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Pisu D, Johnston L, Mattila JT, Russell DG. The frequency of CD38 + alveolar macrophages correlates with early control of M. tuberculosis in the murine lung. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8522. [PMID: 39358361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains an enduring global health challenge due to the limited efficacy of existing treatments. Although much research has focused on immune failure, the role of host macrophage biology in controlling the disease remains underappreciated. Here we show, through multi-modal single-cell RNA sequencing in a murine model, that different alveolar macrophage subsets play distinct roles in either advancing or controlling the disease. Initially, alveolar macrophages that are negative for the CD38 marker are the main infected population. As the infection progresses, CD38+ monocyte-derived and tissue-resident alveolar macrophages emerge as significant controllers of bacterial growth. These macrophages display a unique chromatin organization pre-infection, indicative of epigenetic priming for pro-inflammatory responses. Moreover, intranasal BCG immunization increases the numbers of CD38+ macrophages, enhancing their capability to restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Our findings highlight the dynamic roles of alveolar macrophages in tuberculosis and open pathways for improved vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pisu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luana Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Russell D, Pisu D, Mattila J, Johnston L. CD38+ Alveolar macrophages mediate early control of M. tuberculosis proliferation in the lung. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3934768. [PMID: 39070650 PMCID: PMC11275981 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3934768/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by M.tuberculosis (Mtb), remains an enduring global health challenge, especially given the limited efficacy of current therapeutic interventions. Much of existing research has focused on immune failure as a driver of tuberculosis. However, the crucial role of host macrophage biology in controlling the disease remains underappreciated. While we have gained deeper insights into how alveolar macrophages (AMs) interact with Mtb, the precise AM subsets that mediate protection and potentially prevent tuberculosis progression have yet to be identified. In this study, we employed multi-modal scRNA-seq analyses to evaluate the functional roles of diverse macrophage subpopulations across different infection timepoints, allowing us to delineate the dynamic landscape of controller and permissive AM populations during the course of infection. Our analyses at specific time-intervals post-Mtb challenge revealed macrophage populations transitioning between distinct anti- and pro-inflammatory states. Notably, early in Mtb infection, CD38- AMs showed a muted response. As infection progressed, we observed a phenotypic shift in AMs, with CD38+ monocyte-derived AMs (moAMs) and a subset of tissue-resident AMs (TR-AMs) emerging as significant controllers of bacterial growth. Furthermore, scATAC-seq analysis of naïve lungs demonstrated that CD38+ TR-AMs possessed a distinct chromatin signature prior to infection, indicative of epigenetic priming and predisposition to a pro-inflammatory response. BCG intranasal immunization increased the numbers of CD38+ macrophages, substantially enhancing their capability to restrict Mtb growth. Collectively, our findings emphasize the pivotal, dynamic roles of different macrophage subsets in TB infection and reveal rational pathways for the development of improved vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Ahn JH, Jung DH, Kim DY, Lee TS, Kim YJ, Lee YJ, Seo IS, Kim WG, Cho YJ, Shin SJ, Park JH. Impact of IL-1β on lung pathology caused by Mycobacterium abscessus infection and its association with IL-17 production. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105351. [PMID: 38724000 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB), a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), causes chronic pulmonary inflammation in humans. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that triggers IL-1β maturation and pyroptosis through the cleavage of caspase-1. In this study, we investigated the roles of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the host's defense against MAB. The IL-1β production by MAB was completely abolished in NLRP3, but not NLRC4, deficient macrophages. The NLRP3 inflammasome components, which are ASC and caspase-1 were also found to be essential for IL-1β production in response to MAB. NLRP3 and IL-1β deficiency did not affect the intracellular growth of MAB in macrophages, and the bacterial burden in lungs of NLRP3- and IL-1β-deficient mice was also comparable to the burden observed in WT mice. In contrast, IL-1β deficiency ameliorated lung pathology in MAB-infected mice. Notably, the lung homogenates of IL-1β-deficient mice had reduced levels of IL-17, but not IFN-γ and IL-4 when compared with WT counterparts. Furthermore, in vitro co-culture analysis showed that IL-1β signaling was essential for IL-17 production in response to MAB. Finally, we observed that the anti-IL-17 antibody administration moderately mitigated MAB-induced lung pathology. These findings indicated that IL-1β production contribute to MAB-induced lung pathology via the elevation of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Ahn
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Jung
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Seo
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Gyu Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Cho
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; NODCURE, INC., 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Vu A, Glassman I, Campbell G, Yeganyan S, Nguyen J, Shin A, Venketaraman V. Host Cell Death and Modulation of Immune Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6255. [PMID: 38892443 PMCID: PMC11172987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a prevalent infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. A classic trait of TB pathology is the formation of granulomas, which wall off the pathogen, via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some key players involved include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), foamy macrophages, type I interferons (IFNs), and reactive oxygen species, which may also show overlap with cell death pathways. Additionally, host cell death is a primary method for combating and controlling Mtb within the body, a process which is influenced by both host and bacterial factors. These cell death modalities have distinct molecular mechanisms and pathways. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis and autophagy, typically confers a protective response against Mtb by containing the bacteria within dead macrophages, facilitating their phagocytosis by uninfected or neighboring cells, whereas necrotic cell death benefits the pathogen, leading to the release of bacteria extracellularly. Apoptosis is triggered via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways as well as caspase-independent pathways. Necrosis is induced via various pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Given the pivotal role of host cell death pathways in host defense against Mtb, therapeutic agents targeting cell death signaling have been investigated for TB treatment. This review provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms underlying Mtb-induced host cell death, examining their implications for host immunity. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of targeting host cell death pathways as therapeutic and preventive strategies against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA (G.C.); (A.S.)
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Zhuang Z, Zhuo J, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhu A, Zhao J, Zhao J. Harnessing T-Cells for Enhanced Vaccine Development against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:478. [PMID: 38793729 PMCID: PMC11125924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in vaccine research and the availability of vaccines for many infectious diseases, the threat posed by both known and emerging infectious diseases persists. Moreover, breakthrough infections following vaccination remain a concern. Therefore, the development of novel vaccines is imperative. These vaccines must exhibit robust protective efficacy, broad-spectrum coverage, and long-lasting immunity. One promising avenue in vaccine development lies in leveraging T-cells, which play a crucial role in adaptive immunity and regulate immune responses during viral infections. T-cell recognition can target highly variable or conserved viral proteins, and memory T-cells offer the potential for durable immunity. Consequently, T-cell-based vaccines hold promise for advancing vaccine development efforts. This review delves into the latest research advancements in T-cell-based vaccines across various platforms and discusses the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
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Martinez-Martinez YB, Huante MB, Chauhan S, Naqvi KF, Bharaj P, Endsley JJ. Helper T cell bias following tuberculosis chemotherapy identifies opportunities for therapeutic vaccination to prevent relapse. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:165. [PMID: 37898618 PMCID: PMC10613213 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines have promise as adjunctive treatment for tuberculosis (TB) or as preventives against TB relapse. An important development challenge is the limited understanding of T helper (Th) cell roles during these stages of disease. A murine model of TB relapse was used to identify changes in Th populations and cytokine microenvironment. Active TB promoted expansion of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 cells and cytokines in the lung. Following drug therapy, pulmonary Th17 and Th22 cells contracted, Th1 cells remained elevated, while Th cells producing IL-4 or IL-10 expanded. At relapse, Th22 cells failed to re-expand in the lung despite a moderate re-expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells and an increase in Th cytokine polyfunctionality. The dynamics of Th populations further differed by tissue compartment and disease presentation. These outcomes identify immune bias by Th subpopulations during TB relapse as candidate mechanisms for pathogenesis and targets for therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin B Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sadhana Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Gail DP, Suzart VG, Du W, Kaur Sandhu A, Jarvela J, Nantongo M, Mwebaza I, Panigrahi S, Freeman ML, Canaday DH, Boom WH, Silver RF, Carpenter SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs human memory CD4 + T cell recognition of M2 but not M1-like macrophages. iScience 2023; 26:107706. [PMID: 37694142 PMCID: PMC10485162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells is required for protection by CD4+ T cells. While impaired T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages was demonstrated in mice, data are lacking for humans. Using T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from individuals with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), we quantified the frequency of memory CD4+ T cell activation in response to autologous MDMs infected with virulent Mtb. We observed robust T cell activation in response to Mtb infection of M1-like macrophages differentiated using GM-CSF, while M2-like macrophages differentiated using M-CSF were poorly recognized. However, non-infected GM-CSF and M-CSF MDMs loaded with exogenous antigens elicited similar CD4+ T cell activation. IL-10 was preferentially secreted by infected M-CSF MDMs, and neutralization improved T cell activation. These results suggest that preferential infection of macrophages with an M2-like phenotype limits T cell-mediated protection against Mtb. Vaccine development should focus on T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gail
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vinicius G. Suzart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Weinan Du
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Avinaash Kaur Sandhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jessica Jarvela
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mary Nantongo
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ivan Mwebaza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
| | - Richard F. Silver
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
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Walker EM, Merino KM, Slisarenko N, Grasperge BF, Mehra S, Roy CJ, Kaushal D, Rout N. Impact of SIV infection on mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cell responses in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) inoculated macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1085786. [PMID: 36726992 PMCID: PMC9885173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although BCG vaccine protects infants from tuberculosis (TB), it has limited efficacy in adults against pulmonary TB. Further, HIV coinfection significantly increases the risk of developing active TB. In the lack of defined correlates of protection in TB disease, it is essential to explore immune responses beyond conventional CD4 T cells to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of TB immunity. Methods Here, we evaluated unconventional lipid-reactive T cell responses in cynomolgus macaques following aerosol BCG inoculation and examined the impact of subsequent SIV infection on these responses. Immune responses to cellular lipids of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis were examined ex vivo in peripheral blood and bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL). Results Prior to BCG inoculation, innate-like IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial lipids were observed in T cells. Aerosol BCG exposure induced an early increase in frequencies of BAL γδT cells, a dominant subset of lipid-reactive T cells, along with enhanced IL-7R and CXCR3 expression. Further, BCG exposure stimulated greater IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial lipids in peripheral blood and BAL, suggesting the induction of systemic and local Th1-type response in lipid-reactive T cells. Subsequent SIV infection resulted in a significant loss of IL-7R expression on blood and BAL γδT cells. Additionally, IFN-γ responses of mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cells in BAL fluid were significantly lower in SIV-infected macaques, while perforin production was maintained through chronic SIV infection. Conclusions Overall, these data suggest that despite SIV-induced decline in IL-7R expression and IFN-γ production by mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cells, their cytolytic potential is maintained. A deeper understanding of anti-mycobacterial lipid-reactive T cell functions may inform novel approaches to enhance TB control in individuals with or without HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M. Walker
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kristen M. Merino
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Brooke F. Grasperge
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Increased Th1 Cells with Disease Resolution of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Non-Atopic Patients. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070724. [PMID: 34202662 PMCID: PMC8301453 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 CD4+ T helper (Th1) cells mediate resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and Th2 immunity generates specific immunoglobulin E upon allergen exposure. We investigated the impact of active tuberculosis (TB), atopic status, and anti-TB treatment on the balance between Th1 and Th2 (type 2 CD4+ T helper) immunity. CD4+/interferon (IFN)-γ+ Th1 cells (%Th1) and CD4+/interleukin-4+ Th2 cells (%Th2) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by flow cytometry. The BAL %Th1 was higher in TB patients at baseline, compared to that in non-TB subjects, and was further increased in TB patients after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The stimulated BAL %Th1 was inversely correlated with the severity score of chest radiography in TB patients. Heat-killed Mtb triggered more IFN-γ and nitrite production, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the Griess reaction, respectively, from the alveolar macrophages of TB patients than that of non-TB subjects. Non-atopic TB participants had a higher %Th1 in PBMCs, compared to atopic individuals, and their %Th1 decreased after 3-month anti-TB treatment. Th1 response is provoked by active TB infection, is associated with less severe radiographic changes, is reduced in atopic patients with active TB infection, and is attenuated after anti-TB treatment.
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Morgan J, Muskat K, Tippalagama R, Sette A, Burel J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:10-29. [PMID: 33751597 PMCID: PMC8252593 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non‐pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb‐specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaylin Muskat
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sheedy FJ, Divangahi M. Targeting immunometabolism in host defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunology 2021; 162:145-159. [PMID: 33020911 PMCID: PMC7808148 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of ineffective vaccines, increasing antibiotic resistance and the decline in new antibacterial drugs in the pipeline, tuberculosis (TB) still remains pandemic. Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes TB, results in either direct elimination of the pathogen, most likely by the innate immune system, or infection and containment that requires both innate and adaptive immunity to form the granuloma. Host defence strategies against infectious diseases are comprised of both host resistance, which is the ability of the host to prevent invasion or to eliminate the pathogen, and disease tolerance, which is defined by limiting the collateral tissue damage. In this review, we aim to examine the metabolic demands of the immune cells involved in both host resistance and disease tolerance, chiefly the macrophage and T-lymphocyte. We will further discuss how baseline metabolic heterogeneity and inflammation-driven metabolic reprogramming during infection are linked to their key immune functions containing mycobacterial growth and instructing protective immunity. Targeting key players in immune cellular metabolism may provide a novel opportunity for treatments at different stages of TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J. Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry & ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins‐Christie LaboratoriesDepartment of MedicineDepartment of PathologyDepartment of Microbiology & ImmunologyMcGill University Health CentreMcGill International TB CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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12
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Parsi M, Dargan K. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Induced Cytokine Storm Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Associated Miliary Tuberculosis. Cureus 2020; 12:e6589. [PMID: 32051801 PMCID: PMC7001132 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rarely diagnosed fatal inflammatory disease associated with an overactive immune system. It occurs in a host of conditions, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being a rare but serious cause, usually occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The diagnosis of HLH can be very difficult, as it presents with vague signs and symptoms, which can be present in multiple diseases. This case highlights the diagnostic dilemma faced when treating this potentially fatal condition. Usually, treating the underlying trigger for HLH is sufficient to counteract the overwhelming inflammatory response; however, this can prove to be difficult, as demonstrated in our patient. We present a case of miliary tuberculosis in the setting of HIV/AIDS, complicated by HLH in a young male patient. Whether it was due to delays in treatment or the rapidly fulminant nature of the disease, our patient had a poor clinical outcome. Although rare, tuberculosis-associated HLH must be considered as a cause of secondary HLH in all patients, especially those who are immunosuppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Parsi
- Internal Medicine, Crozer-Chester Medical Center, Upland, USA
| | - Kinjal Dargan
- Hematology/Oncology, Cooper University Medical Center, Camden, USA
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13
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide despite extensive use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. A safer and more effective vaccine than BCG is urgently required. More than a dozen TB vaccine candidates are under active evaluation in clinical trials aimed to prevent infection, disease, and recurrence. After decades of extensive research, renewed promise of an effective vaccine against this ancient airborne disease has recently emerged. In two innovative phase 2b vaccine clinical trials, one for the prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy adolescents and another for the prevention of TB disease in M. tuberculosis-infected adults, efficacy signals were observed. These breakthroughs, based on the greatly expanded knowledge of the M. tuberculosis infection spectrum, immunology of TB, and vaccine platforms, have reinvigorated the TB vaccine field. Here, we review our current understanding of natural immunity to TB, limitations in BCG immunity that are guiding vaccinologists to design novel TB vaccine candidates and concepts, and the desired attributes of a modern TB vaccine. We provide an overview of the progress of TB vaccine candidates in clinical evaluation, perspectives on the challenges faced by current vaccine concepts, and potential avenues to build on recent successes and accelerate the TB vaccine research-and-development trajectory.
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14
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Divangahi M, Behr MA. Cracking the Vaccine Code in Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:427-432. [PMID: 29045159 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1489pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Divangahi
- 1 Department of Medicine.,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,3 Department of Pathology.,4 McGill International TB Centre.,5 McGill University Health Centre, and.,6 Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- 1 Department of Medicine.,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,4 McGill International TB Centre.,5 McGill University Health Centre, and
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15
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Shi W, Jiao Y. Nontuberculous Mycobacterium infection complicated with Haemophagocytic syndrome: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:399. [PMID: 31072325 PMCID: PMC6507031 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is usually observed in patients with immunosuppressive conditions. It may also cause unregulated immune responses. While there have been increasing numbers of reported tuberculosis-related HPS (haemophagocytic syndrome), HPS caused by NTM infection is still very rarely reported. Case presentation We report a previously healthy 21-year-old Chinese female with fever, night sweats and fatigue, in whom HPS was diagnosed according to the HLH-2004 criteria. Mycobacterium intracellulare was cultured from her peripheral blood. After treatment with corticosteroid, clarithromycin, rifampicin, ethambutol and amikacin, the patient finally recovered. We also reviewed relevant publications on NTM infection complicated with HPS and found 11 cases, including ours. Clinical presentations, diagnoses and prognoses were analysed and summarized to deepen our understanding of this rare condition. Conclusions Most reported NTM-related cases were caused by disseminated infection. The lack of localized symptoms might add to the difficulty involved in making the right diagnosis. While it usually takes time to obtain tissue or blood culture results, granuloma in a bone marrow biopsy might be an early indicator of possible mycobacterial infection. Although treatment varied, the overall prognosis of NTM-related HPS was promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1, Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing St, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1, Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing St, Beijing, 100730, China.
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16
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Miller HE, Johnson KE, Tarakanova VL, Robinson RT. γ-herpesvirus latency attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:56-60. [PMID: 31153519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a bacterial pathogen which is transmitted via aerosol and establishes a chronic lung infection. In naïve hosts, Mtb grows for several weeks without being restricted by IFNγ-producing T cells, which eventually accumulate and limit Mtb dissemination. In this study, we used a mouse model of Mtb/γ-herpesvirus (γHV) coinfection to test the hypothesis that latent γHV infection alters host resistance to Mtb. γHVs are DNA viruses which elicit a polyclonal T cell response and attenuate some acute bacterial pathogens in mice; whether γHVs modulate infection with Mtb is unknown. Here, mice harboring latent mouse gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68)-a γHV genetically and biologically related to human Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-were infected via aerosol with a low dose of virulent Mtb. Mtb burdens and IFNγ+ T cell frequencies in mice with latent MHV68 (MHV68POS mice) were subsequently measured and compared to control mice that did not harbor latent MHV68 (MHV68NEG mice). Relative to MHV68NEG controls, MHV68POS mice more effectively limited Mtb growth and dissemination, and had higher frequencies of CD4+IFNγ+ cells in lung-draining lymph nodes. Collectively, our results support a model wherein latent γHV confers moderate protection against subsequent Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA; Cancer Center, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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17
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18
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv3841 Activates Dendritic Cells and Contributes to a T Helper 1 Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3525302. [PMID: 29736404 PMCID: PMC5875036 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3525302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuated vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) has limited protective efficacy against TB. The development of more effective TB vaccines has focused on the mycobacterial antigens that cause strong T helper 1 (Th1) responses. Mtb protein Rv3841 (bacterioferritin B; BfrB) is known to play a crucial role in the growth of Mtb. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether Rv3841 can induce protective immunity against Mtb. Here, we studied the action of Rv3841 in maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and its engagement in the development of T-cell immunity. We found that Rv3841 functionally activated DCs by upregulating costimulatory molecules and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Activation of DCs by Rv3841 was mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), followed by triggering of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. In addition, Rv3841-matured DCs effectively proliferated and polarized Th1 immune response of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, Rv3841 specifically caused the expansion of CD4+CD44highCD62Llow T-cells from Mtb-infected mice; besides, the T-cells activated by Rv3841-matured DCs inhibited intracellular mycobacterial growth. Our data suggest that Rv3841 induces DC maturation and protective immune responses, a finding that may provide candidate of effective TB vaccines.
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19
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Steigler P, Daniels NJ, McCulloch TR, Ryder BM, Sandford SK, Kirman JR. BCG vaccination drives accumulation and effector function of innate lymphoid cells in murine lungs. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:379-389. [PMID: 29363172 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prevents disseminated childhood TB; however, it fails to protect against the more prevalent pulmonary TB. Limited understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, has hindered development of improved vaccines. Although memory CD4 T cells are considered the main mediators of protection against TB, recent studies suggest there are other key subsets that contribute to antimycobacterial immunity. To that end, innate cells may be involved in the protective response. In this study, we investigated the primary response of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) to BCG exposure. Using a murine model, we showed that ILCs increased in number in the lungs and lymph nodes in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, there was significant production of the antimycobacterial cytokine IFN-γ by ILCs. As ILCs are located at mucosal sites, it was investigated whether mucosal vaccination (intranasal) stimulated an enhanced response compared to the traditional vaccination approach (intradermal or subcutaneous). Indeed, in response to intranasal vaccination, the number of ILCs, and IFN-γ production in NK cells and ILC1s in the lungs and lymph nodes, were higher than that provoked through intradermal or subcutaneous vaccination. This work provides the first evidence that BCG vaccination activates ILCs, paving the way for future research to elucidate the protective potential of ILCs against mycobacterial infection. Additionally, the finding that lung ILCs respond rigorously to mucosal vaccination may have implications for the delivery of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Steigler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Naomi J Daniels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim R McCulloch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brin M Ryder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Sandford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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21
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Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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22
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Cardona PJ. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 36:38-46. [PMID: 29198784 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis is multifactorial and involves different biological scales. The synthesis of ESAT-6 or the induction of alveolar macrophage necrosis are key, but to understand it, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of endogenous and exogenous reinfection, drainage of lung parenchyma and respiratory mechanics, local fibrosis processes and blood supply. Paradoxically, the immune response generated by the infection is highly protective (90%) against active tuberculosis, although as it is essentially based on the proliferation of Th1 lymphocytes, it cannot prevent reinfection. Severe immunosuppression can only explain 10% of active tuberculosis cases, while the remainder are attributable to comorbidities, a proinflammatory environment and an unknown genetic propensity. The pathogenic capacity of environmental mycobacteria is discrete, linked to deficits in the innate and acquired immune response. The ability to generate biofilms and the ability of M. ulcerans to generate the exotoxin mycolactone is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
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23
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Chen L, Weng H, Li H, Huang J, Pan J, Huang Y, Ma C. Potential killer in the ICU-severe tuberculosis combined with hemophagocytic syndrome: A case series and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9142. [PMID: 29245359 PMCID: PMC5728974 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that has various presentations, shows rapid progression and is associated with a high mortality. Clinical reports about pulmonary tuberculosis combined with respiratory failure accompanied by HPS are rare.HPS has no special clinical manifestations, and the main presentations include persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, hematocytopenia, and rash. In the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the clinical manifestations of severe infection and secondary HPS overlap, thus there is often a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of HPS.HPS is not an independent disease but represents an excessive inflammatory response due to immune dysfunction induced by various causes such as infection and tumor.The 2 cases in this report show that tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome is not easy to find, especially in ICU. There are few clinical reports of pulmonary tuberculosis combined with respiratory failure and HPS. Here, we describe 2 such clinical cases and review the relevant literature in order to deepen our understanding of this disease.
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24
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Carpenter SM, Yang JD, Lee J, Barreira-Silva P, Behar SM. Vaccine-elicited memory CD4+ T cell expansion is impaired in the lungs during tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006704. [PMID: 29176787 PMCID: PMC5720822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is the key biological process that makes vaccines possible. Although tuberculosis vaccines elicit protective immunity in animals, few provide durable protection. To understand why protection is transient, we evaluated the ability of memory CD4+ T cells to expand, differentiate, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both naïve and memory CD4+ T cells initially proliferated exponentially, and the accumulation of memory T cells in the lung correlated with early bacterial control. However, later during infection, memory CD4+ T cell proliferation was curtailed and no protection was observed. We show that memory CD4+ T cells are first activated in the LN and their recruitment to the lung attenuates bacterial growth. However, their interaction with Mtb-infected macrophages does not promote continued proliferation. We conclude that a lack of sustained expansion by memory-derived T cells in the lung limits the durability of their protection, linking their slower expansion with transient protection in vaccinated mice. Vaccines elicit pathogen-specific memory T cells whose early and potent activation upon infection should provide long-lasting control of bacterial growth. Although many experimental vaccines generate memory CD4+ T cells and can control the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) early during infection, none reliably provide protection from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) that is durable. Although the etiology of the clinical failure of memory T cells is not well understood, few studies monitor memory T cell fate and function throughout chronic infection. Using both clonal and polyclonal models of Mtb-specific memory CD4+ T cell function during TB, we show that the expansion of memory-derived T cell responses is impaired in the lungs, compared with the primary (naïve) CD4 response. Despite expressing a protective effector phenotype, and reducing bacterial growth early after Mtb challenge, we further show that memory CD4+ T cells do not proliferate in response to Mtb-infected macrophages. Their impaired expansion corresponded with waning protection in vaccinated mice later during infection. We propose that both the induction of memory T cell proliferation by infected macrophages, and the durability of vaccine-elicited T cell responses during TB should serve as preclinical vaccine benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (SMC)
| | - Jason D. Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Palmira Barreira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (SMC)
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25
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Zeng G, Zhang G, Chen X. Th1 cytokines, true functional signatures for protective immunity against TB? Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:206-215. [PMID: 29151578 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of an effective preventative vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) presents a great challenge to TB control. Since it takes an extremely long time to accurately determine the protective efficacy of TB vaccines, there is a great need to identify the surrogate signatures of protection to facilitate vaccine development. Unfortunately, antigen-specific Th1 cytokines that are currently used to evaluate the protective efficacy of the TB vaccine, do not align with the protection and failure of TB vaccine candidates in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the limitation of current Th1 cytokines as surrogates of protection and address the potential elements that should be considered to finalize the true functional signatures of protective immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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26
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Lange SM, McKell MC, Schmidt SM, Hossfeld AP, Chaturvedi V, Kinder JM, McAlees JW, Lewkowich IP, Way SS, Turner J, Qualls JE. l-Citrulline Metabolism in Mice Augments CD4 + T Cell Proliferation and Cytokine Production In Vitro, and Accumulation in the Mycobacteria-Infected Lung. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1561. [PMID: 29201027 PMCID: PMC5696333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation, recruitment, and effector function of T lymphocytes are essential for control of mycobacterial infection. These processes are tightly regulated in T cells by the availability of l-arginine within the microenvironment. In turn, mycobacterial infection dampens T cell responsiveness through arginase induction in myeloid cells, promoting sequestration of l-arginine within the local milieu. Here, we show T cells can replenish intracellular l-arginine through metabolism of l-citrulline to mediate inflammatory function, allowing anti-mycobacterial T cells to overcome arginase-mediated suppression. Furthermore, T cell l-citrulline metabolism is necessary for accumulation of CD4+ T cells at the site of infection, suggesting this metabolic pathway is involved during anti-mycobacterial T cell immunity in vivo. Together, these findings establish a contribution for l-arginine synthesis by T cells during mycobacterial infection, and implicate l-citrulline as a potential immuno-nutrient to modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Lange
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati/Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Melanie C McKell
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati/Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Schmidt
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Austin P Hossfeld
- Laboratory of Dr. Joanne Turner, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vandana Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jaclyn W McAlees
- Laboratory of Dr. Ian P. Lewkowich, Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Laboratory of Dr. Ian P. Lewkowich, Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Laboratory of Dr. Sing Sing Way, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Laboratory of Dr. Joanne Turner, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Laboratory of Dr. Joseph E. Qualls, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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27
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Yan ZH, Zheng XF, Yi L, Wang J, Wang XJ, Wei PJ, Jia HY, Zhou LJ, Zhao YL, Zhang HT. CD137 is a Useful Marker for Identifying CD4 + T Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:372-380. [PMID: 28218958 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of CD137 on recently activated CD8+ T cells has been used to identify rare viral and tumour antigen-specific T cells from the peripheral blood. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of CD137 for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-reactive CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of infected individuals by flow cytometry and to investigate the characteristics of these CD137+ CD4+ T cells. We initially enrolled 31 active tuberculosis (TB) patients, 31 individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) and 25 healthy donors. The intracellular CD137 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by CD4+ T cells was simultaneously detected under unstimulated and CFP10-stimulated (culture filtrate protein 10, a Mtb-specific antigen) conditions. In unstimulated CD4+ T cells, we found that the CD137 expression in the TB group was significantly higher than that in the LTBI group. Stimulation with CFP10 largely increased the CD4+ T cell CD137 expression in both the TB and LTBI groups. After CFP10 stimulation, the frequency of CD137+ CD4+ T cells was higher than that of IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in both the TB and LTBI groups. Most of the CFP10-activated IFN-γ-secreting cells were CD137-positive, but only a small fraction of the CD137-positive cells expressed IFN-γ. An additional 20 patients with TB were enrolled to characterize the CD45RO+ CCR7+ , CD45RO+ CCR7- and CD45RO- subsets in the CD137+ CD4+ T cell populations. The Mtb-specific CD137+ CD4+ T cells were mainly identified as having an effector memory phenotype. In conclusion, CD137 is a useful marker that can be used for identifying Mtb-reactive CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Yan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - X-F Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - L Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - X-J Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - P-J Wei
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - H-Y Jia
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - L-J Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y-L Zhao
- Department of National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - H-T Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
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Xu Z, Xu L, Li W, Jin X, Song X, Chen X, Zhu J, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang W, Dong X, Yang X, Liu F, Bai H, Chen Q, Su C. Innate scavenger receptor-A regulates adaptive T helper cell responses to pathogen infection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16035. [PMID: 28695899 PMCID: PMC5508227 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor (PRR) scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) has an important function in the pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases and in innate immune responses to pathogen infections. However, little is known about the role of SR-A in the host adaptive immune responses to pathogen infection. Here we show with mouse models of helminth Schistosoma japonicum infection and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulation that SR-A is regulated by pathogens and suppresses IRF5 nuclear translocation by direct interaction. Reduced abundance of nuclear IRF5 shifts macrophage polarization from M1 towards M2, which subsequently switches T-helper responses from type 1 to type 2. Our study identifies a role for SR-A as an innate PRR in regulating adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xian Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yong Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Montané E, Barriocanal AM, Arellano AL, Valderrama A, Sanz Y, Perez-Alvarez N, Cardona P, Vilaplana C, Cardona PJ. Pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the supplement food Nyaditum resae® in adults with or without latent TB infection: Safety and immunogenicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171294. [PMID: 28182700 PMCID: PMC5300153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nyaditum resae® (NR) is a galenic preparation of heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis, a new species of the fortuitum complex, that is found in drinkable water, and that has demonstrated to protect against the development of active TB in a murine experimental model that develop human-like lesions. METHODS Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (51 volunteers included). Two different doses of NR and a placebo were tested, the randomization was stratified by Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)-positive (n = 21) and LTBI-negative subjects (n = 30). Each subject received 14 drinkable daily doses for 2 weeks. RESULTS All patients completed the study. The 46.3% of the overall reported adverse events (AE) were considered related to the investigational treatment. None of them were severe (94% were mild and 6% moderate). No statistical differences were found when comparing the median number of AE between the placebo group and both treatment groups. The most common AE reported were gastrointestinal events, most frequently mild abdominal pain and increase in stool frequency. Regarding the immunogenic response, both LTBI-negative and LTBI-positive volunteers treated with NR experienced a global increase on the Treg response, showed both in the population of CD25+CD39-, mainly effector Treg cells, or CD25+CD39+ memory PPD-specific Treg cells. CONCLUSION This clinical trial demonstrates an excellent tolerability profile of NR linked to a significant increase in the population of specific effector and memory Tregs in the groups treated with NR in both LTBI-positive and negative subjects. NR shows a promising profile to be used to reduce the risk of active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Montané
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Barriocanal
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Lucía Arellano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Angelica Valderrama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Perez-Alvarez
- Lluita Contra la Sida Foundation, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya- BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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Targeting dendritic cells to accelerate T-cell activation overcomes a bottleneck in tuberculosis vaccine efficacy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13894. [PMID: 28004802 PMCID: PMC5192216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine that induces sterilizing immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been elusive. Absence of sterilizing immunity induced by TB vaccines may be due to delayed activation of mucosal dendritic cells (DCs), and subsequent delay in antigen presentation and activation of vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cell responses. Here we show that pulmonary delivery of activated M. tuberculosis antigen-primed DCs into vaccinated mice, at the time of M. tuberculosis exposure, can overcome the delay in accumulation of vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cell responses. In addition, activating endogenous host CD103+ DCs and the CD40–CD40L pathway can similarly induce rapid accumulation of vaccine-induced lung CD4+ T-cell responses and limit early M. tuberculosis growth. Thus, our study provides proof of concept that targeting mucosal DCs can accelerate vaccine-induced T-cell responses on M. tuberculosis infection, and provide insights to overcome bottlenecks in TB vaccine efficacy. A delay in T cell responses is postulated as a possible explanation for the limited efficacy of vaccines against tuberculosis. Here the authors demonstrate this T-cell block and remove it by activating endogenous dendritic cells or delivering activated dendritic cells to the lungs, enhancing immunity of mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Koh VHQ, Ng SL, Ang MLT, Lin W, Ruedl C, Alonso S. Role and contribution of pulmonary CD103 + dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 102:34-46. [PMID: 28061951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite international control programmes, the global burden of tuberculosis remains enormous. Efforts to discover novel drugs have largely focused on targeting the bacterium directly. Alternatively, manipulating the host immune response may represent a valuable approach to enhance immunological clearance of the bacilli, but necessitates a deeper understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Here, we examined the various dendritic cells (DC) subsets present in the lung and draining lymph nodes (LN) from mice intra-tracheally infected with M. tuberculosis. We showed that although limited in number, pulmonary CD103+ DCs appeared to be involved in the initial transport of mycobacteria to the draining mediastinal LN and subsequent activation of T cells. Using CLEC9A-DTR transgenic mice enabling the inducible depletion of CD103+ DCs, we established that this DC subset contributes to the control of mycobacterial burden and plays a role in the early activation of T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells. Our findings thus support a previously unidentified role for pulmonary CD103+ DCs in the rapid mobilization of mycobacteria from the lungs to the draining LN soon after exposure to M. tuberculosis, which is a critical step for the development of the host adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hui Qi Koh
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore
| | - See Liang Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Michelle Lay Teng Ang
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore.
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33
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Cardona PJ. Reactivation or reinfection in adult tuberculosis: Is that the question? Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:400-407. [PMID: 27931680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Looking at the chapter on "natural history" in any tuberculosis (TB) reference book, there is a kind of certainty regarding TB in adults. That is the concept of "post-primary" TB described as the reactivation of dormant bacilli hidden in an old lesion developed during infancy due to a type of local immunosuppression. Intriguingly, this concept involves at least two major uncertainties: how can dormant bacilli remain for such a long period, almost a lifetime, in an old lesion, taking into account granuloma dynamism; and what sort of local immunosuppression is the one that facilitates reactivation? The controversy between reactivation and exogenous reinfection as the cause of active TB started very soon in TB research. Interestingly, this "balance" was disturbed in the 1960s when the "Unitary Concept" became very successful in supporting the reactivation dogma. The "Unitary Concept" was mainly based on the data of tuberculin surveillance during the pre-antibiotic era as well as the data obtained from experimental modelling in animals. At the same time, the "Three-risks model" appeared to explain the relationship between the risk of infection and TB incidence, granting reinfection a key role in adult TB together with primary infection. This role was reinforced by the studies of recurrence based on molecular epidemiology, and a better knowledge of the immune response, granuloma dynamics, and lung physiology. Now it is a matter of taking it into account when designing new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies and also reflecting it in text books to better illustrate to our students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Cardona PJ. The Progress of Therapeutic Vaccination with Regard to Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1536. [PMID: 27733848 PMCID: PMC5039189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with tuberculosis (TB) control is the long duration of drug therapy-both for latent and for active TB. Therapeutic vaccination has been postulated to improve this situation, and to this end there are several candidates already in clinical phases of development. These candidates follow two main designs, namely bacilli-directed therapy based on inactivated -whole or -fragmented bacillus (Mycobacterium w and RUTI) or fusion proteins that integrate non-replicating bacilli -related antigens (H56 vaccine), and host-directed therapy to reduce the tissue destruction. The administration of inactivated Mycobacterium vaccae prevents the "Koch phenomenon" response, and oral administration of heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis prevents excessive neutrophilic infiltration of the lesions. This review also tries to explain the success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reviewing its evolution from infection to disease, and highlights the lack of a definitive understanding of the natural history of TB pathology and the need to improve our knowledge on TB immunology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona, Spain
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McDaniel MM, Krishna N, Handagama WG, Eda S, Ganusov VV. Quantifying Limits on Replication, Death, and Quiescence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:862. [PMID: 27379030 PMCID: PMC4906525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
When an individual is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) three outcomes are possible: bacterial clearance, active disease, or latent infection. It is generally believed that most individuals exposed to Mtb become latently infected and carry the mycobacteria for life. How Mtb is maintained during this latent infection remains largely unknown. During an Mtb infection in mice, there is a phase of rapid increase in bacterial numbers in the murine lungs within the first 3 weeks, and then bacterial numbers either stabilize or increase slowly over the period of many months. It has been debated whether the relatively constant numbers of bacteria in the chronic infection result from latent (dormant, quiescent), non-replicating bacteria, or whether the observed Mtb cell numbers are due to balance between rapid replication and death. A recent study of mice, infected with a Mtb strain carrying an unstable plasmid, showed that during the chronic phase, Mtb was replicating at significant rates. Using experimental data from this study and mathematical modeling we investigated the limits of the rates of bacterial replication, death, and quiescence during Mtb infection of mice. First, we found that to explain the data the rates of bacterial replication and death could not be constant and had to decrease with time since infection unless there were large changes in plasmid segregation probability over time. While a decrease in the rate of Mtb replication with time since infection was expected due to depletion of host's resources, a decrease in the Mtb death rate was counterintuitive since Mtb-specific immune response, appearing in the lungs 3–4 weeks after infection, should increase removal of bacteria. Interestingly, we found no significant correlation between estimated rates of Mtb replication and death suggesting the decline in these rates was driven by independent mechanisms. Second, we found that the data could not be explained by assuming that bacteria do not die, suggesting that some removal of bacteria from lungs of these mice had to occur even though the total bacterial counts in these mice always increased over time. Third and finally, we showed that to explain the data the majority of bacterial cells (at least ~60%) must be replicating in the chronic phase of infection further challenging widespread belief of nonreplicating Mtb in latency. Our predictions were robust to some changes in the structure of the model, for example, when the loss of plasmid-bearing cells was mainly due to high fitness cost of the plasmid. Further studies should determine if more mechanistic models for Mtb dynamics are also able to accurately explain these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McDaniel
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nitin Krishna
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxville, TN, USA; The College at the University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Winode G Handagama
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxville, TN, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Mathematics, Maryville CollegeMaryville, TN, USA
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxville, TN, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisKnoxville, TN, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
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Cardona PJ, Prats C. The Small Breathing Amplitude at the Upper Lobes Favors the Attraction of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lesions and Helps to Understand the Evolution toward Active Disease in An Individual-Based Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:354. [PMID: 27065951 PMCID: PMC4810076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can induce two kinds of lesions, namely proliferative and exudative. The former are based on the presence of macrophages with controlled induction of intragranulomatous necrosis, and are even able to stop its physical progression, thus avoiding the induction of active tuberculosis (TB). In contrast, the most significant characteristic of exudative lesions is their massive infiltration with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which favor enlargement of the lesions and extracellular growth of the bacilli. We have built an individual-based model (IBM) (known as “TBPATCH”) using the NetLogo interface to better understand the progression from Mtb infection to TB. We have tested four main factors previously identified as being able to favor the infiltration of Mtb-infected lesions with PMNs, namely the tolerability of infected macrophages to the bacillary load; the capacity to modulate the Th17 response; the breathing amplitude (BAM) (large or small in the lower and upper lobes respectively), which influences bacillary drainage at the alveoli; and the encapsulation of Mtb-infected lesions by the interlobular septae that structure the pulmonary parenchyma into secondary lobes. Overall, although all the factors analyzed play some role, the small BAM is the major factor determining whether Mtb-infected lesions become exudative, and thus induce TB, thereby helping to understand why this usually takes place in the upper lobes. This information will be very useful for the design of future prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES Badalona, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech Castelldefels, Spain
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Yadav B, Malonia SK, Majumdar SS, Gupta P, Wadhwa N, Badhwar A, Gupta UD, Katoch VM, Chattopadhyay S. Constitutive expression of SMAR1 confers susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a transgenic mouse model. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:732-41. [PMID: 26831422 PMCID: PMC4774070 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.174566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Studies involving animal models of experimental tuberculosis have elucidated the predominant role of cytokines secreted by T cells and macrophages to be an essential component of the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The immune activities of CD4+ T cells are mediated in part by Th1 cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) which is produced primarily by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and critical for initiating the immune response against intracellular pathogen such as M. tuberculosis. Nuclear matrix protein SMAR1 plays an important role in V(D)J recombination, T helper cell differentiation and inflammatory diseases. In this study a transgenic mouse model was used to study the role of SMAR1 in M. tuberculosis infection. METHODS Wild type BALB/c, C57BL/6, BALB/c-EGFP-SMAR1 and C57BL/6-SMAR1 transgenic mice were infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Rv). A dose of 100 bacilli was used for infection via respiratory route. Bacterial load in lung and spleen of infected mice was determined at 2, 4, 6 and 8 wk post-infection. Gene expression analysis for Th1 cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was performed in infected lung tissues by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RESULTS SMAR1 transgenic mice from both BALB/c and C57BL/6 genetic background displayed higher bacillary load and susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection compared to wild type mice. This susceptibility was attributed due to compromised of Th1 response exhibited by transgenic mice. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS SMAR1 transgenic mice exhibited susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection in vivo irrespective of genetic background. This susceptibility was attributed to downregulation of Th1 response and its hallmark cytokine IFN-γ. Hence, SMAR1 plays an important role in modulating host immune response after M. tuberculosis infection.
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Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Way SS, Behar SM. A Higher Activation Threshold of Memory CD8+ T Cells Has a Fitness Cost That Is Modified by TCR Affinity during Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005380. [PMID: 26745507 PMCID: PMC4706326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRβ deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3β sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and -independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection. CD8+ T cells are important for enforcing latency of tuberculosis, and for Mtb control in patients with HIV and low CD4 counts. While vaccines that primarily elicit CD4+ T cell responses have had difficulty preventing active pulmonary TB, a TB vaccine that elicits a potent memory CD8+ T cells is a logical alternative strategy. Memory T cells are thought to respond more rapidly than the primary (naïve) response. However, by directly comparing naïve and memory TCR retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 antigen during infection, we observe memory-derived T cells to be less fit than naïve-derived T cells. We relate the reduced fitness of memory CD8+ T cells to their lower sensitivity to antigen and show that fitness can be improved by increasing TCR affinity. Using a novel method for tracking CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination during the response to Mtb aerosol challenge in intact mice, we observe the robust expansion of a new primary response as well as clonal selection of the secondary response, likely driven by TCR affinity. We propose that generating memory T cells with high affinities should be a goal of vaccination against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
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Transcription factor Batf3 is important for development of CD8+ T-cell response against a phagosomal bacterium regardless of the location of antigen. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:378-87. [PMID: 26567886 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is a virulent intracellular bacterium that conceals itself in the phagosomes of infected cells. Although CD8(+) T cells promote protection against various intracellular pathogens, the role of CD8(+) T cells against virulent ST has been unclear due to early fatality of susceptible (B6) mice. Herein, we generated MHC I-deficient mice on the resistant (129SvJ) and susceptible (Nramp1 transgenic B6) background to evaluate the role of CD8(+) T cells against virulent ST. Our results indicate that CD8(+) T cells have a critical protective role in host survival during infection with virulent ST. As antigen presentation and CD8(+) T-cell activation against phagosomal antigens are considered to operate through the cross-presentation pathway, we have evaluated CD8(+) T-cell response against ST in Batf3-deficient mice that lack CD8α dendritic cells (DCs). Using a recombinant of ST that expresses antigen (ST-OVA) mainly in the phagosomes of infected cells, we show that CD8(+) T-cell response is compromised throughout the duration of infection in Batf3-deficient mice. In contrast, when ST delivers antigen to the cytosol of infected cells (ST-OVA-C), CD8(+) T-cell response against the cytosolic antigen was compromised only in the short term in the absence of CD8α DCs, with wild-type and Batf3-deficient mice generating similar CD8(+) T-cell response in the long term. Thus, Batf3 has an important role in CD8(+) T-cell priming regardless of antigenic location; however, its role is redundant at later time intervals against cytosolic antigen.
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40
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Karp CL, Wilson CB, Stuart LM. Tuberculosis vaccines: barriers and prospects on the quest for a transformative tool. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:363-81. [PMID: 25703572 PMCID: PMC4368410 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The road to a more efficacious vaccine that could be a truly transformative tool for decreasing tuberculosis morbidity and mortality, along with Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, is quite daunting. Despite this, there are reasons for optimism. Abetted by better conceptual clarity, clear acknowledgment of the degree of our current immunobiological ignorance, the availability of powerful new tools for dissecting the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis, the generation of more creative diversity in tuberculosis vaccine concepts, the development of better fit-for-purpose animal models, and the potential of more pragmatic approaches to the clinical testing of vaccine candidates, the field has promise for delivering novel tools for dealing with this worldwide scourge of poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Global Health, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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Andersen P, Urdahl KB. TB vaccines; promoting rapid and durable protection in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:55-62. [PMID: 26113434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TB vaccine discovery has focused on IFN-γ both for the selection of antigens and vaccine delivery strategies. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the requirements for immunological memory and the expression of immunity to TB in the lung now provide a framework for reconsidering that strategy. We will discuss the status of the TB vaccine field, recent insights into the role of central memory cells and the potential of tissue-resident memory cells in vaccine promoted protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Immunology, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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42
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Silva-Sánchez A, Meza-Pérez S, Flores-Langarica A, Donis-Maturano L, Estrada-García I, Calderón-Amador J, Hernández-Pando R, Idoyaga J, Steinman RM, Flores-Romo L. ESAT-6 Targeting to DEC205+ Antigen Presenting Cells Induces Specific-T Cell Responses against ESAT-6 and Reduces Pulmonary Infection with Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124828. [PMID: 25915045 PMCID: PMC4411092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airways infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contained mostly by T cell responses, however, Mtb has developed evasion mechanisms which affect antigen presenting cell (APC) maturation/recruitment delaying the onset of Ag-specific T cell responses. Hypothetically, bypassing the natural infection routes by delivering antigens directly to APCs may overcome the pathogen's naturally evolved evasion mechanisms, thus facilitating the induction of protective immune responses. We generated a murine monoclonal fusion antibody (α-DEC-ESAT) to deliver Early Secretory Antigen Target (ESAT)-6 directly to DEC205+ APCs and to assess its in vivo effects on protection associated responses (IFN-γ production, in vivo CTL killing, and pulmonary mycobacterial load). Treatment with α-DEC-ESAT alone induced ESAT-6-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and prime-boost immunization prior to Mtb infection resulted in early influx (d14 post-infection) and increased IFN-γ+ production by specific T cells in the lungs, compared to scarce IFN-γ production in control mice. In vivo CTL killing was quantified in relevant tissues upon transferring target cells loaded with mycobacterial antigens. During infection, α-DEC-ESAT-treated mice showed increased target cell killing in the lungs, where histology revealed cellular infiltrate and considerably reduced bacterial burden. Targeting the mycobacterial antigen ESAT-6 to DEC205+ APCs before infection expands specific T cell clones responsible for early T cell responses (IFN-γ production and CTL activity) and substantially reduces lung bacterial burden. Delivering mycobacterial antigens directly to APCs provides a unique approach to study in vivo the role of APCs and specific T cell responses to assess their potential anti-mycobacterial functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Load
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Silva-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Selene Meza-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, ENCB-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Manjaly Thomas ZR, McShane H. Aerosol immunisation for TB: matching route of vaccination to route of infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:175-81. [PMID: 25636950 PMCID: PMC4321022 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TB remains a very significant global health burden. There is an urgent need for better tools for TB control, which include an effective vaccine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently licensed vaccine, confers highly variable protection against pulmonary TB, the main source of TB transmission. Replacing BCG completely or boosting BCG with another vaccine are the two current strategies for TB vaccine development. Delivering a vaccine by aerosol represents a way to match the route of vaccination to the route of infection. This route of immunisation offers not only the scientific advantage of delivering the vaccine directly to the respiratory mucosa, but also practical and logistical advantages. This review summarises the state of current TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, reviews current progress in aerosol administration of vaccines in general and evaluates the potential for TB vaccine candidates to be administered by the aerosol route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Abstract
Pulmonary TB remains a leading global health issue, but the current Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine fails to control it effectively. Much effort has gone into developing safe and effective boost vaccine candidates for use after the BCG prime vaccination. To date, almost all the lead candidates are being evaluated clinically via a parenteral route. Abundant experimental evidence suggests that parenteral boosting with a virus-based vaccine is much less effective than respiratory mucosal boosting, because the former fails to activate a type of T cell capable of rapidly transmigrating into the airway luminal space in the early phase of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The next few years will determine whether parenteral boosting with some of the lead vaccine candidates, particularly the protein-based vaccines, improves protection in humans over that by BCG. Much effort is needed to develop respiratory mucosal boost vaccines and to identify the reliable immune protective correlates in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fiona Smaill
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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45
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Ancelet L, Kirman J. Shaping the CD4+ memory immune response against tuberculosis: the role of antigen persistence, location and multi-functionality. Biomol Concepts 2014; 3:13-20. [PMID: 25436521 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis (TB), relies on the generation and maintenance of CD4 memory T cells. An incomplete understanding of the memory immune response has hindered the rational design of a new, more effective TB vaccine. This review discusses how the persistence of antigen, the location of memory cells, and their multifunctional ability shape the CD4 memory T cell response against TB.
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46
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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:559-77. [PMID: 25311810 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
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Darrah PA, Bolton DL, Lackner AA, Kaushal D, Aye PP, Mehra S, Blanchard JL, Didier PJ, Roy CJ, Rao SS, Hokey DA, Scanga CA, Sizemore DR, Sadoff JC, Roederer M, Seder RA. Aerosol vaccination with AERAS-402 elicits robust cellular immune responses in the lungs of rhesus macaques but fails to protect against high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1799-811. [PMID: 25024382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis may require immunization strategies that induce a high frequency of Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lung. The nonhuman primate model is essential for testing such approaches because it has predictive value for how vaccines elicit responses in humans. In this study, we used an aerosol vaccination strategy to administer AERAS-402, a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus (rAd) type 35 expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ags Ag85A, Ag85B, and TB10.4, in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-primed or unprimed rhesus macaques. Immunization with BCG generated low purified protein derivative-specific CD4 T cell responses in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage. In contrast, aerosolized AERAS-402 alone or following BCG induced potent and stable Ag85A/b-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage that largely produced IFN-γ, as well as TNF and IL-2. Such responses induced by BCG, AERAS-402, or both failed to confer overall protection following challenge with 275 CFUs M. tuberculosis Erdman, although vaccine-induced responses associated with reduced pathology were observed in some animals. Anamnestic T cell responses to Ag85A/b were not detected in blood of immunized animals after challenge. Overall, our data suggest that a high M. tuberculosis challenge dose may be a critical factor in limiting vaccine efficacy in this model. However, the ability of aerosol rAd immunization to generate potent cellular immunity in the lung suggests that using different or more immunogens, alternative rAd serotypes with enhanced immunogenicity, and a physiological challenge dose may achieve protection against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diane L Bolton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | | | - Peter J Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Vilaplana C, Prats C, Marzo E, Barril C, Vegué M, Diaz J, Valls J, López D, Cardona PJ. To achieve an earlier IFN-γ response is not sufficient to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100830. [PMID: 24959669 PMCID: PMC4069189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporo-spatial relationship between the three organs (lung, spleen and lymph node) involved during the initial stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been poorly studied. As such, we performed an experimental study to evaluate the bacillary load in each organ after aerosol or intravenous infection and developed a mathematical approach using the data obtained in order to extract conclusions. The results showed that higher bacillary doses result in an earlier IFN-γ response, that a certain bacillary load (BL) needs to be reached to trigger the IFN-γ response, and that control of the BL is not immediate after onset of the IFN-γ response, which might be a consequence of the spatial dimension. This study may have an important impact when it comes to designing new vaccine candidates as it suggests that triggering an earlier IFN-γ response might not guarantee good infection control, and therefore that additional properties should be considered for these candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Marzo
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Barril
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Vegué
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Diaz
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Valls
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona, Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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49
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Cardona PJ, Vilaplana C. Multiple consecutive infections might explain the lack of protection by BCG. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94736. [PMID: 24740286 PMCID: PMC3989258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although contacts between tuberculosis patients may result in multiple consecutive infections (MCI), no experimental animal models consider this fact when used in basic studies. Moreover, the current TB vaccine (BCG) has demonstrated a limited protection in humans. In this study we evaluate the effect of tuberculosis MCI by way of a simple mathematical analysis using data from the low dose aerosol murine experimental model. The results show that a higher number of, or shorter intervals between, multiple consecutive infections reduce the protective effect of BCG. This is due to both the increase in bacillary load at the stationary level of the infection, and the protective immune response induced by the infection itself. This factor must therefore be taken into account when designing new prophylactic strategies as candidate vaccines for the replacement of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PJC); (CV)
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas En Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PJC); (CV)
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50
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A. Definition of CD4 Immunosignatures Associated with MTB. Front Immunol 2014; 5:124. [PMID: 24715893 PMCID: PMC3970006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described the first true genome-wide screen for CD4(+) T-cell reactivity directed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in latent TB-infected individuals. The approach relied on predictions of HLA-binding capacity for a panel of DR, DP, and DQ alleles representative of those most commonly expressed in the general population, coupled with high throughput ELISPOT assays. The results identified hundreds of novel epitopes and antigens, and documented the novel observation that T cells in latent MTB infection are confined to the CXCR3(+)CCR6(+) phenotype and largely directed against three antigenic "islands" within the MTB genome. In parallel, we have made generally available to the scientific community the technical approaches and reagents developed in the process, such as motifs, algorithms, and binding assays for several common HLA class II alleles, and a panel of single allele HLA class II transfected cell lines representative of the most frequent specificities in the general population. Recent efforts have been focused on characterization of epitopes and antigens recognized by patients with active TB and individuals vaccinated with BCG, with the aim of providing the first systematic evaluation of the overlap between latent, active, and BCG cohorts. The definition of a broad range of epitopes restricted by common HLA molecules, will facilitate development of diagnostic reagents, allow a rigorous evaluation of T-cell responses associated with TB infection in humans, and enable the evaluation of the immunogenicity of different vaccine candidates. Furthermore, it might suggest new candidates for vaccine and diagnostic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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