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Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1139-1152. [PMID: 38212377 PMCID: PMC11176077 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Mustafa F, Das A, Radhakrishnan DM, Pandit AK, Srivastava AK. Dystonic Leg Cramps and Cataracts with Low Ferritin and Normal Neuroimaging: An Overlapping Spectrum of FTL Gene Related Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:424-426. [PMID: 38341652 PMCID: PMC10982585 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
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3
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Shagidov D, Guttmann-Raviv N, Cunat S, Frech L, Giansily-Blaizot M, Ghatpande N, Abelya G, Frank GA, Aguilar Martinez P, Meyron-Holtz EG. A newly identified ferritin L-subunit variant results in increased proteasomal subunit degradation, impaired complex assembly, and severe hypoferritinemia. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:12-20. [PMID: 37867341 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a hetero-oligomeric nanocage, composed of 24 subunits of two types, FTH1 and FTL. It protects the cell from excess reactive iron, by storing iron in its cavity. FTH1 is essential for the recruitment of iron into the ferritin nanocage and for cellular ferritin trafficking, whereas FTL contributes to nanocage stability and iron nucleation inside the cavity. Here we describe a female patient with a medical history of severe hypoferritinemia without anemia. Following inadequate heavy IV iron supplementation, the patient developed severe iron overload and musculoskeletal manifestations. However, her serum ferritin levels rose only to normal range. Genetic analyses revealed an undescribed homozygous variant of FTL (c.92A > G), which resulted in a Tyr31Cys substitution (FTLY31C ). Analysis of the FTL structure predicted that the Y31C mutation will reduce the variant's stability. Expression of the FTLY31C variant resulted in significantly lower cellular ferritin levels compared with the expression of wild-type FTL (FTLWT ). Proteasomal inhibition significantly increased the initial levels of FTLY31C , but could not protect FTLY31C subunits from successive degradation. Further, variant subunits successfully incorporated into hetero-polymeric nanocages in the presence of sufficient levels of FTH1. However, FTLY31C subunits poorly assembled into nanocages when FTH1 subunit levels were low. These results indicate an increased susceptibility of unassembled monomeric FTLY31C subunits to proteasomal degradation. The decreased cellular assembly of FTLY31C -rich nanocages may explain the low serum ferritin levels in this patient and emphasize the importance of a broader diagnostic approach of hypoferritinemia without anemia, before IV iron supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Shagidov
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Guttmann-Raviv
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Séverine Cunat
- Department of Hematology Biology, CHU and University of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Liora Frech
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Muriel Giansily-Blaizot
- Department of Hematology Biology, CHU and University of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Niraj Ghatpande
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gili Abelya
- Department of Life Sciences, Marcus Family Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gabriel A Frank
- Department of Life Sciences, Marcus Family Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev - NIBN, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Patricia Aguilar Martinez
- Department of Hematology Biology, CHU and University of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Esther G Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology-Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Bolandghamat S, Behnam‐Rassouli M. Iron role paradox in nerve degeneration and regeneration. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15908. [PMID: 38176709 PMCID: PMC10766496 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the neural tissue during peripheral nerve degeneration. Some studies have already been suggested that iron facilitates Wallerian degeneration (WD) events such as Schwann cell de-differentiation. On the other hand, intracellular iron levels remain elevated during nerve regeneration and gradually decrease. Iron enhances Schwann cell differentiation and axonal outgrowth. Therefore, there seems to be a paradox in the role of iron during nerve degeneration and regeneration. We explain this contradiction by suggesting that the increase in intracellular iron concentration during peripheral nerve degeneration is likely to prepare neural cells for the initiation of regeneration. Changes in iron levels are the result of changes in the expression of iron homeostasis proteins. In this review, we will first discuss the changes in the iron/iron homeostasis protein levels during peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration and then explain how iron is related to nerve regeneration. This data may help better understand the mechanisms of peripheral nerve repair and find a solution to prevent or slow the progression of peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bolandghamat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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Alvarez Jerez P, Alcantud JL, de Los Reyes-Ramírez L, Moore A, Ruz C, Vives Montero F, Rodriguez-Losada N, Saini P, Gan-Or Z, Alvarado CX, Makarious MB, Billingsley KJ, Blauwendraat C, Noyce AJ, Singleton AB, Duran R, Bandres-Ciga S. Exploring the genetic and genomic connection underlying neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and the risk for Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:54. [PMID: 37024536 PMCID: PMC10079978 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation in the brain. In Parkinson's Disease (PD), iron accumulation is a cardinal feature of degenerating regions in the brain and seems to be a key player in mechanisms that precipitate cell death. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic and genomic connection between NBIA and PD. We screened for known and rare pathogenic mutations in autosomal dominant and recessive genes linked to NBIA in a total of 4481 PD cases and 10,253 controls from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Parkinsons' Disease Program and the UKBiobank. We examined whether a genetic burden of NBIA variants contributes to PD risk through single-gene, gene-set, and single-variant association analyses. In addition, we assessed publicly available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data through Summary-based Mendelian Randomization and conducted transcriptomic analyses in blood of 1886 PD cases and 1285 controls. Out of 29 previously reported NBIA screened coding variants, four were associated with PD risk at a nominal p value < 0.05. No enrichment of heterozygous variants in NBIA-related genes risk was identified in PD cases versus controls. Burden analyses did not reveal a cumulative effect of rare NBIA genetic variation on PD risk. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that DCAF17 is differentially expressed in blood from PD cases and controls. Due to low mutation occurrence in the datasets and lack of replication, our analyses suggest that NBIA and PD may be separate molecular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alvarez Jerez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Luis Alcantud
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia de Los Reyes-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology. Dept. Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anni Moore
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clara Ruz
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Vives Montero
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noela Rodriguez-Losada
- Department Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicine Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA C07), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Prabhjyot Saini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chelsea X Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kimberley J Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention, Detection and Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Duran
- Institute of Neurosciences "Federico Olóriz", Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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PPAR Gamma Agonist Leriglitazone Recovers Alterations Due to Pank2-Deficiency in hiPS-Derived Astrocytes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010202. [PMID: 36678831 PMCID: PMC9862015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel brain-penetrant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist leriglitazone, previously validated for other rare neurodegenerative diseases, is a small molecule that acts as a regulator of mitochondrial function and exerts neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we tested whether leriglitazone can be effective in ameliorating the mitochondrial defects that characterize an hiPS-derived model of Pantothenate kinase-2 associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN). PKAN is caused by a genetic alteration in the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase-2, whose function is to catalyze the first reaction of the CoA biosynthetic pathway, and for which no effective cure is available. The PKAN hiPS-derived astrocytes are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytosolic iron deposition, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. We monitored the effect of leriglitazone in comparison with CoA on hiPS-derived astrocytes from three healthy subjects and three PKAN patients. The treatment with leriglitazone did not affect the differentiation of the neuronal precursor cells into astrocytes, and it improved the viability of PKAN cells and their respiratory activity, while diminishing the iron accumulation similarly or even better than CoA. The data suggest that leriglitazone is well tolerated in this cellular model and could be considered a beneficial therapeutic approach in the treatment of PKAN.
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Sung YF, Yin JH, Lee KH, Tsai CL, Lin YK, Chen SY, Chung CH, Chien WC, Lee JT, Chou CH. Increased risk of sleep-related movement disorder in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: A nationwide population-based study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:953821. [PMID: 36299273 PMCID: PMC9589275 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.953821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Evidence increasingly suggests that Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) is associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the relationship between HPI and sleep-related movement disorders (SRMD) remains unknown. This nationwide population-based study tried to demonstrate whether patients with HPI have a higher risk of developing SRMD in a general adult population. Methods The study cohort enrolled 9,393 patients who were initially diagnosed with HPI between 2000 and 2013. Notably, 37,572 age- and sex-matched controls without prior HPI were selected as the reference. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed for multivariate adjustment. Results Patients with HPI had a higher risk of developing SRMD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26–3.82, p < 0.01). Patients with HPI aged ≥65 years exhibited the highest risk (HR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.90–5.30, p < 0.001), followed by patients aged 45–64 years (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.26–2.90, p <0.01) and <45 years (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.12–2.49, p < 0.01). Patients were most likely to develop SRMD 5 years or more after diagnosis of HPI (HR = 3.33, 95% CI = 1.97–5.89, p < 0.001). The increased risk of SRMD in male patients with HPI (HR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.53–4.79, p < 0.001) was greater than in female patients (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04–1.65, p < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with HPI were associated with an increased risk for SRMD, with a higher risk in men, aged ≥65 years, and diagnosed for more than 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Feng Sung
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Haw Yin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Heng Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chou
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chung-Hsing Chou
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Thapa K, Khan H, Kanojia N, Singh TG, Kaur A, Kaur G. Therapeutic Insights on Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang L, Fang J, Tang Z, Luo Y. A Bioinformatics Perspective on the Dysregulation of Ferroptosis and Ferroptosis-related Immune Cell Infiltration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1888-1902. [PMID: 36438927 PMCID: PMC9682502 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.76660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia worldwide, but its pathophysiology and molecular events remain unknown. Herein, we first analyzed the differential expression pattern of patients' AD hippocampus through gene expression array data from the GEO database. Notch2nl, TGFB1I1, and LTF were up-regulated in AD patients, while ARPC1A, CHGB, and MPV17 down-regulated. Second, dysregulation of ferroptosis related genes was demonstrated from our data: PCBP2 and FTL significantly up-significant in AD hippocampus, while VDAC2, LPCAT3, GSS, ACSL4, and ACSL6 significantly down-regulated. The protein-protein interactions (PPI) network revealed that FTL was involved in iron metabolism and utilization, while ACSL4 and ACSL6 were involved in a polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolism network. Gene correlation analysis on differential expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that ferroptosis regulates a series of biological processes and pathways related to AD pathogenesis. Third, ferroptosis-related DEGs regulated the immune cell infiltration pattern in the AD hippocampus, characterized by decreased memory B cells, increased memory resting CD4+ T cells, memory activated CD4+ T cells, and resting NK cells. The altered expression of ferroptosis-related DEGs affected the infiltration of specific immune cell types. The model constructed by the seven ferroptosis-related differential genes may accurately predict the outcome of AD occurrence. Finally, qPCR validation on these ferroptosis-related DEGs in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice confirmed the dysregulated expression of Pcbp2, FTL, GSS, and ACSL4 in the AD hippocampus and forebrain. In conclusion, our results supported the conception that the AD brain revealed dysregulated ferroptosis and immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenchu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Plays M, Müller S, Rodriguez R. Chemistry and biology of ferritin. Metallomics 2021; 13:6244244. [PMID: 33881539 PMCID: PMC8083198 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element required by cells and has been described as a key player in ferroptosis. Ferritin operates as a fundamental iron storage protein in cells forming multimeric assemblies with crystalline iron cores. We discuss the latest findings on ferritin structure and activity and its link to cell metabolism and ferroptosis. The chemistry of iron, including its oxidation states, is important for its biological functions, its reactivity, and the biology of ferritin. Ferritin can be localized in different cellular compartments and secreted by cells with a variety of functions depending on its spatial context. Here, we discuss how cellular ferritin localization is tightly linked to its function in a tissue-specific manner, and how impairment of iron homeostasis is implicated in diseases, including cancer and coronavirus disease 2019. Ferritin is a potential biomarker and we discuss latest research where it has been employed for imaging purposes and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Plays
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
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Cozzi A, Santambrogio P, Ripamonti M, Rovida E, Levi S. Pathogenic mechanism and modeling of neuroferritinopathy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3355-3367. [PMID: 33439270 PMCID: PMC11072144 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroferritinopathy is a rare autosomal dominant inherited movement disorder caused by alteration of the L-ferritin gene that results in the production of a ferritin molecule that is unable to properly manage iron, leading to the presence of free redox-active iron in the cytosol. This form of iron has detrimental effects on cells, particularly severe for neuronal cells, which are highly sensitive to oxidative stress. Although very rare, the disorder is notable for two reasons. First, neuroferritinopathy displays features also found in a larger group of disorders named Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), such as iron deposition in the basal ganglia and extrapyramidal symptoms; thus, the elucidation of its pathogenic mechanism may contribute to clarifying the incompletely understood aspects of NBIA. Second, neuroferritinopathy shows the characteristic signs of an accelerated process of aging; thus, it can be considered an interesting model to study the progress of aging. Here, we will review the clinical and neurological features of neuroferritinopathy and summarize biochemical studies and data from cellular and animal models to propose a pathogenic mechanism of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cozzi
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Santambrogio
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Ripamonti
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanna Rovida
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- Proteomic of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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12
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A 3'-truncating FTL mutation associated with hypoferritinemia without neuroferritinopathy. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104159. [PMID: 33548513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for the ferritin light chain (FTL) often present with hypoferritinemia associated with progressive, late onset extrapyramidal dysfunction. However, it has been suggested that some FTL mutations may impact ferritin levels without any neurological manifestations. We report on a FTL mutation in a three generation family with autosomal dominant hypoferritinemia without neurodegeneration. The 4 year old proband was identified with longstanding history of hypoferritinemia without evidence of anemia. Brain MRI did not show any evidence of iron deposition. It was found that the patient's 19 month old sister, 30 year old mother and 58 year old maternal grandmother also had hypoferritinemia and normal iron levels. Over the next nine years, none of these persons had any evidence of neurological dysfunction, including movement disorders, gait disturbances, behavioral or psychiatric dysfunction. Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous interstitial deletion of at least 5 kb within cytogenic band 19q13.33 involving exons 3 and 4 of FTL in all affected family members. This 3' FTL deletion is predicted to create a significantly truncated protein product. We conclude that haploinsufficiency of FTL may be associated with hypoferritinemia without neurological dysfunction.
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Chen X, Yu C, Kang R, Tang D. Iron Metabolism in Ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590226. [PMID: 33117818 PMCID: PMC7575751 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is characterized by iron-dependent oxidative damage and subsequent plasma membrane ruptures and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Due to the role of iron in mediating the production of reactive oxygen species and enzyme activity in lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis is strictly controlled by regulators involved in many aspects of iron metabolism, such as iron uptake, storage, utilization, and efflux. Translational and transcriptional regulation of iron homeostasis provide an integrated network to determine the sensitivity of ferroptosis. Impaired ferroptosis is implicated in various iron-related pathological conditions or diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of iron metabolism during ferroptosis may provide effective strategies for the treatment of ferroptosis-associated diseases. Indeed, iron chelators effectively prevent the occurrence of ferroptosis, which may provide new approaches for the treatment of iron-related disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the theoretical modeling of iron-dependent ferroptosis, and highlight the therapeutic implications of iron chelators in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Daolin Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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14
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Altamura S, Marques O, Colucci S, Mertens C, Alikhanyan K, Muckenthaler MU. Regulation of iron homeostasis: Lessons from mouse models. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Winn NC, Volk KM, Hasty AH. Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: the macrophage "ferrostat". JCI Insight 2020; 5:132964. [PMID: 31996481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for multiple fundamental biological processes required for life; yet iron overload can be cytotoxic. Consequently, iron concentrations at the cellular and tissue level must be exquisitely governed by mechanisms that complement and fine-tune systemic control. It is well appreciated that macrophages are vital for systemic iron homeostasis, supplying or sequestering iron as needed for erythropoiesis or bacteriostasis, respectively. Indeed, recycling of iron through erythrophagocytosis by splenic macrophages is a major contributor to systemic iron homeostasis. However, accumulating evidence suggests that tissue-resident macrophages regulate local iron availability and modulate the tissue microenvironment, contributing to cellular and tissue function. Here, we summarize the significance of tissue-specific regulation of iron availability and highlight how resident macrophages are critical for this process. This tissue-dependent regulation has broad implications for understanding both resident macrophage function and tissue iron homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katrina M Volk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Iron Supply via NCOA4-Mediated Ferritin Degradation Maintains Mitochondrial Functions. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00010-19. [PMID: 31061094 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00010-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for mitochondrial metabolic processes, including mitochondrial respiration. Ferritin complexes store excess iron and protect cells from iron toxicity. Therefore, iron stored in the ferritin complex might be utilized under iron-depleted conditions. In this study, we show that the inhibition of lysosome-dependent protein degradation by bafilomycin A1 and the knockdown of NCOA4, an autophagic receptor for ferritin, reduced mitochondrial respiration, respiratory chain complex assembly, and membrane potential under iron-sufficient conditions. However, autophagy did not contribute to degradation of the ferritin complex under iron-sufficient conditions. Knockout of the ferritin light chain, a subunit of the ferritin complex, inhibited ferritin degradation by decreasing interactions with NCOA4. However, ferritin light chain knockout did not affect mitochondrial functions under iron-sufficient conditions, and ferritin light chain knockout cells showed a rapid reduction of mitochondrial functions compared with wild-type cells under iron-depleted conditions. These results indicate that the constitutive degradation of the ferritin complex contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial functions.
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Cadenas B, Fita-Torró J, Bermúdez-Cortés M, Hernandez-Rodriguez I, Fuster JL, Llinares ME, Galera AM, Romero JL, Pérez-Montero S, Tornador C, Sanchez M. L-Ferritin: One Gene, Five Diseases; from Hereditary Hyperferritinemia to Hypoferritinemia-Report of New Cases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010017. [PMID: 30678075 PMCID: PMC6469184 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is a multimeric protein composed of light (L-ferritin) and heavy (H-ferritin) subunits that binds and stores iron inside the cell. A variety of mutations have been reported in the L-ferritin subunit gene (FTL gene) that cause the following five diseases: (1) hereditary hyperferritinemia with cataract syndrome (HHCS), (2) neuroferritinopathy, a subtype of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), (3) benign hyperferritinemia, (4) L-ferritin deficiency with autosomal dominant inheritance, and (5) L-ferritin deficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance. Defects in the FTL gene lead to abnormally high levels of serum ferritin (hyperferritinemia) in HHCS and benign hyperferritinemia, while low levels (hypoferritinemia) are present in neuroferritinopathy and in autosomal dominant and recessive L-ferritin deficiency. Iron disturbances as well as neuromuscular and cognitive deficits are present in some, but not all, of these diseases. Here, we identified two novel FTL variants that cause dominant L-ferritin deficiency and HHCS (c.375+2T > A and 36_42delCAACAGT, respectively), and one previously reported variant (Met1Val) that causes dominant L-ferritin deficiency. Globally, genetic changes in the FTL gene are responsible for multiple phenotypes and an accurate diagnosis is useful for appropriate treatment. To help in this goal, we included a diagnostic algorithm for the detection of diseases caused by defects in FTL gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cadenas
- Whole Genix SL., 08021 Barcelona, Spain.
- Iron Metabolism: Regulation and Diseases Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
- Experimental Sciences and Technology Department, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, 08500 Vic, Spain.
| | - Josep Fita-Torró
- BloodGenetics SL, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mar Bermúdez-Cortés
- Pediatric OncoHematology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Inés Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Hematology Service, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP), Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Luis Fuster
- Pediatric OncoHematology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Esther Llinares
- Pediatric OncoHematology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana María Galera
- Pediatric OncoHematology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julia Lee Romero
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | | | - Cristian Tornador
- Whole Genix SL., 08021 Barcelona, Spain.
- BloodGenetics SL, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mayka Sanchez
- BloodGenetics SL, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Program of Predictive and Personalised Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
- Iron Metabolism: Regulation and Diseases Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08195 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Crielaard BJ, Lammers T, Rivella S. Targeting iron metabolism in drug discovery and delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:400-423. [PMID: 28154410 PMCID: PMC5455971 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron fulfils a central role in many essential biochemical processes in human physiology; thus, proper processing of iron is crucial. Although iron metabolism is subject to relatively strict physiological control, numerous disorders, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, have recently been linked to deregulated iron homeostasis. Consequently, iron metabolism constitutes a promising and largely unexploited therapeutic target for the development of new pharmacological treatments for these diseases. Several iron metabolism-targeted therapies are already under clinical evaluation for haematological disorders, and these and newly developed therapeutic agents are likely to have substantial benefit in the clinical management of iron metabolism-associated diseases, for which few efficacious treatments are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J. Crielaard
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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19
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Muckenthaler MU, Rivella S, Hentze MW, Galy B. A Red Carpet for Iron Metabolism. Cell 2017; 168:344-361. [PMID: 28129536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring more than 2 × 1015 iron atoms every second to maintain adequate erythropoiesis. These numbers translate into 20 mL of blood being produced each day, containing 6 g of hemoglobin and 20 mg of iron. These impressive numbers illustrate why the making and breaking of RBCs is at the heart of iron physiology, providing an ideal context to discuss recent progress in understanding the systemic and cellular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of iron homeostasis and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina U Muckenthaler
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Arosio P, Elia L, Poli M. Ferritin, cellular iron storage and regulation. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:414-422. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Arosio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
| | - Leonardo Elia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzano MI Italy
| | - Maura Poli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
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21
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Nairz M, Theurl I, Swirski FK, Weiss G. "Pumping iron"-how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:397-418. [PMID: 28251312 PMCID: PMC5362662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis, macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and influx of bone marrow-derived monocytes. As large phagocytic cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity while contributing to tissue-specific homeostatic functions. Among the key metabolic tasks are senescent red blood cell recycling, free heme detoxification, and provision of iron for de novo hemoglobin synthesis. While this systemic mechanism involves the shuttling of iron between spleen, liver, and bone marrow through the concerted function of defined macrophage populations, similar circuits appear to exist within the microenvironment of other organs. The high turnover of iron is the prerequisite for continuous erythropoiesis and tissue integrity but challenges macrophages’ ability to maintain cellular iron homeostasis and immune function. This review provides a brief overview of systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular aspects of macrophage iron handling with a focus on exciting and unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Orellana DI, Santambrogio P, Rubio A, Yekhlef L, Cancellieri C, Dusi S, Giannelli SG, Venco P, Mazzara PG, Cozzi A, Ferrari M, Garavaglia B, Taverna S, Tiranti V, Broccoli V, Levi S. Coenzyme A corrects pathological defects in human neurons of PANK2-associated neurodegeneration. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1197-1211. [PMID: 27516453 PMCID: PMC5048368 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an early onset and severely disabling neurodegenerative disease for which no therapy is available. PKAN is caused by mutations in PANK2, which encodes for the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase 2. Its function is to catalyze the first limiting step of Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from PKAN patients and showed that their derived neurons exhibited premature death, increased ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunctions—including impairment of mitochondrial iron‐dependent biosynthesis—and major membrane excitability defects. CoA supplementation prevented neuronal death and ROS formation by restoring mitochondrial and neuronal functionality. Our findings provide direct evidence that PANK2 malfunctioning is responsible for abnormal phenotypes in human neuronal cells and indicate CoA treatment as a possible therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Orellana
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Santambrogio
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Rubio
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Latefa Yekhlef
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cancellieri
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena G Giannelli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Venco
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro G Mazzara
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- Proteomics of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Ferritins, the main intracellular iron storage proteins, have been studied for over 60 years, mainly focusing on the mammalian ones. This allowed the elucidation of the structure of these proteins and the mechanisms regulating their iron incorporation and mineralization. However, ferritin is present in most, although not all, eukaryotic cells, comprising monocellular and multicellular invertebrates and vertebrates. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the general properties of ferritins that are common to various eukaryotic phyla (except plants), and to give an overview on the structure, function and regulation of ferritins. An update on the animal models that were used to characterize H, L and mitochondrial ferritins is also provided. The data show that ferritin structure is highly conserved among different phyla. It exerts an important cytoprotective function against oxidative damage and plays a role in innate immunity, where it also contributes to prevent parenchymal tissue from the cytotoxicity of pro-inflammatory agonists released by the activation of the immune response activation. Less clear are the properties of the secretory ferritins expressed by insects and molluscs, which may be important for understanding the role played by serum ferritin in mammals.
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Zolea F, Biamonte F, Candeloro P, Di Sanzo M, Cozzi A, Di Vito A, Quaresima B, Lobello N, Trecroci F, Di Fabrizio E, Levi S, Cuda G, Costanzo F. H ferritin silencing induces protein misfolding in K562 cells: A Raman analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:614-23. [PMID: 26454082 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The redox state of the cell is involved in the regulation of many physiological functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several diseases, and is strictly dependent on the amount of iron in its catalytically active state. Alterations of iron homeostasis determine increased steady-state concentrations of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and altered protein folding. Ferritin keeps the intracellular iron in a non-toxic and readily available form and consequently plays a central role in iron and redox homeostasis. The protein is composed by 24 subunits of the H- and L-type, coded by two different genes, with structural and functional differences. The aim of this study was to shed light on the role of the single H ferritin subunit (FHC) in keeping the native correct protein three-dimensional structure. To this, we performed Raman spectroscopy on protein extracts from K562 cells subjected to FHC silencing. The results show a significant increase in the percentage of disordered structures content at a level comparable to that induced by H2O2 treatment in control cells. ROS inhibitor and iron chelator were able to revert protein misfolding. This integrated approach, involving Raman spectroscopy and targeted-gene silencing, indicates that an imbalance of the heavy-to-light chain ratio in the ferritin composition is able to induce severe but still reversible modifications in protein folding and uncovers new potential pathogenetic mechanisms associated to intracellular iron perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Zolea
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Maddalena Di Sanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Anna Cozzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Barbara Quaresima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Nadia Lobello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesca Trecroci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100; Physical Science & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 23955-6900
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100.
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25
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Mora M, Angelini C, Bignami F, Bodin AM, Crimi M, Di Donato JH, Felice A, Jaeger C, Karcagi V, LeCam Y, Lynn S, Meznaric M, Moggio M, Monaco L, Politano L, de la Paz MP, Saker S, Schneiderat P, Ensini M, Garavaglia B, Gurwitz D, Johnson D, Muntoni F, Puymirat J, Reza M, Voit T, Baldo C, Bricarelli FD, Goldwurm S, Merla G, Pegoraro E, Renieri A, Zatloukal K, Filocamo M, Lochmüller H. The EuroBioBank Network: 10 years of hands-on experience of collaborative, transnational biobanking for rare diseases. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1116-23. [PMID: 25537360 PMCID: PMC4538193 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The EuroBioBank (EBB) network (www.eurobiobank.org) is the first operating network of biobanks in Europe to provide human DNA, cell and tissue samples as a service to the scientific community conducting research on rare diseases (RDs). The EBB was established in 2001 to facilitate access to RD biospecimens and associated data; it obtained funding from the European Commission in 2002 (5th framework programme) and started operation in 2003. The set-up phase, during the EC funding period 2003-2006, established the basis for running the network; the following consolidation phase has seen the growth of the network through the joining of new partners, better network cohesion, improved coordination of activities, and the development of a quality-control system. During this phase the network participated in the EC-funded TREAT-NMD programme and was involved in planning of the European Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure. Recently, EBB became a partner of RD-Connect, an FP7 EU programme aimed at linking RD biobanks, registries, and bioinformatics data. Within RD-Connect, EBB contributes expertise, promotes high professional standards, and best practices in RD biobanking, is implementing integration with RD patient registries and 'omics' data, thus challenging the fragmentation of international cooperation on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mora
- Muscle Cell Biology Lab, Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Corrado Angelini
- IRCCS Fondazione San Camillo Hospital, Lido Venice, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NPSRR University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Anne-Mary Bodin
- EURORDIS, European Organisation for Rare Diseases, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alex Felice
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Malta BioBank, University of Malta, and Thalassaemia Clinic, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Veronika Karcagi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yann LeCam
- EURORDIS, European Organisation for Rare Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Lynn
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marija Meznaric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Politano
- Division of Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuel Posada de la Paz
- Manuel Posada de la Paz, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, IIER, ISCIII and Spain RDR & CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Peter Schneiderat
- Muscle Tissue Culture Collection, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Neurological Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monica Ensini
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Diana Johnson
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Neuromuscular Centre at UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Neuromuscular Centre at UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jack Puymirat
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mojgan Reza
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Voit
- Inserm U974—Institute of Myology, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, NPSRR University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Santambrogio P, Dusi S, Guaraldo M, Rotundo LI, Broccoli V, Garavaglia B, Tiranti V, Levi S. Mitochondrial iron and energetic dysfunction distinguish fibroblasts and induced neurons from pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration patients. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:144-53. [PMID: 25836419 PMCID: PMC4642744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration is an early onset autosomal recessive movement disorder caused by mutation of the pantothenate kinase-2 gene, which encodes a mitochondrial enzyme involved in coenzyme A synthesis. The disorder is characterised by high iron levels in the brain, although the pathological mechanism leading to this accumulation is unknown. To address this question, we tested primary skin fibroblasts from three patients and three healthy subjects, as well as neurons induced by direct fibroblast reprogramming, for oxidative status, mitochondrial functionality and iron parameters. The patients' fibroblasts showed altered oxidative status, reduced antioxidant defence, and impaired cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitase activities compared to control cells. Mitochondrial iron homeostasis and functionality analysis of patient fibroblasts indicated increased labile iron pool content and reactive oxygen species development, altered mitochondrial shape, decreased membrane potential and reduced ATP levels. Furthermore, analysis of induced neurons, performed at a single cell level, confirmed some of the results obtained in fibroblasts, indicating an altered oxidative status and signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly due to iron mishandling. Thus, for the first time, altered biological processes have been identified in vitro in live diseased neurons. Moreover, the obtained induced neurons can be considered a suitable human neuronal model for the identification of candidate therapeutic compounds for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Santambrogio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Guaraldo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Ida Rotundo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS-Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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Rathkolb B, Klempt M, Sabrautzki S, Michel D, Klaften M, Laufs J, Sedlmeier R, Hans W, Fuchs H, Muckenthaler MU, Horsch M, Campagna DR, Fleming M, Hrabé de Angelis M, Wolf E, Aigner B. Screen for alterations of iron related parameters in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice identified mutant lines with increased plasma ferritin levels. Biometals 2015; 28:293-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Systemic and cerebral iron homeostasis in ferritin knock-out mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117435. [PMID: 25629408 PMCID: PMC4309591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a 24-mer heteropolymer of heavy (H) and light (L) subunits, is the main cellular iron storage protein and plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis by modulating free iron levels thus reducing radical-mediated damage. The H subunit has ferroxidase activity (converting Fe(II) to Fe(III)), while the L subunit promotes iron nucleation and increases ferritin stability. Previous studies on the H gene (Fth) in mice have shown that complete inactivation of Fth is lethal during embryonic development, without ability to compensate by the L subunit. In humans, homozygous loss of the L gene (FTL) is associated with generalized seizure and atypical restless leg syndrome, while mutations in FTL cause a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Here we generated mice with genetic ablation of the Fth and Ftl genes. As previously reported, homozygous loss of the Fth allele on a wild-type Ftl background was embryonic lethal, whereas knock-out of the Ftl allele (Ftl-/-) led to a significant decrease in the percentage of Ftl-/- newborn mice. Analysis of Ftl-/- mice revealed systemic and brain iron dyshomeostasis, without any noticeable signs of neurodegeneration. Our findings indicate that expression of the H subunit can rescue the loss of the L subunit and that H ferritin homopolymers have the capacity to sequester iron in vivo. We also observed that a single allele expressing the H subunit is not sufficient for survival when both alleles encoding the L subunit are absent, suggesting the need of some degree of complementation between the subunits as well as a dosage effect.
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Biology of ferritin in mammals: an update on iron storage, oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1787-802. [PMID: 25119494 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Iron is the most abundant transition metal in biology and an essential cofactor for many cellular enzymes. Iron homeostasis impairment is also a component of peripheral neuropathies. RECENT ADVANCES During the past years, much effort has been paid to understand the molecular mechanism involved in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. This has been stimulated by the evidence that iron dyshomeostasis is an initial cause of several disorders, including genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders. CRITICAL ISSUES However, very little has been done to investigate the physiological role of iron in peripheral nervous system (PNS), despite the development of suitable cellular and animal models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS To stimulate research on iron metabolism and peripheral neuropathy, we provide a summary of the knowledge on iron homeostasis in the PNS, on its transport across the blood-nerve barrier, its involvement in myelination, and we identify unresolved questions. Furthermore, we comment on the role of iron in iron-related disorder with peripheral component, in demyelinating and metabolic peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- 1 University Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
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Ghourchian S, Bahrami P. The higher prevalence of non-right handers among patients with restless leg syndrome. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1909-13. [PMID: 24985157 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder described as an urge to move the legs. Dopamine, the main neuro-transmitter in the pathophysiology of RLS, is likely related to the development of brain laterality and human handedness. We aimed to compare the prevalence of RLS in right and non-right handers. A checklist including Edinburgh questioner for handedness, questions for RLS diagnosis and basic characteristics was filled out by a sample of population. The exclusion criteria included prolonged use of dopaminergic or psychologic drugs and having diseases with similar symptoms to RLS. The frequency of non-right handers in RLS patients was compared with the controls by Chi square test. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. 164 persons were divided into RLS patients (69) and non-RLS controls (95). There was no significant difference between demographic characteristics. The prevalence of non-right handers in RLS patients was significantly more than non-RLS controls (P: 0.03). Our finding regarding the higher prevalence of non-right handers in RLS patients needs more justifications based on neuroscientists' guides. RLS as a disease in which dopaminergic system involves is highly assumed to be linked with handedness. This is just a hypothesis that impaired modulation of immune system in left handers may be accompanied with lower dopamine levels in RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Ghourchian
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (Faculty of Medicine), Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Italia St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran,
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Abstract
Anemia of inflammation (AI, also called anemia of chronic disease) is a common, typically normocytic, normochromic anemia that is caused by an underlying inflammatory disease. It is diagnosed when serum iron concentrations are low despite adequate iron stores, as evidenced by serum ferritin that is not low. In the setting of inflammation, it may be difficult to differentiate AI from iron deficiency anemia, and the 2 conditions may coexist. Treatment should focus on the underlying disease. Recent advances in molecular understanding of AI are stimulating the development of new pathophysiologically targeted experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 37-055 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 37-055 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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