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El-Halwagi A, Agarwal SK. Insights into the genetic landscape of systemic sclerosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024:101981. [PMID: 39068103 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease that clinically manifests as progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Autoimmunity and endothelial dysfunction play important roles in the development of SSc but the causes of SSc remain unknown. Accumulating evidence, first from familial aggregation studies and subsequently from candidate gene association studies and genome wide association studies underscore the crucial contributions of genetics to the development of SSc. The identification of polymorphisms in the HLA region as well as non-HLA loci is important for understanding the risks of developing SSc but can also provide important pathogenic insight in SSc. While not translating into clinic practice yet, understanding the genetic landscape of SSc will hopefully assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with and/or at risk of developing SSc in the future. Herein we review the studies that investigate genetic risks of SSc susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Halwagi
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Hu Y, Salgado Figueroa D, Zhang Z, Veselits M, Bhattacharyya S, Kashiwagi M, Clark MR, Morgan BA, Ay F, Georgopoulos K. Lineage-specific 3D genome organization is assembled at multiple scales by IKAROS. Cell 2023; 186:5269-5289.e22. [PMID: 37995656 PMCID: PMC10895928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
A generic level of chromatin organization generated by the interplay between cohesin and CTCF suffices to limit promiscuous interactions between regulatory elements, but a lineage-specific chromatin assembly that supersedes these constraints is required to configure the genome to guide gene expression changes that drive faithful lineage progression. Loss-of-function approaches in B cell precursors show that IKAROS assembles interactions across megabase distances in preparation for lymphoid development. Interactions emanating from IKAROS-bound enhancers override CTCF-imposed boundaries to assemble lineage-specific regulatory units built on a backbone of smaller invariant topological domains. Gain of function in epithelial cells confirms IKAROS' ability to reconfigure chromatin architecture at multiple scales. Although the compaction of the Igκ locus required for genome editing represents a function of IKAROS unique to lymphocytes, the more general function to preconfigure the genome to support lineage-specific gene expression and suppress activation of extra-lineage genes provides a paradigm for lineage restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeguang Hu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniela Salgado Figueroa
- Centers for Autoimmunity, Inflammation and Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Margaret Veselits
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sourya Bhattacharyya
- Centers for Autoimmunity, Inflammation and Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariko Kashiwagi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bruce A Morgan
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ferhat Ay
- Centers for Autoimmunity, Inflammation and Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Katia Georgopoulos
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Zhao M, Wang C, Li P, Sun T, Wang J, Zhang S, Ma Q, Ma F, Shi W, Shi M, Ma Y, Pan Y, Zhang H, Xie X. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the transcriptomic characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091237. [PMID: 37593735 PMCID: PMC10431960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a vaccine against hepatitis B has proven to be an important milestone in the prevention of this disease; however, 5%-10% of vaccinated individuals do not generate an immune response to the vaccine, and its molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three volunteers with a high immune response (HR) and three with no immune response (NR) to the hepatitis B vaccine. We found that the antigen-presenting activity scores of various antigen-presenting cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activity scores of naive B cells, and the cell activity scores of three types of effector T cells were significantly decreased, whereas the cytotoxicity scores of CD3highCD16lowKLRG1high natural killer T (NKT) cells were significantly increased in the NR group compared with those in the HR group. Additionally, the expression levels of some classical molecules associated with distinct signaling pathways-including HLA-B, HLA-DRB5, BLNK, BLK, IL4R, SCIMP, JUN, CEBPB, NDFIP1, and TXNIP-were significantly reduced in corresponding subsets of PBMCs from the NR group relative to those of the HR group. Furthermore, the expression of several cytotoxicity-related effector molecules, such as GNLY, NKG7, GZMB, GZMM, KLRC1, KLRD1, PRF1, CST7, and CTSW, was significantly higher in CD3highCD16lowKLRG1high NKT cells derived from non-responders. Our study provides a molecular basis for the lack of response to the hepatitis B vaccine, including defective antigen presentation, decreased T cell activity, and reduced IL-4 secretion, as well as novel insight into the role of NKT cells in the immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meie Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qinglong Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Maoning Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yapeng Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Tianshui, Tian Shui, Gansu, China
| | - Yunyan Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Virus Laboratory, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195577. [PMID: 36233442 PMCID: PMC9572210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40, BLK and BANK1 genes involved in the development and signaling of B-cells are identified as susceptibility loci for numerous inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, we assessed the potential influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 on the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV), predominantly a B-lymphocyte inflammatory condition. Three genetic variants within CD40 (rs1883832, rs1535045, rs4813003) and BLK (rs2254546, rs2736340, rs2618476) as well as two BANK1 polymorphisms (rs10516487, rs3733197), previously associated with inflammatory diseases, were genotyped in 382 Caucasian patients with IgAV and 955 sex- and ethnically matched healthy controls. No statistically significant differences were observed in the genotype and allele frequencies of CD40, BLK and BANK1 when IgAV patients and healthy controls were compared. Similar results were found when CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotypes or alleles frequencies were compared between patients with IgAV stratified according to the age at disease onset or to the presence/absence of gastrointestinal or renal manifestations. Moreover, no CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype differences were disclosed between patients with IgAV and healthy controls and between patients with IgAV stratified according to the clinical characteristics mentioned above. Our findings indicate that CD40, BLK and BANK1 do not contribute to the genetic background of IgAV.
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Zhou RS, Zhao JZ, Guo LM, Guo JL, Makawy AE, Li ZY, Lee SC. The novel antitumor compound clinopodiside A induces cytotoxicity via autophagy mediated by the signaling of BLK and RasGRP2 in T24 bladder cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982860. [PMID: 36199691 PMCID: PMC9527273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of clinopodiside A and the underlying mechanisms using T24 bladder cancer cells as an experimental model. We found that the compound inhibited the growth of the bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a in a concentration- and dose-dependent manner, respectively, which showed a combinational effect when used together with cisplatin. In the bladder cancer cells, clinopodiside A caused autophagy, which was mediated by the signaling of BLK and RasGRP2, independently. Inhibition of the autophagy by chemical inhibitor 3-methyladenine or by the inhibition of the signaling molecules attenuated the cytotoxicity of clinopodiside A. Further analyses showed that clinopodiside A acted in synergism with cisplatin which itself could trigger both autophagy and apoptosis, which occurred with concomitant enhancements in autophagy and the cisplatin-evoked apoptosis. In conclusion, our results suggest that clinopodiside A inhibits the growth of the bladder cancer cells via BLK- and RasGRP2-mediated autophagy. The synergistic effect between clinopodiside A and cisplatin is attributed to the increases in autophagy and autophagy-promoted apoptosis. Clinopodiside A is a promising investigational drug for the treatment of cancer, at least blabber, which can be used alone or in combination with clinical drug(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhong Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Jia Li Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aida El Makawy
- Cell Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Zong Yun Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Zong Yun Li, ; Shao Chin Lee,
| | - Shao Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Zong Yun Li, ; Shao Chin Lee,
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Choi S, Lee YJ, Choi Y, Kim M, Kim HJ, Kim JE, Oh S, Chae SW, Cha HJ, Jo JC. Prognostic significance of BLK expression in R-CHOP treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2022; 56:281-288. [PMID: 36128864 PMCID: PMC9510039 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2022.07.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of B-cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) expression for survival outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with R-CHOP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 89 patients from two tertiary referral hospitals. The expression of BLK, SYK, and CDK1 were evaluated in a semi-quantitative method using an H-score, and the proportions of BCL2 and C-MYC were evaluated. Results A total of 89 patients received R-CHOP chemotherapy as a first-line chemotherapy. The expression rates of BLK in tumor cells was 39.2% (n = 34). BLK expression status was not significantly associated with clinical variables; however, BLK expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with the expression of both C-MYC and BCL2 (p = .003). With a median follow-up of 60.4 months, patients with BLK expression had significantly lower 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival rates (49.8% and 60.9%, respectively) than patients without BLK expression (77.3% and 86.7%, respectively). In multivariate analysis for PFS, BLK positivity was an independent poor prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.208; p = .040). Conclusions Here, we describe the clinicopathological features and survival outcome according to expression of BLK in DLBCL. Approximately 39% of DLBCL patients showed BLK positivity, which was associated as a predictive marker for poor prognosis in patients who received R-CHOP chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yunsuk Choi
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sukjoong Oh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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Lee JK. Hygiene Hypothesis as the Etiology of Kawasaki Disease: Dysregulation of Early B Cell Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212334. [PMID: 34830213 PMCID: PMC8622879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that occurs predominantly in children under 5 years of age. Despite much study, the etiology of KD remains unknown. However, epidemiological and immunological data support the hygiene hypothesis as a possible etiology. It is thought that more sterile or clean modern living environments due to increased use of sanitizing agents, antibiotics, and formula feeding result in a lack of immunological challenges, leading to defective or dysregulated B cell development, accompanied by low IgG and high IgE levels. A lack of B cell immunity may increase sensitivity to unknown environmental triggers that are nonpathogenic in healthy individuals. Genetic studies of KD show that all of the KD susceptibility genes identified by genome-wide association studies are involved in B cell development and function, particularly in early B cell development (from the pro-B to pre-B cell stage). The fact that intravenous immunoglobulin is an effective therapy for KD supports this hypothesis. In this review, I discuss clinical, epidemiological, immunological, and genetic studies showing that the etiopathogenesis of KD in infants and toddlers can be explained by the hygiene hypothesis, and particularly by defects or dysregulation during early B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Keuk Lee
- Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Yin BW, Li B, Mehmood A, Yuan C, Song S, Guo RY, Zhang L, Ma T, Guo L. BLK polymorphisms and expression level in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:1549-1560. [PMID: 34637583 PMCID: PMC8611770 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to determine the correlation between B‐lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of BLK, and NMOSD in a Chinese Han population. Background B‐lymphoid tyrosine kinase gene expressed mainly in B cells plays a key role in various autoimmune disorders. However, no studies have investigated the association of BLK polymorphisms with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Methods Han Chinese population of 310 subjects were recruited to analyze three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs13277113, rs4840568, and rs2248932) under allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies, followed by clinical characteristics stratified analysis. Real‐time PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression levels of BLK in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 64 subjects. Results Patients with NMOSD showed lower frequencies of the minor allele G of rs2248932 than healthy controls (odds ratio (OR) =0.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.39–0.83, p = 0.003). The association between minor allele G of rs2248932 and reduced NMOSD susceptibility was found by applying genetic models of inheritance (codominant, dominant, and recessive) and haplotypes analysis. Subsequently, by stratification analysis for AQP4‐positivity, the minor allele G frequencies of rs2248932 in AQP4‐positive subgroup were significantly lower than in the healthy controls (OR =0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.72, p = 0.001). Notably, the genotype GG of rs2248932 was more frequent in AQP4‐negative subgroup (n = 14) than in AQP4‐positive subgroup (n = 93) (p = 0.003, OR =0.05, 95% CI =0.01–0.57). BLK mRNA expression levels in the NMOSD patients (n = 36) were lower than in healthy controls (n = 28) (p < 0.05). However, the acute non‐treatment (n = 7), who were untreated patients in the acute phase from the NMOSD group, showed BLK mRNA expression levels 1.8‐fold higher than healthy controls (n = 8) (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study evaluated that the minor allele G of rs2248932 in BLK is associated with reduced susceptibility to NMOSD and protected the risk of AQP4‐positive. BLK mRNA expression in NMOSD was lower as compared to healthy controls while significantly increased in acute‐untreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Ruo-Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Tianzhao Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, China
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Ramírez-Bello J, Fragoso JM, Alemán-Ávila I, Jiménez-Morales S, Campos-Parra AD, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Moreno J. Association of BLK and BANK1 Polymorphisms and Interactions With Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Latin-American Population. Front Genet 2020; 11:58. [PMID: 32153635 PMCID: PMC7045059 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction BLK has been identified as a risk factor to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) primarily in Asian or European-derived populations. However, this finding has not been evaluated in other populations such as Latin-Americans, except for Colombians. On the other hand, BANK1 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been scarcely studied in RA patients. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether the BLK rs2736340T/C, rs13277113A/G, and BANK1 rs10516487G/A (R61H) and rs3733197G/A (A383T) polymorphisms are risk factors to RA in a sample of patients from Central Mexico. Materials and Methods We studied 957 women; 487 controls and 470 patients with RA by means of a TaqMan® SNP genotyping assay with fluorescent probes for the BLK rs13277113A/G, rs2736340T/C and BANK1 10516487G/A (R61H) and rs3733197G/A (A383T) variants. Result The BLK rs2736340T/C and rs13277113A/G variants were associated with risk for RA: C vs T; OR 1.39, p = 0.001, and G vs A; OR 1.37, p = 0.004, respectively. In addition, there was also an association between BANK1 R61H and RA: A vs G; OR 1.49, p = 0.003, but no with BANK1 A383T. We also identified an interaction significant between genotypes of BLK rs2736340T/C-BANK1 rs10516487G/A and RA: OR 1.65, p = 0.0001. Conclusions Our data suggest that both BLK and BANK1 confer susceptibility to RA in Mexican patients. The individual association of BANK1 rs1054857G/A with RA had not been previously reported in a particular population (except for pooled patients from several countries), therefore, our study presents the first evidence of association between this BANK1 variant and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Fragoso
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma D Campos-Parra
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Moreno
- Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Ramírez-Bello J, Jiménez-Morales S, Montufar-Robles I, Fragoso JM, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Saavedra MA, Sánchez-Muñoz F. BLK and BANK1 polymorphisms and interactions are associated in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:705-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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UTX is an escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor in B cell lymphoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2720. [PMID: 30006524 PMCID: PMC6045675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To explain the excess cancer rate in males, several candidates for “escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor” (EXITS) were recently identified. In this report we provide direct experimental evidence supporting UTX’s role as an EXITS gene. Using a mouse lymphoma model, we show clear dosage effect of UTX copy number during tumorigenesis, which strongly supports the EXITS theory. Importantly, UTX deletion not only accelerates lymphomagenesis, it also strongly promotes tumor progression. UTX-knockout tumors are more aggressive, showing enhanced brain dissemination and formation of blood vessels. Efnb1 is overexpressed in UTX KO tumors and can lead to such phenotypes. In human patients, lymphomas with low UTX expression also express high levels of Efnb1, and cause significantly poor survival. Lastly, we show that UTX deficiency renders lymphoma sensitive to cytarabine treatment. Taken together, these data highlight UTX loss’s profound impacts on tumor initiation and drug response. UTX is a tumor suppressor gene located on the X-chromosome so it could potentially contribute to the cancer gender bias. Here the authors, using a mouse model of B cell lymphoma, show that UTX is a dosage sensitive tumor suppressor and may be responsible for some of the increased incidence and possibly aggressiveness of male cancers that harbour UTX mutations.
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Jouan Y, Patin EC, Hassane M, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C. Thymic Program Directing the Functional Development of γδT17 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:981. [PMID: 29867959 PMCID: PMC5951931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells comprise a unique T cell sublineage endowed with a wide functional repertoire, which allow them to play important—sometimes opposite—roles in many immune responses associated with infection, cancer, and inflammatory processes. This is largely dependent on the existence of pre-programmed discrete functional subsets that differentiate within the thymus at specific temporal windows of life. Since they represent a major early source of interleukin-17A in many models of immune responses, the γδT17 cell population has recently gained considerable interest. Thus, a better dissection of the developmental program of this effector γδT subset appears critical in understanding their associated immune functions. Several recent reports have provided new exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that control γδT cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Here, we review the importance of thymic cues and intrinsic factors that shape the developmental program of γδT17 cells. We also discuss the potential future areas of research in γδT17 cell development especially in regards to the recently provided data from deep RNA sequencing technology. Pursuing our understanding into this complex mechanism will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this particular T cell sublineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Abstract
Targeted therapy of cancer typically focuses on inhibitors (for example, tyrosine kinase inhibitors) that suppress oncogenic signalling below a minimum threshold required for survival and proliferation of cancer cells. B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and B cell lymphomas originate from various stages of development of B cells, which, unlike other cell types, are under intense selective pressure. The vast majority of newly generated B cells are autoreactive and die by negative selection at autoimmunity checkpoints (AICs). Owing to ubiquitous encounters with self-antigen, autoreactive B cells are eliminated by the overwhelming signalling strength of their autoreactive B cell receptor (BCR). A series of recent findings suggests that, despite malignant transformation, AICs are fully functional in B cell malignancies. This Opinion article proposes targeted engagement of AICs as a previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunity to overcome drug resistance in B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute and National Cancer Institute (NCI) Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Arcadia, California 91006, USA
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14
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Zeng C, Fang C, Weng H, Xu X, Wu T, Li W. B-cell lymphocyte kinase polymorphisms rs13277113, rs2736340, and rs4840568 and risk of autoimmune diseases: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7855. [PMID: 28885337 PMCID: PMC6392982 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) is an inhibitor of B cells that has an important influence on several autoimmune diseases, but there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of its association with autoimmune diseases. Hence, it is meaningful to conduct a comprehensive analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed on the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases up to June 30, 2016. The data were extracted and quality-assessed before conducting the meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were assessed with the STATA version 12.0 software. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Altogether, 33 studies with 68,874 cases and 90,684 controls, 24 studies with 31,095 cases and 39,077 controls for rs13277113, 21 studies with 26,388 cases and 40,635 controls for rs2736340, and 4 studies with 11,391 cases and 10,972 controls for rs4840568 were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the BLK rs13277113 and rs2736340 polymorphisms increased the risk of autoimmune diseases in the total analysis (A vs G: OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.27-1.39, P < .01; T vs C: OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.27-1.41, P < .01), and rs4840568 was positively associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (A vs G: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.22-1.43, P = .01). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis shows that the BLK (rs13277113, rs2736340, rs4840568) polymorphisms may be a risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases, especially for Asian populations and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Cheng Fang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Weng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Tianyang Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Wenhua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
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15
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Petersen DL, Berthelsen J, Willerslev-Olsen A, Fredholm S, Dabelsteen S, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Woetmann A. A novel BLK-induced tumor model. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317714196. [PMID: 28670978 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317714196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the SRC family kinases. BLK is known to be functionally involved in B-cell receptor signaling and B-cell development. New evidence suggests that B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase is ectopically expressed and is a putative oncogene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and other T-cell malignancies. However, little is known about the role of BLK in lymphomagenesis, and the oncogenic function seems to depend on the cellular context. Importantly, BLK is also ectopically expressed in other hematological and multiple non-hematological malignancies including breast, kidney, and lung cancers, suggesting that BLK could be a new potential target for therapy. Here, we studied the oncogenic potential of human BLK. We found that engrafted Ba/F3 cells stably expressing constitutive active human BLK formed tumors in mice, whereas neither Ba/F3 cells expressing wild type BLK nor non-transfected Ba/F3 cells did. Inhibition of BLK with the clinical grade and broadly reacting SRC family kinase inhibitor dasatinib inhibited growth of BLK-induced tumors. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that human BLK is a true proto-oncogene capable of inducing tumors, and we demonstrate a novel BLK activity-dependent tumor model suitable for studies of BLK-driven lymphomagenesis and screening of novel BLK inhibitors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leander Petersen
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Berthelsen
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Fredholm
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- 2 Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Geisler
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Suurmond J, Calise J, Malkiel S, Diamond B. DNA-reactive B cells in lupus. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:1-7. [PMID: 27504587 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgG anti-DNA antibodies are both diagnostic and pathogenic for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They contribute to tissue inflammation through direct tissue binding and to systemic inflammation through activation of Toll-like receptors by nucleic acid-containing immune complexes. IgG DNA-reactive antibodies originate when B cell tolerance mechanisms are impaired. The heterogeneous immune perturbations in SLE lead to the survival and activation of DNA-reactive B cells in various B cell subsets at distinct stages of B cell maturation and differentiation. We propose that the spectrum of B cell alterations and failed tolerance mechanisms for DNA-reactive B cells in lupus patients is best understood by studying genetic risk alleles. This implies that the B cells producing IgG anti-DNA antibodies and the failed tolerance mechanisms(s) will differ across patients. A better understanding of these differences should lead to better patient stratification, improved outcomes of clinical trials, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Justine Calise
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; PhD Program in Molecular Medicine, Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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17
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Zhou Y, Li X, Wang G, Li X. Association of FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:336-48. [PMID: 27105348 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1157812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between family with sequence similarity 167A-B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (FAM167A-BLK) rs2736340 polymorphism and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM) and Chinese database, Wan Fang database were used in searching eligible studies from January 1, 1966 to October 2, 2015. The odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 25 studies with 30,217 patients and 44,754 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The overall results showed FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 T allele was a risk allele for autoimmune diseases (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.28-1.44, p < 0.001). In the subgroup by ethnicities, the results suggested T allele was an increased risk in North America, Europe, and Asia (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.60, p = 0.004; OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.22-1.31, p < 0.001; and OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.40-1563, p < 0.001, respectively), but not in Africa. Subgroup analysis in different genetic models (recessive, dominant, and additive) revealed significant association between rs2736340 and autoimmune diseases in Asia and North America, but not the recessive model in Europe or Africa, or the additive model in Africa. Stratification analysis by diseases suggested FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 had a positive association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Kawasaki disease, primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS), primary antiphosholipid syndrome (APS), and myositis. CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis suggested that FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 polymorphism is associated with several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Zhou
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiangpei Li
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Guosheng Wang
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
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18
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Liu Y, Ke X, Kang HY, Wang XQ, Shen Y, Hong SL. Genetic risk of TNFSF4 and FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis in a Han Chinese population. J Asthma 2016; 53:567-75. [PMID: 27088737 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) frequently occur as comorbid diseases of the upper airways. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNFSF4 and FAM167A-BLK genes have recently been shown to be associated with various immune-related disorders. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine whether TNFSF4 or FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms confer genetic susceptibility to asthma and AR in a Han Chinese population. METHODS We performed a case-control study of 290 asthmatic children and 252 healthy controls. Nine SNPs in the TNFSF4 region (rs1234313, rs1234314, rs1234315, rsl 2039904, rs844648 and rsl 0912580) and the FAM167A-BLK region (rs2254546, rs13277113 and rs1600249) were detected using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. RESULTS This study revealed that three SNPs in TNFSF4 (rsl 234313, rsl 234314 and rsl 234315) and two SNPs in FAM167A-BLK (rs2254546 and rsl 600249) were significantly correlated with asthma and AR, while SNP rsl600249 was associated with asthma without allergic rhinitis as a risk factor. Further, we demonstrated synergistic effects between the TNFSF4 and FAM167A-BLK SNPs. CONCLUSION This study supports that the SNPs in TNFSF4 and FAM167A-BLK may be involved in asthma and AR gene risk in the Han Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ke
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Yong Kang
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shen
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Ling Hong
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
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19
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Chen S, Wu W, Li J, Wang Q, Li Y, Wu Z, Zheng W, Wu Q, Wu C, Zhang F, Li Y. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FAM167A-BLK gene are associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis in the Han Chinese population. Immunol Res 2016; 62:153-62. [PMID: 25846585 PMCID: PMC4438202 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are autoimmune diseases influenced by genetic background and environmental factors. Recently, FAM167A-BLK gene has been identified as a potential genetic susceptibility locus for dermatomyositis (DM) in patients of European and Japanese populations. Our aim here was to investigate the association between FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms and IIMs risk in Chinese Han. The FAM167A-BLK single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2736340, rs7812879, rs13277113, rs2618479, rs2254546 and rs2248932 were analyzed in polymyositis (PM) patients (n = 310), DM patients (n = 535) and 968 ethnically matched healthy controls, with the Sequenom MassArray system. Our present study demonstrated that strong allele association was observed in overall PM/DM and PM patients for rs2736340 (Pc = 6.48 × 10−3; Pc = 0.013, respectively), rs7812879 (Pc = 0.017; Pc = 0.034, respectively) and rs13277113 (Pc = 0.011; Pc = 0.047, respectively). These three SNPs were significantly associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) in overall PM/DM patients (all, Pc < 0.05). The frequency of the five haplotypes of the five SNPs (rs2736340, rs7812879, rs13277113, rs2618479 and rs2254546) was also significantly different between overall PM/DM, PM or DM patients and healthy controls. This was the first study to demonstrate that the FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms were associated with Chinese PM/DM patients or these patients with ILD, indicating that PM/DM might share common gene with other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, 41 Damucang Hutong, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
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20
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The SLE variant Ala71Thr of BLK severely decreases protein abundance and binding to BANK1 through impairment of the SH3 domain function. Genes Immun 2016; 17:128-38. [PMID: 26821283 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The B-lymphocyte kinase (BLK) gene is associated genetically with several human autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. We recently described that the genetic risk is given by two haplotypes: one covering several strongly linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter of the gene that correlated with low transcript levels, and a second haplotype that includes a rare nonsynonymous variant (Ala71Thr). Here we show that this variant, located within the BLK SH3 domain, is a major determinant of protein levels. In vitro analyses show that the 71Thr isoform is hyperphosphorylated and promotes kinase activation. As a consequence, BLK is ubiquitinated, its proteasomal degradation enhanced and the average life of the protein is reduced by half. Altogether, these findings suggest that an intrinsic autoregulatory mechanism previously unappreciated in BLK is disrupted by the 71Thr substitution. Because the SH3 domain is also involved in protein interactions, we sought for differences between the two isoforms in trafficking and binding to protein partners. We found that binding of the 71Thr variant to the adaptor protein BANK1 is severely reduced. Our study provides new insights on the intrinsic regulation of BLK activation and highlights the dominant role of its SH3 domain in BANK1 binding.
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Contribution of Genetic Factors to Sjögren's Syndrome and Sjögren's Syndrome Related Lymphomagenesis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:754825. [PMID: 26550578 PMCID: PMC4624885 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to summarize the current evidence related to the contributory role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and SS-related lymphoma. Genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus previously considered conferring increased susceptibility to SS development have been also revealed as important contributors in recent genome wide association studies. Moreover, genetic variations outside the MHC locus involving genes in type I interferon pathway, NF-κB signaling, B- and T-cell function and methylation processes have been shown to be associated with both SS and SS-related lymphoma development. Appreciating the functional implications of SS-related genetic variants could provide further insights into our understanding of SS heterogeneity, allowing the design of tailored therapeutic interventions.
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22
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French A, Yang CT, Taylor S, Watt SM, Carpenter L. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived B lymphocytes express sIgM and can be generated via a hemogenic endothelium intermediate. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1082-95. [PMID: 25519920 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to the B-cell lymphoid lineage has important clinical applications that include in vitro modeling of developmental lymphogenesis in health and disease. Here, we first demonstrate the capacity of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to differentiate into CD144(+)CD73(-)CD43/CD235a(-) cells, characterized as hemogenic endothelium, and show that this population is capable of differentiating to CD10(+)CD19(+) B lymphocytes. We also demonstrate that B lymphocytes generated from hiPSCs are able to undergo full VDJ rearrangement and express surface IgM (sIgM(+)), thus representing an immature B-cell subset. Efficiency of sIgM expression on the hiPSC-derived B lymphocytes (∼ 5% of CD19(+) cells) was comparable with B lymphocytes generated from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic progenitor cells. Importantly, when assessed by global transcriptional profiling, hiPSC-derived B-cells show a very high level of similarity when compared with their UCB-derived counterparts, such that from more than 47,000 different transcripts, only 45 were significantly different (with a criteria adjusted P value P<0.05, log FC >1.5 or 2.8-fold). This represents a unique in vitro model to delineate critical events during lymphogeneisis in development and lymphoid diseases such as acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna French
- 1 Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Possible single-nucleotide polymorphism loci associated with systemic sclerosis susceptibility: a genetic association study in a Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113197. [PMID: 25470816 PMCID: PMC4254283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to confirm the association of RHOB and FAM167A-BLK gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc) in a Chinese Han population. Methods A total of 248 SSc patients and 251 healthy controls of Chinese Han ethnicity, which visited the department of dermatology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, were included in the study. Six selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RHOB and FAM167A-BLK regions were selected as markers and were genotyped using a MassARRAY system, which is based on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry technique. Results Three SNPs in the coding regions of the RHOB and FAM167A-BLK genes displayed an association with SSc: (1) rs1062292T, which is a newly discovered SNP in the RHOB gene (P = 0.03, odds ratio [OR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–2.50), (2) rs2736340T (P = 0.03, OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.03–1.85), and (3) rs13277113A (P = 0.04, OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.01–1.76), both in the FAM167A-BLK gene. Our results support previous findings that vaiants in the RHOB and FAM167A-BLK genes may be associated with susceptibility to SSc. However, the loci of the SNPs in RHOB region that displayed an association with SSc are quite different from the loci which were identified in studies of Caucasian populations. Conclusion Our results confirm that RHOB and FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms exist in Chinese Han SSc patients. Therefore, variants of the RHOB and FAM167A-BLK genes are promising genetic markers for SSc.
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24
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Bartolomé RA, Díaz-Martínez M, Coló GP, Arellano-Sánchez N, Torres-Ayuso P, Kleinovink JW, Mérida I, Teixidó J. A Blk-p190RhoGAP signaling module downstream of activated Gα13 functionally opposes CXCL12-stimulated RhoA activation and cell invasion. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2551-61. [PMID: 25025568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the GTPase RhoA linked to cell invasion can be tightly regulated following Gα13 stimulation. We have used a cellular model displaying Gα13-dependent inhibition of RhoA activation associated with defective cell invasion to the chemokine CXCL12 to characterize the molecular players regulating these processes. Using both RNAi transfection approaches and protein overexpression experiments here we show that the Src kinase Blk is involved in Gα13-activated tyrosine phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP, which causes RhoA inactivation and ultimately leads to deficient cell invasion. Characterization of molecular interplays between Gα13, Blk and p190RhoGAP revealed that Blk binds Gα13, and that Blk-mediated p190RhoGAP phosphorylation upon Gα13 activation correlates with weakening of Gα13-Blk association connected to increased Blk-p190RhoGAP assembly. These results place Blk upstream of the p190RhoGAP-RhoA pathway in Gα13-activated cells, overall representing an opposing signaling module during CXCL12-triggered invasion. In addition, analyses with Blk- or Gα13-knockdown cells indicated that Blk can also mediate CXCL12-triggered phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP independently of Gα13. However, even if CXCL12 induces the Blk-mediated GAP phosphorylation, the simultaneous stimulation of the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 by the chemokine, as earlier reported, leads to a net increase in RhoA activation. Therefore, when Gα13 is concurrently stimulated with CXCL12 there appears to be sufficient Blk activity to promote adequate levels of p190RhoGAP tyrosine phosphorylation to inactivate RhoA and to impair cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgina P Coló
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohemí Arellano-Sánchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling regulates IL-7-driven proliferation and differentiation of B-cell precursors. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:132-40. [PMID: 24317301 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to be a potent activator of mature B cells by signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Its impact on early B-cell development, however, is not well defined. When comparing to C3H/HeN mice, TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice showed an increase in the number of pro-B and pre-B cells in the bone marrow. When cultured in the presence of IL-7, the proliferation of pro-B and large pre-B cells was significantly inhibited by LPS, possibly due to reduced IL-7 receptor-α (IL-7Rα) expression. Meanwhile, the generation of IgM(+)/IgD(+) B cells was greatly enhanced in IL-7 cultures of pro-B and pre-B cells. Consistent with these results, treatment with LPS facilitated the progression of adoptively transferred B220(+)IgM(-)IgD(-) precursors into IgD(+) cells. Overall, these data suggest that LPS has a profound influence on early B-cell development, which may contribute to the deregulated B-cell development under physiological and pathological conditions such as bacterial infections.
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Anbazhagan K, Rabbind Singh A, Isabelle P, Stella I, Céline ADM, Bissac E, Bertrand B, Rémy N, Naomi T, Vincent F, Rochette J, Lassoued K. Human pre-B cell receptor signal transduction: evidence for distinct roles of PI3kinase and MAP-kinase signalling pathways. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2013; 1:26-36. [PMID: 25400915 PMCID: PMC4217539 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-BCR acts as a critical checkpoint in B cell development. However, its signalling cascade still remains indistinctly characterised in human. We investigated pre-BCR signalling pathway to examine its regulation in normal primary pre-B lymphocytes and pre-B cell lines. In cell lines, early signalling events occurring after pre-BCR stimulation include phosphorylation of Lyn, Blk and Syk together with ZAP70, Btk, Vav, PLC-γ2 and various adaptor proteins, such as BLNK, LAB, LAT and SLP-76. Further downstream, these molecules induced activation of the PI3K/AKT and MAP-kinase resulting in an augmentation of canonical NF-κB pathways and cFos/AP1 activation. PI3K and MAPK exerted opposing effects on the pre-BCR-induced activation of the canonical NF-κB and c-Fos/AP1 pathways. Immediate nuclear export of FoxO3A and delayed import of IRF4 were additional events observed after pre-BCR crosslinking in primary cells. Pre-BCR-induced down-regulation of Rag1, Rag2, E2A and Pax5 transcripts occurred in a PI3K-dependent manner. Finally we bring evidence that pre-BCR stimulation or co stimulation with CD19 enhances cell cycle signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolandaswamy Anbazhagan
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Amrathlal Rabbind Singh
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Piec Isabelle
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Ibata Stella
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Alleaume-De Martel Céline
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Eliane Bissac
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Brassart Bertrand
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Nyga Rémy
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Taylor Naomi
- CNRS/UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Fuentes Vincent
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Jacques Rochette
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
| | - Kaïss Lassoued
- Inserm/UMR925, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine 3, rue des Louvels, 80036, Amiens, France
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A broad activity screen in support of a chemogenomic map for kinase signalling research and drug discovery. Biochem J 2013; 451:313-28. [PMID: 23398362 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of a number of efficacious kinase inhibitors, the strategies for rational design of these compounds have been limited by target promiscuity. In an effort to better understand the nature of kinase inhibition across the kinome, especially as it relates to off-target effects, we screened a well-defined collection of kinase inhibitors using biochemical assays for inhibitory activity against 234 active human kinases and kinase complexes, representing all branches of the kinome tree. For our study we employed 158 small molecules initially identified in the literature as potent and specific inhibitors of kinases important as therapeutic targets and/or signal transduction regulators. Hierarchical clustering of these benchmark kinase inhibitors on the basis of their kinome activity profiles illustrates how they relate to chemical structure similarities and provides new insights into inhibitor specificity and potential applications for probing new targets. Using this broad dataset, we provide a framework for assessing polypharmacology. We not only discover likely off-target inhibitor activities and recommend specific inhibitors for existing targets, but also identify potential new uses for known small molecules.
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Abstract
The t(12;21) chromosomal translocation, targeting the gene encoding the RUNX1 transcription factor, is observed in 25% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is an initiating event in the disease. To elucidate the mechanism by which RUNX1 disruption initiates leukemogenesis, we investigated its normal role in murine B-cell development. This study revealed 2 critical functions of Runx1: (1) to promote survival and development of progenitors specified to the B-cell lineage, a function that can be substituted by ectopic Bcl2 expression, and (2) to enable the developmental transition through the pre-B stage triggered by the pre-B-cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR). Gene expression analysis and genomewide Runx1 occupancy studies support the hypothesis that Runx1 reinforces the transcription factor network governing early B-cell survival and development and specifically regulates genes encoding members of the Lyn kinase subfamily (key integrators of interleukin-7 and pre-BCR signaling) and the stage-specific transcription factors SpiB and Aiolos (critical downstream effectors of pre-BCR signaling). Interrogation of expression databases of 257 ALL samples demonstrated the specific down-regulation of the SPIB and IKZF3 genes (the latter encoding AIOLOS) in t(12;21) ALL, providing novel insight into the mechanism by which the translocation blocks B-cell development and promotes leukemia.
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Zhang H, Wang L, Huang Y, Zhuang C, Zhao G, Liu R, Wang Y. Influence of BLK polymorphisms on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9965-70. [PMID: 22740142 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) encodes a member of the Src kinase family and thus may influence the proliferation and differentiation of cells. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the first intron of BLK has shown that the risk C allele of rs2248932 is associated with lower levels of messenger RNA expression of BLK. We hypothesized that this polymorphism may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility. We studied BLK rs2248932 T/C gene polymorphisms in 329 patients with RA and 697 controls in a Chinese population. Genotyping was done using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). When the BLK rs2248932 TT homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the CC genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of RA. In the recessive model, when the BLK rs2248932 TT/TC genotypes were used as the reference group, the CC homozygote genotype was associated with a significantly increased susceptibility to RA. In stratification analyses, a significantly increased risk for RA associated with the BLK rs2248932 CC genotype was evident among younger patients, CRP-negative patients and anti-CCP-positive patients compared with the BLK rs2248932 TT/TC genotype. The risk was also significantly evident among RF-positive patients, patients with lower ESR levels, patients with lower or higher DAS28 score and patients with a lower functional class. These findings suggested that the functional SNP BLK rs2248932 T/C variant allele was associated with RA development. However, our results were obtained from a moderate-sized sample, and therefore this is a preliminary conclusion. Validation in a larger study from a more diverse ethnic population is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China
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Simpfendorfer KR, Olsson LM, Manjarrez Orduño N, Khalili H, Simeone AM, Katz MS, Lee AT, Diamond B, Gregersen PK. The autoimmunity-associated BLK haplotype exhibits cis-regulatory effects on mRNA and protein expression that are prominently observed in B cells early in development. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3918-25. [PMID: 22678060 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene B lymphocyte kinase (BLK) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and several other autoimmune disorders. The disease risk haplotype is known to be associated with reduced expression of BLK mRNA transcript in human B cell lines; however, little is known about cis-regulation of BLK message or protein levels in native cell types. Here, we show that in primary human B lymphocytes, cis-regulatory effects of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in BLK are restricted to naïve and transitional B cells. Cis-regulatory effects are not observed in adult B cells in later stages of differentiation. Allelic expression bias was also identified in primary human T cells from adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood (UCB), thymus and tonsil, although mRNA levels were reduced compared with B cells. Allelic regulation of Blk expression at the protein level was confirmed in UCB B cell subsets by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Blk protein expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was documented by western blot analysis; however, differences in protein expression levels by BLK genotype were not observed in any T cell subset. Blk allele expression differences at the protein level are thus restricted to early B cells, indicating that the involvement of Blk in the risk for autoimmune disease likely acts during the very early stages of B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Simpfendorfer
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Chen Y, Wu Q, Shao Y, Zhang J, Guan M, Wan J, Yu B, Zhang W. Identify the association between polymorphisms of BLK and systemic lupus erythematosus through unlabelled probe-based high-resolution melting analysis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:321-7. [PMID: 22313735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disease. The genetic variation in the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) gene was found to associate with SLE in Caucasian population. However, the association of rs13277113 and rs4840568 with SLE was not extensively studied in Chinese population. In this study, we aim to test the association of SNP rs13277113 and rs4840568 with the disease risk of SLE in Chinese mainland population. A total of 532 patients with SLE and 576 controls were recruited. Unlabelled probe-based high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was used in genotyping. HRMA with unlabelled probe successfully distinguished all genotypes. Significant differences were observed in both genotype and allele frequencies for rs13277113 and rs4840568. Minor alleles of rs13277113 (P = 4.2E-05, odds ratio [OR] 0.66, [95% CI 0.54-0.81]) and rs4840568 (P = 7.1E-05, OR 0.67, [95% CI 0.55-0.82]) were found to be protective against SLE. Polymorphisms of rs13277113 and rs4840568 in BLK gene were associated with SLE in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- JNU-HKUST Joint Lab, Ji-Nan University, Guangdong, China
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Martín JE, Bossini-Castillo L, Martín J. Unraveling the genetic component of systemic sclerosis. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1023-37. [PMID: 22218928 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe connective tissue disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis, vascular damage, and autoimmune events. During the last years, the number of genetic markers convincingly associated with SSc has exponentially increased. In this report, we aim to offer an updated review of the classical and novel genetic associations with SSc, analyzing the firmest and replicated signals within HLA and non-HLA genes, identified by both candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWA) studies. We will also provide an insight into the future perspectives and approaches that might shed more light into the complex genetic background underlying SSc. In spite of the remarkable advance in the field of SSc genetics during the last decade, the use of the new genetic technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS), as well as the deep phenotyping of the study cohorts, to fully characterize the genetic component of this disease is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ezequiel Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Turchinovich G, Hayday AC. Skint-1 identifies a common molecular mechanism for the development of interferon-γ-secreting versus interleukin-17-secreting γδ T cells. Immunity 2011; 35:59-68. [PMID: 21737317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Murine T cell development begins with the generation of a unique Vγ5(+)Vδ1(+) epidermal γδ T cell compartment and a unique, more broadly distributed Vγ6(+)Vδ1(+) subset that is an important source of interleukin-17 (IL-17). This study showed that these respective functional programs were determined by Skint-1, a thymic epithelial cell determinant. By engaging Skint-1(+) cells, Vγ5(+)Vδ1(+) thymocytes induced an Egr3-mediated pathway, provoking differentiation and the potential to produce IFN-γ while suppressing the γδ T cell lineage factor, Sox13, and a RORγt transcription factor-associated IL-17-producing capacity. Hence, the functions of the earliest T cells are substantially preprogrammed in the thymus. Additionally, the phenotype of Skint-1-selected fetal thymocytes permitted identification in the adult thymus of an analogous gene regulatory network regulated by the γδ T cell receptor. Hence, these observations describe a molecular pathway by which distinct stress-responsive lymphocyte repertoires may emerge throughout ontogeny and offer parallels with emerging perspectives on the functional selection of other lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, and Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College School of Medicine at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
Expression of a BCR is critical for B-cell development and survival. We have identified 4 patients with agammaglobulinemia and markedly reduced but detectable B cells in the peripheral circulation. These B cells have an unusual phenotype characterized by increased expression of CD19 but no BCR. The cells are positive for CD20, CD22, and CD38, but not for Annexin 5 or activation markers, including CD69, CD83, or CD86. EBV lines derived from these B cells lack functionally rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcripts, as shown by PCR-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (PCR-RACE). Analysis of BM from 2 of the patients showed a severe reduction in the number of pro-B cells as well as pre-B cells. Functionally rearranged heavy-chain transcripts were identified, indicating that machinery to rearrange immunoglobulin genes was intact. Flow cytometry of B-lineage cells suggested accelerated acquisition of maturation markers in early B-cell precursors and increased phosphorylation of signal transduction molecules. Further, expression of TdT, a molecule that is normally down-regulated by a functional pre-BCR complex, was decreased. We hypothesize that the accelerated maturation, increased expression of CD19, and lack of a BCR were due to the constitutive activation of the BCR signal transduction pathway in these patients.
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Hendriks RW, Bredius RG, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ. Biology and novel treatment options for XLA, the most common monogenetic immunodeficiency in man. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1003-21. [PMID: 21635151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.585971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in man, and is caused by a single genetic defect. Inactivating mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are invariably the cause of XLA,. XLA is characterized by a differentiation arrest at the pre-B cell stage, the absence of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections, making it an insidious disease that gradually disables the patient, and can result in death due to chronic lung disease. Current treatment involves prophylactic antibiotics and immunoglobulin infusions, which are non-curative. This disease is a good candidate for curative hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy, which could correct the B cell and myeloid deficiencies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of BTK in B cell development, the clinical features of XLA, and the possibilities of gene therapy for XLA, covering the literature from 1995 to 2010. EXPERT OPINION Work from various laboratories demonstrates the feasibility of using gene-corrected HSCs to complement the immune defects of Btk-deficiency in mice. We propose that it is timely to start clinical programs to develop stem cell based therapy for XLA, using gene-corrected autologous HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
We have generated an FLT3/ITD knock-in mouse model in which mice with an FLT3/ITD mutation develop myeloproliferative disease (MPD) and a block in early B-lymphocyte development. To elucidate the role of FLT3/ITD signaling in B-cell development, we studied VDJ recombination in the pro-B cells of FLT3/ITD mice and discovered an increased frequency of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) introduced by the VDJ recombinase. Early pro-B cells from FLT3/ITD mice were found to have a lower efficiency and decreased accuracy of DSB repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), which is required for rejoining DSBs during VDJ recombination. Reduced NHEJ repair probably results from reduced expression of Ku86, a key component of the classic DNA-PK-dependent NHEJ pathway. In compensation, early pro-B cells from FLT3/ITD cells mice show increased levels of the alternative, and highly error-prone, NHEJ pathway protein PARP1, explaining the increase in repair errors. These data suggest that, in early pro-B cells from FLT3/ITD mice, impairment of classic NHEJ decreases the ability of cells to complete postcleavage DSB ligation, resulting in failure to complete VDJ recombination and subsequent block of B-lymphocyte maturation. These findings might explain the poor prognosis of leukemia patients with constitutive activation of FLT3 signaling.
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Fan Y, Tao JH, Zhang LP, Li LH, Ye DQ. Association of BLK (rs13277113, rs2248932) polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4445-53. [PMID: 21152986 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) is a src-family protein tyrosine kinase specifically expressed in B-lineage cells that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has been investigated in numerous ethnically diverse studies. However, genetic association studies that have examined the association between BLK gene variants and SLE have produced conflicting results. To shed further light on this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of the association between rs13277113, rs2248932 polymorphism and SLE in different ethnic groups. An updated literature-based meta-analysis of six original articles involving 20,271 control individuals and 11,796 subjects with SLE was conducted. Crude ORs with 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of association between rs13277113, rs2248932 polymorphism and SLE risk. Publication bias was estimated using Egger's linear regression test. The authors assessed the evidence of genotypic association using STATA Version 10.0. The combined overall odds ratio, calculated for SLE and the risk A-allele of rs13277113 was 1.416 (95% CI: 1.358, 1.477). An odds ratio of 1.264 (95% CI: 1.208, 1.322) was found for the T-allele of rs2248932. Significant associations of rs13277113 and SLE were observed for dominant model (AA + AG vs. GG, OR: 1.518; 95% CI: 1.411, 1.632), and recessive model (AA vs. AG + GG, OR: 1.553; 95% CI: 1.461, 1.651); so were rs2248932 and SLE for dominant model (TT + TC vs. CC, OR: 1.342; 95% CI: 1.233, 1.460), and recessive model (TT vs. TC + CC, OR: 1.338; 95% CI: 1.257, 1.424). All of these were conducted in fixed effects model as heterogeneity was not detected. Tests for bias revealed no evidence of biases. On the assessment of available evidence, the authors concluded that moderate evidence exists for an association between the BLK rs13277113, rs2248932 variants and SLE. Therefore, further research is warranted on the role of BLK polymorphisms in the etiology of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Agarwal SK. The genetics of systemic sclerosis. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2010; 10:134-143. [PMID: 20807474 PMCID: PMC3803145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is an autoimmune disease clinically characterized by progressive fibrosis in the skin and internal organs. While the pathogenesis of SSc is not completely understood, familial studies and genetic studies suggest that SSc is a complex polygenic disease. In the current review, we will discuss recent studies investigating genetic susceptibility to SSc. Candidate gene studies have identified critical immunoregulatory genes and gene regions including BANK1, FAM167A-BLK, IL23R, IRF5, STAT4, TBX21, and TNFSF4 as susceptibility genes for the development of SSc. More recently a genome-wide association study has been performed and identified CD247 (CD3-zeta) as a novel genetic risk factor for the susceptibility to SSc. Together these genetic association studies have substantially advanced our understanding of SSc pathogenesis and form the foundation for future studies seeking to understand the complexities of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Agarwal
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.270, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Ramos PS, Brown EE, Kimberly RP, Langefeld CD. Genetic factors predisposing to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:164-76. [PMID: 20347645 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a loss of tolerance to self-antigens and the production of high titers of serum autoantibodies. Lupus nephritis can affect up to 74% of SLE patients, particularly those of Hispanic and African ancestries, and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. A genetic etiology in SLE is now well substantiated. Thanks to extensive collaborations, extraordinary progress has been made in the past few years and the number of confirmed genes predisposing to SLE has catapulted to approximately 30. Studies of other forms of genetic variation, such as copy number variants and epigenetic alterations, are emerging and promise to revolutionize our knowledge about disease mechanisms. However, to date little progress has been made on the identification of genetic factors specific to lupus nephritis. On the near horizon, two large-scale efforts, a collaborative meta-analysis of lupus nephritis based on all genome-wide association data in Caucasians and parallel scans in four other ethnicities, are poised to make fundamental discoveries in the genetics of lupus nephritis. Collectively, these findings will show that a broad array of pathways underlines the genetic heterogeneity of SLE and lupus nephritis, and provide potential avenues for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Ramos
- Section on Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Torres O, Palomino-Morales R, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Castañeda S, Morado IC, Miranda-Filloy JA, Ortego-Centeno N, Fernandez-Gutierrez B, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Role of the C8orf13-BLK region in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:525-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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TSUCHIYA N, ITO I, KAWASAKI A. Association of IRF5, STAT4 and BLK with systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 33:57-65. [DOI: 10.2177/jsci.33.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki TSUCHIYA
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Doctoral Program in Life System Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Ikue ITO
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Doctoral Program in Life System Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Aya KAWASAKI
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Doctoral Program in Life System Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by inappropriate response to self-antigens. Genetic, environmental and hormonal factors are believed to contribute to the development of the disease. We think of SLE pathogenesis as occurring in three phases of variable duration. A series of regulatory failures during the ontogeny of the immune system lead to the emergence of auto-reactive clones and the production of auto-antibodies (phase I). As the immune response to self-antigens broadens, the auto-antibody repertoire is enriched (phase II) and clinical manifestations eventually ensue (phase III). The final result is tissue damage that if not treated will lead to the functional failure of such important organs as the kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Gourh P, Agarwal SK, Martin E, Divecha D, Rueda B, Bunting H, Assassi S, Paz G, Shete S, McNearney T, Draeger H, Reveille JD, Radstake TRDJ, Simeon CP, Rodriguez L, Vicente E, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Mayes MD, Tan FK, Martin J, Arnett FC. Association of the C8orf13-BLK region with systemic sclerosis in North-American and European populations. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:155-62. [PMID: 19796918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic studies in the systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease that clinically manifests with dermal and internal organ fibrosis and small vessel vasculopathy, have identified multiple susceptibility genes including HLA-class II, PTPN22, IRF5, and STAT4 which have also been associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These data suggest that there are common autoimmune disease susceptibility genes. The current report sought to determine if polymorphisms in the C8orf13-BLK region (chromosome 8p23.1-B lymphoid tyrosine kinase), which is associated with SLE, are associated also with SSc. METHODS Two variants in the C8orf13-BLK region (rs13277113 & rs2736340) were tested for association with 1050 SSc cases and 694 controls of North Americans of European descent and replicated in a second series 589 SSc cases and 722 controls from Spain. RESULTS The "T" allele at rs2736340 variant was associated with SSc in both the U.S. and Spanish case-control series (P = 6.8 x 10(-5), OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.1-1.4). The "A" allele at rs13277113 variant was associated with SSc in the U.S. series only (P = 3.6 x 10(-4), OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.1-1.6) and was significant in the combined analyses of the two series (P = 2.0 x 10(-3); OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.1-1.3). Both variants demonstrated an association with the anti-centromere antibody (P = 2.2 x 10(-6) and P = 5.5 x 10(-4), respectively) and limited SSc (P = 3.3 x 10(-5) and P = 2.9 x 10(-3), respectively) in the combined analysis. Peripheral blood gene expression profiles suggest that B-cell receptor and NFkappaB signaling are dysregulated based on the risk haplotype of these variants. CONCLUSION We identify and replicate the association of the C8orf13-BLK region as a novel susceptibility factor for SSc, placing it in the category of common autoimmune disease susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravitt Gourh
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHSC-H), Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Trentin L, Giordan M, Dingermann T, Basso G, Te Kronnie G, Marschalek R. Two independent gene signatures in pediatric t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Eur J Haematol 2009; 83:406-19. [PMID: 19558506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene expression profiles become increasingly more important for diagnostic procedures, allowing clinical predictions including treatment response and outcome. However, the establishment of specific and robust gene signatures from microarray data sets requires the analysis of large numbers of patients and the application of complex biostatistical algorithms. Especially in case of rare diseases and due to these constrains, diagnostic centers with limited access to patients or bioinformatic resources are excluded from implementing these new technologies. METHOD In our study we sought to overcome these limitations and for proof of principle, we analyzed the rare t(4;11) leukemia disease entity. First, gene expression data of each t(4;11) leukemia patient were normalized by pairwise subtraction against normal bone marrow (n = 3) to identify significantly deregulated gene sets for each patient. RESULT A 'core signature' of 186 commonly deregulated genes present in each investigated t(4;11) leukemia patient was defined. Linking the obtained gene sets to four biological discriminators (HOXA gene expression, age at diagnosis, fusion gene transcripts and chromosomal breakpoints) divided patients into two distinct subgroups: the first one comprised infant patients with low HOXA genes expression and the MLL breakpoints within introns 11/12. The second one comprised non-infant patients with high HOXA expression and MLL breakpoints within introns 9/10. CONCLUSION A yet homogeneous leukemia entity was further subdivided, based on distinct genetic properties. This approach provided a simplified way to obtain robust and disease-specific gene signatures even in smaller cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Trentin
- Hemato-Oncology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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47
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Abstract
B-lymphoid kinase (Blk) is exclusively expressed in B cells and thymocytes. Interestingly, transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of Blk in the T-cell lineage of mice results in the development of T-lymphoid lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)-mediated ectopic expression of Blk in malignant T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Importantly, Blk is also expressed in situ in lesional tissue specimens from 26 of 31 patients with CTCL. Already in early disease the majority of epidermotropic T cells express Blk, whereas Blk expression is not observed in patients with benign inflammatory skin disorders. In a longitudinal study of an additional 24 patients biopsied for suspected CTCL, Blk expression significantly correlated with a subsequently confirmed diagnosis of CTCL. Blk is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in malignant CTCL cell lines and spontaneously active in kinase assays. Furthermore, targeting Blk activity and expression by Src kinase inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibit the proliferation of the malignant T cells. In conclusion, this is the first report of Blk expression in CTCL, thereby providing new clues to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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48
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Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A preferentially signals through the Src family kinase Lyn. J Virol 2008; 82:8520-8. [PMID: 18579586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00843-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is a viral protein expressed during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency in EBV-infected B cells both in cell culture and in vivo. LMP2A has important roles in modulating B-cell receptor signal transduction and provides survival and developmental signals to B cells in vivo. Although Lyn has been shown to be important in mediating LMP2A signaling, it is still unclear if Lyn is used preferentially or if LMP2A associates promiscuously with other Src family kinase (SFK) members. To investigate the role of various SFKs in LMP2A signaling, we crossed LMP2A transgenic mice (TgE) with Lyn(-/-), Fyn(-/-), or Blk(-/-) mice. TgE Lyn(-/-) mice had a larger immunoglobulin M (IgM)-positive B-cell population than TgE mice, suggesting that the absence of Lyn prevents LMP2A from delivering survival and developmental signals to the B cells. Both TgE Fyn(-/-) and TgE Blk(-/-) mice have an IgM-negative population of splenic B cells, similar to the TgE mice. LMP2A was also transiently transfected into the human EBV-negative B-cell line BJAB to determine which SFK members associate with LMP2A. Lyn was detected in LMP2A immunoprecipitates, whereas Fyn was not. Both Lyn and Fyn were able to bind to an LMP2A mutant which contained a sequence shown previously to bind tightly to the SH2 domain of multiple SFK members. From these results, we conclude that LMP2A preferentially associates with and signals through Lyn compared to its association with other SFKs. This preferential association is due in part to the SH2 domain of Lyn associating with LMP2A.
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50
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Abstract
In adult mammals, bone marrow pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells generate B lymphoid-specified progeny that progress through a series of well-characterized stages before generating B-cell receptor expressing B lymphocytes. These functionally immature B lymphocytes then migrate to the spleen wherein they differentiate through transitional stages into follicular or marginal zone B lymphocytes capable of responding to T-dependent and -independent antigens, respectively. During the terminal stages of B lymphocyte development in the bone marrow, as well as immediately following egress into the peripheral compartments, B lymphocytes are counterselected to eliminate B lymphocytes with potentially dangerous self-reactivity. These developmental and selection events in the bone marrow and periphery are dependent on the integration of intrinsic genetic programs with extrinsic microenvironmental signals that drive progenitors toward increasing B lineage commitment and maturation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the various stages of primary and secondary B lymphocyte development with an emphasis on the selection processes that affect decisions at critical checkpoints. Our intent is to stress the concept that at many steps in the developmental process leading to a mature immunocompetent B lymphocyte, B lineage cells are integrating multiple and different signaling inputs that are translated into specific and appropriate cell fate decisions.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Lymphopoiesis/genetics
- Models, Immunological
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Monroe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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