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Ponsuksili S, Hadlich F, Perdomo-Sabogal A, Reyer H, Oster M, Trakooljul N, Iqbal MA, Schmucker S, Stefanski V, Roth C, Silva AC, Huber K, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Wimmers K. The dynamics of molecular, immune and physiological features of the host and the gut microbiome, and their interactions before and after onset of laying in two hen strains. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102256. [PMID: 36335740 PMCID: PMC9640326 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of data, including deep sequencing of mRNA and miRNA data in jejunum mucosa, abundance of immune cells, metabolites, or hormones in blood, composition of microbiota in digesta and duodenal mucosa, and production traits collected along the lifespan, provides a comprehensive picture of lifelong adaptation processes. Here, respective data from two laying hen strains (Lohmann Brown-Classic (LB) and Lohmann LSL-Classic (LSL) collected at 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60 wk of age were analyzed. Data integration revealed strain- and stage-specific biosignatures, including elements indicative of molecular pathways discriminating the strains. Although the strains performed the same, they differed in the activity of immunological and metabolic functions and pathways and showed specific gut-microbiota-interactions in different production periods. The study shows that both strains employ different strategies to acquire and maintain their capabilities under high performance conditions, especially during the transition phase. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the capacity of such integrative analyses to elucidate molecular pathways that reflect functional biodiversity. The bioinformatic reduction of the multidimensional data provides good guidance for further manual review of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany,Corresponding author:
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alvaro Perdomo-Sabogal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arsalan Iqbal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany,University Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Roth
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Korinna Huber
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany,University Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Schmucker S, Preisler V, Marr I, Krüger K, Stefanski V. Single housing but not changes in group composition causes stress-related immunomodulations in horses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272445. [PMID: 35976860 PMCID: PMC9385002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses are currently often subject to management practices that can entail social stressors, which in turn can negatively influence immunocompetence and disease susceptibility.
The present study therefore aimed to characterize the number of various blood leukocyte subsets in horses, focusing on two potentially stressful housing environments: changes in group composition and relocation to individual stabling. Immune measurements were conducted before as well as one and eight days after changes were made. They were complemented by an assessment of plasma cortisol concentrations as well as behavioral observations. One and eight days after relocation to single housing, the mean numbers of eosinophils, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells decreased by up to 31%, 20% and 22% respectively, whereas the mean numbers of neutrophils increased by 25%. In contrast, one and eight days after changes in group composition not only the mean number of neutrophils, but also of monocytes, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells increased by up to 24%, 17%, 9%, and 15% respectively. In consequence, an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio indicating stress-induced immune modulation was found after relocation to single housing, but not after changes in group composition. The changes in leukocyte numbers after relocation to single housing were accompanied by a transient increase in cortisol concentrations after one day and the occurrence of disturbed behavior patterns one week after change in housing condition. In contrast, changes in group composition did not result in an increase of cortisol concentrations or in an increase of aggressive interactions. The results strongly indicate that individual stabling is an intense stressor leading to acute and lasting alterations in blood counts of various leukocyte types. The study highlights a probable negative impact of single housing on welfare and health of horses and an advantage of group housing systems in view of immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Vanessa Preisler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Isabell Marr
- Equine Economics, Faculty Agriculture, Economics and Management, Nuertingen-Geislingen University, Nuertingen, Germany
| | - Konstanze Krüger
- Equine Economics, Faculty Agriculture, Economics and Management, Nuertingen-Geislingen University, Nuertingen, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Iqbal MA, Reyer H, Oster M, Hadlich F, Trakooljul N, Perdomo-Sabogal A, Schmucker S, Stefanski V, Roth C, Camarinha Silva A, Huber K, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Multi-Omics Reveals Different Strategies in the Immune and Metabolic Systems of High-Yielding Strains of Laying Hens. Front Genet 2022; 13:858232. [PMID: 35432452 PMCID: PMC9010826 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) are two commercially important laying hen strains due to their high egg production and excellent commercial suitability. The present study integrated multiple data sets along the genotype-phenotype map to better understand how the genetic background of the two strains influences their molecular pathways. In total, 71 individuals were analyzed (LB, n = 36; LSL, n = 35). Data sets include gut miRNA and mRNA transcriptome data, microbiota composition, immune cells, inositol phosphate metabolites, minerals, and hormones from different organs of the two hen strains. All complex data sets were pre-processed, normalized, and compatible with the mixOmics platform. The most discriminant features between two laying strains included 20 miRNAs, 20 mRNAs, 16 immune cells, 10 microbes, 11 phenotypic traits, and 16 metabolites. The expression of specific miRNAs and the abundance of immune cell types were related to the enrichment of immune pathways in the LSL strain. In contrast, more microbial taxa specific to the LB strain were identified, and the abundance of certain microbes strongly correlated with host gut transcripts enriched in immunological and metabolic pathways. Our findings indicate that both strains employ distinct inherent strategies to acquire and maintain their immune and metabolic systems under high-performance conditions. In addition, the study provides a new perspective on a view of the functional biodiversity that emerges during strain selection and contributes to the understanding of the role of host–gut interaction, including immune phenotype, microbiota, gut transcriptome, and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arsalan Iqbal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alvaro Perdomo-Sabogal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Roth
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Korinna Huber
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- University Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Rostock, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Siriluck Ponsuksili,
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Schmucker S, Hofmann T, Sommerfeld V, Huber K, Rodehutscord M, Stefanski V. Immune parameters in two different laying hen strains during five production periods. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101408. [PMID: 34530229 PMCID: PMC8450256 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During life, the number and function of immune cells change with potential consequences for immunocompetence of an organism. In laying hens, studies have primarily focused on early development of immune competence and only few have investigated systemic and lymphatic distribution of leukocyte subsets during adolescence and the egg-laying period. The present study determined the number of various leukocyte types in blood, spleen, and cecal tonsils of 10 Lohmann Brown-Classic and 10 Lohmann LSL-Classic hens per wk of life 9/10, 15/16, 23/24, 29/30, and 59/60, encompassing important production as well as developmental stages, by flow cytometry. Although immune traits differed between the 2 hen strains, identical patterns of age-related immunological changes were found. The numbers of all investigated lymphocyte types in the spleen as well as the numbers of blood γδ T cells increased from wk 9/10 to 15/16. This suggests an ongoing release of lymphocytes from primary lymphoid tissues and an influx of blood lymphocytes into the spleen due to novel pathogen encounters during adolescence. A strong decrease in the number of CTL and γδ T cells and an increase in innate immune cells within blood and spleen were found between wk of life 15/16 and 23/24, covering the transition phase to egg-laying activity. Numbers of peripheral and splenic lymphocytes remained low during the egg-laying period or even further decreased, for example blood CD4+ T cells and splenic γδ T cells. Functional assessments showed that in vitro IFN-γ production of mitogen-stimulated splenocytes was lower in wk 60. Taken together, egg-laying activity seems to alter the immune system toward a more pronounced humoral and innate immune response, with probable consequences for the immunocompetence and thus for productivity, health and welfare of the hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schmucker
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tanja Hofmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Hofmann T, Schmucker S, Grashorn M, Stefanski V. Short- and long-term consequences of stocking density during rearing on the immune system and welfare of laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101243. [PMID: 34175797 PMCID: PMC8253997 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Already during early life, chickens need to cope with chronic stressors that can impair their health and welfare, with stocking density being one of the most influential factors. Nevertheless, there is a gap in research on the influence of stocking density on laying hens during rearing and in the subsequent laying period. This study therefore investigated how stocking density during rearing affects the immune system and welfare of pullets, and whether effects are persistent later in life. Pullets were reared at either low (13 birds/m2) or high (23 birds/m2) stocking densities but in identical group sizes from wk 7 to 17. Afterward, hens were kept at the same stocking density (2.4 birds/m2) until wk 28. Blood and tissue samples (spleen and cecal tonsils) were collected at the end of the rearing period and in the laying period. The parameters evaluated encompassed number and distribution of leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets in blood and lymphatic tissue, lymphocyte functionality, plasma corticosterone concentrations as well as behavior and physical appearance of hens. At the end of rearing, pullets kept under high stocking density had lower numbers of T lymphocytes, especially γδ T cells in blood, spleen, and cecal tonsils and displayed a higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. These effects are mostly persistent during the laying period, although stocking density was identical at this time. Furthermore, birds from the high stocking density group showed less active behavior, more pecking behavior and worse physical appearance throughout both examination periods. In conclusion, stocking density during rearing affects pullets' immune system and behavior not only in the rearing, but also subsequently in the laying period, indicating a strong correlation between health and welfare during rearing and the laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hofmann
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Grashorn
- Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Steybe L, Kress K, Schmucker S, Stefanski V. Impact of Housing Condition on Welfare and Behavior of Immunocastrated Fattening Pigs ( Sus scrofa domestica). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030618. [PMID: 33652799 PMCID: PMC7996791 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to analyze if the well-known positive effects of immunocastration on the behavior and welfare of pigs are robust to varying environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs were studied with regard to their sex category (EM: entire males, IC: immunocastrates, BA: barrows) and housing environment (ENR: enriched, STD: standard, MIX: repeated social mixing). The second (=effective) vaccination was administered to the immunocastrates 5 or 6 weeks before slaughter according to the standard protocol. Regardless of housing conditions, beneficial effects of immunocastration on a reduction in undesired agonistic and sexual behavior, including penis biting and penile injuries, were observed. Enriched housing showed a beneficial effect on play, whereas the social mixing environment reduced the number of social nosing events. The novel result is that the beneficial effects of immunocastration on behavioral and welfare aspects apply independent from the housing environments assessed in this study. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether the well-known positive effects of immunocastration on the behavior and welfare of pigs persist under varying environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs were studied with regard to their sex category (EM: entire males, IC: immunocastrates, BA: barrows) and housing environment (ENR: enriched, STD: standard, MIX: repeated social mixing). The vaccination of immunocastrates included two injections at the age of 12 and 22 weeks. Regardless of the housing conditions, frequencies of sexual and fighting behavior expressed by immunocastrates shifted from boar-like to barrow-like behavior after the second immunocastration vaccination (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.05). Penis biting decreased in IC after the second vaccination (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, p = 0.036) and penile injuries were lower in IC animals compared to EM (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.001). Housing-dependent effects on behavior could also be observed in the animals at a relatively young age. Enriched housing showed a beneficial effect on play behavior (Chi-square test, p < 0.001) and the social mixing environment reduced the number of social nosing events (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.05). The positive effects of immunocastration thus are robust to all housing conditions assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Steybe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- German Genetic, Schweinezuchtverband Baden-Wuerttemberg e.V., Im Wolfer 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
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Hofmann T, Schmucker S, Sommerfeld V, Huber K, Rodehutscord M, Stefanski V. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium in Two Strains of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010129. [PMID: 33430096 PMCID: PMC7826506 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Phosphorus and calcium are essential nutrients for body functions including the immune system and are generally supplemented to poultry diets. Phosphorus is also present in plant feedstuffs, bound as phytate, which can be used by enzymatic hydrolyzation in the chicken. A reduction of dietary mineral phosphorus might consequently be conceivable, without negatively influencing the immune system. The high concentration of calcium in diets for laying hens that is needed for eggshell formation may inhibit phytate degrading enzymes, and thus, decrease phosphorus availability for the hen. Both phytate degradation and several immune parameters are known to be strain-specific, making an interaction of the genetic background and the dietary phosphorus and calcium supply with the immune system likely. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of reduced concentrations of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the peripheral and gut-associated immune system in two laying hen strains. Reduced mineral phosphorus enhanced, while reduced calcium reduced several immune parameters. The two strains showed differences in many immune parameters, but only the impact of dietary phosphorus was influenced by the genetic background. These results suggest that dietary phosphorus and calcium supply may strain-specifically influence immune defense and protection against infection in chicken. Abstract Insufficient nutrient supply can impair the immune system, which is important for animal health and welfare. Since chicken can partly hydrolyze phytate, which is the primary phosphorus storage in plant seeds, a reduction of mineral phosphorus in the diets could be an option for more sustainable egg production. Laying hens require high concentrations of calcium that might inhibit the function of endogenous enzymes for phytate hydrolyzation. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of standard and reduced dietary phosphorus and calcium concentrations on the number and functionality of immune cells in the peripheral and gut-associated immune system in a white and brown laying hen strain. Reduced mineral phosphorus enhanced several immune parameters such as B cells in blood and IgA concentrations in bile in both strains, and peripheral monocytes and γδ T cells in cecal tonsils in brown hens. Reduced calcium levels resulted in lower numbers of T cells in blood and cecal tonsils in both strains, suggesting negative effects on adaptive immunity. Differences between the two strains were found in almost all immune parameters. Results suggest a potentially beneficial effect of reduced dietary mineral phosphorus on the immune system that is dependent on the genetic background.
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Hofmann T, Schmucker S. Characterization of Chicken Leukocyte Subsets from Lymphatic Tissue by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 99:289-300. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hofmann
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17 Stuttgart 70599 Germany
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Reiske L, Schmucker S, Pfaffinger B, Weiler U, Steuber J, Stefanski V. Intravenous Infusion of Cortisol, Adrenaline, or Noradrenaline Alters Porcine Immune Cell Numbers and Promotes Innate over Adaptive Immune Functionality. J I 2020; 204:3205-3216. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kress K, Weiler U, Schmucker S, Čandek-Potokar M, Vrecl M, Fazarinc G, Škrlep M, Batorek-Lukač N, Stefanski V. Influence of Housing Conditions on Reliability of Immunocastration and Consequences for Growth Performance of Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010027. [PMID: 31877705 PMCID: PMC7022942 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Surgical castration of male piglets is societally criticized as it is painful and violates the integrity of the animals. Pork production with boars and immunocastrates are possible alternatives. Even if immunocastration is an animal-welfare-friendly alternative, its market share is low and the reliability of this technique is discussed controversially within the pork chain. Currently, the number and the reason for non-responders to vaccination are not clear. Various factors may contribute to impaired immune response including adverse and stressful housing conditions. This study, therefore, examines the influence of different housing conditions on the immune response after two Improvac® vaccinations. To determine vaccination success, testosterone concentrations, GnRH-binding, and boar taint compounds were evaluated. Furthermore, the growth performance of male pigs was compared. The results show that immunocastration is reliable under different housing systems and prevents boar taint. Moreover, the growth performance of immunocastrates is high and even superior to that of boars and barrows after the 2nd vaccination. Accordingly, immunocastration is not only animal-welfare-friendly but also economically attractive and suitable for different housing systems. Abstract Immunocastration is a sustainable alternative to piglet castration but faces limited market acceptance. The phenomenon of non-responders has not to date been examined in detail, but adverse and stressful housing conditions (e.g., mixing of groups) might impair the success of vaccinations. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of housing conditions on the immune response after two Improvac® vaccinations at an age of 12 and 22 weeks, respectively. Boars, immunocastrates and barrows (n = 48 each) were assigned to three different housing conditions (n = 36 enriched, n = 36 standard n = 72 repeated social mixing). Immune response was quantified by measuring GnRH-binding and its consequences for testosterone concentrations, development of the genital tract and boar taint. Growth performance was evaluated via average daily gain (ADG). GnRH-binding and testosterone levels revealed that immunocastration reliably suppressed testicular functions after the 2nd vaccination. Housing conditions did not modify testicular function but influenced ADG as animals under mixing grew slower than those under enriched conditions. Gonadal status had only a slight impact on ADG except in immunocastrates, which showed a temporarily higher ADG after the 2nd vaccination. The results show that immunocastration is a reliable procedure under different housing conditions and competitive in terms of growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-22536
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Martin Škrlep
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Nina Batorek-Lukač
- KIS–Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.-P.); (M.Š.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.W.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
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Toulouse C, Schmucker S, Metesch K, Pfannstiel J, Michel B, Starke I, Möller HM, Stefanski V, Steuber J. Mechanism and impact of catecholamine conversion by Vibrio cholerae. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2019; 1860:478-487. [PMID: 30986392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are influenced by signaling molecules including the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline which are host-derived hormones and neurotransmitters. Adrenaline and noradrenaline modulate growth, motility and virulence of bacteria. We show that adrenaline is converted by the pathogen Vibrio cholerae to adrenochrome in the course of respiration, and demonstrate that superoxide produced by the respiratory, Na+ - translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQR) acts as electron acceptor in the oxidative conversion of adrenaline to adrenochrome. Adrenochrome stimulates growth of V. cholerae, and triggers specific responses in V. cholerae and in immune cells. We performed a quantitative proteome analysis of V. cholerae grown in minimal medium with glucose as carbon source without catecholamines, or with adrenaline, noradrenaline or adrenochrome. Significant regulation of proteins participating in iron transport and iron homeostasis, in energy metabolism, and in signaling was observed upon exposure to adrenaline, noradrenaline or adrenochrome. On the host side, adrenochrome inhibited lipopolysaccharide-triggered formation of TNF-α by THP-1 monocytes, though to a lesser extent than adrenaline. It is proposed that adrenochrome produced from adrenaline by respiring V. cholerae functions as effector molecule in pathogen-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kristina Metesch
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd Michel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Starke
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heiko M Möller
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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12
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Burbach K, Weiss E, Eklund M, Aumiller T, Capezzone F, Steuber J, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Mosenthin R, Stefanski V. Phytate degradation, intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites and immune values are changed in growing pigs fed diets with varying calcium-phosphorus concentration and fermentable substrates. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1185-1197. [PMID: 30934140 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed effects of diets containing varying calcium-phosphorus (CaP) concentration and fermentable substrates on digestibility of diets, intestinal microbiota and immune system using 32 crossbred pigs (initial BW 54.7 kg). In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal (CSB) or corn-field pea (CFP) diet with either low [-] (4.4 g Ca/kg; 4.2 g total P/kg) or high [+] (8.3 g Ca/kg; 7.5 g total P/kg; supplemented with monocalcium phosphate) CaP content for a period of 9 weeks. In week 8, blood samples were taken, and at the end of the trial, all pigs were euthanized to collect digesta and mesenteric lymphoid tissue. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P was greater (p < 0.05) for pigs fed the CaP+ and CFP diets than CaP- and CSB diets. The myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6 ) concentration in jejunal digesta was higher (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than in CaP- fed pigs. In addition, caecal and faecal InsP5 isomer concentration were greater (p < 0.05) for CSB than CFP diets. In the caecum, gene copy numbers of saccharolytic bacteria, such as Eubacterium rectale and Roseburia spp., as well as SCFA concentration were higher (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than CaP- diets. In particular, innate immune cell numbers, such as natural killer cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils, were greater (p < 0.05) for CaP+ than CaP- fed pigs. Diets high in CaP resulted in higher abundance of potential beneficial bacteria and might promote the first line of defence enhancing the activation of the cellular adaptive immune response, thereby possibly decreasing the risk for intestinal disturbances. These results strongly suggest that both, CaP supply and dietary ingredients differing in fermentability, may beneficially affect gut health through increase in SCFA-producing bacteria and/or bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Maria Elisabeth Heyer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Burbach
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Weiss
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meike Eklund
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filippo Capezzone
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Steuber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Schalk C, Pfaffinger B, Schmucker S, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Pregnancy-Associated Alterations of Peripheral Blood Immune Cell Numbers in Domestic Sows Are Modified by Social Rank. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E112. [PMID: 30909543 PMCID: PMC6466169 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is characterized by a shift from adaptive to innate immune functions. Besides, the immune system can be influenced by social rank. Detailed knowledge of pregnancy-associated immune changes and of the interplay of rank-associated and gestation-induced immunomodulations is still fragmentary in sows. This study investigates both the numbers of various blood leukocyte subpopulations during pregnancy and the influence of social rank position on progressing pregnancy-associated alterations in group-housed sows. Sows were classified as low (LR), middle (MR), or high-ranking (HR). Five blood samples were collected from each of the 35 sows throughout pregnancy to evaluate the distribution of blood lymphocyte subpopulations and plasma cortisol concentrations. The numbers of T, natural killer (NK), and B cells, cytotoxic T cells (CTL), and CD8⁺ γδ- T cells decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy, while neutrophils and plasma cortisol concentration increased before parturition. Social rank revealed different effects on B cells and monocytes with MR sows showing higher numbers than LR sows. Plasma cortisol concentrations also tended to be higher in MR sows as compared to LR sows. In conclusion, sows show pregnancy-associated alterations in the immune system, which are influenced by social rank, as middle-ranking sows in particular display signs of stress-induced immunomodulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Birgit Pfaffinger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Schalk C, Pfaffinger B, Schmucker S, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Effects of repeated social mixing on behavior and blood immune cells of group-housed pregnant sows (Sus scrofa domestica). Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Weiss E, Eklund M, Aumiller T, Graeter E, Hofmann T, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Zijlstra RT, Stefanski V, Mosenthin R. 180 Phytate hydrolysis, intestinal microbiota, microbial metabolites, and innate immune cell numbers are changed in growing pigs fed diets with varying calcium-phosphorus levels and fermentable substrates. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Weiss E, Eklund M, Aumiller T, Graeter E, Hofmann T, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Stefanski V, Mosenthin R. 1732 Effect of supplemented mineral phosphorus and fermentable substrates on gut microbiota composition and metabolites, phytate hydrolysis, and health status of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Heyer CME, Schmucker S, Aumiller T, Föll A, Uken K, Rodehutscord M, Hoelzle LE, Seifert J, Stefanski V, Mosenthin R, Eklund M, Weiss E. The impact of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the intestinal microbiota and mitogen-induced proliferation of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Grün V, Schmucker S, Schalk C, Flauger B, Stefanski V. Characterization of the adaptive immune response following immunization in pregnant sows (Sus scrofa) kept in two different housing systems1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3388-97. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Grün
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S. Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C. Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B. Flauger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V. Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Grün V, Schmucker S, Schalk C, Flauger B, Weiler U, Stefanski V. Influence of Different Housing Systems on Distribution, Function and Mitogen-Response of Leukocytes in Pregnant Sows. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:1123-41. [PMID: 26479755 PMCID: PMC4494368 DOI: 10.3390/ani3041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The European Union imposes housing of pregnant sows in social groups since 2013 for animal welfare reasons. Nevertheless, the consequences of different housing conditions for the immune system of pregnant sows remain poorly investigated. We therefore analyzed important aspects of blood cellular immunity and cortisol concentrations of sows either housed in individual crates or in a group during gestation. The results show that individually housed sows had lower T cell numbers, but higher cortisol concentrations. Obviously, common housing conditions can differentially affect key elements of the adaptive immune system and hormonal indicators of stress in pregnant sows. Abstract In pig production, pregnant sows are either housed in individual crates or in groups, the latter being mandatory in the EU since 2013. The consequences of different housing conditions on the immune system are however poorly investigated, although immunological alterations may have severe consequences for the animal’s health, performance, and welfare. This study assessed measures of blood celluar immunity with special emphasis on T cells in pregnant German Landrace sows either housed in individual crates or in a social group. Blood samples were taken at four samplings pre partum to evaluate numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine-producing T cells. Plasma cortisol concentrations were evaluated as an indicator of stress. We found lower blood lymphocyte numbers (p < 0.01) in individually housed as opposed to group-housed sows, an effect due to lower numbers of cytotoxic T cells, naive TH cells, and CD8+ γδ-T cells. Individually housed sows showed higher cortisol concentrations (p < 0.01), whereas lymphocyte functionality did not differ between sows of both housing systems. Possible implications and underlying mechanisms for the endocrine and immunological differences are discussed. We favor the hypothesis that differences in the stressfulness of the environment contributed to the effects, with crate-housing being a more stressful environment—at least under conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Grün
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christiane Schalk
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Birgit Flauger
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals, Institute for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Martin SF, Esser PR, Schmucker S, Dietz L, Naisbitt DJ, Park BK, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Keller M, Pichler WJ, Peiser M, Luch A, Wanner R, Maggi E, Cavani A, Rustemeyer T, Richter A, Thierse HJ, Sallusto F. T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: towards the development of in vitro assays. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4171-84. [PMID: 20717835 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals can elicit T-cell-mediated diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and adverse drug reactions. Therefore, testing of chemicals, drugs and protein allergens for hazard identification and risk assessment is essential in regulatory toxicology. The seventh amendment of the EU Cosmetics Directive now prohibits the testing of cosmetic ingredients in mice, guinea pigs and other animal species to assess their sensitizing potential. In addition, the EU Chemicals Directive REACh requires the retesting of more than 30,000 chemicals for different toxicological endpoints, including sensitization, requiring vast numbers of animals. Therefore, alternative methods are urgently needed to eventually replace animal testing. Here, we summarize the outcome of an expert meeting in Rome on 7 November 2009 on the development of T-cell-based in vitro assays as tools in immunotoxicology to identify hazardous chemicals and drugs. In addition, we provide an overview of the development of the field over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Martin S, Esser P, Schmucker S, Pennino D, Geiger R, Maggi E, Dietz L, Thierse H, Richter A, Cavani A, Sallusto F. Development Of In Vitro T Cell Priming Assays For Identification Of Contact Allergens And Respiratory Sensitizers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Hixon AK, Padios E, Schmucker S, Shank F. Improving continuity of care by evaluation of post-discharge outcomes. SCI Nurs 1992; 9:42-5. [PMID: 1626276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of nursing care is being expanded to identify and assure attainment of patient outcomes. Ideally, evaluation of care will occur throughout all phases of treatment and include perceptions of the patient and/or significant others. A framework for patient outcomes as proposed by Marek (1989) was useful in defining outcomes for newly injured and chronically skin-compromised patients with spinal cord injury. Guidelines established by the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Health Organizations also influenced development of the nursing quality assurance approach. A pilot program demonstrated attainment of expected patient outcomes for high-risk and problem-prone aspects of nursing care.
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