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Zareinejad M, Mehdipour F, Roshan-Zamir M, Faghih Z, Ghaderi A. Dual Functions of T Lymphocytes in Breast Carcinoma: From Immune Protection to Orchestrating Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4771. [PMID: 37835465 PMCID: PMC10571747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type in women and the second leading cause of death. Despite recent advances, the mortality rate of BC is still high, highlighting a need to develop new treatment strategies including the modulation of the immune system and immunotherapies. In this regard, understanding the complex function of the involved immune cells and their crosstalk with tumor cells is of great importance. T-cells are recognized as the most important cells in the tumor microenvironment and are divided into several subtypes including helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T-cells according to their transcription factors, markers, and functions. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the role of T-cell subsets in the prognosis and treatment of patients with BC, and crosstalk between tumor cells and T-cells. The literature overwhelmingly contains controversial findings mainly due to the plasticity of T-cell subsets within the inflammatory conditions and the use of different panels for their phenotyping. However, investigating the role of T-cells in BC immunity depends on a variety of factors including tumor types or subtypes, the stage of the disease, the localization of the cells in the tumor tissue and the presence of different cells or cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45505, Iran; (M.Z.); (F.M.); (M.R.-Z.)
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45505, Iran; (M.Z.); (F.M.); (M.R.-Z.)
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2
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Hu Y, Li L, Xu W, Wu K, Xiao J, Peng Y, Liu Y, Yin Y, Zhang X. IL-4 plays an essential role in DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-mediated immunoprotection against Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. Mol Immunol 2022; 143:105-113. [PMID: 35114487 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The fusion protein DnaJ-ΔA146Ply is protective against pneumococcal infections in mice. However, we found that immunized IL-4-/- mice showed significant lower survival rates and higher bacterial loads than did wild-type (WT) mice after being challenged. We explored the role of IL-4 in the protective immunity conferred by DnaJ-ΔA146Ply. Our results showed that there were no significant differences in antibody titers between immunized WT mice and IL-4-/- mice. The bacterial loads of passively immunized IL-4-/- mice were significantly higher than those of WT mice, while mice immunized with anti-DnaJ-ΔA146Ply serum from WT and IL-4-/- mice showed similar capacity for bacterial clearance. DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-dependent phagocytosis of IL-4-/- neutrophils was significant decreased compared with that of WT neutrophils. The levels of Syk and phosphor-Syk in IL-4-/- neutrophils were decreased compared with those in WT neutrophils. Additionally, Splenocytes in IL-4-/- mice triggered significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A than did splenocytes in WT mice. Taken together, our findings illustrate that IL-4 deficiency does not influence the antibody production or antibody effect, but change the cellular immune response induced by DnaJ-ΔA146Ply. Additionally, IL-4 can enhance the antibody-dependent phagocytosis of neutrophils partially by activating Syk and participate in the protective immunity induced by DnaJ-ΔA146Ply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jiangming Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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3
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Role of CD4 + T Cells in Allergic Airway Diseases: Learning from Murine Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207480. [PMID: 33050549 PMCID: PMC7589900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential contribution of CD4+ T cells in allergic airway diseases has been demonstrated, especially by using various murine models of antigen-induced airway inflammation. In addition to antigen-immunized mouse models employing mast cell-deficient mice and CD4+ T cell-depleting procedure, antigen-specific CD4+ T cell transfer models have revealed the possible development of allergic inflammation solely dependent on CD4+ T cells. Regardless of the classical Th1/Th2 theory, various helper T cell subsets have the potential to induce different types of allergic inflammation. T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (Tg) mice have been used for investigating T cell-mediated immune responses. Besides, we have recently generated cloned mice from antigen-specific CD4+ T cells through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In contrast to TCR-Tg mice that express artificially introduced TCR, the cloned mice express endogenously regulated antigen-specific TCR. Upon antigen exposure, the mite antigen-reactive T cell-cloned mice displayed strong airway inflammation accompanied by bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a short time period. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cell-cloned mice are expected to be useful for investigating the detailed role of CD4+ T cells in various allergic diseases and for evaluating novel anti-allergic drugs.
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Zhou Y, Cao L, Guo H, Hong Y, Wang M, Wang K, Huang X, Chang Y. Th2 polarization in target organs is involved in the alleviation of pathological damage mediated by transplanting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-primed donor T cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:1087-1096. [PMID: 32880861 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is caused by allo-activated donor T cells infiltrating target organs. As a regulator of immune function, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been demonstrated to relieve the aGVHD reaction. However, the role of G-CSF-primed donor T cells in specific target organs is still unknown. In this study, we employed a classical MHC-mismatched transplantation mouse model (C57BL/6 into BALB/c) and found that recipient mice transplanted with G-CSF-primed T cells exhibited prolonged survival compared with that of the PBS-treated group. This protective function against GVHD mediated by G-CSF-primed donor T cells was further confirmed by decreased clinical and pathological scores in this aGVHD mouse model, especially in the lung and gut. Moreover, we found that T cells polarized towards Th2 cells and regulatory T cells were increased in specific target organs. In addition, G-CSF treatment inhibited inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) expression and increased the expression of tolerance-related genes in recipient mice. Our study provides new insight into the immune regulatory effects of G-CSF on T cell-mediated aGVHD, especially for its precise regulation in GVHD target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Leqing Cao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Huidong Guo
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of HSCT, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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5
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Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Host Responses to Microbial Infections. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Caza T, Landas S. Functional and Phenotypic Plasticity of CD4(+) T Cell Subsets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:521957. [PMID: 26583116 PMCID: PMC4637038 DOI: 10.1155/2015/521957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of CD4(+) T cells allows individuals to respond to environmental stimuli in a context-dependent manner. A balance of CD4(+) T cell subsets is critical to mount responses against pathogen challenges to prevent inappropriate activation, to maintain tolerance, and to participate in antitumor immune responses. Specification of subsets is a process beginning in intrathymic development and continuing within the circulation. It is highly flexible to adapt to differences in nutrient availability and the tissue microenvironment. CD4(+) T cell subsets have significant cross talk, with the ability to "dedifferentiate" given appropriate environmental signals. This ability is dependent on the metabolic status of the cell, with mTOR acting as the rheostat. Autoimmune and antitumor immune responses are regulated by the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. When a homeostatic balance of subsets is not maintained, immunopathology can result. CD4(+) T cells carry complex roles within tumor microenvironments, with context-dependent immune responses influenced by oncogenic drivers and the presence of inflammation. Here, we examine the signals involved in CD4(+) T cell specification towards each subset, interconnectedness of cytokine networks, impact of mTOR signaling, and cellular metabolism in lineage specification and provide a supplement describing techniques to study these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Caza
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steve Landas
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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7
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Choudhary AK, Sheela Devi R. Longer period of oral administration of aspartame on cytokine response in Wistar albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S. Human Th1 dichotomy: origin, phenotype and biologic activities. Immunology 2014; 144:343-351. [PMID: 25284714 PMCID: PMC4557671 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The great variety of pathogens present in the environment has obliged the immune system to evolve different mechanisms for tailored and maximally protective responses. Initially, two major types of CD4+ T helper (Th) effector cells were identified, and named as type 1 (Th1) and type (Th2) cells because of the different cytokines they produce. More recently, a third type of CD4+ Th effectors has been identified and named as Th17 cells. Th17 cells, however, have been found to exhibit high plasticity because they rapidly shift into the Th1 phenotype in the inflammatory sites. Therefore, in these sites usually there is a dichotomic mixture of classic and non classic (Th17-derived) Th1 cells. In humans, non classic Th1 cells express CD161, as well as the retinoic acid orphan receptor C, IL-17 receptor E, IL-1RI, CCR6, and IL-4-induced gene 1 and Tob-1, which are all virtually absent from classic Th1 cells. The possibility to distinguish these two cell subsets may allow the opportunity to better establish their respective pathogenic role in different chronic inflammatory disorders. In this review, we discuss the different origin, the distinctive phenotypic features and the major biologic activities of classic and non classic Th1 cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
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9
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Turner DA, Haile Y, Giuliani F. IL-25 prevents T cell-mediated neurotoxicity by decreasing LFA-1 expression. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 265:11-9. [PMID: 24196277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are thought to develop due to a dysregulation in the normal T(H)1-T(H)17/T(H)2 immune system balance, where pro-inflammatory responses with a T(H)1/T(H)17 prevalence develop. Some therapeutic treatments in MS promote a shift toward a TH2-prevalent environment and this has been shown to be protective. However, not all patients respond to current immunomodulatory treatments in MS so that new immunomodulatory drugs that can promote a shift of the immune system into an anti-inflammatory T(H)2 status are needed. IL-25 is a cytokine of the IL-17 family with powerful anti-inflammatory properties. This study demonstrates that IL-25 exerts neuroprotective functions by reducing T cell-mediated killing of human fetal neurons. The mechanism of action of this IL-25-mediated neuroprotective effect appears to be linked to reduction in the expression of the adhesion molecule LFA-1, which is relevant in stabilizing the immune synapse during cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Turner
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 3G3, Canada
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10
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Li JR, Hong FY, Zeng JY, Huang GL. Functional interleukin-17 receptor A are present in the thyroid gland in intractable Graves disease. Cell Immunol 2013; 281:85-90. [PMID: 23501056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Th17 lymphocytes and its main cytokine, IL-17, play an important role in autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as intractable Graves disease (GD). IL-17 signals are transmitted through its receptor, IL-17RA. The intrathyroid expression of IL-17RA in intractable GD is not understood. In this study, ELISA was used to measure serum IL-17 levels in patients with untreated GD, intractable GD or GD in remission and healthy controls. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining evaluated IL-17RA mRNA and protein expression in thyrocytes. IL-6, chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression was measured in IL-17-stimulated thyrocyte cultures to evaluate the functional status of IL-17RA. Our data indicates that serum IL-17 levels are significantly increased in intractable GD and affected thyrocytes show functional IL-17R expression. These changes facilitate the IL-17-mediated upregulation of IL-6, CXCL10, and ICAM-1. The IL-17/IL-17R interaction could be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in intractable GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Union Clinical School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Endocrinology, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
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11
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Lamour SD, Choi BS, Keun HC, Müller I, Saric J. Metabolic characterization of Leishmania major infection in activated and nonactivated macrophages. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4211-22. [PMID: 22724526 PMCID: PMC3411194 DOI: 10.1021/pr3003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Infection with Leishmania spp. can lead
to a range
of symptoms in the affected individual, depending on underlying immune-metabolic
processes. The macrophage activation state hereby plays a key role.
Whereas the l-arginine pathway has been described in detail
as the main biochemical process responsible for either nitric oxide
mediated parasite killing (classical activation) or amplification
of parasite replication (alternative activation), we were interested
in a wider characterization of metabolic events in vitro. We therefore assessed cell growth medium, parasite extract, and
intra- and extracellular metabolome of activated and nonactivated
macrophages, in presence and absence of Leishmania major. A metabolic profiling approach was applied combining 1H NMR spectroscopy with multi- and univariate data treatment. Metabolic
changes were observed along both conditional axes, that is, infection
state and macrophage activation, whereby significantly higher levels
of potential parasite end products were found in parasite exposed
samples including succinate, acetate, and alanine, compared to uninfected
macrophages. The different macrophage activation states were mainly
discriminated by varying glucose consumption. The presented profiling
approach allowed us to obtain a metabolic snapshot of the individual
biological compartments in the assessed macrophage culture experiments
and represents a valuable read out system for further multiple compartment in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D Lamour
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Zhu LY, Pan PP, Fang W, Shao JZ, Xiang LX. Essential role of IL-4 and IL-4Rα interaction in adaptive immunity of zebrafish: insight into the origin of Th2-like regulatory mechanism in ancient vertebrates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5571-84. [PMID: 22547699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The roles of IL-4 and IL-4Rα in Th2-mediated immunity have been well characterized in humans and other mammals. In contrast, few reports have been documented in ancient vertebrates. Several putative IL-4- and IL-4Rα-like molecules were identified recently from a few fish species, providing preliminary insight into the occurrence of Th2-type immunity in teleosts. However, functional determination still is required to address this hypothesis. To this end, these two molecules were characterized functionally in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Besides the identification of a full-length IL-4Rα molecule and an isoform lacking most of the cytoplasmic region as predicted previously, two novel alternatively spliced soluble variants with the extracellular domain only also were identified. Zebrafish IL-4Rα (DrIL-4Rα) shared overall conserved structural features of the IL-4Rα family. Immunofluorescence staining showed that DrIL-4Rα distributed on B cells. In vitro binding assays demonstrated that zebrafish IL-4 (DrIL-4) can bind specifically to DrIL-4Rα. In vivo administration of DrIL-4 significantly upregulated B cell proliferation and Ab production. These DrIL-4-elicited immune responses were downregulated by the administration of zebrafish soluble IL-4Rα or by DrIL-4Rα blockade using anti-DrIL-4Rα Abs. In addition, Th2-related cytokines or transcription factors were upregulated by DrIL-4. The DrIL-4-DrIL-4Rα interaction promoted CD40 expression on B cells and enhanced the CD154-CD40 costimulatory response, both of which are crucial for the initiation of Th2-type immunity. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a possible Th2-mediated regulatory mechanism may have appeared before the divergence of teleosts and mammals. These results add greater insight into the evolutionary history of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-yun Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Singh B, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Immunomodulation in schizophrenia: A study among the Indian schizophrenia patients of Siliguri, West Bengal. Asian J Psychiatr 2011; 4:277-83. [PMID: 23051162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Authors investigated the circumstantial evidence for autoimmunity in schizophrenia patients of Siliguri by considering the immune parameters like HLA Class I genes, IL-2 and IL6 and T cell subsets. Low resolution PCR-SSP method was applied for typing the HLA genes. Serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by ELISA method. The CD4+ and CD8+ subset count were done using flow cytometry. A significant increase in HLA A*03 gene was observed in patients along with the significant decrease of HLA-A*31 and HLA-B*51. Both IL-2 and IL-6 were found to have decreased levels in the patients. Although the mean percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was higher in patients but not significantly higher than controls. These cumulative preliminary findings are suggestive of alterations in the immune system of schizophrenia patients of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734 430, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
CD4(+) Th lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of cells that play an essential role in adaptive immunity. In addition to type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells, a third subset of CD4(+) Th effector cells has recently been discovered, named type 17 (Th17) because of its unique ability to produce interleukin (IL)-17. Initial studies in mice suggested that Th17 cells are the pathogenic cells in autoimmune disorders, whereas Th1 cells are protective. Studies in humans have demonstrated the plasticity of Th17 cells and their ability to convert to Th1 cells. This Th17 to Th1 cell plasticity has also been confirmed in mice and, furthermore, it was found that Th17 cells appear to be pathogenic only when they shift to Th1 cells. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology uses an IL-17 fate mapping mouse strain, which permits the identification of the cells that have been IL-17 producers, to provide definitive evidence that Th17 cells, either generated in vitro or in vivo, represent a transient phenotype that tend to convert into IFN-γ-producing cells. Our Commentary discusses this interesting point in light of previous data suggesting the same concept.
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15
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The other T helper cells in asthma pathogenesis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2010; 2010:519298. [PMID: 20976014 PMCID: PMC2957587 DOI: 10.1155/2010/519298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex phenotype of allergic bronchial asthma involves a variable degree of bronchoobstruction, increased mucus production, and airway remodeling. So far it is suggested that it arises from multiple interactions of infiltrating and structural cells in the context of chronic airway inflammation that is orchestrated by T helper 2 (TH2) cells. By secreting a plethora of typical mediators such as interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, and IL-13, these cells hold a key position in asthma pathogenesis. However, therapeutic approaches targeting these TH2-type mediators failed to improve asthma symptoms and impressively showed that asthma pathogenesis cannot be reduced by TH2 cell functions. Recently, other T helper cells, that is, TH9 and TH17 cells, have been identified and these cells also contribute to asthma pathogenesis, the processes leading to formation or aggravation of asthma. Furthermore, TH25 cells, TH3 cells, and regulatory T cells have also been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. This paper aims at summarizing recent insights about these new T helper cells in asthma pathogenesis.
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Njoku DB. Suppressive and pro-inflammatory roles for IL-4 in the pathogenesis of experimental drug-induced liver injury: a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:519-31. [PMID: 20166853 DOI: 10.1517/17425251003601979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Idiosyncratic drug reactions resulting in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) account for approximately 13% of acute liver failure cases in the US. Idiosyncratic drug reactions are the third most common cause of liver transplantation, exceeded only by acetaminophen and indeterminate causes. Clinical evidence suggests that idiosyncratic DILI is triggered by drug hapten-altered self proteins resulting in hepatocellular injury. An example of this type of DILI is hepatitis that develops in susceptible individuals following administration of halogenated volatile anesthetics, dihydralazine, carbamazepine or diclofenac. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, we describe research in animal models that supports a critical role for suppressive and pro-inflammatory roles for IL-4 in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated DILI. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain insights into the roles of IL-4 in the development of experimental DILI. The reader will gain tools to assist in the translation of these findings to those in patients with immune-mediated DILI, as well as other inflammatory diseases of the liver. The reader will then be made aware of gaps in knowledge in the pathogenesis of DILI where research could result in significant advances in the care of these complicated patients. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In experimental immune-mediated DILI, IL-4 suppresses regulatory responses to CYP2E1 autoantigens but induces pro-inflammatory responses to drug haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores B Njoku
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore 21287, USA.
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Benatar T, Cao MY, Lee Y, Lightfoot J, Feng N, Gu X, Lee V, Jin H, Wang M, Wright JA, Young AH. IL-17E, a proinflammatory cytokine, has antitumor efficacy against several tumor types in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:805-17. [PMID: 20012860 PMCID: PMC11030851 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17E (IL-17E) belongs to a novel family of cytokines that possess significant homology to IL-17. IL-17E has potent inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of IL-17E in mice results in a T helper-2 (Th2)-type immune response, which includes the expansion of eosinophils through the production of IL-5, and elevated gene expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in multiple tissues. In this study, we show that IL-17E has antitumor activity in vivo, a previously unrecognized function of IL-17E. Antitumor efficacy of IL-17E was examined in a variety of human tumor xenograft models, including melanoma, breast, lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Injection of recombinant IL-17E every other day resulted in significant antitumor activity in these tumor models. In addition, the combination of IL-17E with chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents showed an enhanced antitumor efficacy in human tumor xenograft models in mice as compared to either agent alone. Antitumor activity was demonstrated using different routes of administration, including intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous injection. Anticancer activity was shown for both mouse and human forms of IL-17E, which have a high degree of sequence identity. Tumor-bearing mice treated with IL-17E showed a significant increase in serum levels of IL-5 and increased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood compared to the control group. Spleens isolated from IL-17E-treated mice showed a significant increase in eosinophils that correlated with antitumor activity of IL-17E in a dose-response manner. Finally, we demonstrate that B cells are necessary for IL-17E-mediated antitumor activity and that IL-17E was found to activate signaling pathways in B cells in vitro. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IL-17E has antitumor activity in vivo, and support further investigation of the potential clinical use of IL-17E as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Benatar
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
- Present Address: Sunnybrook and Health Sciences Centre, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 2075 Bayview Avenue, S Wing, Room S224, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Canada
| | - Ming Y. Cao
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
- Present Address: BGTD, Health Canada, 100 Eglantine Dr., Room 1452-H, A/L 0601C, Tunny’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Yoon Lee
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Jeff Lightfoot
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Ningping Feng
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Vivian Lee
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Hongnan Jin
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Ming Wang
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Jim A. Wright
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
| | - Aiping H. Young
- Research and Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON M9W 4Z7 Canada
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Figueroa-Vega N, Alfonso-Pérez M, Benedicto I, Sánchez-Madrid F, González-Amaro R, Marazuela M. Increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th17 lymphocytes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:953-62. [PMID: 20016049 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Th17 lymphocytes play an important role in different chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. AIM The aim of the study was to explore the status of Th17 cells in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). DESIGN We assessed the serum levels and in vitro synthesis of IL-17 and IL-22 and of different cytokines (IL-6, IL-15, and IL-23) involved in the differentiation of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and thyroid glands of 26 patients with AITD, eight with Graves' disease, and 18 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) as well as 10 healthy controls. RESULTS We found enhanced levels of T cells synthesizing IL-17 and IL-22 in the peripheral blood from AITD patients, mainly in those with HT. In addition, a stronger expression of IL-17 and IL-22 and an enhanced number of IL-23R(+) cells was detected in thyroid glands from HT patients compared with Graves' disease or controls. Furthermore, increased concentrations of IL-6 and IL-15 were detected in sera from HT patients, whereas serum levels of IL-23 tended to be higher in these patients. Finally, an enhanced in vitro differentiation of T lymphocytes into Th17 cells induced by IL-23/IL-6 was observed in AITD patients. Accordingly, a strong induction of RORC2 gene was detected in lymphocytes from HT patients when stimulated with IL-23. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that there is an increased differentiation of Th17 lymphocytes and an enhanced synthesis of Th17 cytokines in AITD, mainly in HT. These phenomena may have an important role in the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicté Figueroa-Vega
- Service of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Das J, Ren G, Zhang L, Roberts AI, Zhao X, Bothwell ALM, Van Kaer L, Shi Y, Das G. Transforming growth factor beta is dispensable for the molecular orchestration of Th17 cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2407-16. [PMID: 19808254 PMCID: PMC2768861 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17–producing T helper (Th17) cells play a critical role in the pathophysiology of several autoimmune disorders. The differentiation of Th17 cells requires the simultaneous presence of an unusual combination of cytokines: IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, and transforming growth factor (TGF) β, an antiinflammatory cytokine. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β exerts its effects on Th17 cell differentiation remain elusive. We report that TGF-β does not directly promote Th17 cell differentiation but instead acts indirectly by blocking expression of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 and GATA-3, thus preventing Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. In contrast, TGF-β had no effect on the expression of retinoic acid receptor–related orphan nuclear receptor γt, a Th17-specific transcription factor. Interestingly, in Stat-6−/−T-bet−/− mice, which are unable to generate Th1 and Th2 cells, IL-6 alone was sufficient to induce robust differentiation of Th17 cells, whereas TGF-β had no effect, suggesting that TGF-β is dispensable for Th17 cell development. Consequently, BALB/c Stat-6−/−T-bet−/− mice, but not wild-type BALB/c mice, were highly susceptible to the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which could be blocked by anti–IL-17 antibodies but not by anti–TGF-β antibodies. Collectively, these data provide evidence that TGF-β is not directly required for the molecular orchestration of Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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20
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Singh B, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Decreased serum levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in Indian Bengalee schizophrenic patients. Cytokine 2009; 47:1-5. [PMID: 19502081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Autoimmune process is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology in some cases of schizophrenia. Alteration in interleukin (IL) regulation is regarded as additional proof of autoimmunological background in schizophrenia. Most of the research in interleukin activity in schizophrenia has been in Caucasian and some Mongoloid patients. We have studied the serum IL-2 and IL-6 level in psychotropic medication free and antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who are Indian Bengalee by ethnicity. METHOD Twenty psychotropic medication free and 30 antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria and 30 of the same age and sex matched controls were recruited. Serum level of IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT There was a significant decrease of IL-2 and IL-6 in both antipsychotic medicating and psychotropic medication free patients. Further the medicating patients showed lower level of IL-2 and IL-6 than the psychotropic medication free patients. CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe a decrease serum level of IL-6 in schizophrenic patients. The study provides the evidence that some kind of immune dysregulation is involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The study also provides the evidence for the immunosuppressive effect of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
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21
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Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of cells. In addition to type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells, another subset of CD4(+) effector Th cells has been discovered and named as Th17, because of its unique ability to produce interleukin (IL)-17. Studies in mice initially suggested that Th17 cells are the pathogenic cells in autoimmune disorders, whereas Th1 cells may behave rather as protective. Subsequent studies in humans demonstrated the plasticity of Th17 cells and their possibility to shift to Th1. The plasticity of Th17 to Th1 cells has recently been confirmed in mice, where it was found that Th17 cells seem to be pathogenic only when they shift to Th1 cells. Studies in humans also showed that Th17 cells are different than in mice because all of them express CD161 and exclusively originate from CD161(+) precursors present in umbilical cord blood and newborn thymus. While murine Th17 cells develop in response to IL-6, IL-1, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, human Th17 cells originate from these CD161(+) precursors in response to IL-1beta and IL-23, the need for TGF-beta being controversial. Thus, we believe that studies in humans have better depicted human Th17 cells than studies in mice.
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22
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Fania C, Anastasia L, Vasso M, Papini N, Capitanio D, Venerando B, Gelfi C. Proteomic signature of reversine-treated murine fibroblasts by 2-D difference gel electrophoresis and MS: Possible associations with cell signalling networks. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2193-206. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Das Sarma J, Ciric B, Marek R, Sadhukhan S, Caruso ML, Shafagh J, Fitzgerald DC, Shindler KS, Rostami A. Functional interleukin-17 receptor A is expressed in central nervous system glia and upregulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:14. [PMID: 19400960 PMCID: PMC2689857 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is the founding member of a novel family of inflammatory cytokines that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IL-17A signals through its receptor, IL-17RA, which is expressed in many peripheral tissues; however, expression of IL-17RA in the central nervous system (CNS) and its role in CNS inflammation are not well understood. METHODS EAE was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein. IL-17RA expression in the CNS was compared between control and EAE mice using RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Cell-type specific expression was examined in isolated astrocytic and microglial cell cultures. Cytokine and chemokine production was measured in IL-17A treated cultures to evaluate the functional status of IL-17RA. RESULTS Here we report increased IL-17RA expression in the CNS of mice with EAE, and constitutive expression of functional IL-17RA in mouse CNS tissue. Specifically, astrocytes and microglia express IL-17RA in vitro, and IL-17A treatment induces biological responses in these cells, including significant upregulation of MCP-1, MCP-5, MIP-2 and KC chemokine secretion. Exogenous IL-17A does not significantly alter the expression of IL-17RA in glial cells, suggesting that upregulation of chemokines by glial cells is due to IL-17A signaling through constitutively expressed IL-17RA. CONCLUSION IL-17RA expression is significantly increased in the CNS of mice with EAE compared to healthy mice, suggesting that IL-17RA signaling in glial cells can play an important role in autoimmune inflammation of the CNS and may be a potential pathway to target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Our understanding of the importance of CD4+ T cells in orchestrating immune responses has grown dramatically over the past decade. This lymphocyte family consists of diverse subsets ranging from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T-helper 1 (Th1) cells to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-secreting T-regulatory cells, which have opposite roles in modulating immune responses to pathogens, tumor cells, and self-antigens. This review briefly addresses the various T-cell subsets within the CD4+ T-cell family and discusses recent research efforts aimed at elucidating the nature of the 'T-cell help' that has been shown to be essential for optimal immune function. Particular attention is paid to the role of Th cells in tumor immunotherapy. We review some of our own work in the field describing how CD4+ Th cells can enhance anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses by enhancing clonal expansion at the tumor site, preventing activation-induced cell death and functioning as antigen-presenting cells for CTLs to preferentially generate immune memory cells. These unconventional roles for Th lymphocytes, which require direct cell-to-cell communication with CTLs, are clear examples of how versatile these immunoregulatory cells are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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25
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Ramaswamy M, Cleland SY, Cruz AC, Siegel RM. Many checkpoints on the road to cell death: regulation of Fas-FasL interactions and Fas signaling in peripheral immune responses. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 49:17-47. [PMID: 19132321 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the TNF-family receptor Fas (CD95) and Fas Ligand (FasL, CD178) can efficiently induce apoptosis and are critical for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. FasL is kept under strict control by transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Surface FasL can be cleaved by metalloproteases, resulting in shed extracellular domains, and FasL can also traffic to secretory lysosomes. Each form of FasL has distinct biological functions. Fas is more ubiquitously expressed, but its apoptosis-inducing function is regulated by a number of mechanisms including submembrane localization, efficiency of receptor signaling complex assembly and activation, and bcl-2 family members in some circumstances. When apoptosis is not induced, Fas-FasL interactions can also trigger a number of activating and proinflammatory signals. Harnessing the apoptosis-inducing potential of Fas for therapy of cancer and autoimmune disease has been actively pursued, and despite a number of unexpected side-effects that result from manipulating Fas-FasL interactions, this remains a worthy goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramaswamy
- Immunoregulation Unit, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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26
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Moqbel R, Odemuyiwa SO. Allergy, asthma, and inflammation: which inflammatory cell type is more important? ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 4:150-6. [PMID: 20525138 PMCID: PMC2868889 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-4-4-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
: A recent review in Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology suggested that eosinophils play a minor role, if any, in the inflammatory spectrum of asthma and allergic inflammation. The article that dealt with mast cells suggested that the presence of these important cells within the smooth muscle layer in asthmatic airways renders this cell type primal in asthma and an obvious and important target for therapy. This article proposes that in a complex inflammatory milieu characterizing the complex syndromes we call asthma, no single cell phenotype is responsible for the condition and thus should be a sole target for therapeutic strategies. Our reductionist approach to research in asthma and related conditions has provided us with convincing evidence for multiple roles that immune, inflammatory, and structural cell types can play in complex diseases. The next stage in understanding and ameliorating these complex conditions is to move away from the simplistic notion of one cell type being more important than another. Instead, what is needed is to acquire knowledge of intricate and exquisite biological systems that regulate such conditions in both health and disease involving various cell types, mediators, pharmacologically active products, their multifaceted capacities, and their socio-biological networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redwan Moqbel
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
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27
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Hemdan NY. The role of interleukin-12 in the heavy metal-elicited immunomodulation: relevance of various evaluation methods. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008; 3:25. [PMID: 18990205 PMCID: PMC2585571 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence exists that heavy metals modulate T helper cell (Th) responses and thereby elicit various pathological manifestation. Interleukin (IL)-12, a crucial innate cytokine, was found to be regulated by such xenobiotic agents. This study aimed at testing whether IL-12 profiles may be indicative of heavy metals-induced immunomodulation. Methods Human immunocompetent cells, activated either by monoclonal antibodies or heat-killed Salmonella enterica, were cultured in the absence or presence of cadmium (Cd) acetate or mercuric (Hg) chloride. In vivo experiments were set up where BALB/c mice were exposed to sub-lethal doses of Cd or Hg salts for 3 or 5 weeks. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT-reduction assay. Modulation of cytokine profiles was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cytometric bead-based array (CBA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); the relevance of these methods of cytokine quantification was explored. Results Modulation of IL-12 profiles in Cd- or Hg-exposed human PBMC was dose-dependent and significantly related to IFN-γ levels as well as to the Th1- or Th2-polarized responses. Similarly, skewing the Th1/Th2 ratios in vivo correlated significantly with up- or down-regulation of IL-12 levels in both cases of investigated metals. Conclusion It can be inferred that: (i) IL-12 profiles alone may represent a relevant indicator of heavy metal-induced immune modulation; (ii) evaluating cytokine profiles by CBA is relevant and can adequately replace other methods such as ELISA and RT-PCR in basic research as well as in immune diagnostics; and (iii) targeting IL-12 in therapeutic approaches may be promising to modify Th1/Th2-associated immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr Ya Hemdan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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BRG1-mediated chromatin remodeling regulates differentiation and gene expression of T helper cells. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7274-85. [PMID: 18852284 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00835-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During T helper cell differentiation, distinct programs of gene expression play a key role in defining the immune response to an environmental challenge. How chromatin remodeling events at the associated cytokine loci control differentiation is not known. We found that the ATP-dependent remodeling enzyme subunit BRG1 was required for T helper 2 (Th2) differentiation and Th2 cytokine transcription. BRG1 binding to cytokine genes was regulated by the extent of differentiation, the extent of activation, and cell fate. BRG1 was required for some features of the chromatin structure in target genes (DNase I hypersensitivity and histone acetylation), suggesting that BRG1 remodeling activity was directly responsible for changes in gene expression. NFAT and STAT6 activity were required for BRG1 recruitment to the Th2 locus control region, and STAT6 associated with BRG1 in a differentiation-inducible manner, suggesting direct recruitment of BRG1 to the bound loci. Together, these findings suggest BRG1 interprets differentiation signals and plays a causal role in gene regulation, chromatin structure, and cell fate.
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29
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Mudter J, Amoussina L, Schenk M, Yu J, Brüstle A, Weigmann B, Atreya R, Wirtz S, Becker C, Hoffman A, Atreya I, Biesterfeld S, Galle PR, Lehr HA, Rose-John S, Mueller C, Lohoff M, Neurath MF. The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor-4 controls experimental colitis in mice via T cell-derived IL-6. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2415-26. [PMID: 18535667 DOI: 10.1172/jci33227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 seems to have an important role in the intestinal inflammation that characterizes inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-6 production in IBD. Here, we assessed the role of the transcriptional regulator IFN regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) in this process. Patients with either Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis exhibited increased IRF4 expression in lamina propria CD3+ T cells as compared with control patients. Consistent with IRF4 having a regulatory function in T cells, in a mouse model of IBD whereby colitis is induced in RAG-deficient mice by transplantation with CD4+CD45RB(hi) T cells, adoptive transfer of wild-type but not IRF4-deficient T cells resulted in severe colitis. Furthermore, IRF4-deficient mice were protected from T cell-dependent chronic intestinal inflammation in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and oxazolone-induced colitis. In addition, IRF4-deficient mice with induced colitis had reduced mucosal IL-6 production, and IRF4 was required for IL-6 production by mucosal CD90+ T cells, which it protected from apoptosis. Finally, the protective effect of IRF4 deficiency could be abrogated by systemic administration of either recombinant IL-6 or a combination of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) plus IL-6 (hyper-IL-6). Taken together, our data identify IRF4 as a key regulator of mucosal IL-6 production in T cell-dependent experimental colitis and suggest that IRF4 might provide a therapeutic target for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Mudter
- 1st Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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30
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Frangen TM, Bogdanski D, Schinkel C, Roetman B, Kälicke T, Muhr G, Köller M. Systemic IL-17 after severe injuries. Shock 2008; 29:462-7. [PMID: 17909455 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181598a9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is a cytokine produced by a newly identified T-cell subpopulation (THl7/THIL-17). It is a central mediator in inflammatory processes that connects T-cell stimulation with neutrophil mobilization. The role of IL-17 in the immune dysfunction after polytrauma is still not clarified. In a retrospective study, the systemic concentration of IL-17 and IL-6 of 71 polytraumatized patients were analyzed daily by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients' collective consist of 55 men and 16 women (43 +/- 16 years; injury severity score, 33 +/- 13). In only 6% of the patients, an increase in systemic IL-17 was detected. In most patients (94%), no systemic IL-17 was detectable or the IL-17 concentrations in plasma were in the range of the healthy donor group. To identify a possible role of systemic IL-17 in the posttraumatic phase, the patients were divided into two groups. Group A (47 men, 15 women) consists of patients with IL-17 concentrations in the range of normal healthy donors. Group B (8 men, 1 woman) consists of patients with elevated (>45 pg ml(-1) on at least 3 consecutive days) systemic IL-17 concentrations. Three patients in group B showed highly increased systemic IL-17 concentrations (median, >200 pg mL(-1)). These patients were male and showed all blunt chest and abdominal trauma with lung contusion and pneumohemothorax. However, there was no conformity in other injury patterns, injury severity score, age, outcome, intensive care period, or clinical complications. After a period of 4 years, we were able to obtain a new blood sample from one patient with high IL-17 level. The systemic IL-17 value of this former patient was now less than the detection limit. However, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from thlise patient revealed elevated numbers of cells with the capacity to produce IL-17 as determined by enzyme-linked immuno spot assay and flow cytometry compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from current polytrauma patients and healthy donors. In conclusion, IL-17 is not suitable as a pathophysiological or predictive marker after polytrauma. Whether highly increased systemic IL-17 concentrations detected in single patients are due to individually increased numbers of TH17 cells as we have demonstrated with one rerecruited patient has to be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Frangen
- Berufsgenossenshaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil GmbH, Department of Surgery, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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31
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Patel N, Kreider T, Urban JF, Gause WC. Characterisation of effector mechanisms at the host:parasite interface during the immune response to tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:13-21. [PMID: 18804113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The protective immune response that develops following infection with many tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites is characterised by elevations in IL-4 and IL-13 and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, granulocytes and macrophages. These cells accumulate at the site of infection and in many cases can mediate resistance to these large multicellular pathogens. Recent studies suggest novel potential mechanisms mediated by these immune cell populations through their differential activation and ability to stimulate production of novel effector molecules. These newly discovered protective mechanisms may provide novel strategies to develop immunotherapies and vaccines against this group of pathogens. In this review, we will examine recent studies elucidating mechanisms of host protection against three widely-used experimental murine models of tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites: Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Trichuris muris and Trichinella spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, MSB F639, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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32
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Potvin S, Stip E, Sepehry AA, Gendron A, Bah R, Kouassi E. Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:801-8. [PMID: 18005941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in infection and inflammation and are crucial mediators of the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. Schizophrenia would be associated with an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines, leading to a decrease in Th1 and an increase in Th2 cytokine secretion. However, data published so far have been inconsistent. The primary objective of the present meta-analysis was to verify whether the cytokine imbalance hypothesis of schizophrenia is substantiated by evidence. METHODS Cross-sectional studies were included if they assessed in vivo plasma or serum cytokine concentrations and/or in vitro secretion of cytokines by peripheral blood leukocytes from schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers. RESULTS Data from 62 studies involving a total sample size of 2298 schizophrenia patients and 1858 healthy volunteers remained for analysis. Ten cytokines were assessed, including the prototypic Th1 and Th2 cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) as well as IL-2, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and IL-10. The results show that an increase occurs in in vivo IL-1RA, sIL-2R, and IL-6 and a decrease occurs in in vitro IL-2 in schizophrenia. No significant effect sizes were obtained for the other cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence of establishment of an inflammatory syndrome in schizophrenia, which refutes the current hypothesis of a Th2 slant. Caveats are presented to data interpretation, including the role of stress and the effect of weight gain that develops in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Fernand-Seguin Research Center, Louis-H Lafontaine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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T lymphocytes in Sjögren's syndrome: contributors to and regulators of pathophysiology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 32:252-64. [PMID: 17992592 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and malfunction of the exocrine glands, resulting in dry mouth and eyes. This multigenic and multifunctional disease can present as primary Sjögren's syndrome or secondary to an underlying connective tissue disease. Immune activation subsequent to activation or apoptosis of glandular epithelial cells in genetically predisposed individuals may expose autoantigens, which engage self-perpetuating T cell dependent autoimmune sequelae. The cellular and molecular context of this immune response may drive proinflammatory (Th1 and Th17) and restrain inhibitory (Treg) pathways. Inability to suppress the immune response results in persistent tissue damage and compromised function of salivary and lacrimal glands. Defining the contributions of participating T cells may unravel strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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35
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Kaufmann SHE. The contribution of immunology to the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:491-504. [PMID: 17558425 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In most cases, a successful vaccine must induce an immune response that is better than the response invoked by natural infection. Vaccines are still unavailable for several bacterial infections and vaccines to prevent such infections will be best developed on the basis of our increasing insights into the immune response. Knowledge of the signals that determine the best possible acquired immune response against a given pathogen - comprising a profound T- and B-cell memory response as well as long-lived plasma cells - will provide the scientific framework for the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Kreider T, Anthony RM, Urban JF, Gause WC. Alternatively activated macrophages in helminth infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:448-53. [PMID: 17702561 PMCID: PMC2000338 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic parasites can trigger highly polarized immune responses typically associated with increased numbers of CD4(+) Th2 cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. These cell populations are thought to coordinate an effective response ultimately leading to parasite expulsion, but they also play a role in the regulation of associated pathologic inflammation. Recent studies suggest that macrophages, conventionally associated with IFN-gamma-dominant Th1-type responses to many bacteria and viruses, also play an essential role in the Th2-type inflammatory response. These macrophages are referred to as alternatively activated macrophages (AAMPhis) as they express a characteristic pattern of cell surface and secreted molecules distinct from that of classically activated macrophages (CAMPhis) associated with microbe infections. In this review, we will discuss recent findings regarding the role of AAMPhis in the development of disease and host protection following helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kreider
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ – New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103; ,
| | - Robert M. Anthony
- The Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021;
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg 307-C BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705;
| | - William C. Gause
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ – New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103; ,
- *Corresponding author
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Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Liu X, Mahdi RM, Clarke GL, Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Lee YS, Egwuagu CE. TH17 cells contribute to uveitis and scleritis and are expanded by IL-2 and inhibited by IL-27/STAT1. Nat Med 2007; 13:711-8. [PMID: 17496900 DOI: 10.1038/nm1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-helper type 17 cells (T(H)17) are implicated in rodent models of immune-mediated diseases. Here we report their involvement in human uveitis and scleritis, and validate our findings in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a model of uveitis. T(H)17 cells were present in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and were expanded by interleukin (IL)-2 and inhibited by interferon (IFN)-gamma. Their numbers increased during active uveitis and scleritis and decreased following treatment. IL-17 was elevated in EAU and upregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in retinal cells, suggesting a mechanism by which T(H)17 may contribute to ocular pathology. Furthermore, IL-27 was constitutively expressed in retinal ganglion and photoreceptor cells, was upregulated by IFN-gamma and inhibited proliferation of T(H)17. These findings suggest that T(H)1 cells may mitigate uveitis by antagonizing the T(H)17 phenotype through the IFN-gamma-mediated induction of IL-27 in target tissue. The finding that IL-2 promotes T(H)17 expansion provides explanations for the efficacy of IL-2R antibody therapy in uveitis, and suggests that antagonism of T(H)17 by IFN-gamma and/or IL-27 could be used for the treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahjoku Amadi-Obi
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Maitra A, Shen F, Hanel W, Mossman K, Tocker J, Swart D, Gaffen SL. Distinct functional motifs within the IL-17 receptor regulate signal transduction and target gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7506-11. [PMID: 17456598 PMCID: PMC1863505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611589104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is the founding member of a novel family of proinflammatory cytokines that defines a new class of CD4+ effector T cells, termed "Th17." Mounting evidence suggests that IL-17 and Th17 cells cause pathology in autoimmunity, but little is known about mechanisms of IL-17RA signaling. IL-17 through its receptor (IL-17RA) activates genes typical of innate immune cytokines, such as TNFalpha and IL-1beta, despite minimal sequence similarity in their respective receptors. A previous bioinformatics study predicted a subdomain in IL-17-family receptors with homology to a Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain, termed the "SEFIR domain." However, the SEFIR domain lacks motifs critical for bona fide TIR domains, and its functionality was never verified. Here, we used a reconstitution system in IL-17RA-null fibroblasts to map functional domains within IL-17RA. We demonstrate that the SEFIR domain mediates IL-17RA signaling independently of classic TIR adaptors, such as MyD88 and TRIF. Moreover, we identified a previously undescribed"TIR-like loop" (TILL) required for activation of NF-kappaB, MAPK, and up-regulation of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta. Mutagenesis of the TILL domain revealed a site analogous to the LPS(d) mutation in TLR4, which renders mice insensitive to LPS. However, a putative salt bridge typically found in TIR domains appears to be dispensable. We further identified a C-terminal domain required for activation of C/EBPbeta and induction of a subset IL-17 target genes. This structure-function analysis of a IL-17 superfamily receptor reveals important differences in IL-17RA compared with IL-1/TLR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Joel Tocker
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, WA 98119; and
| | - David Swart
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, WA 98119; and
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Departments of Oral Biology and
- Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
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Maitra A, Gaffen SL. IL-17F, a target for anti-cytokine therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yu JJ, Ruddy MJ, Wong GC, Sfintescu C, Baker PJ, Smith JB, Evans RT, Gaffen SL. An essential role for IL-17 in preventing pathogen-initiated bone destruction: recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed bone requires IL-17 receptor-dependent signals. Blood 2007; 109:3794-802. [PMID: 17202320 PMCID: PMC1874584 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 and its receptor are founding members of a novel family of inflammatory cytokines. IL-17 plays a pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated bone destruction. However, IL-17 is also an important regulator of host defense through granulopoiesis and neutrophil trafficking. Therefore, the role of IL-17 in pathogen-initiated bone loss was not obvious. The most common form of infection-induced bone destruction occurs in periodontal disease (PD). In addition to causing significant morbidity, PD is a risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Similar to RA, bone destruction in PD is caused by the immune response. However, neutrophils provide critical antimicrobial defense against periodontal organisms. Since IL-17 is bone destructive in RA but a key regulator of neutrophils, we examined its role in inflammatory bone loss induced by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in IL-17RA-deficient mice. These mice showed enhanced periodontal bone destruction, suggesting a bone-protective role for IL-17, reminiscent of a neutrophil deficiency. Although IL-17RA-deficient neutrophils functioned normally ex vivo, IL-17RA knock-out (IL-17RA(KO)) mice exhibited reduced serum chemokine levels and concomitantly reduced neutrophil migration to bone. Consistently, CXCR2(KO) mice were highly susceptible to alveolar bone loss; interestingly, these mice also suggested a role for chemokines in maintaining normal bone homeostasis. These results indicate a nonredundant role for IL-17 in mediating host defense via neutrophil mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Abstract
The T help 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell classification have provided the framework for understanding CD4(+) T cell biology and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity for almost two decades. Recent studies have defined a previously unknown arm of the CD4(+) T cell effector response, the Th17 lineage, which promises to change our understanding of immune regulation, immune pathogenesis and host defense. The factors that specify differentiation of IL-17 producing effector T cells from naïve T cell precursors are being rapidly discovered and are providing insights into mechanisms by which signals from cells of the innate immune system guide alternative pathways of Th1, Th2, or Th17 development. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that have identified new subsets of Th cells, new insights regarding the induced generation and differentiation mechanisms of Th17 cells and immune regulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bi
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, National Center for Biomedical Analysis, Army Center for Microbial Detection and Research, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
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Abstract
Functionally barricaded immune responses or sites of immune privilege are no longer considered dependent on specific anatomical considerations, but rather, they can develop in any location where immunoregulatory cells congregate and express or release products capable of deviating the host response to foreign antigens. Among the pivotal molecules involved in orchestrating these ectopic sites of immune suppression is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a secreted and cell-associated polypeptide with a multiplicity of actions in innate and adaptive immunity. While beneficial in initiating and controlling immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis, immunosuppressive pathways mediated by TGF-beta may obscure immune surveillance mechanisms, resulting in failure to recognize or respond adequately to self, foreign, or tumor-associated antigens. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells represent a dominant purveyor of TGF-beta-mediated suppression and are found in infiltrating tumors and other sites of immune privilege, where they influence CD8+ T cells; CD4+ T-helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cells; natural killer cells; and cells of myeloid lineage to choreograph and/or muck up host defense. Defining the cellular sources, mechanisms of action, and networking that distinguish the dynamic establishment of localized immune privilege is vital for developing strategic approaches to diminish or to embellish these tolerogenic events for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Wahl
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4352, USA.
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