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Tawfik A, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Yamaguchi I, Tabara Y, Van Steen K, Sakuntabhai A, Matsuda F. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Sixteen Potential Genes Associated with the Successful Differentiation of Antibody-Secreting Cells through the Utilization of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanisms in Robust Responders to the Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38400120 PMCID: PMC10892001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal influenza vaccine remains one of the vital recommended infection control measures for the elderly with chronic illnesses. We investigated the immunogenicity of a single dose of influenza vaccine in 123 seronegative participants and classified them into four distinct groups, determined by the promptness of vaccine response, the longevity of humoral immunity, and the likelihood of exhibiting cross-reactivity. Subsequently, we used transcriptional profiling and differential gene expression analysis to identify potential genes directly associated with the robust response to the vaccine. The group of exemplary vaccine responders differentially expressed 16 genes, namely: MZB1, MYDGF, TXNDC5, TXNDC11, HSP90B1, FKBP11, PDIA5, PRDX4, CD38, SDC1, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13B, PAX5, POU2AF1, IRF4, and XBP1. Our findings point out a list of expressed proteins that are related to B cell proliferation, unfolded protein response, and cellular haemostasis, as well as a linkage of these expressions to the survival of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France;
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
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2
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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3
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Lombard‐Vadnais F, Lacombe J, Chabot‐Roy G, Ferron M, Lesage S. OCA‐B does not act as a transcriptional coactivator in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:338-351. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lombard‐Vadnais
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0G4 Canada
| | - Julie Lacombe
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal Montréal QC H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Geneviève Chabot‐Roy
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal Montréal QC H2W 1R7 Canada
- Département de médecine Université de Montréal Montréal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0G4 Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie Université de Montréal Montréal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
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4
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Jin W, Yang Q, Peng Y, Yan C, Li Y, Luo Z, Xiao B, Xu L, Yang H. Single-cell RNA-Seq reveals transcriptional heterogeneity and immune subtypes associated with disease activity in human myasthenia gravis. Cell Discov 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 34521820 PMCID: PMC8440681 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease. Although the impact of immune cell disorder in MG has been extensively studied, little is known about the transcriptomes of individual cells. Here, we assessed the transcriptional profiles of 39,243 cells by single-cell sequencing and identified 13 major cell clusters, along with 39 subgroups of cells derived from patients with new-onset myasthenia gravis and healthy controls. We found that B cells, CD4+ T cells, and monocytes exhibited more heterogeneity in MG patients. CD4+ T cells were expanded in MG patients. We reclustered B cells and CD4+ T cells, and predict their essential regulators. Further analyses demonstrated that B cells in MG exhibited higher transcriptional activity towards plasma cell differentiation, CD4+ T cell subsets were unbalanced, and inflammatory pathways of monocytes were highly activated. Notably, we discovered a disease-relevant subgroup, CD180− B cells. Increased CD180− B cells in MG are indicative of a high IgG composition and were associated with disease activity and the anti-AChR antibody. Together, our data further the understanding of the cellular heterogeneity involved in the pathogenesis of MG and provide large cell-type-specific markers for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Jin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuyao Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengkai Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liqun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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5
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Horlock AD, Piersanti RL, Ramirez-Hernandez R, Yu F, Ma Z, Jeong KC, Clift MJD, Block J, Santos JEP, Bromfield JJ, Sheldon IM. Uterine infection alters the transcriptome of the bovine reproductive tract three months later. Reproduction 2021; 160:93-107. [PMID: 32422601 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the postpartum uterus with pathogenic bacteria is associated with infertility months later in dairy cattle. However, it is unclear whether these bacterial infections lead to long-term changes in the reproductive tract that might help explain this infertility. Here we tested the hypothesis that infusion of pathogenic bacteria into the uterus leads to changes in the transcriptome of the reproductive tract 3 months later. We used virgin Holstein heifers to avoid potential confounding effects of periparturient problems, lactation, and negative energy balance. Animals were infused intrauterine with endometrial pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (n = 4) and compared with control animals (n = 6). Three months after infusion, caruncular and intercaruncular endometrium, isthmus and ampulla of the oviduct, and granulosa cells from ovarian follicles >8 mm diameter were profiled by RNA sequencing. Bacterial infusion altered the transcriptome of all the tissues when compared with control. Most differentially expressed genes were tissue specific, with 109 differentially expressed genes unique to caruncular endometrium, 57 in intercaruncular endometrium, 65 in isthmus, 298 in ampulla, and 83 in granulosa cells. Surprisingly, despite infusing bacteria into the uterus, granulosa cells had more predicted upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes than all the other tissues combined. In conclusion, there were changes in the transcriptome of the endometrium, oviduct and even granulosa cells, 3 months after intrauterine infusion of pathogenic bacteria. These findings imply that long-term changes throughout the reproductive tract could contribute to infertility after bacterial infections of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L Piersanti
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - KwangCheol C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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6
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OBF1 and Oct factors control the germinal center transcriptional program. Blood 2021; 137:2920-2934. [PMID: 33512466 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBF1 is a specific coactivator of the POU family transcription factors OCT1 and OCT2. OBF1 and OCT2 are B cell-specific and indispensable for germinal center (GC) formation, but their mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we show by chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing that OBF1 extensively colocalizes with OCT1 and OCT2. We found that these factors also often colocalize with transcription factors of the ETS family. Furthermore, we showed that OBF1, OCT2, and OCT1 bind widely to the promoters or enhancers of genes involved in GC formation in mouse and human GC B cells. Short hairpin RNA knockdown experiments demonstrated that OCT1, OCT2, and OBF1 regulate each other and are essential for proliferation of GC-derived lymphoma cell lines. OBF1 downregulation disrupts the GC transcriptional program: genes involved in GC maintenance, such as BCL6, are downregulated, whereas genes related to exit from the GC program, such as IRF4, are upregulated. Ectopic expression of BCL6 does not restore the proliferation of GC-derived lymphoma cells depleted of OBF1 unless IRF4 is also depleted, indicating that OBF1 controls an essential regulatory node in GC differentiation.
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7
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Agammaglobulinemia with normal B-cell numbers in a patient lacking Bob1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1977-1980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Yeremenko N, Danger R, Baeten D, Tomilin A, Brouard S. Transcriptional regulator BOB.1: Molecular mechanisms and emerging role in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102833. [PMID: 33864944 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes constitute an essential and potent effector compartment of the immune system. Therefore, their development and functions must be strictly regulated to avoid inappropriate immune responses, such as autoimmune reactions. Several lines of evidence from genetics (e.g. association with multiple sclerosis and primary biliary cirrhosis), human expression studies (e.g. increased expression in target tissues and draining lymph nodes of patients with autoimmune diseases), animal models (e.g. loss of functional protein protects animals from the development of collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, bleomycin-induced fibrosis) strongly support a causal link between the aberrant expression of the lymphocyte-restricted transcriptional regulator BOB.1 and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of unusual structural and functional plasticity of BOB.1, stringent regulation of its expression, and the pivotal role that BOB.1 plays in shaping B- and T-cell responses. We discuss recent developments highlighting the significant contribution of BOB.1 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and how to leverage our knowledge to target this regulator to treat autoimmune tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Yeremenko
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Richard Danger
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexey Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
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9
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Chu CS, Hellmuth JC, Singh R, Ying HY, Skrabanek L, Teater MR, Doane AS, Elemento O, Melnick AM, Roeder RG. Unique Immune Cell Coactivators Specify Locus Control Region Function and Cell Stage. Mol Cell 2020; 80:845-861.e10. [PMID: 33232656 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Locus control region (LCR) functions define cellular identity and have critical roles in diseases such as cancer, although the hierarchy of structural components and associated factors that drive functionality are incompletely understood. Here we show that OCA-B, a B cell-specific coactivator essential for germinal center (GC) formation, forms a ternary complex with the lymphoid-enriched OCT2 and GC-specific MEF2B transcription factors and that this complex occupies and activates an LCR that regulates the BCL6 proto-oncogene and is uniquely required by normal and malignant GC B cells. Mechanistically, through OCA-B-MED1 interactions, this complex is required for Mediator association with the BCL6 promoter. Densely tiled CRISPRi screening indicates that only LCR segments heavily bound by this ternary complex are essential for its function. Our results demonstrate how an intimately linked complex of lineage- and stage-specific factors converges on specific and highly essential enhancer elements to drive the function of a cell-type-defining LCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shuen Chu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hsia-Yuan Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucy Skrabanek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew R Teater
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashley S Doane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Zhang F, Wang L, Niu X, Li J, Luo J, Feng Y, Yang Y, He P, Fan W, Liang R, Zheng Z, Pan W, Li C, Tan YJ, Yu H, Chen L, Li P. Phenotypic Characterization of Chinese Rhesus Macaque Plasmablasts for Cloning Antigen-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2426. [PMID: 31681312 PMCID: PMC6798180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are used as a human-relevant animal species for the evaluation of vaccines and as a source for cloning monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are highly similar to human-derived antibodies. Although antibody-secreting plasmablasts in humans are well-defined and can be easily isolated for mAb cloning, it remains unclear whether the same phenotypic markers could be applied for isolating antibody-secreting plasmablasts from Chinese rhesus macaques. In this study, we evaluated a series of cell surface and intracellular markers and identified the phenotypic markers of plasmablasts in Chinese rhesus macaques as CD3−CD14−CD56−CD19−CD27−CD20−/lowCD80+HLA-DR+CD95+. After influenza virus vaccination, the plasmablasts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) increased transiently, peaked at day 4–7 after booster vaccination and returned to nearly undetectable levels by day 14. Antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays confirmed that the majority of the plasmablasts could produce influenza virus-specific antibodies. These plasmablasts showed transcriptional characteristics similar to those of human plasmablasts. Using single-cell PCR for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, most mAbs cloned from the CD3−CD14−CD56−CD19−CD27−CD20−/lowCD80+HLA-DR+CD95+ plasmablasts after vaccination exhibited specific binding to influenza virus. This study defined the phenotypic markers for isolating antibody-secreting plasmablasts from Chinese rhesus macaques, which has implications for efficient cloning of mAbs and for the evaluation of plasmablast response after vaccination or infection in Chinese rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Longyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadu People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renshan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yee Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haijian Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadu People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Levels MJ, Fehres CM, van Baarsen LG, van Uden NO, Germar K, O'Toole TG, Blijdorp IC, Semmelink JF, Doorenspleet ME, Bakker AQ, Krasavin M, Tomilin A, Brouard S, Spits H, Baeten DL, Yeremenko NG. BOB.1 controls memory B-cell fate in the germinal center reaction. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:131-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang X, Hao GL, Wang BY, Gao CC, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Function and dysfunction of plasma cells in intestine. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:26. [PMID: 30911371 PMCID: PMC6417281 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main player in humoral immunity, antibodies play indispensable roles in the body’s immune system. Plasma cells (PCs), as antibody factories, are important contributors to humoral immunity. PCs, recognized by their unique marker CD138, are always discovered in the medullary cords of spleen and lymph nodes and in bone marrow and mucosal lymphoid tissue. This article will review the origin and differentiation of PCs, characteristics of short- and long-lived PCs, and the secretion of antibodies, such as IgA, IgM, and IgG. PCs play a crucial role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis using immunomodulation though complex mechanisms. Clearly, PCs play functional roles in maintaining intestinal health, but more details are needed to fully understand all the other effects of intestinal PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Gui-Liang Hao
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- 2Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Chen-Chen Gao
- 3Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- 4Department of Teaching Office, International School, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- 5Function Platform Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- 3Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 China
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13
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Tashiro Y, Murakami A, Hara Y, Shimizu T, Kubo M, Goitsuka R, Kishimoto H, Azuma T. High-affinity IgM + memory B cells are defective in differentiation into IgM antibody-secreting cells by re-stimulation with a T cell-dependent antigen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14559. [PMID: 30266961 PMCID: PMC6162211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies (Abs) are thought to play a major role in humoral immunity but only at the early stage of the primary immune response. However, two subsets of IgM+ memory B cells (MBCs), one with high affinity gained by means of multiple somatic hypermutation (SHM) and the other with low affinity and no SHMs, are generated through the germinal center (GC)-dependent and GC-independent (non-GC) pathway, respectively, after immunization with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-chicken γ-globulin. Surprisingly, an analysis of antibody-secreting cells reveals that a large amount of anti-NP IgM Ab with few SHMs is secreted during the recall response, indicating that only non-GC MBCs have terminal differentiation potential. Since secondary IgM Abs are capable of binding to dinitrophenyl ligands, they likely provide broad cross-reactivity in defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tashiro
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Shared equipment room, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kishimoto
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Antibody Technology Research Center, Co. Ltd., Noda, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Song S, Matthias PD. The Transcriptional Regulation of Germinal Center Formation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2026. [PMID: 30233601 PMCID: PMC6134015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are essential structures of the humoral immune response, which form in the periphery in response to T cell dependent antigens. During the GC reaction, B cells undergo critical differentiation steps, which ultimately lead to the generation of antibodies with altered effector function and higher affinity for the selected antigen. Remarkably, many of the B cell tumors have their origin in the GCs; thus, understanding how the formation of these structures is regulated or deregulated is of high medical importance. This review gives an overview of the transcription factors that have been linked to the generation of GCs, and of their roles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick D Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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IL4 and IL21 cooperate to induce the high Bcl6 protein level required for germinal center formation. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:925-932. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Efficient CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis in primary immune cells using CrispRGold and a C57BL/6 Cas9 transgenic mouse line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12514-12519. [PMID: 27729526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613884113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated mutagenesis to primary mouse immune cells, we used high-fidelity single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) designed with an sgRNA design tool (CrispRGold) to target genes in primary B cells, T cells, and macrophages isolated from a Cas9 transgenic mouse line. Using this system, we achieved an average knockout efficiency of 80% in B cells. On this basis, we established a robust small-scale CRISPR-mediated screen in these cells and identified genes essential for B-cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. This screening system does not require deep sequencing and may serve as a precedent for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to primary mouse cells.
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17
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Stauss D, Brunner C, Berberich-Siebelt F, Höpken UE, Lipp M, Müller G. The transcriptional coactivator Bob1 promotes the development of follicular T helper cells via Bcl6. EMBO J 2016; 35:881-98. [PMID: 26957522 PMCID: PMC4972135 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are key regulators of the germinal center reaction and long‐term humoral immunity. Tfh cell differentiation requires the sustained expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6; however, its regulation in CD4+ T cells is incompletely understood. Here, we report that the transcriptional coactivator Bob1, encoded by the Pou2af1 gene, promotes Bcl6 expression and Tfh cell development. We found that Bob1 together with the octamer transcription factors Oct1/Oct2 can directly bind to and transactivate the Bcl6 and Btla promoters. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Bob1 is required for the expression of normal levels of Bcl6 and BTLA, thereby controlling the pool size and composition of the Tfh compartment in a T cell‐intrinsic manner. Our data indicate that T cell‐expressed Bob1 is directly involved in Tfh cell differentiation and required for mounting normal T cell‐dependent B‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Stauss
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lipp
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Müller
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Smith SM, Carew NT, Milcarek C. RNA polymerases in plasma cells trav-ELL2 the beat of a different drum. World J Immunol 2015; 5:99-112. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a major transformation in gene expression between mature B cells (including follicular, marginal zone, and germinal center cells) and antibody secreting cells (ASCs), i.e., ASCs, (including plasma blasts, splenic plasma cells, and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells). This significant change-over occurs to accommodate the massive amount of secretory-specific immunoglobulin that ASCs make and the export processes itself. It is well known that there is an up-regulation of a small number of ASC-specific transcription factors Prdm1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), interferon regulatory factor 4, and Xbp1, and the reciprocal down-regulation of Pax5, Bcl6 and Bach2, which maintain the B cell program. Less well appreciated are the major alterations in transcription elongation and RNA processing occurring between B cells and ASCs. The three ELL family members ELL1, 2 and 3 have different protein sequences and potentially distinct cellular roles in transcription elongation. ELL1 is involved in DNA repair and small RNAs while ELL3 was previously described as either testis or stem-cell specific. After B cell stimulation to ASCs, ELL3 levels fall precipitously while ELL1 falls off slightly. ELL2 is induced at least 10-fold in ASCs relative to B cells. All of these changes cause the RNA Polymerase II in ASCs to acquire different properties, leading to differences in RNA processing and histone modifications.
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19
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Bortnick A, Murre C. Cellular and chromatin dynamics of antibody-secreting plasma cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:136-49. [PMID: 26488117 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for maintaining protective serum antibody titers. Despite their clinical importance, our understanding of the linear genomic features and chromatin structure of plasma cells is incomplete. The plasma cell differentiation program can be triggered by different signals and in multiple, diverse peripheral B cell subsets. This heterogeneity raises questions about the gene regulatory circuits required for plasma cell specification. Recently, new regulators of plasma cell differentiation have been identified and the enhancer landscapes of naïve B cells have been described. Other studies have revealed that the bone marrow niche harbors heterogeneous plasma cell subsets. Still undefined are the minimal requirements to become a plasma cell and what molecular features make peripheral B cell subsets competent to become antibody-secreting plasma cells. New technologies promise to reveal underlying chromatin configurations that promote efficient antibody secretion. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bortnick
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Foley C, Chapwanya A, Callanan JJ, Whiston R, Miranda-CasoLuengo R, Lu J, Meijer WG, Lynn DJ, O' Farrelly C, Meade KG. Integrated analysis of the local and systemic changes preceding the development of post-partum cytological endometritis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:811. [PMID: 26482908 PMCID: PMC4617749 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of endometrial inflammation has important consequences for the resumption of bovine fertility postpartum. All cows experience bacterial influx into the uterus after calving; however a significant proportion fail to clear infection leading to the development of cytological endometritis (CE) and compromised fertility. We hypothesised that early immunological changes could not only act as potential prognostic biomarkers for the subsequent development of disease but also shed light on the pathogenesis of endometritis in the postpartum dairy cow. METHODS Endometrial biopsy RNA was extracted from 15 cows at 7 and 21 days postpartum (DPP), using the Qiagen RNeasy(®) Plus Mini kit and quality determined using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyser. Disease status was determined by histpathology based on inflammatory cell infiltrate. RNA-seq of both mRNA and miRNA libraries were performed on an Illumina® HiSeq(™) 2000. Paired reads were aligned to the bovine genome with Bowtie2 and differentially expressed genes were identified using EdgeR. Significantly over-represented Gene Ontology terms were identified using GO-seq, and pathway analysis was performed using KEGG. Quanititative real-time PCR was also performed for validation (ABI 7500 fast). Haematology was assessed using an automated ADVIA 2120 analyser. Serum proteins were evaluated by ELISA and metabolite analysis was performed using a Beckman Coulter AU 400 clinical analyser. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to obtain fingerprints of the microbial communities present. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing from endometrial biopsies taken at 7 DPP identified significant induction of inflammatory gene expression in all cows. Despite the common inflammatory profile and enrichment of the Toll-like receptor and NFκB pathways, 73 genes and 31 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between healthy cows (HC, n = 9) and cows which subsequently developed CE at 7 DPP (n = 6, FDR < 0.1). While significant differential expression of 4197 genes in the transcriptome of healthy cows between 7 and 21 DPP showed the transition from a proinflammatory to tissue profliferation and repair, only 31 genes were differentially expressed in cows with CE (FDR < 0.1), indicating the arrest of such a transition. A link betwene the dysregulated inflammatory response and the composition of the uterine microbial communities was suggested by the presence of significant differences in uterine bacterial tRFLP profiles between HC and CE groups. Furthermore, inflammatory activity was not confined to the uterus; decreased circulating granulocytes and increased Acute Phase Protein (SAA and HP) expression levels were detected in plasma at 7 DPP in cows that developed CE. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the IL1 and IL17 inflammatory cascade activated early postpartum is resolved thereby restoring homeostasis in healthy cows by 21 DPP, but this transition fails to occur in cows which develop CE. Despite a common early inflammatory profile, elevated and differential expression of specific immune genes may identify cows at risk of prolonged inflammation and the development of CE postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Foley
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ronan Whiston
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Raúl Miranda-CasoLuengo
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Junnan Lu
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Lynn
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Flinders, 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Cliona O' Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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21
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Abstract
The regulation of antibody production is linked to the generation and maintenance of plasmablasts and plasma cells from their B cell precursors. Plasmablasts are the rapidly produced and short-lived effector cells of the early antibody response, whereas plasma cells are the long-lived mediators of lasting humoral immunity. An extraordinary number of control mechanisms, at both the cellular and molecular levels, underlie the regulation of this essential arm of the immune response. Despite this complexity, the terminal differentiation of B cells can be described as a simple probabilistic process that is governed by a central gene-regulatory network and modified by environmental stimuli.
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22
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Factors regulating immunoglobulin production by normal and disease-associated plasma cells. Biomolecules 2015; 5:20-40. [PMID: 25615546 PMCID: PMC4384109 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are molecules produced by activated B cells and plasma cells in response to exposure to antigens. Upon antigen exposure, these molecules are secreted allowing the immune system to recognize and effectively respond to a myriad of pathogens. Immunoglobulin or antibody secreting cells are the mature form of B lymphocytes, which during their development undergo gene rearrangements and selection in the bone marrow ultimately leading to the generation of B cells, each expressing a single antigen-specific receptor/immunoglobulin molecule. Each individual immunoglobulin molecule has an affinity for a unique motif, or epitope, found on a given antigen. When presented with an antigen, activated B cells differentiate into either plasma cells (which secrete large amounts of antibody that is specific for the inducing antigen), or memory B cells (which are long-lived and elicit a stronger and faster response if the host is re-exposed to the same antigen). The secreted form of immunoglobulin, when bound to an antigen, serves as an effector molecule that directs other cells of the immune system to facilitate the neutralization of soluble antigen or the eradication of the antigen-expressing pathogen. This review will focus on the regulation of secreted immunoglobulin by long-lived normal or disease-associated plasma cells. Specifically, the focus will be on signaling and transcriptional events that regulate the development and homeostasis of long-lived immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells.
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23
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Lindner JM, Kayo H, Hedlund S, Fukuda Y, Fukao T, Nielsen PJ. Cutting edge: The transcription factor Bob1 counteracts B cell activation and regulates miR-146a in B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4483-6. [PMID: 24719463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking the lymphocyte-specific transcription factor Bob1 (also called OBF-1 or OCA-B) fail to generate germinal centers and a robust Ig response. We show that peripheral B cells in Bob1(-/-) mice bear characteristics of chronically activated or anergic-like B cells and identify the immunosuppressive microRNA-146a, together with other microRNAs, as novel transcriptional targets of Bob1. The inability to restrict B cell signaling could contribute to the immunodeficient phenotype of these mice and is consistent with an important role for Bob1 in suppressing B cell activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Corcoran L, Emslie D, Kratina T, Shi W, Hirsch S, Taubenheim N, Chevrier S. Oct2 and Obf1 as Facilitators of B:T Cell Collaboration during a Humoral Immune Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:108. [PMID: 24688485 PMCID: PMC3960507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oct2 protein, encoded by the Pou2f2 gene, was originally predicted to act as a DNA binding transcriptional activator of immunoglobulin (Ig) in B lineage cells. This prediction flowed from the earlier observation that an 8-bp sequence, the “octamer motif,” was a highly conserved component of most Ig gene promoters and enhancers, and evidence from over-expression and reporter assays confirmed Oct2-mediated, octamer-dependent gene expression. Complexity was added to the story when Oct1, an independently encoded protein, ubiquitously expressed from the Pou2f1 gene, was characterized and found to bind to the octamer motif with almost identical specificity, and later, when the co-activator Obf1 (OCA-B, Bob.1), encoded by the Pou2af1 gene, was cloned. Obf1 joins Oct2 (and Oct1) on the DNA of a subset of octamer motifs to enhance their transactivation strength. While these proteins variously carried the mantle of determinants of Ig gene expression in B cells for many years, such a role has not been borne out for them by characterization of mice lacking functional copies of the genes, either as single or as compound mutants. Instead, we and others have shown that Oct2 and Obf1 are required for B cells to mature fully in vivo, for B cells to respond to the T cell cytokines IL5 and IL4, and for B cells to produce IL6 normally during a T cell dependent immune response. We show here that Oct2 affects Syk gene expression, thus influencing B cell receptor signaling, and that Oct2 loss blocks Slamf1 expression in vivo as a result of incomplete B cell maturation. Upon IL4 signaling, Stat6 up-regulates Obf1, indirectly via Xbp1, to enable plasma cell differentiation. Thus, Oct2 and Obf1 enable B cells to respond normally to antigen receptor signals, to express surface receptors that mediate physical interaction with T cells, or to produce and respond to cytokines that are critical drivers of B cell and T cell differentiation during a humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Dianne Emslie
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Tobias Kratina
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Susanne Hirsch
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Nadine Taubenheim
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Stephane Chevrier
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Germinal center‐independent, IgM‐mediated autoimmunity in
sanroque
mice lacking Obf1. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:12-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Wang JH, New JS, Xie S, Yang P, Wu Q, Li J, Luo B, Ding Y, Druey KM, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Extension of the germinal center stage of B cell development promotes autoantibodies in BXD2 mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2013; 65:2703-12. [PMID: 23818250 PMCID: PMC3979745 DOI: 10.1002/art.38059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins inhibit chemokine signaling by desensitizing G protein-coupled receptor signals. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms by which RGS13 promotes the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in germinal centers (GCs), using BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice. METHODS Confocal and light microscopy imaging techniques were used to determine the location of cells that express RGS13 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the mouse spleen, and the number of plasmablasts. The levels of GC and plasma cell program transcripts in GC B cells were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Differential interleukin-17 (IL-17)-mediated expression of RGS13 in GC versus non-GC B cells was analyzed using A20 and 70Z/3 B cells. RESULTS In the spleens of BXD2 mice, RGS13 was mainly expressed by GC B cells and was stimulated by IL-17 but not IL-21. IL-17 up-regulated RGS13 in A20 GC cells but not 70Z/3 non-GC B cells. BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice exhibited smaller GCs and lower AID levels, suggesting lower somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. However, GC B cells from BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice showed increased levels of IgMbright plasmablasts, up-regulation of the genes encoding plasma program, including interferon regulatory factor 4, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1, and X-box binding protein 1 and the p-CREB target genes Fosb and Obf1, and down-regulation of the GC program genes Aid, Pax5, and Bach2 compared to BXD2 mice. BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice had lower titers of IgG autoantibodies and IgG deposits in the glomeruli, suggesting reduced autoantibody pathogenicity. CONCLUSION RGS13 deficiency is associated with a reduction in GC program genes and the exit of fewer pathogenic IgM plasmablasts in BXD2 mice. Our findings indicate that prolonged GC program, mediated by up-regulation of RGS13, enhances AID expression and enables the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoreactive GCs.
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27
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A C-terminal acidic domain regulates degradation of the transcriptional coactivator Bob1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4628-40. [PMID: 24061476 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01590-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bob1 (Obf-1 or OCA-B) is a 34-kDa transcriptional coactivator encoded by the Pou2af1 gene that is essential for normal B-cell development and immune responses in mice. During lymphocyte activation, Bob1 protein levels dramatically increase independently of mRNA levels, suggesting that the stability of Bob1 is regulated. We used a fluorescent protein-based reporter system to analyze protein stability in response to genetic and physiological perturbations and show that, while Bob1 degradation is proteasome mediated, it does not require ubiquitination of Bob1. Furthermore, degradation of Bob1 in B cells appears to be largely independent of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah. We propose a novel mechanism of Bob1 turnover in B cells, whereby an acidic region in the C terminus of Bob1 regulates the activity of degron signals elsewhere in the protein. Changes that make the C terminus more acidic, including tyrosine phosphorylation-mimetic mutations, stabilize the instable murine Bob1 protein, indicating that B cells may regulate Bob1 stability and activity via signaling pathways. Finally, we show that expressing a stable Bob1 mutant in B cells suppresses cell proliferation and induces changes in surface marker expression commonly seen during B-cell differentiation.
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28
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Ochiai K, Maienschein-Cline M, Simonetti G, Chen J, Rosenthal R, Brink R, Chong AS, Klein U, Dinner AR, Singh H, Sciammas R. Transcriptional regulation of germinal center B and plasma cell fates by dynamical control of IRF4. Immunity 2013; 38:918-29. [PMID: 23684984 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF4 regulates immunoglobulin class switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation. Its differing concentrations appear to regulate mutually antagonistic programs of B and plasma cell gene expression. We show IRF4 to be also required for generation of germinal center (GC) B cells. Its transient expression in vivo induced the expression of key GC genes including Bcl6 and Aicda. In contrast, sustained and higher concentrations of IRF4 promoted the generation of plasma cells while antagonizing the GC fate. IRF4 cobound with the transcription factors PU.1 or BATF to Ets or AP-1 composite motifs, associated with genes involved in B cell activation and the GC response. At higher concentrations, IRF4 binding shifted to interferon sequence response motifs; these enriched for genes involved in plasma cell differentiation. Our results support a model of "kinetic control" in which signaling-induced dynamics of IRF4 in activated B cells control their cell-fate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ochiai
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Karnowski A, Chevrier S, Belz GT, Mount A, Emslie D, D'Costa K, Tarlinton DM, Kallies A, Corcoran LM. B and T cells collaborate in antiviral responses via IL-6, IL-21, and transcriptional activator and coactivator, Oct2 and OBF-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2049-64. [PMID: 23045607 PMCID: PMC3478936 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activator Oct2 and cofactor OBF-1 regulate B cell IL-6 to induce T cell production of IL-21, to support Tfh cell development in antiviral immunity. A strong humoral response to infection requires the collaboration of several hematopoietic cell types that communicate via antigen presentation, surface coreceptors and their ligands, and secreted factors. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been shown to promote the differentiation of activated CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) during an immune response. TFH cells collaborate with B cells in the formation of germinal centers (GCs) during T cell–dependent antibody responses, in part through secretion of critical cytokines such as IL-21. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of either IL-6 or IL-21 has marginal effects on the generation of TFH cells and on the formation of GCs during the response to acute viral infection. However, mice lacking both IL-6 and IL-21 were unable to generate a robust TFH cell–dependent immune response. We found that IL-6 production in follicular B cells in the draining lymph node was an important early event during the antiviral response and that B cell–derived IL-6 was necessary and sufficient to induce IL-21 from CD4+ T cells in vitro and to support TFH cell development in vivo. Finally, the transcriptional activator Oct2 and its cofactor OBF-1 were identified as regulators of Il6 expression in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Karnowski
- Molecular Immunology Division and 2 Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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30
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Taubenheim N, Tarlinton DM, Crawford S, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL. High Rate of Antibody Secretion Is not Integral to Plasma Cell Differentiation as Revealed by XBP-1 Deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3328-38. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Nutt SL, Taubenheim N, Hasbold J, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD. The genetic network controlling plasma cell differentiation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:341-9. [PMID: 21924923 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation by antigen, mature B cells undergo immunoglobulin class switch recombination and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the endpoint of the B cell developmental lineage. Careful quantitation of these processes, which are stochastic, independent and strongly linked to the division history of the cell, has revealed that populations of B cells behave in a highly predictable manner. Considerable progress has also been made in the last few years in understanding the gene regulatory network that controls the B cell to plasma cell transition. The mutually exclusive transcriptomes of B cells and plasma cells are maintained by the antagonistic influences of two groups of transcription factors, those that maintain the B cell program, including Pax5, Bach2 and Bcl6, and those that promote and facilitate plasma cell differentiation, notably Irf4, Blimp1 and Xbp1. In this review, we discuss progress in the definition of both the transcriptional and cellular events occurring during late B cell differentiation, as integrating these two approaches is crucial to defining a regulatory network that faithfully reflects the stochastic features and complexity of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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32
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Ren X, Siegel R, Kim U, Roeder RG. Direct interactions of OCA-B and TFII-I regulate immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene transcription by facilitating enhancer-promoter communication. Mol Cell 2011; 42:342-55. [PMID: 21549311 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cell-specific coactivator OCA-B, together with Oct-1/2, binds to octamer sites in promoters and enhancers to activate transcription of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, although the mechanisms underlying their roles in enhancer-promoter communication are unknown. Here, we demonstrate a direct interaction of OCA-B with transcription factor TFII-I, which binds to DICE elements in Igh promoters, that affects transcription at two levels. First, OCA-B relieves HDAC3-mediated Igh promoter repression by competing with HDAC3 for binding to promoter-bound TFII-I. Second, and most importantly, Igh 3' enhancer-bound OCA-B and promoter-bound TFII-I mediate promoter-enhancer interactions, in both cis and trans, that are important for Igh transcription. These and other results reveal an important function for OCA-B in Igh 3' enhancer function in vivo and strongly favor an enhancer mechanism involving looping and facilitated factor recruitment rather than a tracking mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Ren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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33
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Toman I, Loree J, Klimowicz AC, Bahlis N, Lai R, Belch A, Pilarski L, Reiman T. Expression and prognostic significance of Oct2 and Bob1 in multiple myeloma: implications for targeted therapeutics. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:659-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.548535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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34
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Oracki SA, Walker JA, Hibbs ML, Corcoran LM, Tarlinton DM. Plasma cell development and survival. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:140-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Zhu X, Wu L, Zhang L, Hao P, Zhang S, Huang J, Zheng J, Liu Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Yin CC, Qiu X. Distinct regulatory mechanism of immunoglobulin gene transcription in epithelial cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:279-86. [PMID: 20473321 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The restriction of immunoglobulin (Ig) expression to B lymphocytes is well established. However, several reports have confirmed that the Ig gene can be expressed in many non-B cancer cells and/or some normal cells. Our aim is to determine whether the Ig gene promoter can be activated in non-B cancer cells and to identify the regulatory mechanism for Ig gene expression. Our results show that the Ig promoter of VH4-59 was activated in several non-B cancer cell lines. Moreover, two novel positive regulatory elements, an enhancer-like element at -800 to -610 bp and a copromoter-like element at -610 to -300 bp, were identified in two epithelial cancer cell lines, HeLa S3 and HT-29. The octamer element (5'-ATGCAAAT-3') located in the Ig promoter, a crucial element for B-cell-derived Ig gene transcription, was also very important for non-B-cell-derived Ig gene transcription. More importantly, we confirmed that octamer-related protein-1 (Oct-1), but not Oct-2, was a crucial transcriptional factor for Ig gene transcription due to its ability to bind to the octamer element of the Ig promoter in epithelial cancer cells. These results suggested the presence of a distinct regulatory mechanism for Ig gene expression in non-B cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhu
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
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36
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Schmidlin H, Diehl SA, Blom B. New insights into the regulation of human B-cell differentiation. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:277-85. [PMID: 19447676 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes provide the cellular basis of the humoral immune response. All stages of this process, from B-cell activation to formation of germinal centers and differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells, are influenced by extrinsic signals and controlled by transcriptional regulation. Compared to naïve B cells, memory B cells display a distinct expression profile, which allows for their rapid secondary responses. Indisputably, many B-cell malignancies result from aberrations in the circuitry controlling B-cell function, particularly during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. Here, we review new insights into memory B-cell subtypes, recent literature on transcription factors regulating human B-cell differentiation and further evidence for B-cell lymphomagenesis emanating from errors during GC cell reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidlin
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) and plasmacytomas are cancers of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). PRDM1/BLIMP1 is an essential regulator of ASC development. Histologic evidence shows that 100% of MM expresses PRDM1/BLIMP1, indicating that PRDM1/BLIMP1 is important for the development or persistence of MM. In contrast, some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) lose PRDM1 expression, suggesting that PRDM1 may act as a tumor suppressor in DLBCL. Thus, the role of PRDM1/BLIMP1 in transformation of mature B cells is unclear. We have used a plasmacytoma-prone transgenic mouse model to study the effect of Blimp1 loss on plasmacytoma prevalence, latency, and phenotype. Two possible outcomes could be envisaged: loss of Blimp1 might decrease plasmacytoma prevalence, through reduction of plasma cells, and so the number of susceptible transformation targets. Alternatively, Blimp1 may participate in the transformation process itself. Our results support the latter scenario, showing that decreasing Blimp1 dosage does not change plasma cell number in nontransgenic mice in vivo, but it significantly reduces plasmacytoma prevalence in transgenic mice. Loss of functional Blimp1 completely prevents plasmacytoma formation in this tumor model. These observations suggest that Blimp1 is limiting for plasma cell transformation and thus has potential as a target for new therapies to combat MM.
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38
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Miyoshi K, Nagata H, Horiguchi T, Abe K, Arie Wahyudi I, Baba Y, Harada H, Noma T. BMP2-induced gene profiling in dental epithelial cell line. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2009; 55:216-26. [PMID: 18797134 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development is regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and their reciprocal molecular signaling. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is known as one of the inducers for tooth development. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of BMP2 on ameloblast differentiation (amelogenesis), we performed microarray analyses using rat dental epithelial cell line, HAT-7. After confirming that BMP2 could activate the canonical BMP-Smads signaling in HAT-7 cells, we analyzed the effects of BMP2 on 14,815 gene expressions and profiled them. Seventy-three genes were up-regulated and 28 genes were down-regulated by BMP2 treatment for 24 hours in HAT-7 cells. Functional classification revealed that 18% of up-regulated genes were ECM/adhesion molecules present in the enamel organ. Furthermore, we examined the expression of several differentiation markers in dental epithelial four cell-lineages including inner enamel epithelium (ameloblasts), stratum intermedium, stratum reticulum, and outer enamel epithelium. The results indicated that BMP2 might induce at least two different cell-lineage markers including a BMP antagonist expressed in HAT-7 cells, suggesting that BMP2 could accelerate amelogenesis via BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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39
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Bordon A, Bosco N, Du Roure C, Bartholdy B, Kohler H, Matthias G, Rolink AG, Matthias P. Enforced expression of the transcriptional coactivator OBF1 impairs B cell differentiation at the earliest stage of development. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4007. [PMID: 19104664 PMCID: PMC2603323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBF1, also known as Bob.1 or OCA-B, is a B lymphocyte-specific transcription factor which coactivates Oct1 and Oct2 on B cell specific promoters. So far, the function of OBF1 has been mainly identified in late stage B cell populations. The central defect of OBF1 deficient mice is a severely reduced immune response to T cell-dependent antigens and a lack of germinal center formation in the spleen. Relatively little is known about a potential function of OBF1 in developing B cells. Here we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing OBF1 in B cells under the control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter and enhancer. Surprisingly, these mice have greatly reduced numbers of follicular B cells in the periphery and have a compromised immune response. Furthermore, B cell differentiation is impaired at an early stage in the bone marrow: a first block is observed during B cell commitment and a second differentiation block is seen at the large preB2 cell stage. The cells that succeed to escape the block and to differentiate into mature B cells have post-translationally downregulated the expression of transgene, indicating that expression of OBF1 beyond the normal level early in B cell development is deleterious. Transcriptome analysis identified genes deregulated in these mice and Id2 and Id3, two known negative regulators of B cell differentiation, were found to be upregulated in the EPLM and preB cells of the transgenic mice. Furthermore, the Id2 and Id3 promoters contain octamer-like sites, to which OBF1 can bind. These results provide evidence that tight regulation of OBF1 expression in early B cells is essential to allow efficient B lymphocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bordon
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Karnowski A, Cao C, Matthias G, Carotta S, Corcoran LM, Martensson IL, Skok JA, Matthias P. Silencing and nuclear repositioning of the lambda5 gene locus at the pre-B cell stage requires Aiolos and OBF-1. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3568. [PMID: 18974788 PMCID: PMC2571989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin regulator Aiolos and the transcriptional coactivator OBF-1 have been implicated in regulating aspects of B cell maturation and activation. Mice lacking either of these factors have a largely normal early B cell development. However, when both factors are eliminated simultaneously a block is uncovered at the transition between pre-B and immature B cells, indicating that these proteins exert a critical function in developing B lymphocytes. In mice deficient for Aiolos and OBF-1, the numbers of immature B cells are reduced, small pre-BII cells are increased and a significant impairment in immunoglobulin light chain DNA rearrangement is observed. We identified genes whose expression is deregulated in the pre-B cell compartment of these mice. In particular, we found that components of the pre-BCR, such as the surrogate light chain genes λ5 and VpreB, fail to be efficiently silenced in double-mutant mice. Strikingly, developmentally regulated nuclear repositioning of the λ5 gene is impaired in pre-B cells lacking OBF-1 and Aiolos. These studies uncover a novel role for OBF-1 and Aiolos in controlling the transcription and nuclear organization of genes involved in pre-BCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karnowski
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chun Cao
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn M. Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inga-Lill Martensson
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Skok
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), discovered 16 years ago as a transcriptional repressor of the IFNbeta promoter, plays fundamentally important roles in many cell lineages and in early development. This review focuses on Blimp-1 in lymphocytes. In the B cell lineage, Blimp-1 is required for development of immunoglobulin-secreting cells and for maintenance of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Direct targets of Blimp-1 and the transcriptional cascades Blimp-1 initiates to trigger plasmacytic differentiation are described. Blimp-1 also affects the homeostasis and function of CD4(+), CD8(+), and regulatory CD4(+) T cells, and Blimp-1 levels are highest in antigen-experienced T cells. Blimp-1 attenuates T cell proliferation and survival and modulates differentiation. Roles for Blimp-1 in Th1/Th2 specification, regulatory T cell function, and CD8 differentiation and function are under investigation. Signals that induce Blimp-1 in B cells include Toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines; in T cells, T cell receptors and cytokines induce Blimp-1. In spite of some commonalities, different targets and regulators of Blimp-1 in B and T cells suggest intriguing evolutionary divergence of this regulatory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislâine Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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42
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Emslie D, D'Costa K, Hasbold J, Metcalf D, Takatsu K, Hodgkin PO, Corcoran LM. Oct2 enhances antibody-secreting cell differentiation through regulation of IL-5 receptor alpha chain expression on activated B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:409-21. [PMID: 18250192 PMCID: PMC2271016 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking a functional gene for the Oct2 transcriptional activator display several developmental and functional deficiencies in the B lymphocyte lineage. These include defective B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, an absence of B-1 and marginal zone populations, and globally reduced levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) in naive and immunized animals. Oct2 was originally identified through its ability to bind to regulatory regions in the Ig loci, but genetic evidence has not supported an essential role for Oct2 in the expression of Ig genes. We describe a new Oct2-mediated role in B cells. Oct2 augments the ability of activated B cells to differentiate to antibody-secreting plasma cells (ASCs) under T cell-dependent conditions through direct regulation of the gene encoding the alpha chain of the interleukin (IL) 5 receptor. Ectopic expression of IL-5Ralpha in oct2-deficient B cells largely restores their ability to differentiate to functional ASCs in vitro but does not correct other phenotypic defects in the mutants, such as the maturation and specialization of peripheral B cells, which must therefore rely on distinct Oct2 target genes. IL-5 augments ASC differentiation in vitro, and we show that IL-5 directly activates the plasma cell differentiation program by enhancing blimp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Emslie
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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43
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Liu H, Schmidt-Supprian M, Shi Y, Hobeika E, Barteneva N, Jumaa H, Pelanda R, Reth M, Skok J, Rajewsky K, Shi Y. Yin Yang 1 is a critical regulator of B-cell development. Genes Dev 2008; 21:1179-89. [PMID: 17504937 PMCID: PMC1865490 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1529307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in development is largely unknown. Here we show that specific ablation of YY1 in mouse B cells caused a defect in somatic rearrangement in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus and a block in the progenitor-B-to-precursor-B-cell transition, which was partially rescued by a prerearranged IgH transgene. Three-dimensional DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed an important function for YY1 in IgH locus contraction, a process indispensable for distal V(H) to D(H)J(H) recombination. We provide evidence that YY1 binds the intronic Ei mu enhancer within the IgH locus, consistent with a direct role for YY1 in V(H)D(H)J(H) recombination. These findings identified YY1 as a critical regulator of early B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yujiang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natasha Barteneva
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Flow cytometry core facility, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jane Skok
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Corresponding author.E-MAIL ; FAX (617) 432-6687
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44
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Kallies A, Hasbold J, Fairfax K, Pridans C, Emslie D, McKenzie BS, Lew AM, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD, Tarlinton DM, Nutt SL. Initiation of plasma-cell differentiation is independent of the transcription factor Blimp-1. Immunity 2007; 26:555-66. [PMID: 17509907 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blimp-1 is considered an essential regulator of the terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. We show here that Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with fetal liver cells homozygous for a DNA-binding-deficient mutant of Prdm1 (the gene encoding Blimp-1) lack a defined plasma-cell compartment, yet show detectable amounts of all immunoglobulin isotypes. In vitro analysis revealed that Blimp-1 is not required for the initiation of antibody secretion but is essential for subsequent high immunoglobulin production. Blimp-1-independent differentiation was blocked at a preplasmablast stage characterized by decreased Pax5 expression and the activation of plasma-cell genes. Analysis of Blimp-1-sufficient differentiation revealed a phase prior to Blimp-1 expression in which several genes normally repressed by Pax5 are re-expressed, suggesting that plasma-cell differentiation is initiated by the inhibition of Pax5 function. Our results indicate that full plasma-cell differentiation but not commitment to the plasma-cell fate requires the expression of functional Blimp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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45
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Zuo J, Ge H, Zhu G, Matthias P, Sun J. OBF-1 is essential for the generation of antibody-secreting cells and the development of autoimmunity in MRL-lpr mice. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:87-96. [PMID: 17574818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As reported previously, the lack of the transcriptional co-activator OBF-1 prevented development of autoimmunity in Aiolos knockout mice. To further investigate the role and mechanism of OBF-1 in autoimmunity, we crossed OBF-1 null mice with MRL-lpr mice and generated OBF-1-deficent MRL-lpr mice. OBF-1 deletion abrogated all autoantibodies in the MRL-lpr mice, including anti-dsDNA Ab and anti-Sm Ab. The failure to produce autoantibodies was not related to development of immature or mature B cells, but correlated with severely reduced antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). The loss of OBF-1 protected against hypergammaglobulinemia, immune complex deposition, glomerulonephritis, and early mortality in MRL-lpr mice. In addition, accumulation of CD4(-)CD8(-)B220(+)CD3(+) T cells that characteristically develop in Fas mutation mice were markedly reduced in MRL-lpr mice without OBF-1. These results identify OBF-1 as a critical gene in the development of autoantibodies and reveal an essential role for OBF-1 in the generation of antibody/autoantibody-secreting cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zuo
- Health Science Institute, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences & Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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46
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Savitsky D, Cimmino L, Kuo T, Martins GA, Calame K. Multiple roles for Blimp-1 in B and T lymphocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 596:9-30. [PMID: 17338172 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-46530-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Savitsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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47
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Xu Z, Pone EJ, Al-Qahtani A, Park SR, Zan H, Casali P. Regulation of aicda expression and AID activity: relevance to somatic hypermutation and class switch DNA recombination. Crit Rev Immunol 2007; 27:367-97. [PMID: 18197815 PMCID: PMC2994649 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v27.i4.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression and activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the aicda gene are essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch DNA recombination (CSR). SHM and CSR unfold, in general, in germinal centers and/are central to the maturation of effective antibody responses. AID expression is induced by activated B-cell CD40 signaling, which is critical for the germinal center reaction, and is further enhanced by other stimuli, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) secreted from CD4+ T cells or Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activating bacterial and/or viral molecules. Integration of different intracellular signal transduction pathways, as activated by these stimuli, leads to a dynamic aicda-regulating program, which involves both positively acting trans-factors, such as Pax5, HoxC4, E47, and Irf8, and negative modulators, such as Blimp1 and Id2, to restrict aicda expression primarily to germinal center B cells. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), which functions downstream of activated B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, likely plays an important role in triggering the downregulation of aicda expression in postgerminal center B cells and throughout plasmacytoid differentiation. In B cells undergoing SHM and CSR, AID activity, and, possibly, AID targeting to the Ig locus are regulated at a posttranslational level, including AID dimerization/oligomerization, nuclear/cytoplasmic AID translocation, and phosphorylation of the AID Ser38 residue by protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we discuss the role of B-cell activation signals, transcription regulation programs, and posttranslational modifications in controlling aicda expression and AID activity, thereby delineating an integrated model of modulation of SHM and CSR in the germinal center reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Xu
- Center for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
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48
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McHeyzer-Williams LJ, Malherbe LP, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Helper T cell-regulated B cell immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 311:59-83. [PMID: 17048705 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32636-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the cascade of cellular and molecular events in the immune response to protein antigens that regulate the development of high-affinity B cell memory. The behavior of antigen-experienced pMHCII+ dendritic cells DCs and the dynamics of their interaction with specific T-helper (Th) cells define the first developmental checkpoint for adaptive immunity in vivo. Recent studies provide insight into the basis of Th cell clonal selection and the requirements and consequences of antigen priming in this responsive Th cell compartment. Antigen-specific Th cells expand to become the cognate regulators of effector B cell responses and initiators of the germinal center reaction and memory B cell development. We will discuss the development and role of these diverse mixtures of antigen-specific B cells in the control of B cell memory and long-term humoral immunity that underpin effective protein vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J McHeyzer-Williams
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, ICND 120, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sciammas R, Shaffer AL, Schatz JH, Zhao H, Staudt LM, Singh H. Graded expression of interferon regulatory factor-4 coordinates isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation. Immunity 2006; 25:225-36. [PMID: 16919487 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination of isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation are poorly understood. We show that interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) regulates both processes by controlling the expression of the Aicda and Prdm1 genes, which encode AID and Blimp-1, respectively. Genome-wide analysis demonstrated that Irf4(-/-) B cells failed to induce the entire Blimp-1-dependent plasma cell program. Restoration of AID or Blimp-1 expression in Irf4(-/-) B cells promoted isotype switching or secretion, respectively. IRF-4 was expressed in a graded manner in differentiating B cells and targeted Prdm1. Higher concentration of IRF-4 induced Prdm1 and consequently the transition from a germinal center gene expression program to that of a plasma cell. We propose a gene-regulatory network in which graded expression of IRF-4 developmentally coordinates isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sciammas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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50
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Bartholdy B, Du Roure C, Bordon A, Emslie D, Corcoran LM, Matthias P. The Ets factor Spi-B is a direct critical target of the coactivator OBF-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11665-70. [PMID: 16861304 PMCID: PMC1513538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509430103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBF-1 (Bob.1, OCA-B) is a lymphoid-specific transcriptional coactivator that associates with the transcription factors Oct-1 or Oct-2 on the conserved octamer element present in the promoters of several ubiquitous and lymphoid-specific genes. OBF-1-deficient mice have B cell-intrinsic defects, lack germinal centers, and have severely impaired immune responses to T cell-dependent antigens. Crucial genes that are regulated by OBF-1 and that might explain the observed phenotype of OBF-1 deficiency have remained elusive to date. Here we have generated transgenic mice expressing OBF-1 specifically in T cells and examined these together with mice lacking OBF-1 to discover transcriptional targets of this coactivator. Using microarray analysis, we have identified the Ets transcription factor Spi-B as a direct target gene critically regulated by OBF-1 that can help explain the phenotype of OBF-1-deficient mice. Spi-B has been implicated in signaling pathways downstream of the B cell receptor and is essential for germinal center formation and maintenance. The present findings establish a hierarchy between these two factors and provide a molecular link between OBF-1 and B cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bartholdy
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Camille Du Roure
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Alain Bordon
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Dianne Emslie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Lynn M. Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Patrick Matthias
- *Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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