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Oleszycka E, Rodgers AM, Xu L, Moynagh PN. Dendritic Cell-Specific Role for Pellino2 as a Mediator of TLR9 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2325-2336. [PMID: 34588221 PMCID: PMC8525870 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates immune signaling, and multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases have been studied in the context of their role in immunity. Despite this progress, the physiological roles of the Pellino E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially Pellino2, in immune regulation remain largely unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to elucidate the role of Pellino2 in murine dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we reveal a critical role of Pellino2 in regulation of the proinflammatory response following TLR9 stimulation. Pellino2-deficient murine DCs show impaired secretion of IL-6 and IL-12. Loss of Pellino2 does not affect TLR9-induced activation of NF-κB or MAPKs, pathways that drive expression of IL-6 and IL-12. Furthermore, DCs from Pellino2-deficient mice show impaired production of type I IFN following endosomal TLR9 activation, and it partly mediates a feed-forward loop of IFN-β that promotes IL-12 production in DCs. We also observe that Pellino2 in murine DCs is downregulated following TLR9 stimulation, and its overexpression induces upregulation of both IFN-β and IL-12, demonstrating the sufficiency of Pellino2 in driving these responses. This suggests that Pellino2 is critical for executing TLR9 signaling, with its expression being tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammatory response. Overall, this study highlights a (to our knowledge) novel role for Pellino2 in regulating DC functions and further supports important roles for Pellino proteins in mediating and controlling immunity. Pellino2 mediates TLR9-induced cytokine production in dendritic cells. Pellino2 does not play a role in TLR9 signaling in macrophages. Pellino2 is a limiting factor for TLR9 signaling in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oleszycka
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Aoife M Rodgers
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Linan Xu
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and .,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kim H, Zhang W, Hwang J, An EK, Choi YK, Moon E, Loznik M, Huh YH, Herrmann A, Kwak M, Jin JO. Carrier-free micellar CpG interacting with cell membrane for enhanced immunological treatment of HIV-1. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121081. [PMID: 34481291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs activate toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), leading to sequence- and species-specific immune stimulation. Here, we engineered a CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) with multiple hydrophobic moieties, so-called lipid-modified uracil, which resulted in a facile micelle formation of the stimulant. The self-assembled CpG nanostructure (U4CpG) containing the ODN 2216 sequence was characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic methods together with molecular dynamics simulations. Next, we evaluated the nano-immunostimulant for enhancement of anti-HIV immunity. U4CpG treatment induced activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and natural killer (NK) cells in healthy human peripheral blood, which produced type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-γ in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, we validated the activation and promotion efficacy of U4CpG in patient-derived blood cells, and HIV-1 spread was significantly suppressed by a low dosage of the immunostimulant. Furthermore, U4CpG-treated PBMC cultured medium elicited transcription of latent HIV-1 in U1 cells indicating that U4CpG reversed HIV-1 latency. Thus, the functions of U4CpG in eradicating HIV-1 by enhancing immunity and reversing latency make the material a potential candidate for clinical studies dealing with viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejoo Kim
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Department of Chemistry and Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Moon
- Center for Electron Microscopy Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Center for Electron Microscopy Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry and Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Singh VK, Seed TM. Repurposing Pharmaceuticals Previously Approved by Regulatory Agencies to Medically Counter Injuries Arising Either Early or Late Following Radiation Exposure. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624844. [PMID: 34040517 PMCID: PMC8141805 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing risks of radiological or nuclear attacks or associated accidents have served to renew interest in developing radiation medical countermeasures. The development of prospective countermeasures and the subsequent gain of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval are invariably time consuming and expensive processes, especially in terms of generating essential human data. Due to the limited resources for drug development and the need for expedited drug approval, drug developers have turned, in part, to the strategy of repurposing agents for which safety and clinical data are already available. Approval of drugs that are already in clinical use for one indication and are being repurposed for another indication is inherently faster and more cost effective than for new agents that lack regulatory approval of any sort. There are four known growth factors which have been repurposed in the recent past as radiomitigators following the FDA Animal Rule: Neupogen, Neulasta, Leukine, and Nplate. These four drugs were in clinic for several decades for other indications and were repurposed. A large number of additional agents approved by various regulatory authorities for given indications are currently under investigation for dual use for acute radiation syndrome or for delayed pathological effects of acute radiation exposure. The process of drug repurposing, however, is not without its own set of challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K. Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides Alleviate Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Macrophage Apoptosis by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Suppressing ROS Production. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1714352. [PMID: 32454932 PMCID: PMC7232733 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1714352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are related to disease pathogenesis. Oligodeoxynucleotide containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) demonstrate possibilities for immunotherapy applications. The aim of the present work is to explore the underlying mechanism of the cytoprotective function of CpG ODN by employing the oxidative stress modulation in immune cells. We used the imaging flow cytometry to demonstrate that tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and ROS production in RAW264.7 cells. After pretreatment with CpG ODN, the percentage of apoptotic cells and ROS production was both markedly reduced. The decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) induced by t-BHP was partially reversed by CpG ODN. The t-BHP induced upregulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, cleaved-PARP, and bax) was notably decreased in the presence of CpG ODN. Furthermore, we found that CpG ODN enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt to inhibit ROS production. In conclusion, the protective effect of CpG ODN in mitigation of t-BHP-induced apoptosis is dependent on the reduction of ROS.
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Vitkov L, Hannig M, Minnich B, Herrmann M. Periodontal sources of citrullinated antigens and TLR agonists related to RA. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:304-309. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1527907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Xu X, Wang G, Ai L, Shi J, Zhang J, Chen YX. Melatonin suppresses TLR9-triggered proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages by inhibiting ERK1/2 and AKT activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15579. [PMID: 30349079 PMCID: PMC6197220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays major roles in innate immune response in macrophages. Melatonin regulates TLR3- and TLR4-mediated innate immune responses in macrophages. However, it remains unknown whether melatonin regulates TLR9-mediated innate immune responses in macrophages. Here we demonstrated that melatonin suppressed TLR9 ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokines mRNA and protein production in peritoneal macrophages without interrupting the viability of peritoneal macrophages. Using a melatonin membrane receptors MT1/MT2 antagonist luzindole, we found that MT1 and MT2 were dispensable for melatonin’s inhibitory effects on TLR9-mediated proinflammatory cytokines production, even though melatonin upregulated mRNA expression of MT1 and MT2 in macrophages. Furthermore, melatonin did not affect mRNA expressions of TLR9 and MyD88 but attenuated TLR9 ligand-induced ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation without affecting p38 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Also, melatonin inhibited TLR9-mediated proinflammatory cytokines production in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate that melatonin suppresses TLR9-triggered proinflammatory cytokines production in macrophages via melatonin membrane receptor-independent manners and probably through inhibiting ERK1/2 and AKT activation, which further elucidates the roles of melatonin in regulating TLR-mediated innate immune responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Junkang Hospital, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Lingling Ai
- Department of Otolaryngology, No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Jianhui Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yu-Xia Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Lymphocytes eject interferogenic mitochondrial DNA webs in response to CpG and non-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides of class C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E478-E487. [PMID: 29295921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711950115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is receiving increasing attention as a danger-associated molecular pattern in conditions such as autoimmunity, cancer, and trauma. We report here that human lymphocytes [B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells], monocytes, and neutrophils derived from healthy blood donors, as well as B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, rapidly eject mtDNA as web filament structures upon recognition of CpG and non-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides of class C. The release was quenched by ZnCl2, independent of cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy), and continued in the presence of TLR9 signaling inhibitors. B-cell mtDNA webs were distinct from neutrophil extracellular traps concerning structure, reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependence, and were devoid of antibacterial proteins. mtDNA webs acted as rapid (within minutes) messengers, priming antiviral type I IFN production. In summary, our findings point at a previously unrecognized role for lymphocytes in antimicrobial defense, utilizing mtDNA webs as signals in synergy with cytokines and natural antibodies, and cast light on the interplay between mitochondria and the immune system.
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9
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Quek H, Lim YC, Lavin MF, Roberts TL. PIKKing a way to regulate inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:8-20. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Quek
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Qld Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Qld Australia
| | - Tara L Roberts
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; Herston Qld Australia
- The Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine; Western Sydney University; Liverpool New South Wales Australia
- South West Sydney Clinical School; Sydney UNSW Australia
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Mohamed W, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Mannala G, Lips KS, Heiss C, Schnettler R, Alt V. TLR9 mediates S. aureus killing inside osteoblasts via induction of oxidative stress. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:230. [PMID: 27716055 PMCID: PMC5048406 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the principle causative pathogen of osteomyelitis and implant-associated bone infections. It is able to invade and to proliferate inside osteoblasts thus avoiding antibiotic therapy and the host immune system. Therefore, development of alternative approaches to stimulate host innate immune responses could be beneficial in prophylaxis against S. aureus infection. TLR9 is the intracellular receptor which recognizes unmethylated bacterial CpG-DNA and activates immune cells. Synthetic CpG-motifs containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODNs) mimics the stimulatory effect of bacterial DNA. Results Osteoblast-like SAOS-2 cells were pretreated with CpG-ODN type-A 2216, type-B 2006, or negative CpG-ODN 2243 (negative control) 4 h before infection with S. aureus isolate EDCC 5055 (=DSM 28763). Intracellular bacteria were streaked on BHI plates 4 h and 20 h after infection. ODN2216 as well as ODN2006 but not ODN2243 were able to significantly inhibit the intracellular bacterial growth because about 31 % as well as 43 % of intracellular S. aureus could survive the pretreatment of SAOS-2 cells with ODN2216 or ODN2006 respectively 4 h and 20 h post-infection. RT-PCR analysis of cDNAs from SAOS-2 cells showed that pretreatment with ODN2216 or ODN2006 stimulated the expression of TLR9. Pretreatment of SAOS-2 cells with ODN2216 or ODN2006 but not ODN2243 managed to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production inside osteoblasts as measured by flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, treating SAOS-2 cells with the antioxidant Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) obviously reduced S. aureus killing ability of TLR9 agonists mediated by oxidative stress. Conclusions In this work we demonstrated for the first time that CPG-ODNs have inhibitory effects on S. aureus survival inside SAOS-2 osteoblast-like cell line. This effect was attributed to stimulation of TLR9 and subsequent induction of oxidative stress. Pretreatment of infected SAOS-2 cells with ROS inhibitors resulted in the abolishment of the CPG-ODNs killing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Mohamed
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Eugen Domann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gopala Mannala
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
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Mahajan S, Saini A, Chandra V, Nanduri R, Kalra R, Bhagyaraj E, Khatri N, Gupta P. Nuclear Receptor Nr4a2 Promotes Alternative Polarization of Macrophages and Confers Protection in Sepsis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18304-14. [PMID: 25953901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a2 is known to modulate both inflammatory and metabolic processes, but the mechanism by which it regulates innate inflammatory homeostasis has not been adequately addressed. This study shows that exposure to ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) robustly induces Nr4a2 and that this induction is tightly regulated by the PI3K-Akt signaling axis. Interestingly, exogenous expression of Nr4a2 in macrophages leads to their alternative phenotype with induction of genes that are prototypical M2 markers. Moreover, Nr4a2 transcriptionally activates arginase 1 expression by directly binding to its promoter. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that increased survival of animals in endotoxin-induced sepsis is Nr4a2-dependent. Thus our data identify a previously unknown role for Nr4a2 in the regulation of macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Mahajan
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ankita Saini
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Vemika Chandra
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Rashi Kalra
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Neeraj Khatri
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- From the Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Dendritic cells induce Th2-mediated airway inflammatory responses to house dust mite via DNA-dependent protein kinase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6224. [PMID: 25692509 PMCID: PMC4333735 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) mediates double-stranded DNA break repair, V(D)J recombination and immunoglobulin class switch recombination, as well as innate immune and pro-inflammatory responses. However, there is limited information regarding the role of DNA-PK in adaptive immunity mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), which are the primary antigen-presenting cells in allergic asthma. Here we show that house dust mite induces DNA-PK phosphorylation, which is a marker of DNA-PK activation, in DCs via the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. We also demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK, as well as the specific deletion of DNA-PK in DCs, attenuates the induction of allergic sensitization and Th2 immunity via a mechanism that involves the impaired presentation of mite antigens. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK following antigen priming similarly reduces the manifestations of mite-induced airway disease. Collectively, these findings suggest that DNA-PK may be a potential target for treatment of allergic asthma.
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Hsu K, Chung YM, Endoh Y, Geczy CL. TLR9 ligands induce S100A8 in macrophages via a STAT3-dependent pathway which requires IL-10 and PGE2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103629. [PMID: 25098409 PMCID: PMC4123874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are highly-expressed calcium-binding proteins in neutrophils and monocytes, and in subsets of macrophages in inflammatory lesions. Unmethylated CpG motifs found in bacterial and viral DNA are potent activators of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). S100A8, but not S100A9, mRNA and protein was directly induced by CpG-DNA in murine and human macrophages. Induction in murine macrophages peaked at 16 h. CpG-DNA-induced S100A8 required de novo protein synthesis; IL-10 and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synergistically enhanced expression and promoted earlier gene induction. Inhibitors of endogenous IL-10, PGE2, and the E prostanoid (EP) 4 receptor strongly suppressed S100A8 expression, particularly when combined. Thus, S100A8 induction by E. coli DNA required both IL-10 and PGE2/EP4 signaling. The MAPKs, PI3K and JAK pathways were essential, whereas ERK1/2 appeared to play a direct role. S100A8 induction by CpG-DNA was controlled at the transcriptional level. The promoter region responsible for activation, either directly, or indirectly via IL-10 and PGE2, was located within a -178 to -34-bp region and required STAT3 binding. Because of the robust links connecting IL-10 and PGE2 with an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, the induction profile of S100A8 strongly indicates a role for this protein in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuen Ming Chung
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasumi Endoh
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cai X, Xu Y, Kim YM, Loureiro J, Huang Q. PIKfyve, a Class III Lipid Kinase, Is Required for TLR-Induced Type I IFN Production via Modulation of ATF3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3383-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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PIKfyve regulates the endosomal localization of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to elicit TLR9-dependent cellular responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73894. [PMID: 24040108 PMCID: PMC3767827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR9 is a receptor for oligodeoxynucleotides that contain unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG). Because TLR9 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum during the quiescence state, CpG binding to TLR9 requires membrane trafficking, which includes the maturation of the CpG-containing endosome. In the present study, we examined the role of PIKfyve, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, in the regulation of TLR9 signaling. The PIKfyve inhibitor YM201636 inhibited co-localization of the CpG-containing endosome with LysoTracker, which stains acidic organelle, and with TLR9. YM201636 increased the co-localization of CpG with the early endosome marker EEA1 but decreased co-localization with the late endosome marker LAMP1. Similar results were obtained in Raw264.7 cells containing shRNA that targets PIKfyve. CpG-mediated phosphorylation but not lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated phosphorylation of IKK, p38 MAPK, JNK and Stat3 was severely impaired by the loss of PIKfyve function. CpG-mediated expression of cytokine mRNA was also decreased in the absence of PIKfyve. These findings demonstrate a novel role of PIKfyve in TLR9 signaling.
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16
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Involvement of DNA-PKcs in the IL-6 and IL-12 response to CpG-ODN is mediated by its interaction with TRAF6 in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58072. [PMID: 23533581 PMCID: PMC3606245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-ODN stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to produce cytokines, which are important for pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and vaccine strategy for cancer. CpG-ODN activates the TLR9/MyD88/TRAF6 cascade leading to activation of IKK-NF-κB and JNK, which are critical for production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, whether other molecules are involved in activation of CpG-ODN signaling is still not clear. Here we report that the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is involved in this activation process. DNA-PKcs-deficient DCs exhibited a defect in the IL-6 and IL-12 response to CpG-ODN in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Loss of DNA-PKcs impaired phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, NF-κB and JNK in response to CpG-ODN. Interestingly, CpG-ODN was able to bind DNA-PKcs and induce its association and co-localization with TRAF6 in the absence of TLR9. Our data suggest that DNA-PKcs is a player in CpG-ODN signaling and may explain why DNA-PKcs is implicated in the pathogenic process of autoimmune disease.
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PI3K-PKB hyperactivation augments human plasmacytoid dendritic cell development and function. Blood 2012; 120:4982-91. [PMID: 23091295 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-413229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are considered potential tools or targets for immunotherapy. However, current knowledge concerning methodologies to manipulate their development or function remains limited. Here, we investigated the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis in human pDC development, survival, and function. In vitro pDC generation from human cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors was reduced by pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K, PKB, or mTOR activity, and peripheral blood pDCs required PI3K-PKB-mTOR signaling to survive. Accordingly, activity of this pathway in circulating pDCs correlated with their abundance in peripheral blood. Importantly, introduction of constitutively active PKB or pharmacologic inhibition of negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) resulted in increased pDC numbers in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, MHC class II and costimulatory molecule expression, and production of IFN-α and TNF-α, were augmented, which could be explained by enhanced IRF7 and NF-κB activation. Finally, the numerically and functionally impaired pDCs of chronic hepatitis B patients demonstrated reduced PI3K-PKB-mTOR activity. In conclusion, intact PI3K-PKB-mTOR signaling regulates development, survival, and function of human pDCs, and pDC development and functionality can be promoted by PI3K-PKB hyperactivation. Manipulation of this pathway or its downstream targets could be used to improve the generation and function of pDCs to augment immunity.
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Panigrahi S, Ma Y, Hong L, Gao D, West XZ, Salomon RG, Byzova TV, Podrez EA. Engagement of platelet toll-like receptor 9 by novel endogenous ligands promotes platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis. Circ Res 2012; 112:103-12. [PMID: 23071157 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A prothrombotic state and increased platelet reactivity are common in pathophysiological conditions associated with oxidative stress and infections. Such conditions are associated with an appearance of altered-self ligands in circulation that can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Platelets express a number of TLRs, including TLR9; however, the role of TLR in platelet function and thrombosis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the biological activities of carboxy(alkylpyrrole) protein adducts, an altered-self ligand generated in oxidative stress, on platelet function and thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study we show that carboxy(alkylpyrrole) protein adducts represent novel unconventional ligands for TLR9. Furthermore, using human and murine platelets, we demonstrate that carboxy(alkylpyrrole) protein adducts promote platelet activation, granule secretion, and aggregation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo via the TLR9/MyD88 pathway. Platelet activation by TLR9 ligands induces IRAK1 and AKT phosphorylation, and it is Src kinase-dependent. Physiological platelet agonists act synergistically with TLR9 ligands by inducing TLR9 expression on the platelet surface. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that platelet TLR9 is a functional platelet receptor that links oxidative stress, innate immunity, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Panigrahi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, NB-5, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Song C, Zhang Q, Liu X, Shan Y. IL-12 and IL-10 production are differentially regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in mast cells. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:266-72. [PMID: 22023709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that directly regulate the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in mast cells are currently unresolved. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in the production of IL-12 and IL-10 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), stimulated with Escherichia coli-derived LPS. LPS activates the PI3K signalling pathway; analysis of cytokine production following LPS stimulation of BMMCs revealed that inhibition of the PI3K pathway differentially regulated IL-10 and IL-12 syntheses. IL-12 production was enhanced, whereas IL-10 levels were suppressed. Inhibition of LPS-mediated activation of the PI3K pathway resulted in a pronounced reduction of NF-κB activity that was dependent on IκBα phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate a regulatory function for PI3K in modulating IL-10 and IL-12 production in mast cells and provide insight into how engagement of the PI3K pathway affects the induction of key immunoregulatory cytokines that control both qualitative and quantitative aspects of early inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Song
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Yao SY, Natarajan C, Sriram S. nNOS mediated mitochondrial injury in LPS stimulated oligodendrocytes. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Charlaftis N, Fearon DT, Schoenemeyer A, Morley PJ. siRNA high-throughput kinase library screen identifies protein kinase, DNA-activated catalytic polypeptide to play a role in MyD88-induced IFNA2 activation and IL-8 secretion. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:6-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Ngkelo A, Meja K, Yeadon M, Adcock I, Kirkham PA. LPS induced inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is mediated through NOX4 and Giα dependent PI-3kinase signalling. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:1. [PMID: 22239975 PMCID: PMC3293082 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a disease of innate immunity and bacterial infections are a dominant cause of exacerbations in the later stages resulting in poor health and high mortality. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is sensed by immune cells through activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This leads to the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and NF-κB which together drive COPD inflammation. In this study we show in human PBMCs that LPS stimulated proinflammatory cytokine release (CXCL8 and IL6) was inhibited by approximately 50% by the broad specificity phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin. Our results also demonstrate that activation of PI3K following LPS stimulation is mediated by a NOX4 dependent mechanism releasing endogenous H2O2, as the NOX4 inhibitor apocynin blocked LPS induced AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, LPS-induced PI3K activation was inhibited by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine in a concentration dependent manner (IC50 ~100 μM). In addition, our data demonstrated that inhibition of small G proteins, by pre-treatment with pertussis toxin, inhibited LPS-induced AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, the G-protein inhibitors pertussis toxin and mastoparan both inhibited LPS-induced CXCL8 and IL-6 release by approximately 50%. Together, these data indicate there is a mechanism in human PBMCs where TLR4 activation by LPS leads to ROS generation through NOX4 and activation of the PI3K pathway. This effect is apparently mediated through small G proteins facilitating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anta Ngkelo
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Koremu Meja
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mike Yeadon
- Allergy and Respiratory, Pfizer, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Ian Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A Kirkham
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinaseγ controls the intracellular localization of CpG to limit DNA-PKcs-dependent IL-10 production in macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26836. [PMID: 22053215 PMCID: PMC3203906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG) stimulate innate immune responses. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in CpG-induced immune activation; however, its precise role has not yet been clarified. CpG-induced production of IL-10 was dramatically increased in macrophages deficient in PI3Kγ (p110γ(-/-)). By contrast, LPS-induced production of IL-10 was unchanged in the cells. CpG-induced, but not LPS-induced, IL-10 production was almost completely abolished in SCID mice having mutations in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). Furthermore, wortmannin, an inhibitor of DNA-PKcs, completely inhibited CpG-induced IL-10 production, both in wild type and p110γ(-/-) cells. Microscopic analyses revealed that CpG preferentially localized with DNA-PKcs in p110γ(-/-) cells than in wild type cells. In addition, CpG was preferentially co-localized with the acidic lysosomal marker, LysoTracker, in p110γ(-/-) cells, and with an early endosome marker, EEA1, in wild type cells. Over-expression of p110γ in Cos7 cells resulted in decreased acidification of CpG containing endosome. A similar effect was reproduced using kinase-dead mutants, but not with a ras-binding site mutant, of p110γ. Thus, it is likely that p110γ, in a manner independent of its kinase activity, inhibits the acidification of CpG-containing endosomes. It is considered that increased acidification of CpG-containing endosomes in p110γ(-/-) cells enforces endosomal escape of CpG, which results in increased association of CpG with DNA-PKcs to up-regulate IL-10 production in macrophages.
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Gambuzza M, Licata N, Palella E, Celi D, Foti Cuzzola V, Italiano D, Marino S, Bramanti P. Targeting Toll-like receptors: Emerging therapeutics for multiple sclerosis management. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 239:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Sommariva M, De Cecco L, De Cesare M, Sfondrini L, Ménard S, Melani C, Delia D, Zaffaroni N, Pratesi G, Uva V, Tagliabue E, Balsari A. TLR9 agonists oppositely modulate DNA repair genes in tumor versus immune cells and enhance chemotherapy effects. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6382-90. [PMID: 21878529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides expressing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist that can enhance the antitumor activity of DNA-damaging chemotherapy and radiation therapy in preclinical mouse models. We hypothesized that the success of these combinations is related to the ability of CpG-ODN to modulate genes involved in DNA repair. We conducted an in silico analysis of genes implicated in DNA repair in data sets obtained from murine colon carcinoma cells in mice injected intratumorally with CpG-ODN and from splenocytes in mice treated intraperitoneally with CpG-ODN. CpG-ODN treatment caused downregulation of DNA repair genes in tumors. Microarray analyses of human IGROV-1 ovarian carcinoma xenografts in mice treated intraperitoneally with CpG-ODN confirmed in silico findings. When combined with the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin, CpG-ODN significantly increased the life span of mice compared with individual treatments. In contrast, CpG-ODN led to an upregulation of genes involved in DNA repair in immune cells. Cisplatin-treated patients with ovarian carcinoma as well as anthracycline-treated patients with breast cancer who are classified as "CpG-like" for the level of expression of CpG-ODN modulated DNA repair genes have a better outcome than patients classified as "CpG-untreated-like," indicating the relevance of these genes in the tumor cell response to DNA-damaging drugs. Taken together, the findings provide evidence that the tumor microenvironment can sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging chemotherapy, thereby expanding the benefits of CpG-ODN therapy beyond induction of a strong immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Sommariva
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Città Studi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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26
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Steinhagen F, Kinjo T, Bode C, Klinman DM. TLR-based immune adjuvants. Vaccine 2011; 29:3341-55. [PMID: 20713100 PMCID: PMC3000864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various ligands capable of triggering individual TLRs, and then focuses on the efficacy and safety of those agents for which clinical results are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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27
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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28
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Yu HR, Huang HC, Kuo HC, Sheen JM, Ou CY, Hsu TY, Yang KD. IFN-α production by human mononuclear cells infected with varicella-zoster virus through TLR9-dependent and -independent pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:181-8. [PMID: 21317915 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the defense mechanisms of the host of an organism is important for infection control. In previous studies, we demonstrated that interferon-α (IFN-α), but not IL-12, was produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Here, we investigated what kind of cell(s) and which signal molecule(s) are involved in IFN-α production. Using cell isolation and ELISA, we found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were responsible for IFN-α production during VZV infection. We also found that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was involved in VZV-induced IFN-α production because inhibitory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide inhibited IFN-α production. UV-inactivated VZV-induced IFN-α production was lower than that of active VZV, indicating another TLR9-independent pathway. Further studies demonstrated that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, but not DNA-dependent protein kinase was involved in VZV-induced IFN-α production. Together, these results suggest that pDCs play an important role in IFN-α production during VZV infection through TLR9-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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29
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Liu C, Li J, Meng FY, Liang SX, Deng R, Li CK, Pong NH, Lau CP, Cheng SW, Ye JY, Chen JL, Yang ST, Yan H, Chen S, Chong BH, Yang M. Polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis promotes hematopoiesis and thrombopoiesis through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Altern Ther Health Med 2010; 10:79. [PMID: 21176128 PMCID: PMC3022894 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Dozens of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas have been used for promotion of "blood production" for centuries, and we are interested in developing novel thrombopoietic medicines from these TCMs. Our previous studies have demonstrated the hematopoietic effects of DangGui BuXue Tong (DBT), a formula composed of Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Astragali in animal and cellular models. As a step further to identify and characterize the active chemical components of DBT, we tested the hematopoietic and particularly, thrombopoietic effects of polysaccharide-enriched fractions from the root of Radix Angelicae Sinensis (APS) in this study. Methods A myelosuppression mouse model was treated with APS (10 mg/kg/day). Peripheral blood cells from APS, thrombopoietin and vehicle-treated samples were then counted at different time-points. Using the colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, we determined the effects of APS on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and megakaryocytic lineages. Using a megakaryocytic cell line M-07e as model, we analyzed the cellular apoptosis progression with and without APS treatment by Annexin V, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Caspase 3 assays. Last, the anti-apoptotic effect of APS on cells treated with Ly294002, a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinse inhibitor (PI3K) was also tested. Results In animal models, APS significantly enhanced not only the recovery of platelets, other blood cells and their progenitor cells, but also the formation of Colony Forming Unit (CFU). In M-07e cells, we observed the anti-apoptotic effect of APS. Treatment by Ly294002 alone increased the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. However, addition of APS to Ly294002-treated cells significantly reduced the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Conclusions APS promotes hematopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in the mouse model. This effect likely resulted from the anti-apoptosis activity of APS and is likely to involve the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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30
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Kim JH, Kang TH, Noh KH, Kim SH, Lee YH, Kim KW, Bae HC, Ahn YH, Choi EY, Kim JS, Lee KM, Kim TW. Enhancement of DC vaccine potency by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway with a small interfering RNA targeting PTEN. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:47-54. [PMID: 20727912 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines have become important as an immunotherapeutics in generating anti-tumor immune responses. Due to a short lifespan of DCs, however, clinical application of current DC vaccines has been limited. Recently, activation of AKT/protein kinase B (PKB), a major effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), has been reported as a critical factor in both activation and survival of DCs. We here improved the potency of a DC vaccine with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), which is known to be a central negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signal transduction cascade. Down-regulation of PTEN in DCs resulted in AKT dependent maturation, which in turn caused a significant up-regulation of surface expression in co-stimulatory molecules and the chemokine receptor, CCR7, leading to an increase of in vitro T cell activation activity and in vivo migration to a draining lymph node, respectively. Moreover, these PTEN siRNA-transfected DCs (DC/siPTEN) acquired an increased survival from the apoptotic death caused by GM-CSF deprivation or antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell killing. Most importantly, DC/siPTEN generated more tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and stronger anti-tumor effects in vaccinated mice than did control DCs (DC/siGFP). Thus, our data indicate that manipulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway via siRNA system could improve the efficacy of a DC-based tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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31
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Coban C, Yagi M, Ohata K, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Horii T, Ishii KJ, Akira S. The malarial metabolite hemozoin and its potential use as a vaccine adjuvant. Allergol Int 2010; 59:115-24. [PMID: 20414048 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin, a bio-crystalline substance, is a hemin detoxification by-product of malaria parasites. The role of hemozoin crystals in host immune system modulation by malaria parasites, and how they interact with the immune system has been enigmatic. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of how hemozoin might be interacting with the host immune system. In particular, the potential application of hemozoin crystals as an adjuvant may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses to malarial infection and provide a rationale for the design of vaccines against malaria as well as other immunological disorders such as allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier Institute for Immunology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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32
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Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Tomaru K, Shirota H, Tross D, Ikeuchi H. Immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides: Effect on gene expression and utility as vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2010; 28:1919-23. [PMID: 20188247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), promote the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells. CpG ODN are finding use as vaccine adjuvants, where they increase the speed, magnitude and duration of vaccine-specific immune responses. For example, CpG ODN significantly prolong the protection induced by AVA (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed). Unexpectedly, a majority of animals immunized with CpG-adjuvanted AVA maintain resistance to anthrax infection even after their Ab titers decline to sub-protective levels. This survival is mediated by the de novo production of protective Abs by high affinity long-lived memory B cells. The immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN was probed at the molecular level by microarray. Results show that a small group of 'inducers' rapidly up-regulated a large network genes following CpG treatment of mice. This stimulatory activity is quenched by 'suppressors' that down-regulate the expression of targeted genes, including most of the 'inducers'. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying CpG-mediated immune activation and therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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Wheeler M, Cortez-Gonzalez X, Frazzi R, Zanetti M. Ex VivoProgramming of Antigen-Presenting B Lymphocytes: Considerations on DNA Uptake and Cell Activation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:83-97. [PMID: 16818366 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600743131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids used in DNA vaccination not only serve as a source of antigen, but also have an important adjuvant effect. This review focuses on recent advancements made in understanding how cells internalize DNA, and how internalized DNA activates immune response pathways. We also comment on the role of B cells in both of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wheeler
- The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center and Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0837, USA
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Wilson HL, Dar A, Napper SK, Marianela Lopez A, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. Immune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:183-213. [PMID: 16818371 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600785868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides activate immune cells that express Toll-like Receptor 9. Activation through this receptor triggers cellular signaling that leads to production of a proinflammatory and a Th1-type, antigen-specific immune response. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides confer protection against infectious disease, allergy and cancer in animal models, and clinical trials have been initiated. However, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides may exacerbate disease in some situations. We will review current concepts in the mechanisms of activating Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and highlight opportunities for using large animal models to better determine the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Manicassamy S, Pulendran B. Modulation of adaptive immunity with Toll-like receptors. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:185-93. [PMID: 19502082 PMCID: PMC4125416 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their role in sensing infections represents one of the most seminal advances in immunology in recent years. It is now clear that TLRs play a fundamental role in innate recognition of microbes, and stimulate and tune the quality of the adaptive immune response. However, major knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of how TLRs regulate the development and persistence of T- and B-cell memory. Here, we review our current understanding of how TLR-signaling shapes the adaptive immune response, and highlight unanswered questions, the solution of which will be imperative in the rational exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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36
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Chikh G, de Jong SD, Sekirov L, Raney SG, Kazem M, Wilson KD, Cullis PR, Dutz JP, Tam YK. Synthetic methylated CpG ODNs are potent in vivo adjuvants when delivered in liposomal nanoparticles. Int Immunol 2009; 21:757-67. [PMID: 19502586 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well documented that the immunological activity of cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs is abrogated by 5' methylation of the cytosine residue, encapsulation within stabilized lipid nanoparticles endows these methylated cytosine-guanine- (mCpG-) containing oligonucleotides (ODNs) with potent immunostimulatory activity in murine animal models. Surprisingly, not only do liposomal nanoparticulate (LN) mCpG ODN possess immunostimulatory activity, their potency is found to be equivalent and often greater than the equivalent unmethylated form, as judged by a number of ex vivo innate and adaptive immune parameters and anti-tumor efficacy in murine models. Preliminary data indicate that both methylated and unmethylated CpG ODN act through a common receptor signaling pathway, specifically via toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, based on observations of up-regulated TLR9 expression, induction of nitric oxide and dependence on endosomal maturation. This is confirmed in TLR9 knockout animals which show no immunostimulatory activity following treatment with LN-mCpG ODN. These data, therefore, indicate that the mCpG DNA is fully competent to interact with TLR9 to initiate potent immune responses. Furthermore, this work implicates an as yet unidentified mechanism upstream of TLR9 which regulates the relative activities of free methylated versus unmethylated CpG ODN that is effectively bypassed by particulate delivery of CpG ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Chikh
- Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Dil N, Marshall AJ. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110 delta in TLR4- and TLR9-mediated B cell cytokine production and differentiation. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1970-8. [PMID: 19362372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes play key roles in signaling via antigen receptors and cytokine receptors and isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors are being evaluated as targets for treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases. The specific roles of PI3K isoforms in TLR-mediated activation of lymphocytes have not been defined. In this study we assess the role of p110 delta PI3K in TLR4, TLR9, or TLR4+TLR9-mediated B cell responses. Utilizing both p110 delta-mutant mice and p110 delta-specific inhibitor IC87114, we find that signaling via p110 delta is required for optimal B cell proliferation, but is not required for TLR-mediated B cell differentiation into plasma cells or Ig isotype switch. However PI3K blockade led to increased frequencies of IgG1 and IgE expressing cells, and partially reversed ability of CpG to inhibit IgG1 and IgE. Examination of B cell cytokine production revealed that p110 delta blockade markedly reduced IL-6 and IL-10 production. In contrast, p110 delta signaling was clearly not required for IL-12 production, with p110 delta-mutant B cells in fact showing enhanced IL-12 p70 production. TLR4- and TLR9-ligands act in synergy to drive IL-6 and IL-10 production, but not IL-12, and this additive effect is independent of p110 delta signaling. Together, these results indicate that PI3K delta functions in influencing the type of B cell cytokine production and differentiation response induced by TLR-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyla Dil
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
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38
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Fattal E, Barratt G. Nanotechnologies and controlled release systems for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:179-94. [PMID: 19366348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA have enormous potential for the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer. However, several impediments to their widespread use as drugs still have to be overcome: in particular their lack of stability in physiological fluids and their poor penetration into cells. Association with or encapsulation within nano- and microsized drug delivery systems could help to solve these problems. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made using delivery systems composed of natural or synthetic polymers in the form of complexes, nanoparticles or microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Fattal
- Univ Paris Sud 11, UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92290, France
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Vollmer J, Krieg AM. Immunotherapeutic applications of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonists. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:195-204. [PMID: 19211030 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have demonstrated substantial potential as vaccine adjuvants, and as mono- or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious and allergic diseases. Commonly referred to as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), TLR9 agonists directly induce the activation and maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhance differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Preclinical and early clinical data support the use of TLR9 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, where they can enhance both the humoral and cellular responses to diverse antigens. In mouse tumor models TLR9 agonists have shown activity not only as monotherapy, but also in combination with multiple other therapies including vaccines, antibodies, cellular therapies, other immunotherapies, antiangiogenic agents, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and some chemotherapies. Phase I and II clinical trials have indicated that these agents have antitumor activity as single agents and enhance the development of antitumor T-cell responses when used as therapeutic vaccine adjuvants. CpG ODN have shown benefit in multiple rodent and primate models of asthma and other allergic diseases, with encouraging results in some early human clinical trials. Although their potential clinical contributions are enormous, the safety and efficacy of these TLR9 agonists in humans remain to be determined.
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40
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Multiple effector mechanisms induced by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes anticancer immunotherapeutics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 66:1-27. [PMID: 19203646 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium that naturally infects professional antigen presenting cells (APC) to target antigens to both class I and class II antigen processing pathways. This infection process results in the stimulation of strong innate and adaptive immune responses, which make it an ideal candidate for a vaccine vector to deliver heterologous antigens. This ability of L. monocytogenes has been exploited by several researchers over the past decade to specifically deliver tumor-associated antigens that are poorly immunogenic such as self-antigens. This review describes the preclinical studies that have elucidated the multiple immune responses elicited by this bacterium that direct its ability to influence tumor growth.
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Laird MHW, Rhee SH, Perkins DJ, Medvedev AE, Piao W, Fenton MJ, Vogel SN. TLR4/MyD88/PI3K interactions regulate TLR4 signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85:966-77. [PMID: 19289601 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1208763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs activate immune responses by sensing microbial structures such as bacterial LPS, viral RNA, and endogenous "danger" molecules released by damaged host cells. MyD88 is an adapter protein that mediates signal transduction for most TLRs and leads to activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs and production of proinflammatory cytokines. TLR4-mediated signaling also leads to rapid activation of PI3K, one of a family of kinases involved in regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and motility. LPS stimulates phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream target of PI3K, in wild-type (WT) mouse macrophages. LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt serine 473 was blunted in MyD88(-/-) macrophages and was completely TLR4-dependent. MyD88 and p85 were shown previously to co-immunoprecipitate, and a YXXM motif within the Toll-IL-1 resistance (TIR) domain of MyD88 was suggested to be important for this interaction. To test this hypothesis, we compared expressed MyD88 variants with mutations within the YXXM motif or lacking the TIR domain or death domain and measured their capacities to bind PI3K p85, MyD88, and TLR4 by co-immunoprecipitation analyses. The YXXM --> YXXA mutant MyD88 bound more strongly to p85, TLR4, and WT MyD88 than the other variants, yet was significantly less active than WT MyD88, suggesting that sustained interaction of MyD88/PI3K with the TLR4 intracellular "signaling platform" negatively regulates signaling. We propose a hypothetical model in which sustained PI3K activity at the membrane limits the availability of the PI3K substrate, thereby negatively regulating signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H W Laird
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, 660 W. Redwood Street, Room 324, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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42
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Klaschik S, Tross D, Klinman DM. Inductive and suppressive networks regulate TLR9-dependent gene expression in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85:788-95. [PMID: 19179452 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA expressing unmethylated CpG motifs binds to TLR9, thereby stimulating a broadly protective, innate immune response. Although CpG-mediated signal transduction has been studied, the scope of TLR9-dependent gene expression is incompletely understood. To resolve these issues, mice were treated with immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) and splenic mRNA levels monitored from 30 min through 3 days by microarray. Through the unique application of bioinformatic analysis to these experimental data, this study is the first to describe the complex regulatory networks responsible for TLR9-mediated gene expression. Current results are the first to establish that CpG-induced stimulation of the innate immune system proceeds in multiple waves over time, and gene up-regulation is mediated by a small number of temporally activated "major inducers" and "minor inducers". An additional study of TNF knockout mice supports the conclusion that the regulatory networks identified by our bioinformatic analysis accurately identified CpG ODN-driven gene-gene interactions in vivo. Equally important, this work identifies the counter-regulatory mechanisms embedded within the signaling cascade that suppresses the proinflammatory response triggered in vivo by CpG DNA stimulation. Identifying these network interactions provides novel and global insights into the regulation of TLR9-mediated gene activation, improves our understanding of TLR-mediated host defense, and facilitates the development of interventions designed to optimize the nature and duration of the ensuing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Klaschik
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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43
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SHIP prevents lipopolysaccharide from triggering an antiviral response in mice. Blood 2009; 113:2945-54. [PMID: 19139077 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-166082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infections, unlike viral infections, do not typically protect against subsequent viral infections. This is puzzling given that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded (ds) RNA both activate the TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) pathway and, thus, are both capable of eliciting an antiviral response by stimulating type I interferon (IFN) production. We demonstrate herein that SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) protein levels are dramatically increased in murine macrophages via the MyD88-dependent pathway, by up-regulating autocrine-acting transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta). The increased SHIP then mediates, via inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CPG)- and LPS-induced tolerance and cross-tolerance and restrains IFN-beta production induced by a subsequent exposure to LPS or dsRNA. Intriguingly, we found, using isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors, that LPS- or cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) is positively regulated by p110alpha, -gamma, and -delta but negatively regulated by p110beta. This may explain some of the controversy concerning the role of PI3K in Toll-like receptor-induced cytokine production. Consistent with our in vitro findings, SHIP(-/-) mice overproduce IFN-beta in response to LPS, and this leads to antiviral hypothermia. Thus, up-regulation of SHIP in response to Gram-negative bacterial infections probably explains the inability of such infections to protect against subsequent viral infections.
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44
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Ilmarinen P, Hasala H, Sareila O, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H. Bacterial DNA delays human eosinophil apoptosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:167-76. [PMID: 19073274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) sequences containing unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) motifs prevalent in bacterial DNA attenuate allergic lung inflammation in experimental models of asthma but failed to inhibit eosinophilia and improve lung function in patients with asthma. Bacterial respiratory tract infections exacerbate asthma in humans. Increased eosinophil survival is a critical factor leading to persistent eosinophilic airway inflammation. Apoptosis is regarded as a key mechanism in the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bacterial DNA and CpG ODNs on human eosinophil apoptosis in vitro and to elucidate the signalling pathway. Eosinophils were isolated from human peripheral blood by CD16- or CD16-, CD19- and CD304-negative selection. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric analysis of relative DNA content, Annexin-V staining and/or morphological analysis. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression was studied by using western blotting and intracellular flow cytometry. Bacterial DNA and phosphorothioate-modified CpG ODNs, but not vertebrate DNA, were found to delay spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis. The effect of CpG ODNs was dependent on endosomal acidification and reversed by inhibitory ODN, which suggests involvement of TLR9 pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated TLR9 expression in eosinophils derived from both atopic and healthy donors. Non-CpG ODNs had occasionally parallel but less profound effect on eosinophil apoptosis, which was not dependent on endosomal acidification. The anti-apoptotic effect of CpG ODNs was dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) but not mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as determined by inhibitor studies. Although our results suggest CpG-dependent involvement of TLR9 in the action of phosphorothioate-modified ODNs, we interestingly found that the anti-apoptotic action of native bacterial DNA in eosinophils is not dependent on unmethylated CpG motifs. This suggests that bacterial DNA contains a currently unknown recognition structure lacking from vertebrate DNA. Bacterial DNA-mediated suppression of eosinophil apoptosis is a novel mechanism for exacerbation of eosinophilic lung inflammation associated with bacterial respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Medical School/B, University of Tampere and Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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45
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Ishii M, Hogaboam CM, Joshi A, Ito T, Fong DJ, Kunkel SL. CC chemokine receptor 4 modulates Toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate immunity and signaling. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2290-302. [PMID: 18624303 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study addressed the modulatory role of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-mediated innate immunity and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that CCR4-deficient mice were resistant to both septic peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and CpG DNA/D-galactosamine-induced shock. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMPhi) from CLP-treated CCR4-deficient mice, TLR9-mediated pathways of MAPK/AP-1, PI3K/Akt, and IkappaB kinase (IKK)/NF-kappaB were impaired compared to wild-type (WT) cells. While TLR9 expression was not altered, the intensity of internalized CpG DNA was increased in CCR4-deficient macrophages when compared to WT macrophages. Pharmacological inhibitor studies revealed that impaired activation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, and/or IKK/NF-kappaB could be responsible for decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression in CCR4-deficient macrophages. Interestingly, the CCR4-deficient BMMPhi exhibited an alternatively activated (M2) phenotype and the impaired TLR9-mediated signal transduction responses in CCR4-deficient cells were similar to the signaling responses observed in WT BMMPhi skewed to an alternatively activated phenotype. These results indicate that macrophages deficient in CCR4 impart a regulatory influence on TLR9-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishii
- Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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46
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Klinman D, Shirota H, Tross D, Sato T, Klaschik S. Synthetic oligonucleotides as modulators of inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:958-64. [PMID: 18430787 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promote the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional APC. CpG ODN are finding use in the treatment of cancer, allergy, and infection. In contrast, ODN containing multiple TTAGGG motifs mimic the immunosuppressive activity of self-DNA, down-regulating the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines. Preclinical studies suggest that "suppressive" ODN may slow or prevent diseases characterized by pathologic immune stimulation, including autoimmunity and septic shock. Extensive studies in animal models suggest that the therapeutic value of CpG and TTAGGG ODN may be optimized by early administration.
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47
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Jones HE, Strid J, Osman M, Uronen-Hansson H, Dixon G, Klein N, Wong SYC, Callard RE. The role of beta2 integrins and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in the phagocytosis of dead Neisseria meningitidis. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1634-45. [PMID: 18397383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of microbial pathogens is essential for the host immune response to infection. Our previous work has shown that lipooligosaccharide (LOS) expression on the surface of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is essential for phagocytosis, but the receptor involved remained unclear. In this study, we show that human CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) are phagocytic receptors for Nm as illustrated by the capacity of CR3- and CR4-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to facilitate Nm uptake. A CR3-signalling mutant failed to internalize Nm, showing that the ability of CR3 to signal is essential for phagocytosis. Internalization of Nm by CR3-transfected CHO cells could be inhibited by the presence of CR3-specific antibodies. Furthermore, dendritic cells from leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1 patients, who have diminished expression of beta2 integrins, showed markedly reduced phagocytosis of Nm. The CR3-mediated phagocytosis required the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Furthermore, the expression of LOS by Nm was essential for LBP binding and phagocytosis via CR3. These results reveal a critical role of CR3 and LBP in the phagocytosis of Nm and provide important insights into the initial interaction meningococci have with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Units, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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48
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Yotsumoto S, Saegusa K, Aramaki Y. Endosomal translocation of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides inhibits DNA-PKcs-dependent IL-10 production in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:809-16. [PMID: 18178819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) function as powerful immune adjuvants by activating macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. However, the molecular recognition mechanism that initiates signaling in response to CpG-ODN has not fully been identified. We show in this study that peritoneal macrophages from SCID mice having mutations in the catalytic subunit of DNA-protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) were almost completely defective in the production of IL-10 and in ERK activation when treated with CpG-ODN. In contrast, IL-12 p70 production significantly increased. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of DNA-PKcs expression in the mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 led to reduced IL-10 production and ERK activation by CpG-ODN. IL-10 and IL-12 p70 production, but not ERK activation, are blocked by chloroquine, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification. Endosomal translocation of CpG-ODN in a complex with cationic liposomes consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) (CpG-DOTAP-liposomes) decreased IL-10 production and ERK activation, whereas the endosomal escape of CpG-ODN in a complex with cationic liposomes consisting of DOTAP and dioleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) (CpG-DOTAP/DOPE-liposomes) increased. In contrast, IL-12 p70 production was increased by CpG-DOTAP-liposomes and decreased by CpG-DOTAP/DOPE-liposomes. IL-10 production induced by CpG-DOTAP/DOPE-liposomes was not observed in macrophages from SCID mice. Thus, our findings suggest that DNA-PKcs in the cytoplasm play an important role in CpG-ODN-induced production of IL-10 in macrophages. In addition, DNA-PKcs-mediated production of IL-10 and IL-12 p70 can be regulated by manipulating the intracellular trafficking of CpG-ODN in macrophages.
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49
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Tsukamoto K, Hazeki K, Hoshi M, Nigorikawa K, Inoue N, Sasaki T, Hazeki O. Critical Roles of the p110β Subtype of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Akt Activation and Negative Regulation of Nitrite Production in RAW 264.7 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2054-61. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Guiducci C, Ghirelli C, Marloie-Provost MA, Matray T, Coffman RL, Liu YJ, Barrat FJ, Soumelis V. PI3K is critical for the nuclear translocation of IRF-7 and type I IFN production by human plasmacytoid predendritic cells in response to TLR activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:315-22. [PMID: 18227218 PMCID: PMC2271003 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) are the main producers of type I interferon (IFN) in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) has been shown to be activated by TLR triggering in multiple cell types; however, its role in pDC function is not known. We show that PI3K is activated by TLR stimulation in primary human pDCs and demonstrate, using specific inhibitors, that PI3K is required for type I IFN production by pDCs, both at the transcriptional and protein levels. Importantly, PI3K was not involved in other proinflammatory responses of pDCs, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 production and DC differentiation. pDCs preferentially expressed the PI3K δ subunit, which was specifically involved in the control of type I IFN production. Although uptake and endosomal trafficking of TLR ligands were not affected in the presence of PI3K inhibitors, there was a dramatic defect in the nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7, whereas nuclear factor κB activation was preserved. Thus, PI3K selectively controls type I IFN production by regulating IRF-7 nuclear translocation in human pDCs and could serve as a novel target to inhibit pathogenic type I IFN in autoimmune diseases.
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