promote proliferation and angiogenesis, and alter the bone marrow microenvironment to favour the growth and survival of diverse HM. They also promote evasion of anti-cancer immune responses and increase multi-drug resistance. Using knowledge of EV biology, including HM-specific packaging of cargo, EV based diagnostics and therapeutic approaches show substantial clinical promise. However, while EVs may represent a new paradigm to solve many of the challenges in treating and/or diagnosing HM, much work is needed before they can be used clinically to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo-Anna B J Hudson
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada; University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul C Moorehead
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
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21
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Inducible Polarized Secretion of Exosomes in T and B Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072631. [PMID: 32290050 PMCID: PMC7177964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EV) of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVB) constitutively released by many different eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVB to the plasma membrane. However, inducible exosome secretion controlled by cell surface receptors is restricted to very few cell types and a limited number of cell surface receptors. Among these, exosome secretion is induced in T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes when stimulated at the immune synapse (IS) via T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR), respectively. IS formation by T and B lymphocytes constitutes a crucial event involved in antigen-specific, cellular, and humoral immune responses. Upon IS formation by T and B lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APC), the convergence of MVB towards the microtubule organization center (MTOC), and MTOC polarization to the IS, are involved in polarized exosome secretion at the synaptic cleft. This specialized mechanism provides the immune system with a finely-tuned strategy to increase the specificity and efficiency of crucial secretory effector functions of B and T lymphocytes. As inducible exosome secretion by antigen-receptors is a critical and unique feature of the immune system this review considers the study of the traffic events leading to polarized exosome secretion at the IS and some of their biological consequences.
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22
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Tohme M, Maisonneuve L, Achour K, Dussiot M, Maschalidi S, Manoury B. TLR7 trafficking and signaling in B cells is regulated by the MHCII-associated invariant chain. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.236711. [PMID: 32079661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal receptor that recognizes single-stranded RNA from viruses. Its trafficking and activation is regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone UNC93B1 and lysosomal proteases. UNC93B1 also modulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation, and deficiency in MHCII protein diminishes TLR9 signaling. These results indicate a link between proteins that regulate both innate and adaptive responses. Here, we report that TLR7 resides in lysosomes and interacts with the MHCII-chaperone molecule, the invariant chain (Ii) or CD74, in B cells. In the absence of CD74, TLR7 displays both ER and lysosomal localization, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, stimulation with TLR7 but not TLR9, is inefficient in boosting antigen presentation in Ii-deficient cells. In contrast, in B cells lacking TLR7 or mutated for UNC93B1, which are able to trigger TLR7 activation, antigen presentation is enhanced. This suggests that TLR7 signaling in B cells is controlled by the Ii chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Tohme
- Nkarta Therapeutics, South San Fransisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucie Maisonneuve
- Institut Necker Enfant Malade, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de médecine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karim Achour
- Institut de recherche Servier, 3 rue de la république, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Michaël Dussiot
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophia Maschalidi
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, UGent-VIB Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfant Malade, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France .,Université de Paris, Faculté de médecine, 75015 Paris, France
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23
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Hernández-Pérez S, Vainio M, Kuokkanen E, Šuštar V, Petrov P, Forstén S, Paavola V, Rajala J, Awoniyi LO, Sarapulov AV, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Bruckbauer A, Mattila PK. B cells rapidly target antigen and surface-derived MHCII into peripheral degradative compartments. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.235192. [PMID: 31780582 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to mount high-affinity antibody responses, B cells internalise specific antigens and process them into peptides loaded onto MHCII for presentation to T helper cells (TH cells). While the biochemical principles of antigen processing and MHCII loading have been well dissected, how the endosomal vesicle system is wired to enable these specific functions remains much less studied. Here, we performed a systematic microscopy-based analysis of antigen trafficking in B cells to reveal its route to the MHCII peptide-loading compartment (MIIC). Surprisingly, we detected fast targeting of internalised antigen into peripheral acidic compartments that possessed the hallmarks of the MIIC and also showed degradative capacity. In these vesicles, internalised antigen converged rapidly with membrane-derived MHCII and partially overlapped with cathepsin-S and H2-M, both required for peptide loading. These early compartments appeared heterogenous and atypical as they contained a mixture of both early and late endosomal markers, indicating a specialized endosomal route. Together, our data suggest that, in addition to in the previously reported perinuclear late endosomal MIICs, antigen processing and peptide loading could have already started in these specialized early peripheral acidic vesicles (eMIIC) to support fast peptide-MHCII presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Vainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Kuokkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vid Šuštar
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petar Petrov
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Forstén
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vilma Paavola
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Rajala
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Luqman O Awoniyi
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexey V Sarapulov
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy (FILM), National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland .,Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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24
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Galectin-8 Favors the Presentation of Surface-Tethered Antigens by Stabilizing the B Cell Immune Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3110-3122.e6. [PMID: 30540943 PMCID: PMC6302547 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete activation of B cells relies on their capacity to extract tethered antigens from immune synapses by either exerting mechanical forces or promoting their proteolytic degradation through lysosome secretion. Whether antigen extraction can also be tuned by local cues originating from the lymphoid microenvironment has not been investigated. We here show that the expression of Galectin-8-a glycan-binding protein found in the extracellular milieu, which regulates interactions between cells and matrix proteins-is increased within lymph nodes under inflammatory conditions where it enhances B cell arrest phases upon antigen recognition in vivo and promotes synapse formation during BCR recognition of immobilized antigens. Galectin-8 triggers a faster recruitment and secretion of lysosomes toward the B cell-antigen contact site, resulting in efficient extraction of immobilized antigens through a proteolytic mechanism. Thus, extracellular cues can determine how B cells sense and extract tethered antigens and thereby tune B cell responses in vivo.
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25
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Bennett NR, Jarvis CM, Alam MM, Zwick DB, Olson JM, Nguyen HVT, Johnson JA, Cook ME, Kiessling LL. Modular Polymer Antigens To Optimize Immunity. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4370-4379. [PMID: 31609600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines can have excellent safety profiles, but their ability to give rise to robust immune responses is often compromised. For glycan-based vaccines, insufficient understanding of B and T cell epitope combinations that yield optimal immune activation hinders optimization. To determine which antigen features promote desired IgG responses, we synthesized epitope-functionalized polymers using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and assessed the effect of B and T cell epitope loading. The most robust responses were induced by polymers with a high valency of B and T cell epitopes. Additionally, IgG responses were greater for polymers with T cell epitopes that are readily liberated upon endosomal processing. Combining these criteria, we used ROMP to generate a nontoxic, polymeric antigen that elicited stronger antibody responses than a comparable protein conjugate. These findings highlight principles for designing synthetic antigens that elicit strong IgG responses against inherently weak immune targets such as glycans.
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26
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Sáez JJ, Diaz J, Ibañez J, Bozo JP, Cabrera Reyes F, Alamo M, Gobert FX, Obino D, Bono MR, Lennon-Duménil AM, Yeaman C, Yuseff MI. The exocyst controls lysosome secretion and antigen extraction at the immune synapse of B cells. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2247-2264. [PMID: 31197029 PMCID: PMC6605794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BCR engagement enhances microtubule stability, which triggers the mobilization of Exo70 from the centrosome to the immune synapse. BCR engagement activates GEF-H1, which promotes exocyst assembly required for the docking and secretion of lysosomes, facilitating the extraction of surface-tethered antigens. B lymphocytes capture antigens from the surface of presenting cells by forming an immune synapse. Local secretion of lysosomes, which are guided to the synaptic membrane by centrosome repositioning, can facilitate the extraction of immobilized antigens. However, the molecular basis underlying their delivery to precise domains of the plasma membrane remains elusive. Here we show that microtubule stabilization, triggered by engagement of the B cell receptor, acts as a cue to release centrosome-associated Exo70, which is redistributed to the immune synapse. This process is coupled to the recruitment and activation of GEF-H1, which is required for assembly of the exocyst complex, used to promote tethering and fusion of lysosomes at the immune synapse. B cells silenced for GEF-H1 or Exo70 display defective lysosome secretion, which results in impaired antigen extraction and presentation. Thus, centrosome repositioning coupled to changes in microtubule stability orchestrates the spatial-temporal distribution of the exocyst complex to promote polarized lysosome secretion at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Sáez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ibañez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Bozo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Cabrera Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martina Alamo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - François-Xavier Gobert
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Dorian Obino
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana-María Lennon-Duménil
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Charles Yeaman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - María-Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lysosome motility and distribution: Relevance in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1076-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Ibañez-Vega J, Del Valle Batalla F, Saez JJ, Soza A, Yuseff MI. Proteasome Dependent Actin Remodeling Facilitates Antigen Extraction at the Immune Synapse of B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:225. [PMID: 30873155 PMCID: PMC6401660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the B cell receptor (BCR) with surface-tethered antigens leads to the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where cell signaling and antigen uptake are tightly coordinated. Centrosome re-orientation to the immune synapse has emerged as a critical regulatory step to guide the local recruitment and secretion of lysosomes, which can facilitate the extraction of immobilized antigens. This process is coupled to actin remodeling at the centrosome and at the immune synapse, which is crucial to promote cell polarity. How B cells balance both pools of actin cytoskeleton to achieve a polarized phenotype during the formation of an immune synapse is not fully understood. Here, we reveal that B cells rely on proteasome activity to achieve this task. The proteasome is a multi-catalytic protease that degrades cytosolic and nuclear proteins and its dysfunction is associated with diseases, such as cancer and autoimmunity. Our results show that resting B cells contain an active proteasome pool at the centrosome, which is required for efficient actin clearance at this level. As a result of proteasome inhibition, activated B cells do not deplete actin at the centrosome and are unable to separate the centrosome from the nucleus and thus display impaired polarity. Consequently, lysosome recruitment to the immune synapse, antigen extraction and presentation are severely compromised in B cells with diminished proteasome activity. Additionally, we found that proteasome inhibition leads to impaired actin remodeling at the immune synapse, where B cells display defective spreading responses and distribution of key signaling molecules at the synaptic membrane. Overall, our results reveal a new role for the proteasome in regulating the immune synapse of B cells, where the intracellular compartmentalization of proteasome activity controls cytoskeleton remodeling between the centrosome and synapse, with functional repercussions in antigen extraction and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Del Valle Batalla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan José Saez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Abstract
The ability of B lymphocytes to capture external antigens (Ag) and present them as peptide fragments, loaded on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, to CD4+ T cells is a crucial part of the adaptive immune response. This allows for T-B cooperation, a cellular communication that is required for B cells to develop into germinal centers (GC) and form mature high affinity antibody producing cells and to further develop B cell memory. MHC class II antigen presentation by B lymphocytes is a multistep process involving (1) Recognition and capture of external Ag by B lymphocytes through their B cell receptor (BCR), (2) Ag processing, which comprises the degradation of Ag in internal compartments within the B cell and loading of the corresponding peptide fragments on MHC class II molecules, and (3) Presentation of MHCII-peptide complexes to CD4+ T cells. Here, we describe how to study the biochemical and morphological changes that occur in B lymphocytes at these three major levels.
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30
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Barros FM, Carneiro F, Machado JC, Melo SA. Exosomes and Immune Response in Cancer: Friends or Foes? Front Immunol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29696022 PMCID: PMC5904196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle whose study has grown exponentially in recent years. This led to the understanding that these structures, far from being inert waste by-products of cellular functioning, are active players in intercellular communication mechanisms, including in the interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. The deep comprehension of the crosstalk between tumors and the immune systems of their hosts has gained more and more importance, as immunotherapeutic techniques have emerged as viable options for several types of cancer. In this review, we present a comprehensive, updated, and elucidative review of the current knowledge on the functions played by the exosomes in this crosstalk. The roles of these vesicles in tumor antigen presentation, immune activation, and immunosuppression are approached as the relevant interactions between exosomes and the complement system. The last section of this review is reserved for the exploration of the results from the first phase I to II clinical trials of exosomes-based cell-free cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose C Machado
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia A Melo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
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31
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Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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32
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Obino D, Diaz J, Sáez JJ, Ibañez-Vega J, Sáez PJ, Alamo M, Lankar D, Yuseff MI. Vamp-7-dependent secretion at the immune synapse regulates antigen extraction and presentation in B-lymphocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:890-897. [PMID: 28179460 PMCID: PMC5385938 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of surface-tethered antigens (Ags) by B-cells leads to the formation of an immune synapse that promotes Ag uptake for presentation onto MHC-II molecules. Extraction of immobilized Ags at the immune synapse of B-cells relies on the local secretion of lysosomes, which are recruited to the Ag contact site by polarization of their microtubule network. Although conserved polarity proteins have been implicated in coordinating cytoskeleton remodeling with lysosome trafficking, the cellular machinery associated with lysosomal vesicles that regulates their docking and secretion at the synaptic interface has not been defined. Here we show that the v-SNARE protein Vamp-7 is associated with Lamp-1+ lysosomal vesicles, which are recruited and docked at the center of the immune synapse of B-cells. A decrease in Vamp-7 expression does not alter lysosome transport to the synaptic interface but impairs their local secretion, a defect that compromises the ability of B-cells to extract, process, and present immobilized Ag. Thus our results reveal that B-cells rely on the SNARE protein Vamp-7 to promote the local exocytosis of lysosomes at the immune synapse, which is required for efficient Ag extraction and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Obino
- INSERM, U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Juan José Sáez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- INSERM, U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Alamo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Danielle Lankar
- INSERM, U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
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33
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Wang JC, Lee JYJ, Christian S, Dang-Lawson M, Pritchard C, Freeman SA, Gold MR. The Rap1-cofilin-1 pathway coordinates actin reorganization and MTOC polarization at the B cell immune synapse. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1094-1109. [PMID: 28167682 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells that bind antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) form an immune synapse, a polarized cellular structure that optimizes the dual functions of the B cell receptor (BCR), signal transduction and antigen internalization. Immune synapse formation involves polarization of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) towards the APC. We now show that BCR-induced MTOC polarization requires the Rap1 GTPase (which has two isoforms, Rap1a and Rap1b), an evolutionarily conserved regulator of cell polarity, as well as cofilin-1, an actin-severing protein that is regulated by Rap1. MTOC reorientation towards the antigen contact site correlated strongly with cofilin-1-dependent actin reorganization and cell spreading. We also show that BCR-induced MTOC polarization requires the dynein motor protein as well as IQGAP1, a scaffolding protein that can link the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. At the periphery of the immune synapse, IQGAP1 associates closely with F-actin structures and with the microtubule plus-end-binding protein CLIP-170 (also known as CLIP1). Moreover, the accumulation of IQGAP1 at the antigen contact site depends on F-actin reorganization that is controlled by Rap1 and cofilin-1. Thus the Rap1-cofilin-1 pathway coordinates actin and microtubule organization at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia C Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jeff Y-J Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Sonja Christian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Caitlin Pritchard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Yuseff MI, Lennon-Duménil AM. B Cells use Conserved Polarity Cues to Regulate Their Antigen Processing and Presentation Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:251. [PMID: 26074919 PMCID: PMC4445385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of B cells to produce high-affinity antibodies and to establish immunological memory in response to a wide range of pathogenic antigens is an essential part of the adaptive immune response. The initial step that triggers a humoral immune response involves the acquisition of antigens by B cells via their surface immunoglobulin, the B cell receptor (BCR). BCR-engaged antigens are transported into specialized lysosomal compartments where proteolysis and production of MHC class II-peptide complexes occur, a process referred to as antigen processing. Expression of MHC class II complexes at the B cell surface allows them to interact with T cells and to receive their help to become fully activated. In this review, we describe how B cells rely on conserved cell polarity mechanisms to coordinate local proteolytic secretion and mechanical forces at the B cell synapse enabling them to efficiently acquire and present extracellular antigens. We foresee that the mechanisms that dictate B cell activation can be used to tune B cell responses in the context of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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35
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The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:203-16. [PMID: 25720354 DOI: 10.1038/nri3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules (peptide-MHC class II) are constitutively expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages and thymic epithelial cells, and are presented to antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms of antigen uptake, the nature of the antigen processing compartments and the lifetime of cell surface peptide-MHC class II complexes can vary depending on the type of APC. It is likely that these differences are important for the function of each distinct APC subset in the generation of effective adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we describe our current knowledge of the mechanisms of uptake and processing of antigens, the intracellular formation of peptide-MHC class II complexes, the intracellular trafficking of peptide-MHC class II complexes to the APC plasma membrane and their ultimate degradation.
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36
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Reversat A, Yuseff MI, Lankar D, Malbec O, Obino D, Maurin M, Penmatcha NVG, Amoroso A, Sengmanivong L, Gundersen GG, Mellman I, Darchen F, Desnos C, Pierobon P, Lennon-Duménil AM. Polarity protein Par3 controls B-cell receptor dynamics and antigen extraction at the immune synapse. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1273-85. [PMID: 25631815 PMCID: PMC4454175 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) engagement with surface-tethered antigens leads to the formation of an immune synapse, which facilitates antigen uptake for presentation to T-lymphocytes. Antigen internalization and processing rely on the early dynein-dependent transport of BCR-antigen microclusters to the synapse center, as well as on the later polarization of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). MTOC repositioning allows the release of proteases and the delivery of MHC class II molecules at the synapse. Whether and how these events are coordinated have not been addressed. Here we show that the ancestral polarity protein Par3 promotes BCR-antigen microcluster gathering, as well as MTOC polarization and lysosome exocytosis, at the synapse by facilitating local dynein recruitment. Par3 is also required for antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes. Par3 therefore emerges as a key molecule in the coupling of the early and late events needed for efficient extraction and processing of immobilized antigen by B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Reversat
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Yuseff
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile
| | - Danielle Lankar
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Odile Malbec
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dorian Obino
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Alejandro Amoroso
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, 7510157 Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (PICT-IBiSA) and Nikon Imaging Centre, Institut Curie, UMR144, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - François Darchen
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR8250, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Claire Desnos
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR8250, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
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37
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B cell epitope spreading: mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:56-68. [PMID: 25445494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While a variety of factors act to trigger or initiate autoimmune diseases, the process of epitope spreading is an important contributor in their development. Epitope spreading is a diversification of the epitopes recognized by the immune system. This process happens to both T and B cells, with this review focusing on B cells. Such spreading can progress among multiple epitopes on a single antigen, or from one antigenic molecule to another. Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and other autoimmune diseases, are all influenced by intermolecular and intramolecular B cell epitope spreading. Endocytic processing, antigen presentation, and somatic hypermutation act as molecular mechanisms that assist in driving epitope spreading and broadening the immune response in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of B cell epitope spreading with regard to autoimmunity, how it contributes during the progression of various autoimmune diseases, and treatment options available.
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Hauser JT, Lindner R. Coalescence of B cell receptor and invariant chain MHC II in a raft-like membrane domain. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:843-55. [PMID: 25024398 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0713-353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCR binds antigen for processing and subsequent presentation on MHC II molecules. Polyvalent antigen induces BCR clustering and targeting to endocytic processing compartments, which are also accessed by Ii-MHC II. Here, we report that clustered BCR is able to team up with Ii-MHC II already at the plasma membrane of mouse B-lymphocytes. Colocalization of BCR and Ii-MHC II on the cell surface required clustering of both types of molecules. The clustering of only one type did not trigger the recruitment of the other. Ii-bound MIF (a ligand of Ii) also colocalized with clustered BCR upon oligomerization of MIF on the surface of the B cell. Abundant surface molecules, such as B220 or TfnR, did not cocluster with the BCR. Some membrane raft-associated molecules, such as peptide-loaded MHC II, coclustered with the BCR, whereas others, such as GM1, did not. The formation of a BCR- and Ii-MHC II-containing membrane domain by antibody-mediated clustering was independent of F-actin and led to the coendocytosis of its constituents. With a rapid Brij 98 extraction method, it was possible to capture this membrane domain biochemically as a DRM. Ii and clustered BCR were present on the same DRM, as shown by immunoisolation. The coalescence of BCR and Ii-MHC II increased tyrosine phosphorylation, indicative of enhanced BCR signaling. Our work suggests a novel role for MIF and Ii-MHC II in BCR-mediated antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Hauser
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Lindner
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
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Veselits M, Tanaka A, Lipkowitz S, O'Neill S, Sciammas R, Finnegan A, Zhang J, Clark MR. Recruitment of Cbl-b to B cell antigen receptor couples antigen recognition to Toll-like receptor 9 activation in late endosomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89792. [PMID: 24651487 PMCID: PMC3961229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that modulates signaling by tagging molecules for degradation. It is a complex protein with multiple domains and binding partners that are not involved in ubiquitinating substrates. Herein, we demonstrate that Cbl-b, but not c-Cbl, is recruited to the clustered B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and that Cbl-b is required for entry of endocytosed BCRs into late endosomes. The E3 activity of Cbl-b is not necessary for BCR endocytic trafficking. Rather, the ubiquitin associated (UBA) domain is required. Furthermore, the Cbl-b UBA domain is sufficient to confer the receptor trafficking functions of Cbl-b on c-Cbl. Cbl-b is also required for entry of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) into late endosomes and for the in vitro activation of TLR9 by BCR-captured ligands. These data indicate that Cbl-b acts as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the delivery of the BCR and TLR9 into subcellular compartments required for productively delivering BCR-captured ligands to TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Veselits
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Azusa Tanaka
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shannon O'Neill
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alison Finnegan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhang
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Avalos AM, Ploegh HL. Early BCR Events and Antigen Capture, Processing, and Loading on MHC Class II on B Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:92. [PMID: 24653721 PMCID: PMC3948085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs), relying on antigen uptake through the B cell receptor (BCR). The mechanism of antigen recognition remains a topic of debate; while the prevalent view holds that antigens need to be multivalent for BCR activation, monovalent antigens can also initiate B cell responses. In this review, we describe the steps required for antigen uptake, processing, and loading of peptides onto MHC Class II compartments in B cells for efficient presentation to CD4 T cells, with a special focus in the initial steps of BCR recognition of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Avalos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, MA , USA
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41
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Yuseff MI, Pierobon P, Reversat A, Lennon-Duménil AM. How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cell polarity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:475-86. [PMID: 23797063 DOI: 10.1038/nri3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cells are key components of the adaptive immune response. Their differentiation into either specific memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells is a consequence of activation steps that involve the processing and presentation of antigens. The engagement of B cell receptors by surface-tethered antigens leads to the formation of an immunological synapse that coordinates cell signalling events and that promotes antigen uptake for presentation on MHC class II molecules. In this Review, we discuss membrane trafficking and the associated molecular mechanisms that are involved in antigen extraction and processing at the B cell synapse, and we highlight how B cells use cell polarity to coordinate the complex events that ultimately lead to efficient humoral responses.
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42
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Yuseff MI, Lennon-Dumenil AM. Studying MHC class II presentation of immobilized antigen by B lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 960:529-543. [PMID: 23329512 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability of B lymphocytes to capture external antigens (Ag) and present them as peptide fragments, loaded on Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, to CD4(+) T cells is a crucial part of the adaptive immune response. This allows T-B cooperation, a cellular communication that is required for B cells to develop into germinal centers (GC) and form mature high-affinity antibody producing cells and to further develop B cell memory. MHC class II antigen presentation by B lymphocytes is a multistep process involving (1) Recognition and capture of external Ag by B lymphocytes through their B cell receptor (BCR); (2) Ag processing, which comprises the degradation of Ag in internal compartments within the B cell and loading of the corresponding peptide fragments on MHC class II molecules and (3) Presentation of MHC II-peptide complexes to CD4(+) T cells. Here, we describe how to study MHC class II antigen presentation by B lymphocytes at these three major levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Yuseff
- Institut Curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
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43
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Immunogenicity to biologics: mechanisms, prediction and reduction. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:331-44. [PMID: 22930363 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a significant rise in the development and clinical use of a unique class of pharmaceuticals termed as Biopharmaceuticals or Biologics, in the management of a range of disease conditions with, remarkable therapeutic benefits. However, there is an equally growing concern regarding development of adverse effects like immunogenicity in the form of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) production and hypersensitivity. Immunogenicity to biologics represents a significant hurdle in the continuing therapy of patients in a number of disease settings. Efforts focussed on the identification of factors that contribute towards the onset of immunogenic response to biologics have led to reductions in the incidence of immunogenicity. An in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism underpinning immunogenic responses will likely improve the safety profile of biologics. This review addresses the mechanistic basis of ADA generation to biologics, with emphasis on the role of antigen processing and presentation in this process. The article also addresses the potential contribution of complement system in augmenting or modulating this response. Identifying specific factors that influences processing and presentation of biologic-derived antigens in different genotype and disease background may offer additional options for intervention in the immunogenic process and consequently, the management of immunogenicity to biologics.
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Katkere B, Rosa S, Drake JR. The Syk-binding ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl mediates signaling-dependent B cell receptor ubiquitination and B cell receptor-mediated antigen processing and presentation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16636-44. [PMID: 22451666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.357640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen (Ag) processing and presentation lead to B cell-T cell interactions, which support affinity maturation and immunoglobulin class switching. These interactions are supported by generation of peptide-MHC class II complexes in multivesicular body-like MIIC compartments of B cells. Previous studies have shown that trafficking of Ag·BCR complexes to MVB-like MIIC occurs via an ubiquitin-dependent pathway and that ubiquitination of Ag·BCR complexes occurs by an Src family kinase signaling-dependent mechanism that is restricted to lipid raft-resident Ag·BCR complexes. This study establishes that downstream Syk-dependent BCR signaling is also required for BCR ubiquitination and BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Knockdown studies reveal that of the two known Syk-binding E3 ubiquitin ligases c-Cbl and Cbl-b, only c-Cbl appears to have a central role in BCR ubiquitination, trafficking to MIIC, and ubiquitin-dependent BCR-mediated antigen processing and presentation. These results establish the novel role for Syk signaling and the Syk-binding ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl in the BCR-mediated processing and presentation of cognate antigen and define one mechanism by which antigen-induced BCR ubiquitination is modulated to impact the initiation and maturation of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvana Katkere
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Chatterjee P, Tiwari RK, Rath S, Bal V, George A. Modulation of Antigen Presentation and B Cell Receptor Signaling in B Cells of Beige Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2695-702. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Freeman SA, Lei V, Dang-Lawson M, Mizuno K, Roskelley CD, Gold MR. Cofilin-Mediated F-Actin Severing Is Regulated by the Rap GTPase and Controls the Cytoskeletal Dynamics That Drive Lymphocyte Spreading and BCR Microcluster Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5887-900. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Polarized Secretion of Lysosomes at the B Cell Synapse Couples Antigen Extraction to Processing and Presentation. Immunity 2011; 35:361-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Harwood NE, Batista FD. The cytoskeleton coordinates the early events of B-cell activation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a002360. [PMID: 21047917 PMCID: PMC3039531 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
B cells contribute to protective adaptive immune responses through generation of antibodies and long-lived memory cells, following engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR) with specific antigen. Recent imaging investigations have offered novel insights into the ensuing molecular and cellular events underlying B-cell activation. Following engagement with antigen, BCR microclusters form and act as sites of active signaling through the recruitment of intracellular signaling molecules and adaptors. Signaling through these "microsignalosomes" is propagated and enhanced through B-cell spreading in a CD19-dependent manner. Subsequently, the mature immunological synapse is formed, and functions as a platform for antigen internalization, enabling the antigen presentation to helper T cells required for maximal B-cell activation. In this review, we discuss the emerging and critical role for the cytoskeleton in the coordination and regulation of these molecular events during B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Harwood
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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49
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Clark MR, Tanaka A, Powers SE, Veselits M. Receptors, subcellular compartments and the regulation of peripheral B cell responses: the illuminating state of anergy. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:1281-6. [PMID: 21144589 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signals through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are necessary but not sufficient for cellular activation. Co-stimulatory signals must be provided through other immune recognition receptor systems, such as MHC class II/CD40 and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 that can only productively acquire their ligands in the processive environment of specialized late endosomes (MHC class II containing compartment or MIIC). It has long been appreciated that the BCR, by effectively capturing complex antigens and delivering them to late endosomes, is the link between activation events on the cell surface and those dependent on late endosomes. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the BCR also directs the translocation of MHC class II and TLR9 into the MIIC and that the endocytic flow of these receptors coincides with that of the BCR. This likely ensures close apposition of receptor complexes within the MIIC and the efficient transfer of ligands from the BCR to MHC class II and TLR9. This complex orchestration of receptor endocytic movement is dependent upon the quality of signals elicited through the BCR. Failure to activate specific signaling pathways, such as occurs in anergic B cells, prevents the entry of the BCR and TLR9 into the MIIC and abrogates TLR9 activation. Like anergy, this block in endocytic trafficking is rapidly reversible. These findings indicate that cellular responsiveness can be determined by mechanisms that control the subcellular location of important immune recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Clark
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunological Research, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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50
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Landsverk OJB, Bakke O, Gregers TF. MHC II and the endocytic pathway: regulation by invariant chain. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:184-93. [PMID: 19703008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules perform vital functions in innate and adaptive immune responses towards invading pathogens. MHC class I molecules load peptides in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and display them to the T cell receptors (TcR) on CD8(+) T lymphocytes. MHC class II molecules (MHC II) acquire their peptides in endosomes and present these to the TcR on CD4+ T lymphocytes. They are vital for the generation of humoral immune responses. MHC II assembly in the ER and trafficking to endosomes is guided by a specialized MHC II chaperone termed the invariant chain (Ii). Ii self-associates into a trimer in the ER, this provides a scaffold for the assembly of three MHC II heterodimers and blocks their peptide binding grooves, thereby avoiding premature peptide binding. Ii then transports the nascent MHC II to more or less specialized compartment where they can load peptides derived from internalized pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J B Landsverk
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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