1
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Yang Y, Song R, Gao Y, Yu H, Wang S. Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of JAB1 in neurological development and disorders. Mol Med 2023; 29:80. [PMID: 37365502 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun activation domain binding protein-1 (JAB1) is a multifunctional regulator that plays vital roles in diverse cellular processes. It regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity and also acts as the fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex. While JAB1 is considered an oncoprotein that triggers tumor development, recent studies have shown that it also functions in neurological development and disorders. In this review, we summarize the general features of the JAB1 gene and protein, and present recent updates on the regulation of JAB1 expression. Moreover, we also highlight the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of JAB1 in neurodevelopmental processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptic morphogenesis, myelination, and hair cell development and in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, current challenges and prospects are discussed, including updates on drug development targeting JAB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ruying Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jianshe South Road No. 45, Jining, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
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2
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Schwann cell functions in peripheral nerve development and repair. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105952. [PMID: 36493976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cell of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the Schwann cell (SC), counts among the most multifaceted cells of the body. During development, SCs secure neuronal survival and participate in axonal path finding. Simultaneously, they orchestrate the architectural set up of the developing nerves, including the blood vessels and the endo-, peri- and epineurial layers. Perinatally, in rodents, SCs radially sort and subsequently myelinate individual axons larger than 1 μm in diameter, while small calibre axons become organised in non-myelinating Remak bundles. SCs have a vital role in maintaining axonal health throughout life and several specialized SC types perform essential functions at specific locations, such as terminal SC at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or SC within cutaneous sensory end organs. In addition, neural crest derived satellite glia maintain a tight communication with the soma of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons and neural crest derivatives are furthermore an indispensable part of the enteric nervous system. The remarkable plasticity of SCs becomes evident in the context of a nerve injury, where SC transdifferentiate into intriguing repair cells, which orchestrate a regenerative response that promotes nerve repair. Indeed, the multiple adaptations of SCs are captivating, but remain often ill-resolved on the molecular level. Here, we summarize and discuss the knowns and unknowns of the vast array of functions that this single cell type can cover in peripheral nervous system development, maintenance, and repair.
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3
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Dittmer KE, Neeley C, Perrott MR, Reynolds E, Garrick DJ, Littlejohn MD. Pathology of the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4H in Holstein Friesian cattle with a splice site mutation in FGD4. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:442-450. [PMID: 35300540 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221083041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a hereditary sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy that is one of the most common inherited neurological diseases of humans and may be caused by mutations in a number of different genes. The subtype Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4H (CMT4H) is caused by homozygous mutations in the FGD4 (FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 4) gene. A previous genome-wide association study involving 130,783 dairy cows found 6 novel variants, one of which was a homozygous splice site mutation in the FGD4 gene. Descendants of carriers were genotyped to identify 9 homozygous Holstein Friesian calves that were raised to maturity, of which 5 were euthanized and sampled for histopathology and electron microscopy at 2 and 2.5 years of age. Three control Holstein Friesian animals were raised with the calves and euthanized at the same time points. No macroscopic lesions consistent with CMT4H were seen at necropsy. Microscopically, peripheral nerves were hypercellular due to hyperplasia of S100-positive Schwann cells, and there was onion bulb formation, axonal degeneration with demyelination, and increased thickness of the endoneurium. On electron microscopy, decreased axonal density, onion bulb formations, myelin outfoldings, and increased numbers of mitochondria were present. These changes are consistent with those described in mouse models and humans with CMT4H, making these cattle a potential large animal model for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathew D Littlejohn
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
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4
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Rivellini C, Porrello E, Dina G, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Bacigaluppi M, Gullotta GS, Chaabane L, Leocani L, Marenna S, Colombo E, Farina C, Newcombe J, Nave KA, Pardi R, Quattrini A, Previtali SC. JAB1 deletion in oligodendrocytes causes senescence-induced inflammation and neurodegeneration in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:145071. [PMID: 34874913 PMCID: PMC8803330 DOI: 10.1172/jci145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the primary target of demyelinating disorders and progressive neurodegenerative changes may evolve in the CNS. DNA damage and oxidative stress are considered key pathogenic events, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, animal models do not fully recapitulate human diseases, complicating the path to effective treatments. Here we report that mice with cell autonomous deletion of the nuclear COP9 signalosome component CSN5 (JAB1) in oligodendrocytes develop DNA damage and defective DNA repair in myelinating glial cells. Interestingly, oligodendrocytes lacking JAB1 expression underwent a senescence-like phenotype that fostered chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. These mutants developed progressive CNS demyelination, microglia inflammation and neurodegeneration, with severe motor deficits and premature death. Notably, blocking microglia inflammation did not prevent neurodegeneration, whereas the deletion of p21CIP1 but not p16INK4a pathway ameliorated the disease. We suggest that senescence is key to sustaining neurodegeneration in demyelinating disorders and may be considered a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rivellini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Porrello
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marenna
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jia Newcombe
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano C Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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5
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Previtali SC. Peripheral Nerve Development and the Pathogenesis of Peripheral Neuropathy: the Sorting Point. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2156-2168. [PMID: 34244926 PMCID: PMC8804061 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve development requires a coordinated sequence of events and steps to be accomplished for the generation of functional peripheral nerves to convey sensory and motor signals. Any abnormality during development may result in pathological structure and function of the nerve, which evolves in peripheral neuropathy. In this review, we will briefly describe different steps of nerve development while we will mostly focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in radial sorting of axons, one of these nerve developmental steps. We will summarize current knowledge of molecular pathways so far reported in radial sorting and their possible interactions. Finally, we will describe how disruption of these pathways may result in human neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano C Previtali
- Neuromuscular Repair Unit, InSpe (Institute of Experimental Neurology) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Gerber D, Pereira JA, Gerber J, Tan G, Dimitrieva S, Yángüez E, Suter U. Transcriptional profiling of mouse peripheral nerves to the single-cell level to build a sciatic nerve ATlas (SNAT). eLife 2021; 10:e58591. [PMID: 33890853 PMCID: PMC8064760 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are organ-like structures containing diverse cell types to optimize function. This interactive assembly includes mostly axon-associated Schwann cells, but also endothelial cells of supporting blood vessels, immune system-associated cells, barrier-forming cells of the perineurium surrounding and protecting nerve fascicles, and connective tissue-resident cells within the intra-fascicular endoneurium and inter-fascicular epineurium. We have established transcriptional profiles of mouse sciatic nerve-inhabitant cells to foster the fundamental understanding of peripheral nerves. To achieve this goal, we have combined bulk RNA sequencing of developing sciatic nerves up to the adult with focused bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of Schwann cells throughout postnatal development, extended by single-cell transcriptome analysis of the full sciatic nerve both perinatally and in the adult. The results were merged in the transcriptome resource Sciatic Nerve ATlas (SNAT: https://www.snat.ethz.ch). We anticipate that insights gained from our multi-layered analysis will serve as valuable interactive reference point to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jorge A Pereira
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Joanne Gerber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ge Tan
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Slavica Dimitrieva
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Emilio Yángüez
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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7
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Muppirala AN, Limbach LE, Bradford EF, Petersen SC. Schwann cell development: From neural crest to myelin sheath. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e398. [PMID: 33145925 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous system function requires glial cells, including myelinating glia that insulate axons and provide trophic support that allows for efficient signal propagation by neurons. In vertebrate peripheral nervous systems, neural crest-derived glial cells known as Schwann cells (SCs) generate myelin by encompassing and iteratively wrapping membrane around single axon segments. SC gliogenesis and neurogenesis are intimately linked and governed by a complex molecular environment that shapes their developmental trajectory. Changes in this external milieu drive developing SCs through a series of distinct morphological and transcriptional stages from the neural crest to a variety of glial derivatives, including the myelinating sublineage. Cues originate from the extracellular matrix, adjacent axons, and the developing SC basal lamina to trigger intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression changes that specify stages and transitions in SC development. Here, we integrate the findings from in vitro neuron-glia co-culture experiments with in vivo studies investigating SC development, particularly in zebrafish and mouse, to highlight critical factors that specify SC fate. Ultimately, we connect classic biochemical and mutant studies with modern genetic and visualization tools that have elucidated the dynamics of SC development. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoohya N Muppirala
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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8
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Hoxha S, Shepard A, Troutman S, Diao H, Doherty JR, Janiszewska M, Witwicki RM, Pipkin ME, Ja WW, Kareta MS, Kissil JL. YAP-Mediated Recruitment of YY1 and EZH2 Represses Transcription of Key Cell-Cycle Regulators. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2512-2522. [PMID: 32409309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation and organ size through control of the transcriptional regulators YAP (yes-associated protein) and TAZ. Upon extracellular stimuli such as cell-cell contact, the pathway negatively regulates YAP through cytoplasmic sequestration. Under conditions of low cell density, YAP is nuclear and associates with enhancer regions and gene promoters. YAP is mainly described as a transcriptional activator of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Using a genome-wide approach, we show here that, in addition to its known function as a transcriptional activator, YAP functions as a transcriptional repressor by interacting with the multifunctional transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and Polycomb repressive complex member enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2). YAP colocalized with YY1 and EZH2 on the genome to transcriptionally repress a broad network of genes mediating a host of cellular functions, including repression of the cell-cycle kinase inhibitor p27, whose role is to functionally promote contact inhibition. This work unveils a broad and underappreciated aspect of YAP nuclear function as a transcriptional repressor and highlights how loss of contact inhibition in cancer is mediated in part through YAP repressive function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides new insights into YAP as a broad transcriptional repressor of key regulators of the cell cycle, in turn influencing contact inhibition and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sany Hoxha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alyssa Shepard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Scott Troutman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Joanne R Doherty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Robert M Witwicki
- Genetic Perturbation Screening Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Joseph L Kissil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida.
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9
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Previtali SC, Zambon AA. LAMA2 Neuropathies: Human Findings and Pathomechanisms From Mouse Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:60. [PMID: 32390798 PMCID: PMC7190814 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Merosin deficient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (MDC1A), or LAMA2-related muscular dystrophy (LAMA2-RD), is a recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the LAMA2 gene, encoding for the alpha-2 chain of laminin-211. The disease is predominantly characterized by progressive muscular dystrophy affecting patient motor function and reducing life expectancy. However, LAMA2-RD also comprises a developmentally-associated dysmyelinating neuropathy that contributes to the disease progression, in addition to brain abnormalities; the latter often underappreciated. In this brief review, we present data supporting the impact of peripheral neuropathy in the LAMA2-RD phenotype, including both mouse models and human studies. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying nerve abnormalities and involved in the laminin-211 pathway, which affects axon sorting, ensheathing and myelination. We conclude with some final considerations of consequences on nerve regeneration and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Neuromuscular Repair Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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10
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Functional analysis of deubiquitylating enzymes in tumorigenesis and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Nongenetic optical modulation of neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal/glial differentiation. Biomaterials 2019; 225:119539. [PMID: 31622821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photostimulation has been widely used in neuromodulation. However, existing optogenetics techniques require genetic alternation of the targeted cell or tissue. Here, we report that neural stem cells (NSCs) constitutionally express blue/red light-sensitive photoreceptors. The proliferation and regulation of NSCs to neuronal or glial cells are wavelength-specific. Our results showed a 4.3-fold increase in proliferation and 2.7-fold increase in astrocyte differentiation for cells under low-power blue monochromatic light exposure (455 nm, 300 μW/cm2). The melanopsin (Opn4)/transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) non-visual opsin serves as a key photoreceptor response to blue light irradiation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry further highlighted the Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1) as a novel and specific modulator in phototransduction pathways induced by blue light exposure. Quiescent adult NSCs reside in specific regions of the mammalian brain. Therefore, we showed that melanopsin/TRPC6 expressed in these regions and blue light stimulation through optical fibers could directly stimulate the NSCs in vivo. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) converted deep-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light into specific wavelengths of visible light. Accordingly, we demonstrated that UCNP-mediated NIR light could be used to modulate in vivo NSC differentiation in a less invasive manner. In the future, this light-triggered system of NSCs will enable nongenetic and noninvasive neuromodulation with therapeutic potential for central nervous system diseases.
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12
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Jessen KR, Mirsky R. Schwann Cell Precursors; Multipotent Glial Cells in Embryonic Nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:69. [PMID: 30971890 PMCID: PMC6443887 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the neural crest, often referred to as neural crest stem cells, give rise to a number of sub-lineages, one of which is Schwann cells, the glial cells of peripheral nerves. Crest cells transform to adult Schwann cells through the generation of two well defined intermediate stages, the Schwann cell precursors (SCP) in early embryonic nerves, and immature Schwann cells (iSch) in late embryonic and perinatal nerves. SCP are formed when neural crest cells enter nascent nerves and form intimate relationships with axons, a diagnostic feature of glial cells. This involves large-scale changes in gene expression, including the activation of established glial cell markers. Like early glia in the CNS, radial glia, SCP retain developmental multipotency and contribute to other crest-derived lineages during embryonic development. SCP, as well as closely related cells termed boundary cap cells, and later stages of the Schwann cell lineage have all been implicated as the tumor initiating cell in NF1 associated neurofibromas. iSch are formed from SCP in a process that involves the appearance of additional differentiation markers, autocrine survival circuits, cellular elongation, a formation of endoneurial connective tissue and basal lamina. Finally, in peri- and post-natal nerves, iSch are reversibly induced by axon-associated signals to form the myelin and non-myelin Schwann cells of adult nerves. This review article discusses early Schwann cell development in detail and describes a large number of molecular signaling systems that control glial development in embryonic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Gerber D, Ghidinelli M, Tinelli E, Somandin C, Gerber J, Pereira JA, Ommer A, Figlia G, Miehe M, Nägeli LG, Suter V, Tadini V, Sidiropoulos PNM, Wessig C, Toyka KV, Suter U. Schwann cells, but not Oligodendrocytes, Depend Strictly on Dynamin 2 Function. eLife 2019; 8:e42404. [PMID: 30648534 PMCID: PMC6335055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination requires extensive plasma membrane rearrangements, implying that molecules controlling membrane dynamics play prominent roles. The large GTPase dynamin 2 (DNM2) is a well-known regulator of membrane remodeling, membrane fission, and vesicular trafficking. Here, we genetically ablated Dnm2 in Schwann cells (SCs) and in oligodendrocytes of mice. Dnm2 deletion in developing SCs resulted in severely impaired axonal sorting and myelination onset. Induced Dnm2 deletion in adult SCs caused a rapidly-developing peripheral neuropathy with abundant demyelination. In both experimental settings, mutant SCs underwent prominent cell death, at least partially due to cytokinesis failure. Strikingly, when Dnm2 was deleted in adult SCs, non-recombined SCs still expressing DNM2 were able to remyelinate fast and efficiently, accompanied by neuropathy remission. These findings reveal a remarkable self-healing capability of peripheral nerves that are affected by SC loss. In the central nervous system, however, we found no major defects upon Dnm2 deletion in oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerber
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Monica Ghidinelli
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elisa Tinelli
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Somandin
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Joanne Gerber
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jorge A Pereira
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Ommer
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gianluca Figlia
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lukas G Nägeli
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Vanessa Suter
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Tadini
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Páris NM Sidiropoulos
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Carsten Wessig
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of Würzburg, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Klaus V Toyka
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of Würzburg, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Ueli Suter
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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14
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Gökbuget D, Pereira JA, Opitz L, Christe D, Kessler T, Marchais A, Suter U. The miRNA biogenesis pathway prevents inappropriate expression of injury response genes in developing and adult Schwann cells. Glia 2018; 66:2632-2644. [PMID: 30295958 PMCID: PMC6585637 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proper function of the nervous system depends on myelination. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate axons and the miRNA biogenesis pathway is required for developmental myelination and myelin maintenance. However, regulatory roles of this pathway at different stages of myelination are only partially understood. We addressed the requirement of the core miRNA biogenesis pathway components Dgcr8, Drosha, and Dicer in developing and adult SCs using mouse mutants with a comparative genetics and transcriptomics approach. We found that the microprocessor components Dgcr8 and Drosha are crucial for axonal radial sorting and to establish correct SC numbers upon myelination. Transcriptome analyses revealed a requirement of the microprocessor to prevent aberrantly increased expression of injury-response genes. Those genes are predicted targets of abundant miRNAs in sciatic nerves (SNs) during developmental myelination. In agreement, Dgcr8 and Dicer are required for proper maintenance of the myelinated SC state, where abundant miRNAs in adult SNs are predicted to target injury-response genes. We conclude that the miRNA biogenesis pathway in SCs is crucial for preventing inappropriate activity of injury-response genes in developing and adult SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Gökbuget
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jorge A. Pereira
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lennart Opitz
- ETH Zurich/University of ZurichFunctional Genomics Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dominik Christe
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Kessler
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Antonin Marchais
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Agricultural SciencesZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- ETH Zurich, Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health SciencesZurichSwitzerland
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15
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Jiang M, Rao R, Wang J, Wang J, Xu L, Wu LM, Chan JR, Wang H, Lu QR. The TSC1-mTOR-PLK axis regulates the homeostatic switch from Schwann cell proliferation to myelination in a stage-specific manner. Glia 2018; 66:1947-1959. [PMID: 29722913 PMCID: PMC6185760 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper peripheral myelination depends upon the balance between Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation programs. The serine/threonine kinase mTOR integrates various environmental cues to serve as a central regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and function. We report here that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), a negative regulator of mTOR activity, establishes a stage-dependent program for Schwann cell lineage progression and myelination by controlling cell proliferation and myelin homeostasis. Tsc1 ablation in Schwann cell progenitors in mice resulted in activation of mTOR signaling, and caused over-proliferation of Schwann cells and blocked their differentiation, leading to hypomyelination. Transcriptome profiling analysis revealed that mTOR activation in Tsc1 mutants resulted in upregulation of a polo-like kinase (PLK)-dependent pathway and cell cycle regulators. Attenuation of mTOR or pharmacological inhibition of polo-like kinases partially rescued hypomyelination caused by Tsc1 loss in the developing peripheral nerves. In contrast, deletion of Tsc1 in mature Schwann cells led to redundant and overgrown myelin sheaths in adult mice. Together, our findings indicate stage-specific functions for the TSC1-mTOR-PLK signaling axis in controlling the transition from proliferation to differentiation and myelin homeostasis during Schwann cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqing Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rohit Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lai Man Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Department of Neurology and Programs in Biomedical and Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Huimin Wang
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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16
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Sustained Expression of Negative Regulators of Myelination Protects Schwann Cells from Dysmyelination in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4275-4287. [PMID: 29610440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0201-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell differentiation and myelination in the PNS are the result of fine-tuning of positive and negative transcriptional regulators. As myelination starts, negative regulators are downregulated, whereas positive ones are upregulated. Fully differentiated Schwann cells maintain an extraordinary plasticity and can transdifferentiate into "repair" Schwann cells after nerve injury. Reactivation of negative regulators of myelination is essential to generate repair Schwann cells. Negative regulators have also been implicated in demyelinating neuropathies, although their role in disease remains elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1B (CMT1B), the P0S63del mouse characterized by ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response, to show that adult Schwann cells are in a partial differentiation state because they overexpress transcription factors that are normally expressed only before myelination. We provide evidence that two of these factors, Sox2 and Id2, act as negative regulators of myelination in vivo However, their sustained expression in neuropathy is protective because ablation of Sox2 or/and Id2 from S63del mice of both sexes results in worsening of the dysmyelinating phenotype. This is accompanied by increased levels of mutant P0 expression and exacerbation of ER stress, suggesting that limited differentiation may represent a novel adaptive mechanism through which Schwann cells counter the toxic effect of a mutant terminal differentiation protein.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In many neuropathies, Schwann cells express high levels of early differentiation genes, but the significance of these altered expression remained unclear. Because many of these factors may act as negative regulators of myelination, it was suggested that their misexpression could contribute to dysmyelination. Here, we show that the transcription factors Sox2 and Id2 act as negative regulators of myelination in vivo, but that their sustained expression in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B (CMT1B) represents an adaptive response activated by the Schwann cells to reduce mutant protein toxicity and prevent demyelination.
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17
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Hartlehnert M, Derksen A, Hagenacker T, Kindermann D, Schäfers M, Pawlak M, Kieseier BC, Meyer Zu Horste G. Schwann cells promote post-traumatic nerve inflammation and neuropathic pain through MHC class II. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12518. [PMID: 28970572 PMCID: PMC5624882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of T helper cells requires antigens to be exposed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) via MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. Expression of MHC-II is generally limited to professional APCs, but other cell types can express MHC-II under inflammatory conditions. However, the importance of these conditional APCs is unknown. We and others have previously shown that Schwann cells are potentially conditional APCs, but the functional relevance of MHC-II expression by Schwann cells has not been studied in vivo. Here, we conditionally deleted the MHC-II β-chain from myelinating Schwann cells in mice and investigated how this influenced post-traumatic intraneural inflammation and neuropathic pain using the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We demonstrate that deletion of MHC-II in myelinating Schwann cells reduces thermal hyperalgesia and, to a lesser extent, also diminishes mechanical allodynia in CCI in female mice. This was accompanied by a reduction of intraneural CD4+ T cells and greater preservation of preferentially large-caliber axons. Activation of T helper cells by MHC-II on Schwann cells thus promotes post-traumatic axonal loss and neuropathic pain. Hence, we provide experimental evidence that Schwann cells gain antigen-presenting function in vivo and modulate local immune responses and diseases in the peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hartlehnert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angelika Derksen
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David Kindermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Schäfers
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Pawlak
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Meyer Zu Horste
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Weber LJ, Marcy HK, Shen YC, Tomkovich SE, Brooks KM, Hilk KE, Barald KF. The role of jab1, a putative downstream effector of the neurotrophic cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in zebrafish inner ear hair cell development. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:100-109. [PMID: 28928022 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a neurotrophic cytokine essential for inner ear hair cell (HC) development and statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) neurite outgrowth, and SAG survival in mouse, chick and zebrafish. Another neurotrophic cytokine, Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) is known to synergize with MIF; but MCP1 alone is insufficient to support mouse/chick SAG neurite outgrowth or neuronal survival. Because of the relatively short time over which the zebrafish inner ear develops (~30hpf), the living zebrafish embryo is an ideal system to examine mif and mcp1 cytokine pathways and interactions. We used a novel technique: direct delivery of antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos (MOs) into the embryonic zebrafish otocyst to discover downstream effectors of mif as well as to clarify the relationship between mif and mcp1 in inner ear development. MOs for mif, mcp1 and the presumptive mif and mcp1 effector, c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (jab1), were injected and then electroporated into the zebrafish otocyst 25-48hours post fertilization (hpf). We found that although mif is important at early stages (before 30hpf) for auditory macular HC development, jab1 is more critical for vestibular macular HC development before 30hpf. After 30hpf, mcp1 becomes important for HC development in both maculae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren J Weber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Hannah K Marcy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, 1190 Undergraduate Science Building, 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2215, USA.
| | - Yu-Chi Shen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Sarah E Tomkovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, 1190 Undergraduate Science Building, 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2215, USA.
| | - Kristina M Brooks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Kelly E Hilk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, 1190 Undergraduate Science Building, 204 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2215, USA.
| | - Kate F Barald
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3728 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0619, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA.
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19
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Zhang H, Zhong A, Sun J, Chen M, Xie S, Zheng H, Wang Y, Yu Y, Guo L, Lu R. COPS5 inhibition arrests the proliferation and growth of serous ovarian cancer cells via the elevation of p27 level. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:85-93. [PMID: 28919423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex (COPS5), which plays an essential role in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, has been found as a prognostic biomarker for multiple cancers, however, the role of COPS5 in serous ovarian cancer (SOC) remain to be clarified. In this study, we found that COPS5 expression was significantly increased in SOC cells and tissues compared with those controls. Mechanistically, COPS5 and p27was proved to interact with each other, with COPS5 acts as a negative regulator of p27. SOC cells with COPS5 depletion were arrested in G1/G0-phase and exhibited a reduced proliferation ability and an increased cytoplasmic p27 expression. Whereas, the cells were stuck at S-phase accompanied with an elevation of nucleus p27 expression after knocking down COPS6 or blocking COPS5 by CSN5i-3. Furthermore, inhibition of COPS5 resulted in an elevation of Akt expression and sensitized SOC cells to Akt inhibitor MK2206. Suppression of COPS5 and Akt offers a potential strategy for the treatment of SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ailing Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Ma Y, Yan M, Huang H, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Associations and prognostic significance of p27 Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:357-364. [PMID: 27703676 PMCID: PMC5038891 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a primary tumor arising in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue. The incidence of NHL is increasing at an annual rate of 3%. The human Jun activation domain-binding protein 1/COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (Jab1/CSN5) is a negative regulator of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and abnormal expression of Jab1 is correlated with reduced p27 expression and associated with advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis in several human cancers. F-box protein S-phase kinase-interacting protein-2 (Skp2), the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein ubiquitin protein ligase complex, is required for the ubiquitination and consequent degradation of p27. The Skp2 protein is overexpressed in several human cancers and is associated with the degree of differentiation and the prognosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression status of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 by immunohistochemistry, and assess their prognostic significance in patients with NHL. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an inverse association between Jab1 and p27 in NHL tissue samples. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that Jab1 overexpression, Skp2 overexpression and low p27 expression were significantly associated with poor prognosis. Among clinicopathological parameters, overexpression of Jab1 was significantly associated with tumor size and International Prognostic Index (IPI), whereas Skp2 expression was significantly associated with metastasis and IPI. These findings suggest that the overexpression of Jab1 or Skp2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NHL. Thus, the expression of p27Kip1, Jab1 and Skp2 provided a clinical reference for the treatment of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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21
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Schwann cells–axon interaction in myelination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Elbaz B, Traka M, Kunjamma RB, Dukala D, Brosius Lutz A, Anton ES, Barres BA, Soliven B, Popko B. Adenomatous polyposis coli regulates radial axonal sorting and myelination in the PNS. Development 2016; 143:2356-66. [PMID: 27226321 PMCID: PMC4958326 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is multifunctional - it participates in the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway as well as modulating cytoskeleton function. Although APC is expressed by Schwann cells, the role that it plays in these cells and in the myelination of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is unknown. Therefore, we used the Cre-lox approach to generate a mouse model in which APC expression is specifically eliminated from Schwann cells. These mice display hindlimb weakness and impaired axonal conduction in sciatic nerves. Detailed morphological analyses revealed that APC loss delays radial axonal sorting and PNS myelination. Furthermore, APC loss delays Schwann cell differentiation in vivo, which correlates with persistent activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and results in perturbed extension of Schwann cell processes and disrupted lamellipodia formation. In addition, APC-deficient Schwann cells display a transient diminution of proliferative capacity. Our data indicate that APC is required by Schwann cells for their timely differentiation to mature, myelinating cells and plays a crucial role in radial axonal sorting and PNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maria Traka
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rejani B Kunjamma
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Danuta Dukala
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amanda Brosius Lutz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Building Room D235, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Building Room D235, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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23
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Domi T, Porrello E, Velardo D, Capotondo A, Biffi A, Tonlorenzi R, Amadio S, Ambrosi A, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Ruegg MA, Previtali SC. Mesoangioblast delivery of miniagrin ameliorates murine model of merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:30. [PMID: 26347253 PMCID: PMC4560053 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type-1A (MDC1A) is characterized by progressive muscular dystrophy and dysmyelinating neuropathy caused by mutations of the α2 chain of laminin-211, the predominant laminin isoform of muscles and nerves. MDC1A has no available treatment so far, although preclinical studies showed amelioration of the disease by the overexpression of miniagrin (MAG). MAG reconnects orphan laminin-211 receptors to other laminin isoforms available in the extracellular matrix of MDC1A mice. Methods Mesoangioblasts (MABs) are vessel-associated progenitors that can form the skeletal muscle and have been shown to restore defective protein levels and motor skills in animal models of muscular dystrophies. As gene therapy in humans still presents challenging technical issues and limitations, we engineered MABs to overexpress MAG to treat MDC1A mouse models, thus combining cell to gene therapy. Results MABs synthesize and secrete only negligible amount of laminin-211 either in vitro or in vivo. MABs engineered to deliver MAG and injected in muscles of MDC1A mice showed amelioration of muscle histology, increased expression of laminin receptors in muscle, and attenuated deterioration of motor performances. MABs did not enter the peripheral nerves, thus did not affect the associated peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential efficacy of combining cell with gene therapy to treat MDC1A. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0055-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuta Domi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Porrello
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Velardo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Capotondo
- Tiget and Division of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Tiget and Division of Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Rossana Tonlorenzi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Amadio
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
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24
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Krishnan A, Duraikannu A, Zochodne DW. Releasing 'brakes' to nerve regeneration: intrinsic molecular targets. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:297-308. [PMID: 26174154 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Restoring critical neuronal architecture after peripheral nerve injury is challenging. Although immediate regenerative responses to peripheral axon injury involve the synthesis of regeneration-associated proteins in neurons and Schwann cells, an unfavorable balance between growth facilitatory and growth inhibitory signaling impairs the growth continuum of injured peripheral nerves. Molecules involved with the signaling network of tumor suppressors play crucial roles in shifting the balance between growth and restraint during axon regeneration. An understanding of the molecular framework of tumor suppressor molecules in injured neurons and its impact on stage-specific regeneration events may expose therapeutic intervention points. In this review we discuss how signaling networks of the specific tumor suppressors PTEN, Rb1, p53, p27 and p21 are altered in injured peripheral nerves and how this impacts peripheral nerve regeneration. Insights into the roles and importance of these pathways may open new avenues for improving the neurological deficits associated with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
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25
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Monk KR, Feltri ML, Taveggia C. New insights on Schwann cell development. Glia 2015; 63:1376-93. [PMID: 25921593 PMCID: PMC4470834 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are glial cells that are in intimate contact with axons throughout development. Schwann cells generate the insulating myelin sheath and provide vital trophic support to the neurons that they ensheathe. Schwann cell precursors arise from neural crest progenitor cells, and a highly ordered developmental sequence controls the progression of these cells to become mature myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Here, we discuss both seminal discoveries and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive Schwann cell development and myelination with a focus on cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibers are essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. They form as the result of reciprocal interactions between axons and Schwann cells. Extrinsic signals from the axon, and the extracellular matrix, drive Schwann cells to adopt a myelinating fate, whereas myelination reorganizes the axon for its role in conduction and is essential for its integrity. Here, we review our current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of myelinating Schwann cells. Recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate will be described. Together, these studies provide important new insights into how these pathways converge to activate the transcriptional cascade of myelination and remodel the actin cytoskeleton that is critical for morphogenesis of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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27
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Hao W, Tashiro S, Hasegawa T, Sato Y, Kobayashi T, Tando T, Katsuyama E, Fujie A, Watanabe R, Morita M, Miyamoto K, Morioka H, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Amizuka N, Toyama Y, Miyamoto T. Hyperglycemia Promotes Schwann Cell De-differentiation and De-myelination via Sorbitol Accumulation and Igf1 Protein Down-regulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17106-15. [PMID: 25998127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.631291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently accompanied by complications, such as peripheral nerve neuropathy. Schwann cells play a pivotal role in regulating peripheral nerve function and conduction velocity; however, changes in Schwann cell differentiation status in DM are not fully understood. Here, we report that Schwann cells de-differentiate into immature cells under hyperglycemic conditions as a result of sorbitol accumulation and decreased Igf1 expression in those cells. We found that de-differentiated Schwann cells could be re-differentiated in vitro into mature cells by treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, to reduce sorbitol levels, or with vitamin D3, to elevate Igf1 expression. In vivo DM models exhibited significantly reduced nerve function and conduction, Schwann cell de-differentiation, peripheral nerve de-myelination, and all conditions were significantly rescued by aldose reductase inhibitor or vitamin D3 administration. These findings reveal mechanisms underlying pathological changes in Schwann cells seen in DM and suggest ways to treat neurological conditions associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Hao
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery
| | | | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- the Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sato
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery
| | - Tami Kobayashi
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Integrated Bone Metabolism and Immunology, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Mayu Morita
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 and
| | | | | | | | | | - Norio Amizuka
- the Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- From the Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Integrated Bone Metabolism and Immunology, and
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28
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Grigoryan T, Birchmeier W. Molecular signaling mechanisms of axon-glia communication in the peripheral nervous system. Bioessays 2015; 37:502-13. [PMID: 25707700 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article we discuss the molecular signaling mechanisms that coordinate interactions between Schwann cells and the neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Such interactions take place perpetually during development and in adulthood, and are critical for the homeostasis of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons provide essential signals to control Schwann cell functions, whereas Schwann cells promote neuronal survival and allow efficient transduction of action potentials. Deregulation of neuron-Schwann cell interactions often results in developmental abnormalities and diseases. Recent investigations have shown that during development, neuronally provided signals, such as Neuregulin, Jagged, and Wnt interact to fine-tune the Schwann cell lineage progression. In adult, the signal exchange between neurons and Schwann cells ensures proper nerve function and regeneration. Identification of the mechanisms of neuron-Schwann cell interactions is therefore essential for our understanding of the development, function and pathology of the peripheral nervous system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Grigoryan
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Peripheral nerves contain large myelinated and small unmyelinated (Remak) fibers that perform different functions. The choice to myelinate or not is dictated to Schwann cells by the axon itself, based on the amount of neuregulin I-type III exposed on its membrane. Peripheral axons are more important in determining the final myelination fate than central axons, and the implications for this difference in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are discussed. Interestingly, this choice is reversible during pathology, accounting for the remarkable plasticity of Schwann cells, and contributing to the regenerative potential of the peripheral nervous system. Radial sorting is the process by which Schwann cells choose larger axons to myelinate during development. This crucial morphogenetic step is a prerequisite for myelination and for differentiation of Remak fibers, and is arrested in human diseases due to mutations in genes coding for extracellular matrix and linkage molecules. In this review we will summarize progresses made in the last years by a flurry of reverse genetic experiments in mice and fish. This work revealed novel molecules that control radial sorting, and contributed unexpected ideas to our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control radial sorting of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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30
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FAK is required for Schwann cell spreading on immature basal lamina to coordinate the radial sorting of peripheral axons with myelination. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13422-34. [PMID: 25274820 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1764-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Without Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), developing murine Schwann cells (SCs) proliferate poorly, sort axons inefficiently, and cannot myelinate peripheral nerves. Here we show that FAK is required for the development of SCs when their basal lamina (BL) is fragmentary, but not when it is mature in vivo. Mutant SCs fail to spread on fragmentary BL during development in vivo, and this is phenocopied by SCs lacking functional FAK on low laminin (LN) in vitro. Furthermore, SCs without functional FAK initiate differentiation prematurely, both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast to their behavior on high levels of LN, SCs lacking functional FAK grown on low LN display reduced spreading, proliferation, and indicators of contractility (i.e., stress fibers, arcs, and focal adhesions) and are primed to differentiate. Growth of SCs lacking functional FAK on increasing LN concentrations in vitro revealed that differentiation is not regulated by G1 arrest but rather by cell spreading and the level of contractile actomyosin. The importance of FAK as a critical regulator of the specific response of developing SCs to fragmentary BL was supported by the ability of adult FAK mutant SCs to remyelinate demyelinated adult nerves on mature BL in vivo. We conclude that FAK promotes the spreading and actomyosin contractility of immature SCs on fragmentary BL, thus maintaining their proliferation, and preventing differentiation until they reach high density, thereby promoting radial sorting. Hence, FAK has a critical role in the response of SCs to limiting BL by promoting proliferation and preventing premature SC differentiation.
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31
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Porrello E, Rivellini C, Dina G, Triolo D, Del Carro U, Ungaro D, Panattoni M, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, Pardi R, Quattrini A, Previtali SC. Jab1 regulates Schwann cell proliferation and axonal sorting through p27. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2013. [PMCID: PMC3871443 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2036oia155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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