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Riedel F, Aparicio-Soto M, Curato C, Münch L, Abbas A, Thierse HJ, Peitsch WK, Luch A, Siewert K. Unique and common TCR repertoire features of Ni 2+ -, Co 2+ -, and Pd 2+ -specific human CD154 + CD4+ T cells. Allergy 2023; 78:270-282. [PMID: 36005389 DOI: 10.1111/all.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from Ni2+ , Co2+ , and Pd2+ ions commonly trigger T cell-mediated allergic contact dermatitis. However, in vitro frequencies of metal-specific T cells and the mechanisms of antigen recognition remain unclear. METHODS Here, we utilized a CD154 upregulation assay to quantify Ni2+ -, Co2+ -, and Pd2+ -specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Involved αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubation with NiSO4 , CoCl2 , and PdCl2 increased frequencies of CD154 + CD4+ memory T cells that peaked at ~400 μM. Activation was TCR-mediated as shown by the metal-specific restimulation of T cell clones. Most abundant were Pd2+ -specific T cells (mean 3.5%, n = 19), followed by Co2+ - and Ni2+ -specific cells (0.6%, n = 18 and 0.3%, n = 20) in both allergic and non-allergic individuals. A strong overrepresentation of the gene segment TRAV9-2 was unique for Ni2+ -specific TCR (28% of TCR) while Co2+ and Pd2+ -specific TCR favorably expressed TRAV2 (8%) and the TRBV4 gene segment family (21%), respectively. As a second, independent mechanism of metal ion recognition, all analyzed metal-specific TCR showed a common overrepresentation of a histidine in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3; 15% of α-chains, 34% of β-chains). The positions of the CDR3 histidine among metal-specific TCR mirrored those in random repertoires and were conserved among cross-reactive clonotypes. CONCLUSIONS Induced CD154 expression allows a fast and comprehensive detection of Ni2+ -, Co2+ -, and Pd2+ -specific CD4+ T cells. Distinct TCR repertoire features underlie the frequent activation and cross-reactivity of human metal-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Riedel
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Curato
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Münch
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amro Abbas
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology and Phlebology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Ito K, Kanaseki T, Tokita S, Torigoe T, Hirasawa N, Ogasawara K. Palladium-Induced Temporal Internalization of MHC Class I Contributes to T Cell-Mediated Antigenicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736936. [PMID: 35003059 PMCID: PMC8732370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) is a widely used metal and extremely important biomaterial for the reconstruction of occlusions during dental restorations. However, metallic biomaterials can cause serious allergic reactions, such as Pd-related oral mucositis seen in dentistry. Metal allergy is categorized as a type IV allergy and we demonstrated that CD8 T cells play an important role in Pd allergy previously. As TCR of CD8 T cells recognizes MHC class I/peptide complex, the antigen specificity to this complex seems to be generated during Pd allergy. However, it remains unknown if Pd affects the MHC class I/peptide complex. In this study, we investigated the behavior of the MHC class I/peptide complex in response to Pd treatment. We found that PdCl2 treatment altered peptide presentation on MHC class I and that co-culture with Pd-treated DC2.4 cells induced activation of Pd-responsive TCR-expressing T cell line. Furthermore, PdCl2 treatment induced temporal MHC class I internalization and inhibition of membrane movement suppressed Pd-induced T cell-mediated antigenicity. These data suggest that Pd-induced MHC class I internalization is critical for generation of antigenicity through a mechanism including differential peptide loading on MHC class I, which results in Pd allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyu Ito
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koyu Ito, ; Kouetsu Ogasawara,
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Serina Tokita
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Academic Center, Sapporo Dohto Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Koyu Ito, ; Kouetsu Ogasawara,
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3
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Riedel F, Aparicio-Soto M, Curato C, Thierse HJ, Siewert K, Luch A. Immunological Mechanisms of Metal Allergies and the Nickel-Specific TCR-pMHC Interface. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10867. [PMID: 34682608 PMCID: PMC8535423 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides having physiological functions and general toxic effects, many metal ions can cause allergic reactions in humans. We here review the immune events involved in the mediation of metal allergies. We focus on nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and palladium (Pd), because these allergens are among the most prevalent sensitizers (Ni, Co) and immediate neighbors in the periodic table of the chemical elements. Co-sensitization between Ni and the other two metals is frequent while the knowledge on a possible immunological cross-reactivity using in vivo and in vitro approaches remains limited. At the center of an allergic reaction lies the capability of a metal allergen to form T cell epitopes that are recognized by specific T cell receptors (TCR). Technological advances such as activation-induced marker assays and TCR high-throughput sequencing recently provided new insights into the interaction of Ni2+ with the αβ TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interface. Ni2+ functionally binds to the TCR gene segment TRAV9-2 or a histidine in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), the main antigen binding region. Thus, we overview known, newly identified and hypothesized mechanisms of metal-specific T cell activation and discuss current knowledge on cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Riedel
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Caterina Curato
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department for Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.-S.); (C.C.); (H.-J.T.); (K.S.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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The T Cell Repertoires from Nickel Sensitized Joint Implant Failure Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052428. [PMID: 33670995 PMCID: PMC7957625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel (Ni2+) is one of the most common allergens, affecting around 10–15% of the general population. As the demand for orthopedic implant surgery rises, the number of surgical revisions due to joint implant failure also increases. There is evidence that some patients develop joint failure due to an immune response to a component of the implant, and we have found that Ni2+ is an especially important cause. Hence, understanding the mechanisms by which Ni2+ allergy induces joint implant failure becomes a critical research question. The structural basis of Ni2+ activation of pathogenic T cells is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to characterize Ni2+-reactive T cell repertoires derived from the peripheral blood of joint failure patients due to Ni2+ sensitization using single-cell sequencing techniques. We stimulated the proliferation of Ni2+ -reactive T cells from two implant failure patients in vitro, and sorted them for single-cell VDJ sequencing (10× genomics). We identified 2650 productive V-J spanning pairs. Both TCR α chains and β chains were enriched. TRBV18 usage is the highest in the P7 CD4+ population (18.1%), and TRBV5-1 usage is the highest in the P7 CD8+ population (12.1%). TRBV19 and TRBV20-1 segments are present in a high percentage of both P7 and P9 sequenced T cells. Remarkably, the alpha and beta chain combination of TRAV41-TRBV18 accounts for 13.5% of the CD4+ population of P7 patient. Compared to current Ni specific T cell repertoire studies of contact dermatitis, the Vα and Vβ usages of these joint implant failure patients were different. This could be due to the different availability of self-peptides in these two different tissues. However, TRBV19 (Vβ17) was among frequently used TCR β chains, which are common in previous reports. This implies that some pathogenic T cells could be similar in Ni2+ hypersensitivities in skin and joints. The alignment of the TCR CDR3β sequences showed a conserved glutamic acid (Glu) that could potentially interact with Ni2+. The study of these Ni2+ specific TCRs may shed light on the molecular mechanism of T cell activation by low molecular weight chemical haptens.
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Metal allergy after the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum: a review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 37:848-852. [PMID: 33603601 PMCID: PMC7874881 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) technique (the Nuss procedure) is a minimally-invasive method that is commonly used in the treatment of pectus excavatum. An allergic reaction to the metal alloy bar that is implanted in the thorax during the procedure is a reported complication. We briefly review current literature concerning epidemiology, mechanisms and research results of allergic reactions after Nuss bar implantation. This allergic reaction occurs in approximately 2.7% of patients and is caused by metals used in the medical implant. The most common symptoms include fever and skin lesions such as allergic dermatitis. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein is a frequent finding in laboratory tests. In order to minimize the risk of such complications, taking a detailed allergy-based medical history and conducting allergy tests, i.e. patch test are required. Allergic reactions can be managed with conservative treatment such as general or topical glucocorticosteroid therapy and antihistamine agents. Severe allergic reactions can be addressed by implant revision, replacement of the steel bar with a titanium substitute or removal of the stabilization at all. Although the risk of an allergic reaction to titanium is smaller it still exists, the titanium substitute is not routinely used due to its higher cost and lesser plasticity which has a negative impact on matching a stabilizing bar during the surgery. Surgeons treating pectus excavatum should remember about the possible allergic reactions after implantation of the metal bar and be familiar with methods of diagnosis and treatment of those complications.
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Aparicio‐Soto M, Riedel F, Leddermann M, Bacher P, Scheffold A, Kuhl H, Timmermann B, Chudakov DM, Molin S, Worm M, Heine G, Thierse H, Luch A, Siewert K. TCRs with segment TRAV9-2 or a CDR3 histidine are overrepresented among nickel-specific CD4+ T cells. Allergy 2020; 75:2574-2586. [PMID: 32298488 DOI: 10.1111/all.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel is the most frequent cause of T cell-mediated allergic contact dermatitis worldwide. In vitro, CD4+ T cells from all donors respond to nickel but the involved αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire has not been comprehensively analyzed. METHODS We introduce CD154 (CD40L) upregulation as a fast, unbiased, and quantitative method to detect nickel-specific CD4+ T cells ex vivo in blood of clinically characterized allergic and non allergic donors. Naïve (CCR7+ CD45RA+) and memory (not naïve) CD154+ CD4+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after 5 hours of stimulation with 200 µmol/L NiSO4 ., TCR α- and β-chains of sorted nickel-specific and control cells were studied by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS Stimulation of PBMCs with NiSO4 induced CD154 expression on ~0.1% (mean) of naïve and memory CD4+ T cells. In allergic donors with recent positive patch test, memory frequencies further increased ~13-fold and were associated with markers of in vivo activation. CD154 expression was TCR-mediated since single clones could be specifically restimulated. Among nickel-specific CD4+ T cells of allergic and non allergic donors, TCRs expressing the α-chain segment TRAV9-2 or a histidine in their α- or β-chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) were highly overrepresented. CONCLUSIONS Induced CD154 expression represents a reliable method to study nickel-specific CD4+ T cells. TCRs with particular features respond in all donors, while strongly increased blood frequencies indicate nickel allergy for some donors. Our approach may be extended to other contact allergens for the further development of diagnostic and predictive in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aparicio‐Soto
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Riedel
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
| | - Melanie Leddermann
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology Christian‐Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian‐Albrechts Universität zu Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology Christian‐Albrechts Universität zu Kiel and Universitätsklinik Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Sequencing Core Facility Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Genetics Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Genetics Berlin Germany
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Science Moscow Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
- Center of Molecular Medicine CEITEC Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sonja Molin
- Division of Dermatology Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - Hermann‐Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Berlin Germany
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7
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Zhang Y, Anderson KM, Freed BM, Dai S, Pacheco KA. HLA-DR53 (DRB4∗01) associates with nickel sensitization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:614-616. [PMID: 32693207 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kirsten M Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brian M Freed
- ClinImmune Labs and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Karin A Pacheco
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Environmental & Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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8
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Salivary Levels of Titanium, Nickel, Vanadium, and Arsenic in Patients Treated with Dental Implants: A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051264. [PMID: 32349296 PMCID: PMC7288178 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent articles have hypothesized a possible correlation between dental implants dissolution products and peri-implantitis. The null hypothesis tested in this case-control study was that there would be no differences in salivary concentrations of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) ions among patients with dental implants, healthy (Group A) or affected by peri-implantitis (Group B), compared to subjects without implants and/or metallic prosthetic restorations (Group C). Methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze saliva samples. One-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify statistically significant differences in the salivary level of Ti, V, Ni and As between the three groups. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study (42 males and 58 females), distributed in three groups: 50 patients in Group C, 26 patients in Group B and 24 patients Group B. In our study, concentrations of metallic ions were higher in Group A and B, compared to the control group, with the exception of vanadium. However, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) for metallic ions concentrations between Group A and Group B. Conclusions: Based on our results, there are no differences in titanium or other metals concentrations in saliva of patients with healthy or diseased implants.
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Farokhi E, Fleming JK, Erasmus MF, Ward AD, Wu Y, Gutierrez MG, Wojciak JM, Huxford T. Ion Binding Properties of a Naturally Occurring Metalloantibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020010. [PMID: 32316193 PMCID: PMC7345679 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LT1009 is a humanized version of murine LT1002 IgG1 that employs two bridging Ca2+ ions to bind its antigen, the biologically active lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We crystallized and determined the X-ray crystal structure of the LT1009 Fab fragment in 10 mM CaCl2 and found that it binds two Ca2+ in a manner similar to its antigen-bound state. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) confirmed that murine LT1002 also binds Ca2+ in solution and inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed that, although Ca2+ is preferred, LT1002 can bind Mg2+ and, to much lesser extent, Ba2+. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) indicated that LT1002 binds two Ca2+ ions endothermically with a measured dissociation constant (KD) of 171 μM. Protein and genome sequence analyses suggested that LT1002 is representative of a small class of confirmed and potential metalloantibodies and that Ca2+ binding is likely encoded for in germline variable chain genes. To test this hypothesis, we engineered, expressed, and purified a Fab fragment consisting of naïve murine germline-encoded light and heavy chain genes from which LT1002 is derived and observed that it binds Ca2+ in solution. We propose that LT1002 is representative of a class of naturally occurring metalloantibodies that are evolutionarily conserved across diverse mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinaz Farokhi
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jonathan K. Fleming
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.) 1120 S. Capital of Tx Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 300, Austin, TX 78746, USA;
| | - M. Frank Erasmus
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Aaron D. Ward
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunjin Wu
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Maria G. Gutierrez
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jonathan M. Wojciak
- Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. (formerly Lpath, Inc.) 1120 S. Capital of Tx Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 300, Austin, TX 78746, USA;
| | - Tom Huxford
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA; (E.F.); (J.K.F.); (M.F.E.); (A.D.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-594-1606
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10
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An N, Pourzal S, Luccioli S, Vukmanović S. Effects of diet on skin sensitization by nickel, poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111137. [PMID: 31982450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin contact or exposure to sensitizers often occurs as a consequence of occupational exposures (e.g. poison ivy in forestry), wearing jewelry (e.g. nickel), or use of cosmetics (e.g. fragrances). However, many of the known skin sensitizers or their chemical variants are also consumed orally through foods or other sources. Since oral exposure to antigenic substances can lead to tolerance, consumption of sensitizers may impact the development and potency of skin sensitization, especially if the sensitizer is consumed early in life, prior to the first skin contact. To address this issue, we have reviewed human clinical and epidemiological literature relevant to this subject and evaluated whether early oral exposures to relevant sensitizers, or their chemical variants, are associated with reduced prevalence of skin sensitization to three main allergic sensitizers - nickel, urushiols of poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones of chrysanthemum and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan An
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Selma Pourzal
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stefano Luccioli
- Office of Compliance (OC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA.
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11
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Hammond S, Thomson PJ, Ogese MO, Naisbitt DJ. T-Cell Activation by Low Molecular Weight Drugs and Factors That Influence Susceptibility to Drug Hypersensitivity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:77-94. [PMID: 31687800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions adversely affect treatment outcome, increase the length of patients' hospitalization, and limit the prescription options available to physicians. In addition, late stage drug attrition and the withdrawal of licensed drugs cost the pharmaceutical industry billions of dollars. This significantly increases the overall cost of drug development and by extension the price of licensed drugs. Drug hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by a delayed onset, and reactions tend to be more serious upon re-exposure. The role of drug-specific T-cells in the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity reactions and definition of the nature of the binding interaction of drugs with HLA and T-cell receptors continues to be the focus of intensive research, primarily because susceptibility is associated with expression of one or a small number of HLA alleles. This review critically examines the mechanisms of T-cell activation by drugs. Specific examples of drugs that activate T-cells via the hapten, the pharmacological interaction with immune receptors and the altered self-peptide repertoire pathways, are discussed. Furthermore, the impacts of drug metabolism, drug-protein adduct formation, and immune regulation on the development of drug antigen-responsive T-cells are highlighted. The knowledge gained from understanding the pathways of T-cell activation and susceptibility factors for drug hypersensitivity will provide the building blocks for the development of predictive in vitro assays that will prevent or help to minimize the incidence of these reactions in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hammond
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GE , U.K
| | - Paul J Thomson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GE , U.K
| | - Monday O Ogese
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GE , U.K
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GE , U.K
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12
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Abstract
Metal-induced hypersensitivity is driven by T-cell sensitization to metal ions. Although numerous metals are associated with the development of diffuse parenchymal lung disease, beryllium-induced hypersensitivity is the best-studied to date. This review focuses on the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity that leads to the development of chronic beryllium disease. After beryllium exposure, activation of the innate immune system occurs through the engagement of pattern-recognition receptors. This activation leads to cell death, release of alarmins, and activation and migration of dendritic cells to lung-draining lymph nodes. These events culminate in the development of an adaptive immune response that is characterized by beryllium-specific, T-helper type 1-polarized, CD4+ T-cells and granuloma formation in the lung. The unique ability of beryllium to bind to human leukocyte antigen-DP molecules that express a glutamic acid at position 69 of the β-chain alters the charge and conformation of the human leukocyte antigen-DP-peptide complex. These changes induce post-translational modifications that are recognized as non-self. In essence, the ability of beryllium to create neoantigens underlies the genesis of chronic beryllium disease, and demonstrates the similarity between beryllium-induced hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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13
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Driller R, Ballaschk M, Schmieder P, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, Loll B. Metal-triggered conformational reorientation of a self-peptide bound to a disease-associated HLA-B*27 subtype. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13269-13279. [PMID: 31296658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens have the potential to be recognized by T cells and may arise from polymorphic variation of the MHC molecule, the binding of modifying ligands, or both. Here, we investigated whether metal ions could affect allele-dependent structural variation of the two minimally distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27:05 and HLA-B*27:09 subtypes, which exhibit differential association with the rheumatic disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We employed NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography coupled with ensemble refinement to study the AS-associated HLA-B*27:05 subtype and the AS-nonassociated HLA-B* 27:09 in complex with the self-peptide pVIPR (RRKWRRWHL). Both techniques revealed that pVIPR exhibits a higher degree of flexibility when complexed with HLA-B*27:05 than with HLA-B*27:09. Furthermore, we found that the binding of the metal ion Cu2+ or Ni2+, but not Mn2+, Zn2+, or Hg2+, affects the structure of a pVIPR-bound HLA-B*27 molecule in a subtype-dependent manner. In HLA-B*27:05, the metals triggered conformational reorientations of pVIPR, but no such structural changes were observed in the HLA-B*27:09 subtype, with or without bound metal ion. These observations provide the first demonstration that not only major histocompatibility complex class II, but also class I, molecules can undergo metal ion-induced conformational alterations. Our findings suggest that metals may have a role in triggering rheumatic diseases such as AS and also have implications for the molecular basis of metal-induced hypersensitivities and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Driller
- Institut für Chemie/Biochemie, AG Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Ballaschk
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Uchanska-Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Ziegler Biosolutions, Fahrgasse 5, 79761 Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Ziegler Biosolutions, Fahrgasse 5, 79761 Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institut für Chemie/Biochemie, AG Strukturbiochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; MoloX GmbH, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Bechara R, Pollastro S, Azoury ME, Szely N, Maillère B, de Vries N, Pallardy M. Identification and Characterization of Circulating Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Recognizing Nickel. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1331. [PMID: 31249573 PMCID: PMC6582854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by contact sensitizers is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The most prevalent contact allergens is nickel. Whereas, memory T cells from nickel-allergic patients are well-characterized, little is known concerning nickel-specific naïve T-cell repertoire. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognizing nickel in the general population. Using a T-cell priming in vitro assay based on autologous co-cultures between naïve T cells and dendritic cells loaded with nickel, we were able to detect a naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell repertoire for nickel in 10/11 and 7/8 of the tested donors. We calculated a mean frequency of 0.49 nickel-specific naïve CD4+ T cells and 0.37 nickel-specific naïve CD8+ T cells per million of circulating naïve T cells. The activation of these specific T cells requires MHC molecules and alongside IFN-γ production, some nickel-specific T-cells were able to produce granzyme-B. Interestingly, nickel-specific naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed a low rate of cross-reactivity with cobalt, another metallic hapten, frequently mixed with nickel in many alloys. Moreover, naïve CD4+ T cells showed a polyclonal TCRβ composition and the presence of highly expanded clones with an enrichment and/or preferentially expansion of some TRBV genes that was donor and T-cell specific. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of immunization to nickel and propose the T-cell priming assay as a useful tool to identify antigen-specific naïve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bechara
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- ARC Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie Eliane Azoury
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Natacha Szely
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Niek de Vries
- ARC Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology and Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inflammation Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de Pharmacie-Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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15
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Mombelli A, Hashim D, Cionca N. What is the impact of titanium particles and biocorrosion on implant survival and complications? A critical review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2018; 29 Suppl 18:37-53. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mombelli
- Division of Periodontology; University Clinics of Dental Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dena Hashim
- Division of Periodontology; University Clinics of Dental Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Norbert Cionca
- Division of Periodontology; University Clinics of Dental Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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16
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Onodera R, Asakawa S, Segawa R, Mizuno N, Ogasawara K, Hiratsuka M, Hirasawa N. Zinc ions have a potential to attenuate both Ni ion uptake and Ni ion-induced inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2911. [PMID: 29440746 PMCID: PMC5811449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel ions (Ni2+) are eluted from various metallic materials, such as medical devices implanted in human tissues. Previous studies have shown that Ni2+ enters inflammatory cells inducing inflammation. However, the regulation of Ni2+ uptake in cells has not yet been reported in detail. In the present study, we investigated the effects of various divalent cations on Ni2+ uptake and Ni2+-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production in the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. We demonstrated that ZnCl2, MnCl2, and CoCl2 inhibited the Ni2+ uptake, while CuCl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, and divalent metal transporter (DMT)-1 inhibitor, Chlorazol Black, did not. Furthermore, ZnCl2 inhibited Ni2+-induced IL-8 production, correlating with the inhibition of Ni2+ uptake. These results suggested that Ni2+ uptake occurred through Zn2+, Mn2+, and Co2+-sensitive transporters and that the inhibition of Ni2+ uptake resulted in the inhibition of IL-8 production. Furthermore, using an Ni wire-implanted mouse model, we found that Ni wire-induced expression of mouse macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in the skin tissue surrounding the wire were enhanced by low Zn conditions. These results suggested that the physiological concentration of Zn2+ modulates Ni2+ uptake by inflammatory cells, and a Zn deficient state might increase sensitivity to Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Onodera
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sanki Asakawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Segawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
Granulomas are organized aggregates of macrophages, often with characteristic morphological changes, and other immune cells. These evolutionarily ancient structures form in response to persistent particulate stimuli-infectious or noninfectious-that individual macrophages cannot eradicate. Granulomas evolved as protective responses to destroy or sequester particles but are frequently pathological in the context of foreign bodies, infections, and inflammatory diseases. We summarize recent findings that suggest that the granulomatous response unfolds in a stepwise program characterized by a series of macrophage activations and transformations that in turn recruit additional cells and produce structural changes. We explore why different granulomas vary and the reasons that granulomas are protective and pathogenic. Understanding the mechanisms and role of granuloma formation may uncover new therapies for the multitude of granulomatous diseases that constitute serious medical problems while enhancing the protective function of granulomas in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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18
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Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Gimenéz-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, Uter W, Johansen JD. Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:133-142. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Elena Gimenéz-Arnau
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology-Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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19
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Rundle CW, Bergman D, Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Contact dermatitis considerations in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2017; 35:367-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Takeda Y, Suto Y, Ito K, Hashimoto W, Nishiya T, Ueda K, Narushima T, Takahashi T, Ogasawara K. TRAV7-2*02 Expressing CD8⁺ T Cells Are Responsible for Palladium Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061162. [PMID: 28561797 PMCID: PMC5485986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While metallic biomaterials have led to an improvement in the quality of life, metal allergies, especially to palladium (Pd), has caused a recent increase in allergic patients. Metal allergy is known to be a T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH); however, the pathogenic T cell subsets and the specific T cell receptor (TCR) have not been identified. Therefore, we attempted to identify the pathogenic T cells responsible for Pd allergy. We found that activating CD8+ T cells significantly increased and that the TRAV (TCRα variable) 7-2*02 chain skewed in Pd allergic mice. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that in vitro-cultured Pd-stimulated antigen presenting cells (APCs) function as memory APCs with recipient mice developing Pd allergy and that the frequency of TRAV7-2*02 increases the same as conventional Pd allergic mice. In contrast, neither proliferation of CD8+ T cells nor increasing of TRAV7-2*02 was observed in major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I)-deficient Pd-APCs transferred to mice. Taken together, we revealed that TRAV7-2*02-expressing CD8+ T cells are the pathogenic T cells for the development of Pd allergy. We also identified the CDR3 consensus motif of pathogenic TCRs as CAAXSGSWQLIF in TRAV7-2*02/TRAJ (TCRα junction)22*01 positive cells. These results suggest that the specific TCRs represent novel targets for the development of diagnostics and treatments for metal allergy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Palladium/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Takeda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Suto
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Koyu Ito
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Wataru Hashimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Nishiya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Kyosuke Ueda
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Narushima
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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21
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Using DR52c/Ni 2+ mimotope tetramers to detect Ni 2+ reactive CD4 + T cells in patients with joint replacement failure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:69-75. [PMID: 28554661 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T cell mediated hypersensitivity to nickel (Ni2+) is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. Ni2+ sensitization may also contribute to the failure of Ni2+ containing joint implants, and revision to non-Ni2+ containing hardware can be costly and debilitating. Previously, we identified Ni2+ mimotope peptides, which are reactive to a CD4+ T cell clone, ANi2.3 (Vα1, Vβ17), isolated from a Ni2+ hypersensitive patient with contact dermatitis. This T cell is restricted to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule, Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR52c (DRA, DRB3*0301). However, it is not known if Ni2+ induced T cell responses in sensitized joint replacement failure patients are similar to subjects with Ni2+ induced contact dermatitis. Here, we generated DR52c/Ni2+ mimotope tetramers, and used them to test if the same Ni2+ T cell activation mechanism could be generalized to Ni2+ sensitized patients with associated joint implant failure. We confirmed the specificity of these tetramers by staining of ANi2.3T cell transfectomas. The DR52c/Ni2+ mimotope tetramer detected Ni2+ reactive CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients identified as Ni2+ sensitized by patch testing and a positive Ni2+ LPT. When HLA-typed by a DR52 specific antibody, three out of four patients were DR52 positive. In one patient, Ni2+ stimulation induced the expansion of Vβ17 positive CD4+ T cells from 0.8% to 13.3%. We found that the percentage of DR52 positivity and Vβ17 usage in Ni2+ sensitized joint failure patients are similar to Ni sensitized skin allergy patients. Ni2+ independent mimotope tetramers may be a useful tool to identify the Ni2+ reactive CD4+ T cells.
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22
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Kuroishi T, Bando K, Tanaka Y, Shishido K, Kinbara M, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Endo Y, Sugawara S. CXCL4 is a novel nickel-binding protein and augments nickel allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1069-1078. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kuroishi
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Bando
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Tanaka
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry; Department of Oral Health and Developmental Sciences; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Shishido
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Kinbara
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Muramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Endo
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - S. Sugawara
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
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23
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Vukmanović S, Sadrieh N. Skin sensitizers in cosmetics and beyond: potential multiple mechanisms of action and importance of T-cell assays for in vitro screening. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:415-432. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
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24
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Zambelli B, Uversky VN, Ciurli S. Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1714-1731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y, Izumi N, Ichihashi KI, Handa T, Nishijima N, Uemura E, Sagami KI, Takahashi H, Yamaguchi M, Nagano K, Mukai Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Ishii KJ, Higashisaka K, Tsutsumi Y. Metal nanoparticles in the presence of lipopolysaccharides trigger the onset of metal allergy in mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:808-16. [PMID: 27240418 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many people suffer from metal allergy, and the recently demonstrated presence of naturally occurring metal nanoparticles in our environment could present a new candidate for inducing metal allergy. Here, we show that mice pretreated with silver nanoparticles (nAg) and lipopolysaccharides, but not with the silver ions that are thought to cause allergies, developed allergic inflammation in response to the silver. nAg-induced acquired immune responses depended on CD4(+) T cells and elicited IL-17A-mediated inflammation, similar to that observed in human metal allergy. Nickel nanoparticles also caused sensitization in the mice, whereas gold and silica nanoparticles, which are minimally ionizable, did not. Quantitative analysis of the silver distribution suggested that small nAg (≤10 nm) transferred to the draining lymph node and released ions more readily than large nAg (>10 nm). These results suggest that metal nanoparticles served as ion carriers to enable metal sensitization. Our data demonstrate a potentially new trigger for metal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsumi Izumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ko-Ichi Ichihashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Handa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nishijima
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uemura
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ko-Ichi Sagami
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manami Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, Center for Drug Innovation and Screening, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier International Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, Center for Drug Innovation and Screening, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fontenot AP, Falta MT, Kappler JW, Dai S, McKee AS. Beryllium-Induced Hypersensitivity: Genetic Susceptibility and Neoantigen Generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:22-7. [PMID: 26685315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium (Be) disease is a granulomatous lung disorder that results from Be exposure in a genetically susceptible host. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of Be-responsive CD4(+) T cells in the lung, and genetic susceptibility is primarily linked to HLA-DPB1 alleles possessing a glutamic acid at position 69 of the β-chain. Recent structural analysis of a Be-specific TCR interacting with a Be-loaded HLA-DP2-peptide complex revealed that Be is coordinated by amino acid residues derived from the HLA-DP2 β-chain and peptide and showed that the TCR does not directly interact with the Be(2+) cation. Rather, the TCR recognizes a modified HLA-DP2-peptide complex with charge and conformational changes. Collectively, these findings provide a structural basis for the development of this occupational lung disease through the ability of Be to induce posttranslational modifications in preexisting HLA-DP2-peptide complexes, resulting in the creation of neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045;
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John W Kappler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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27
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Interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in metal-induced hypersensitivity. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:25-30. [PMID: 27228132 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-induced hypersensitivity is driven by T cell sensitization to metal ions. Recent advances in our understanding of the complex interactions between innate and adaptive immunity have expanded our knowledge of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Metals activate the innate immune system through direct binding to pathogen recognition receptors, activation of the inflammasome, or the induction of cellular death and release of alarmins. Certain metals can serve as adjuvants, promoting dendritic cell activation and migration as well as antigen presentation to metal-specific T cells. These T cells can recognize metals as haptens or as altered MHC-peptide complexes. The ability of metals to create these neoantigens emphasizes the similarity between metal-induced hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
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28
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Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Zur Immunologie von Metallallergien. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.110_12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schmidt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg; Deutschland
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg; Deutschland
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29
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Abstract
Allergic contact hypersensitivity to metal allergens is a common health concern worldwide, greatly impacting affected individuals with regard to both quality of life and their ability to work. With an estimated 15-20 % of the Western population hypersensitive to at least one metal allergen, sensitization rates for metallic haptens by far outnumber those reported for other common triggers of allergic contact dermatitis such as fragrances and rubber. Unfortunately, the prevalence of metal-induced hypersensitivity remains high despite extensive legislative efforts to ban/reduce the content of allergy-causing metals in recreational and occupational products. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the perception mechanisms underlying the inflammatory responses to this unique group of contact allergens. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of this enigmatic disease. Particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms of innate immune activation and T cell activation by common metal allergens such as nickel, cobalt, palladium, and chromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Fage SW, Faurschou A, Thyssen JP. Copper hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:191-201. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon W. Fage
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Annesofie Faurschou
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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31
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Vennegaard MT, Dyring-Andersen B, Skov L, Nielsen MM, Schmidt JD, Bzorek M, Poulsen SS, Thomsen AR, Woetmann A, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Ødum N, Menné T, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. Epicutaneous exposure to nickel induces nickel allergy in mice via a MyD88-dependent and interleukin-1-dependent pathway. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:224-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie T. Vennegaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Beatrice Dyring-Andersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Morten M. Nielsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jonas D. Schmidt
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Hospital South, Naestved Hospital; DK-4700 Naestved Denmark
| | - Steen S. Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Allan R. Thomsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
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32
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Tooker BC, Brindley SM, Chiarappa-Zucca ML, Turteltaub KW, Newman LS. Accelerator mass spectrometry detection of beryllium ions in the antigen processing and presentation pathway. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:181-7. [PMID: 24932923 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.917748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to small amounts of beryllium (Be) can result in beryllium sensitization and progression to Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD). In CBD, beryllium is presented to Be-responsive T-cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). This presentation drives T-cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, TNFα, and IFNγ) production and leads to granuloma formation. The mechanism by which beryllium enters an APC and is processed to become part of the beryllium antigen complex has not yet been elucidated. Developing techniques for beryllium detection with enough sensitivity has presented a barrier to further investigation. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is sensitive enough to quantify the amount of beryllium presented by APC to stimulate Be-responsive T-cells. To achieve this goal, APC - which may or may not stimulate Be-responsive T-cells - were cultured with Be-ferritin. Then, by utilizing AMS, the amount of beryllium processed for presentation was determined. Further, IFNγ intracellular cytokine assays were performed to demonstrate that Be-ferritin (at levels used in the experiments) could stimulate Be-responsive T-cells when presented by an APC of the correct HLA type (HLA-DP0201). The results indicated that Be-responsive T-cells expressed IFNγ only when APC with the correct HLA type were able to process Be for presentation. Utilizing AMS, it was determined that APC with HLA-DP0201 had membrane fractions containing 0.17-0.59 ng Be and APC with HLA-DP0401 had membrane fractions bearing 0.40-0.45 ng Be. However, HLA-DP0401 APC had 20-times more Be associated with the whole cells (57.68-61.12 ng) than HLA-DP0201 APC (0.90-3.49 ng). As these findings demonstrate, AMS detection of picogram levels of Be processed by APC is possible. Further, regardless of form, Be requires processing by APC to successfully stimulate Be-responsive T-cells to generate IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Tooker
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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33
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Beeler A, Pichler WJ. In vitrotests of T cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:887-900. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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T Cell Responses to Contact Allergens. T LYMPHOCYTES AS TOOLS IN DIAGNOSTICS AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY 2014; 104:41-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Louis-Dit-Sully C, Schamel WWA. Activation of the TCR complex by small chemical compounds. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:25-39. [PMID: 24214616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small chemical compounds and certain metal ions can activate T cells, resulting in drug hypersensitivity reactions that are a main problem in pharmacology. Mostly, the drugs generate new antigenic epitopes on peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that are recognized by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the drugs alter self-peptide-MHC, so that neo-antigens are produced. This includes (1) haptens covalently bound to peptides presented by MHC, (2) metal ions and drugs that non-covalently bridge self-pMHC to the TCR, and (3) drugs that allow self-peptides to be presented by MHCs that otherwise are not presented. We also briefly discuss how a second signal-next to the TCR-that naïve T cells require to become activated is generated in the drug hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Louis-Dit-Sully
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Metal hypersensitivity is a common immune disorder. Human immune systems mount the allergic attacks on metal ions through skin contacts, lung inhalation and metal-containing artificial body implants. The consequences can be simple annoyances to life-threatening systemic illness. Allergic hyper-reactivities to nickel (Ni) and beryllium (Be) are the best-studied human metal hypersensitivities. Ni-contact dermatitis affects 10 % of the human population, whereas Be compounds are the culprits of chronic Be disease (CBD). αβ T cells (T cells) play a crucial role in these hypersensitivity reactions. Metal ions work as haptens and bind to the surface of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and peptide complex. This modifies the binding surface of MHC and triggers the immune response of T cells. Metal-specific αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) are usually MHC restricted, especially MHC class II (MHCII) restricted. Numerous models have been proposed, yet the mechanisms and molecular basis of metal hypersensitivity remain elusive. Recently, we determined the crystal structures of the Ni and Be presenting human MHCII molecules, HLA-DR52c (DRA*0101, DRB3*0301) and HLA-DP2 (DPA1*0103, DPB1*0201). These structures revealed unusual features of MHCII molecules and shed light on how metal ions are recognized by T cells.
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37
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Abstract
This review focuses on the impact of nickel on human health. In particular, the dual nature of nickel as an essential as well as toxic element in nature is described, and the main forms of nickel that can come in contact with living systems from natural sources and anthropogenic activities are discussed. Concomitantly, the main routes of nickel uptake and transport in humans are covered, and the potential dangers that nickel exposure can represent for health are described. In particular, the insurgence of nickel-derived allergies, nickel-induced carcinogenesis as well as infectious diseases caused by human pathogens that rely on nickel-based enzymes to colonize the host are reviewed at different levels, from their macroscopic aspects on human health to the molecular mechanisms underlying these points. Finally, the importance of nickel as a beneficial element for human health, especially being essential for microorganisms that colonize the human guts, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zambelli
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
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38
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T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction with peptides that mimic nickel offers insight into nickel contact allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18517-22. [PMID: 23091041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215928109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated allergy to Ni(++) is one of the most common forms of allergic contact dermatitis, but how the T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes Ni(++) is unknown. We studied a TCR from an allergic patient that recognizes Ni(++) bound to the MHCII molecule DR52c containing an unknown self-peptide. We identified mimotope peptides that can replace both the self-peptide and Ni(++) in this ligand. They share a p7 lysine whose εNH(2) group is surface-exposed when bound to DR52c. Whereas the TCR uses germ-line complementary-determining region (CDR)1/2 amino acids to dock in the conventional diagonal mode on the mimotope-DR52c complex, the interface is dominated by the TCR Vβ CDR3 interaction with the p7 lysine. Mutations in the TCR CDR loops have similar effects on the T-cell response to either the mimotope or Ni(++) ligand. We suggest that the mimotope p7 lysine mimics Ni(++) in the natural TCR ligand and that MHCII β-chain flexibility in the area around the peptide p7 position forms a common site for cation binding in metal allergies.
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39
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Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:1152-63. [PMID: 21599706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most prevalent occupational skin diseases and causes severe and long-lasting health problems in the case of chronification. It is initiated by an innate inflammatory immune response to skin contact with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, skin-homing CD8(+) Tc1/Tc17 and CD4(+) Th1/Th17 cells. Following this sensitization step, T lymphocytes infiltrate the inflamed skin upon challenge with the same chemical. The T cells then exert cytotoxic function and secrete inflammatory mediators to produce an eczematous skin reaction. The recent characterization of the mechanisms underlying the innate inflammatory response has revealed that contact allergens activate innate effector mechanisms and signalling pathways that are also involved in anti-infectious immunity. This emerging analogy implies infection as a potential trigger or amplifier of the sensitization to contact allergens. Moreover, new mechanistic insights into the induction of ACD identify potential targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention. We summarize here the latest findings in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, Freiburg, Germany.
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40
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Bowerman NA, Falta MT, Mack DG, Kappler JW, Fontenot AP. Mutagenesis of beryllium-specific TCRs suggests an unusual binding topology for antigen recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3694-703. [PMID: 21873524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional Ags, such as metals, stimulate T cells in a very specific manner. To delineate the binding landscape for metal-specific T cell recognition, alanine screens were performed on a set of Be-specific TCRs derived from the lung of a chronic beryllium disease patient. These TCRs are HLA-DP2-restricted and express nearly identical TCR Vβ5.1 chains coupled with different TCR α-chains. Site-specific mutagenesis of all amino acids comprising the CDRs of the TCRA and TCRB genes showed a dominant role for Vβ5.1 residues in Be recognition, with little contribution from the TCR α-chain. Solvent-exposed residues along the α-helices of the HLA-DP2 α- and β-chains were also mutated to alanine. Two β-chain residues, located near the proposed Be binding site of HLA-DP2, played a dominant role in T cell recognition with no contribution from the HLA-DP2 α-chain. These findings suggest that Be-specific T cells recognize Ag using an unconventional binding topology, with the majority of interactions contributed by TCR Vβ5.1 residues and the HLA-DP2 β1-chain. Thus, unusual docking topologies are not exclusively used by autoreactive T cells, but also for the recognition of unconventional metal Ags, such as Be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Bowerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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41
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Thyssen JP. Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation - evaluation of a public health intervention. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 65 Suppl 1:1-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Haptenation: chemical reactivity and protein binding. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:839682. [PMID: 21785613 PMCID: PMC3138048 DOI: 10.1155/2011/839682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight chemical (LMW) allergens are commonly referred to as haptens. Haptens must complex with proteins to be recognized by the immune system. The majority of occupationally related haptens are reactive, electrophilic chemicals, or are metabolized to reactive metabolites that form covalent bonds with nucleophilic centers on proteins. Nonelectrophilic protein binding may occur through disulfide exchange, coordinate covalent binding onto metal ions on metalloproteins or of metal allergens, themselves, to the major histocompatibility complex. Recent chemical reactivity kinetic studies suggest that the rate of protein binding is a major determinant of allergenic potency; however, electrophilic strength does not seem to predict the ability of a hapten to skew the response between Th1 and Th2. Modern proteomic mass spectrometry methods that allow detailed delineation of potential differences in protein binding sites may be valuable in predicting if a chemical will stimulate an immediate or delayed hypersensitivity. Chemical aspects related to both reactivity and protein-specific binding are discussed.
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43
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Martin SF, Esser PR, Schmucker S, Dietz L, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Keller M, Pichler WJ, Peiser M, Luch A, Wanner R, Maggi E, Cavani A, Rustemeyer T, Richter A, Thierse HJ, Sallusto F. T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: towards the development of in vitro assays. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4171-84. [PMID: 20717835 PMCID: PMC11115584 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can elicit T-cell-mediated diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and adverse drug reactions. Therefore, testing of chemicals, drugs and protein allergens for hazard identification and risk assessment is essential in regulatory toxicology. The seventh amendment of the EU Cosmetics Directive now prohibits the testing of cosmetic ingredients in mice, guinea pigs and other animal species to assess their sensitizing potential. In addition, the EU Chemicals Directive REACh requires the retesting of more than 30,000 chemicals for different toxicological endpoints, including sensitization, requiring vast numbers of animals. Therefore, alternative methods are urgently needed to eventually replace animal testing. Here, we summarize the outcome of an expert meeting in Rome on 7 November 2009 on the development of T-cell-based in vitro assays as tools in immunotoxicology to identify hazardous chemicals and drugs. In addition, we provide an overview of the development of the field over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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44
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Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Dearman RJ. Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S238-68. [PMID: 21097995 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction by chemicals of allergic sensitization and allergic disease is an important and challenging branch of toxicology. Skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis represents the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, and many hundreds of chemicals have been implicated as skin sensitizers. There are far fewer chemicals that have been shown to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract and asthma, but the issue is no less important because hazard identification remains a significant challenge, and occupational asthma can be fatal. In all areas of chemical allergy, there have been, and remain still, intriguing challenges where progress has required a close and productive alignment between immunology, toxicology, and clinical medicine. What the authors have sought to do here is to exemplify, within the framework of chemical allergy, how an investment in fundamental research and an improved understanding of relevant biological and biochemical mechanisms can pay important dividends in driving new innovations in hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk assessment. Here we will consider in turn three specific areas of research in chemical allergy: (1) the role of epidermal Langerhans cells in the development of skin sensitization, (2) T lymphocytes and skin sensitization, and (3) sensitization of the respiratory tract. In each area, the aim is to identify what has been achieved and how that progress has impacted on the development of new approaches to toxicological evaluation. Success has been patchy, and there is still much to be achieved, but the journey has been fascinating and there have been some very important developments. The conclusion drawn is that continued investment in research, if coupled with an appetite for translating the fruits of that research into imaginative new tools for toxicology, should continue to better equip us for tackling the important challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Castrejon JL, Berry N, El-Ghaiesh S, Gerber B, Pichler WJ, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Stimulation of human T cells with sulfonamides and sulfonamide metabolites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:411-418.e4. [PMID: 20159253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to sulfonamides is associated with a high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-specific T cells are involved in the pathogenesis; however, the nature of the antigen interacting with specific T-cell receptors is not fully defined. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the frequency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX)- and SMX metabolite-specific T cells in hypersensitive patients, delineate the specificity of clones, define mechanisms of presentation, and explore additional reactivity with structurally related sulfonamide metabolites. METHODS SMX- and SMX metabolite-specific T-cell clones were generated from 3 patients. Antigen specificity, mechanisms of antigen presentation, and cross-reactivity of specific clones were then explored. Low-lying energy conformations of drugs (metabolites) were modeled, and the energies available for protein binding was estimated. RESULTS Lymphocytes proliferated with parent drugs (SMX, sulfadiazine, and sulfapyridine) and both hydroxylamine and nitroso metabolites. Three patterns of drug (metabolite) stimulation were seen: 44% were SMX metabolite specific, 43% were stimulated with SMX metabolites and SMX, and 14% were stimulated with SMX alone. Most metabolite-responsive T cells were stimulated with nitroso SMX-modified protein through a hapten mechanism involving processing. In contrast to SMX-responsive clones, which were highly specific, greater than 50% of nitroso SMX-specific clones were stimulated with nitroso metabolites of sulfapyridine and sulfadiazine but not nitrosobenzene. Pharmacophore modeling showed that the summation of available binding energies for protein interactions and the preferred spatial arrangement of atoms in each molecule determine a drug's potential to stimulate specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS Nitroso sulfonamide metabolites form potent antigenic determinants for T cells from hypersensitive patients. T-cell responses against drugs (metabolites) bound directly to MHC or MHC/peptide complexes can occur through cross-reactivity with the haptenic immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Castrejon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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Coulter EM, Jenkinson C, Farrell J, Lavergne SN, Pease C, White A, Aleksic M, Basketter D, Williams DP, King C, Pirmohamed M, Kevin Park B, Naisbitt DJ. Measurement of CD4+ and CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Cytokine Secretion and Gene Expression Changes in p-Phenylenediamine Allergic Patients and Tolerant Individuals. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:161-74. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kurowska E, Bal W. Recent Advances in Molecular Toxicology of Cadmium and Nickel. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(10)04003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Nolan D. HLA-B*5701 screening prior to abacavir prescription: clinical and laboratory aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2009; 46:153-65. [PMID: 19514905 DOI: 10.1080/10408360902937817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of HLA-B*5701 genetic screening as a means of preventing drug hypersensitivity reactions caused by a commonly prescribed antiretroviral drug, abacavir. This strongly predictive genetic association, which in many respects represents a test case for the clinical application of pharmacogenetics, highlights the fine specificity of HLA-restricted immunity, here directed against a drug-specific antigen rather than an allogeneic molecule (as occurs in transplantation) or a pathogenic organism (as in viral infection). However, this example also demonstrates that successful implementation of pharmacogenetic screening requires that a range of criteria be adequately addressed. These include pharmaceutical factors (e.g. lack of alternative treatments with similar or improved cost effectiveness, safety, and efficacy), clinical factors (e.g. accurate diagnosis of the adverse event, in this case provided by clinical diagnostic criteria and adjunctive epicutaneous patch testing), sufficient objective evidence of the test's predictive value and generalizability (in this case provided by the first large-scale randomized trial of a pharmacogenetic test), as well as availability of quality-assured laboratory services that are responsive to the needs of targeted genetic screening. This example is intended to serve as a precedent for other pharmacogenetic screening strategies, particularly those aimed at reducing rates of serious drug hypersensitivity reactions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nolan
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Murdoch University 2nd Floor, North Block, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street, Perth 6000, Western Australia.
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Lochmatter P, Zawodniak A, Pichler WJ. In Vitro Tests in Drug Hypersensitivity Diagnosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29:537-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Discovery of major histocompatability complex (MHC) restriction helped in the understanding of how T-lymphocytes recognize antigens on bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. It was initially accepted that MHC restriction was a consequence of "adaptive differentiation" in the thymus; during differentiation, the forming repertoire of T-lymphocytes "learned" a low affinity for self MHC molecules via positive selection. This view was later countered by discovery of artifacts in underlying studies and the fact that adaptive differentiation could not explain direct allogeneic and allorestricted recognition phenomena. Data from experiments with TCR transgenic animals, individual MHC/peptide complex expression, and recipients of xenogenic thymus glands yielded evidence of an ability to adapt to microenvironment and a low specificity of positive selection. These facts led to an alternative interpretation of MHC restriction explained, in part, by specificity of a pool of effector cells activated by primary immunization. Details of this phenomenon were defined in studies that noted differential primary structures of peptides that bound various allelic forms of MHC molecules. Here, the T-lymphocyte repertoire formed in the thymus was a result, in part, of random rearrangement of germinal sequences of TCR gene fragments. Such pre-selected repertoires were inherently capable of reacting with different allelic forms of MHC molecules. In contrast, MHC molecules were characterized by significant intraspecies polymorphisms; negative and positive selections were aimed at adaptation of a pre-selected repertoire to a specific microenvironment in an individual. Via elimination of autoreactive clones and sparing of a broad spectrum of specificity to potential pathogens, selection in the thymus could be considered a life-long allogeneic reaction of a pre-selected repertoire to self MHC molecules resulting in tolerance to "self," increased responsiveness to foreign MHC molecules, and cross-reactivity of the mature T-lymphocyte repertoire to individual foreign peptides plus self MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Kazansky
- N. N. Blokhin's Cancer Research Center, Carcinogenesis Institute, Moscow, Russia.
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