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Kumar V, van Rensburg W, Snoep JL, Paradies HH, Borrageiro C, de Villiers C, Singh R, Joshi KB, Rautenbach M. Antimicrobial nano-assemblies of tryptocidine C, a tryptophan-rich cyclic decapeptide, from ethanolic solutions. Biochimie 2023; 204:22-32. [PMID: 36057373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tryptocidine C (TpcC), a Trp-rich cyclodecapeptide is a minor constituent in the antibiotic tyrothricin complex from Brevibacillus parabrevis. TpcC possesses a high tendency to oligomerise in aqueous solutions and dried TpcC forms distinct self-assembled nanoparticles. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy revealed the influence of different ethanol:water solvent systems on TpcC self-assembly, with the TpcC, dried from a high concentration in 15% ethanol, primarily assembling into small nanospheres with 24.3 nm diameter and 0.05 polydispersity. TpcC at 16 μM, near its CMC, formed a variety of structures such as small nanospheres, large dense nanospheroids and facetted 3-D-crystals, as well as sheets and coarse carpet-like structures which depended on ethanol concentration. Drying 16 μM TpcC from 75% ethanol resulted in highly facetted 3-D crystals, as well as small nanospheres, while those in 10% ethanol preparation had less defined facets. Drying from 20 to 50% ethanol led to polymorphic architectures with a few defined nanospheroids and various small nanoparticles, imbedded in carpet- and sheet-like structures. These polymorphic surface morphologies correlated with maintenance of fluorescence properties and the surface-derived antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus over time, while there was a significant change in fluorescence and loss in activity in the 10% and 75% preparations where 3-D crystals were observed. This indicated that TpcC oligomerisation in solutions with 20-50% ethanol leads to metastable structures with a high propensity for release of antimicrobial moieties, while those leading to crystallisation limit active moieties release. TpcC nano-assemblies can find application in antimicrobial coatings, surface disinfectants, food packaging and wound healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Wilma van Rensburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Jacky L Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrich H Paradies
- Jacobs-University, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Bremen, 30110, Germany
| | | | - Carmen de Villiers
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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2
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Wenski SL, Thiengmag S, Helfrich EJ. Complex peptide natural products: Biosynthetic principles, challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:631-647. [PMID: 35224231 PMCID: PMC8842026 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex peptide natural products exhibit diverse biological functions and a wide range of physico-chemical properties. As a result, many peptides have entered the clinics for various applications. Two main routes for the biosynthesis of complex peptides have evolved in nature: ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) biosynthetic pathways and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Insights into both bioorthogonal peptide biosynthetic strategies led to the establishment of universal principles for each of the two routes. These universal rules can be leveraged for the targeted identification of novel peptide biosynthetic blueprints in genome sequences and used for the rational engineering of biosynthetic pathways to produce non-natural peptides. In this review, we contrast the key principles of both biosynthetic routes and compare the different biochemical strategies to install the most frequently encountered peptide modifications. In addition, the influence of the fundamentally different biosynthetic principles on past, current and future engineering approaches is illustrated. Despite the different biosynthetic principles of both peptide biosynthetic routes, the arsenal of characterized peptide modifications encountered in RiPP and NRPS systems is largely overlapping. The continuous expansion of the biocatalytic toolbox of peptide modifying enzymes for both routes paves the way towards the production of complex tailor-made peptides and opens up the possibility to produce NRPS-derived peptides using the ribosomal route and vice versa.
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3
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A Note of Caution: Gramicidin Affects Signaling Pathways Independently of Its Effects on Plasma Membrane Conductance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2641068. [PMID: 34722759 PMCID: PMC8553451 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2641068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gramicidin is a thoroughly studied cation ionophore widely used to experimentally manipulate the plasma membrane potential (PMP). In addition, it has been established that the drug, due to its hydrophobic nature, is capable of affecting the organization of membrane lipids. We have previously shown that modifications in the plasma membrane potential of epithelial cells in culture determine reorganizations of the cytoskeleton. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, we explored the effects of PMP depolarization on some putative signaling intermediates. In the course of these studies, we came across some results that could not be interpreted in terms of the properties of gramicidin as an ionic channel. The purpose of the present work is to communicate these results and, in general, to draw attention to the fact that gramicidin effects can be misleadingly attributed to its ionic or electrical properties. In addition, this work also contributes with some novel findings of the modifications provoked on the signaling intermediates by PMP depolarization and hyperpolarization.
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Wani MA, Garg P, Roy KK. Machine learning-enabled predictive modeling to precisely identify the antimicrobial peptides. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:2397-2408. [PMID: 34632545 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with a broad range of antimicrobial activities, represent a great promise for combating the multi-drug resistant infections. In this study, using a large and diverse set of AMPs (2638) and non-AMPs (3700), we have explored a variety of machine learning classifiers to build in silico models for AMP prediction, including Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), and ensemble learning. Among the various models generated, the RF classifier-based model top-performed in both the internal [Accuracy: 91.40%, Precision: 89.37%, Sensitivity: 90.05%, and Specificity: 92.36%] and external validations [Accuracy: 89.43%, Precision: 88.92%, Sensitivity: 85.21%, and Specificity: 92.43%]. In addition, the RF classifier-based model correctly predicted the known AMPs and non-AMPs; those kept aside as an additional external validation set. The performance assessment revealed three features viz. ChargeD2001, PAAC12 (pseudo amino acid composition), and polarity T13 that are likely to play vital roles in the antimicrobial activity of AMPs. The developed RF-based classification model may further be useful in the design and prediction of the novel potential AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldeep K Roy
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), P.O. Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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5
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Rodríguez AA, Otero-González A, Ghattas M, Ständker L. Discovery, Optimization, and Clinical Application of Natural Antimicrobial Peptides. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1381. [PMID: 34680498 PMCID: PMC8533436 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are widespread in multicellular organisms. These structurally diverse molecules are produced as the first line of defense against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Also known as host defense peptides in higher eukaryotic organisms, AMPs display immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. During the last 30 years, technological advances have boosted the research on antimicrobial peptides, which have also attracted great interest as an alternative to tackling the antimicrobial resistance scenario mainly provoked by some bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, the introduction of natural AMPs in clinical trials faces challenges such as proteolytic digestion, short half-lives, and cytotoxicity upon systemic and oral application. Therefore, some strategies have been implemented to improve the properties of AMPs aiming to be used as effective therapeutic agents. In the present review, we summarize the discovery path of AMPs, focusing on preclinical development, recent advances in chemical optimization and peptide delivery systems, and their introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A. Rodríguez
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maretchia Ghattas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11511, Egypt;
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Rush TA, Shrestha HK, Gopalakrishnan Meena M, Spangler MK, Ellis JC, Labbé JL, Abraham PE. Bioprospecting Trichoderma: A Systematic Roadmap to Screen Genomes and Natural Products for Biocontrol Applications. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:716511. [PMID: 37744103 PMCID: PMC10512312 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.716511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural products derived from microbes are crucial innovations that would help in reaching sustainability development goals worldwide while achieving bioeconomic growth. Trichoderma species are well-studied model fungal organisms used for their biocontrol properties with great potential to alleviate the use of agrochemicals in agriculture. However, identifying and characterizing effective natural products in novel species or strains as biological control products remains a meticulous process with many known challenges to be navigated. Integration of recent advancements in various "omics" technologies, next generation biodesign, machine learning, and artificial intelligence approaches could greatly advance bioprospecting goals. Herein, we propose a roadmap for assessing the potential impact of already known or newly discovered Trichoderma species for biocontrol applications. By screening publicly available Trichoderma genome sequences, we first highlight the prevalence of putative biosynthetic gene clusters and antimicrobial peptides among genomes as an initial step toward predicting which organisms could increase the diversity of natural products. Next, we discuss high-throughput methods for screening organisms to discover and characterize natural products and how these findings impact both fundamental and applied research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A. Rush
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Him K. Shrestha
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Margaret K. Spangler
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - J. Christopher Ellis
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jesse L. Labbé
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Paul E. Abraham
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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7
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Makhlynets OV, Caputo GA. Characteristics and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:011301. [PMID: 38505398 PMCID: PMC10903410 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for novel antimicrobial compounds is rapidly growing due to the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In response, numerous alternative approaches are being taken including use of polymers, metals, combinatorial approaches, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are a naturally occurring part of the immune system of all higher organisms and display remarkable broad-spectrum activity and high selectivity for bacterial cells over host cells. However, despite good activity and safety profiles, AMPs have struggled to find success in the clinic. In this review, we outline the fundamental properties of AMPs that make them effective antimicrobials and extend this into three main approaches being used to help AMPs become viable clinical options. These three approaches are the incorporation of non-natural amino acids into the AMP sequence to impart better pharmacological properties, the incorporation of AMPs in hydrogels, and the chemical modification of surfaces with AMPs for device applications. These approaches are being developed to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and/or bioavailability of AMPs as clinical options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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8
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Falanga A, Del Genio V, Galdiero S. Peptides and Dendrimers: How to Combat Viral and Bacterial Infections. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:101. [PMID: 33466852 PMCID: PMC7830367 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming growth of antimicrobial resistance and recent viral pandemic events have enhanced the need for novel approaches through innovative agents that are mainly able to attach to the external layers of bacteria and viruses, causing permanent damage. Antimicrobial molecules are potent broad-spectrum agents with a high potential as novel therapeutics. In this context, antimicrobial peptides, cell penetrating peptides, and antiviral peptides play a major role, and have been suggested as promising solutions. Furthermore, dendrimers are to be considered as suitable macromolecules for the development of advanced nanosystems that are able to complement the typical properties of dendrimers with those of peptides. This review focuses on the description of nanoplatforms constructed with peptides and dendrimers, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via dell’Università 100, 80100 Portici, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Genio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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9
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Rautenbach M, Kumar V, Vosloo JA, Masoudi Y, van Wyk RJ, Stander MA. Oligomerisation of tryptocidine C, a Trp-rich cyclodecapeptide from the antimicrobial tyrothricin complex. Biochimie 2020; 181:123-133. [PMID: 33333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptocidine C (TpcC, cyclo[D-Phe1-Pro2-Trp3-D-Trp4-Asn5-Gln6-Trp7-Val8-Orn9-Leu10]) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide in the tyrothricin complex produced by a soil bacterium, Brevibacillus parabrevis. Electrospray mass spectrometric studies reveal the oligomerisation of TpcC into dimers and higher oligomers, analogous to tyrocidine C (TrcC, Trp7 replaced by Tyr7). Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS) further confirms the formation of stable peptide dimers and tetramers with diameters of 2.7 nm and 3.3 nm, respectively, calculated from collisional cross section (CCS). Molecular dynamic simulations and docking studies support the formation of amphipathic dimers, with a diameter of 2.5 ± 0.07 nm calculated from low energy model CCS. Circular dichroism and IMMS studies point towards dynamic hydrogen-bonded conformational changes up to 28-33 μM after which the structures become more static (or in equilibrium). Fluorescence studies indicate aromatic stacking of Trp residues with a CMC of 18 μM in aqueous solutions. The concentration and time dependent interaction of Trp in oligomers indicate cooperativity in the TpcC oligomerisation that leads to the formation of higher order microscopic structures. Scanning electron microscopy studies unequivocally shows that TpcC forms nanospheres with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Repeated smaller oligomeric units, possibly dimers and tetramers, self-assemble to form these nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - J Arnold Vosloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Yasamin Masoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rosalind J van Wyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marietjie A Stander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; LC-MS Unit of the Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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10
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Vosloo JA, Rautenbach M. Following tyrothricin peptide production by Brevibacillus parabrevis with electrospray mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2020; 179:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Antimicrobial nanoparticle coatings for medical implants: Design challenges and prospects. Biointerphases 2020; 15:060801. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Kabra R, Singh S. ABC Exporters in Pathogenesis: Role of Synthetic Anti-Microbial Peptides. Protein J 2020; 39:657-670. [PMID: 33068233 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABC exporters are involved in diverse cellular processes including lipid trafficking, drug resistance, pathogenesis etc. The greatest thrust has been in the area of drug resistance that explains the underlying well-crafted canonical architecture of its structure. Interestingly, ranging from structural organisation to subsequent design and delivery aspects lays the niche of antimicrobial peptides. One of the major highlight of this paper is the role of synthetic antimicrobial peptides in current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Kabra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
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13
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Gong X, Zou L, Wang M, Zhang Y, Peng S, Zhong M, Zhou J, Li X, Ma X. Gramicidin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by suppressing EGR4. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:53-59. [PMID: 31852273 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gramicidin is a well-known antibiotic and recently was reported to induced tumour cell death, however, little is understood about the molecular mechanism of gramicidin as a therapeutic agent for solid tumours. Here, we investigated the role of gramicidin in cholangiocarcinoma cells. We found that gramicidin A inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and induced the necrotic cell death. We used next generation sequencing to analyse gene expression profiles of cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with gramicidin. We identified 265 differentially expressed genes in cholangiocarcinoma cells between PBS treatment and gramicidin treatment. EGR4 was confirmed to be a target of gramicidin-induced cell growth inhibition. Furthermore, we demonstrated that downregulation of EGR4 in cholangiocarcinoma cells leads to restraining tumour cell growth. Of note, EGR4 was expressed at highest levels in cholangiocarcinoma tissues among 17 types of human cancers, and EGR4 expression positively correlated with several growth factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Our findings ascertain that EGR4 is a potential target in cholangiocarcinoma and suppressing EGR4 by gramicidin establish an essential mechanism for bile duct carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gong
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Zou
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Peng
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingtian Zhong
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiankui Zhou
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Shang Z, Chan SY, Song Q, Li P, Huang W. The Strategies of Pathogen-Oriented Therapy on Circumventing Antimicrobial Resistance. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2016201. [PMID: 33083786 PMCID: PMC7539235 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2016201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious threats to the global public health. Conventional antibiotics have been eclipsed in combating with drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the developing and deploying of novel antimicrobial drugs have trudged, as few new antibiotics are being developed over time and even fewer of them can hit the market. Alternative therapeutic strategies to resolve the AMR crisis are urgently required. Pathogen-oriented therapy (POT) springs up as a promising approach in circumventing antibiotic resistance. The tactic underling POT is applying antibacterial compounds or materials directly to infected regions to treat specific bacteria species or strains with goals of improving the drug efficacy and reducing nontargeting and the development of drug resistance. This review exemplifies recent trends in the development of POTs for circumventing AMR, including the adoption of antibiotic-antibiotic conjugates, antimicrobial peptides, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnologies, CRISPR-Cas systems, and microbiota modulations. Employing these alternative approaches alone or in combination shows promising advantages for addressing the growing clinical embarrassment of antibiotics in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
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15
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Vosloo J, Snoep J, Rautenbach M. Modelling the variable incorporation of aromatic amino acids in the tyrocidines and analogous cyclodecapeptides. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1665-1676. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Vosloo
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - J.L. Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
- Molecular Cell Physiology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- MIB University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - M. Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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16
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Dias Bastos PA, Lara Santos L, Pinheiro Vitorino RM. How are the expression patterns of gut antimicrobial peptides modulated by human gastrointestinal diseases? A bridge between infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. J Pept Sci 2018. [PMID: 29542263 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human gut barrier is the tissue exposed to the highest load of microorganisms, harbouring 100 trillion bacteria. In addition, the gut's renewal rate outruns that of any other human tissue. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are highly optimized defense molecules in the intestinal barrier optimized to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Alterations in AMPs activity can lead to or result from human gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, unique, conserved, or otherwise regular alterations in the expression patterns of human AMPs across gastrointestinal inflammatory and infectious diseases were analyzed for pattern elucidation. Human gastrointestinal diseases are associated with alterations in gut AMPs' expression patterns in a peptide-specific, disease-specific, and pathogen-specific way, modulating human gastrointestinal functioning. Across diseases, there is a (i) marked reduction in otherwise constitutively expressed AMPs, leading to increased disease susceptibility, and a (ii) significant increase in the expression of inducible AMPs, leading to tissue damage and disease severity. Infections and inflammatory conditions are associated with altered gene expression in the gut, whose patterns may favour cellular metaplasia, mucosal dysfunction, and disease states. Altered expression of AMPs can thus thrive disease severity and evolution since its early stages. Nevertheless, the modulation of AMP expression patterns unveils promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Pinheiro Vitorino
- iBiMED, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Design of antimicrobial peptides from a cuttlefish database. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1573-1582. [PMID: 30121851 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
No antimicrobial peptide has been identified in cephalopods to date. Annotation of transcriptomes or genomes using basic local alignment Search Tool failed to yield any from sequence identities. Therefore, we searched for antimicrobial sequences in the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) database by in silico analysis of a transcriptomic database. Using an original approach based on the analysis of cysteine-free antimicrobial peptides selected from our Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD3), the online prediction tool of the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides (CAMPR3), and a homemade software program, we identified potential antibacterial sequences. Nine peptides less than 25 amino acids long were synthesized. The hydrophobic content of all nine of them ranged from 30 to 70%, and they could form alpha-helices. Three peptides possessed similarities with piscidins, one with BMAP-27, and five were totally new. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated on eight bacteria including the aquatic pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas salmonicida, or human pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus. Despite the prediction of an antimicrobial potential for eight of the peptides, only two-GR21 and KT19-inhibited more than one bacterial strain with minimal inhibitory concentrations below 25 µM. Some sequences like VA20 and FK19 were hemolytic, while GR21 induced less than 10% of hemolysis on human blood cells at a concentration of 200 µM. GR21 was the only peptide derived from a precursor with a signal peptide, suggesting a real role in cuttlefish immune defense.
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18
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Li Z, Hu Y, Yang Y, Lu Z, Wang Y. Antimicrobial resistance in livestock: antimicrobial peptides provide a new solution for a growing challenge. Anim Front 2018; 8:21-29. [PMID: 32002215 PMCID: PMC6951932 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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19
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Reddy DN, Singh S, Ho CMW, Patel J, Schlesinger P, Rodgers S, Doctor A, Marshall GR. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of stable β 6.3-Helices: Discovery of non-hemolytic antibacterial peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:193-210. [PMID: 29501941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gramicidin A, a topical antibiotic made from alternating L and D amino acids, is characterized by its wide central pore; upon insertion into membranes, it forms channels that disrupts ion gradients. We present helical peptidomimetics with this characteristic wide central pore that have been designed to mimic gramicidin A channels. Mimetics were designed using molecular modeling focused on oligomers of heterochiral dipeptides of proline analogs, in particular azaproline (AzPro). Molecular Dynamics simulations in water confirmed the stability of the designed helices. A sixteen-residue Formyl-(AzPro-Pro)8-NHCH2CH2OH helix was synthesized as well as a full thirty-two residue Cbz-(AzPro-Pro)16-OtBu channels. No liposomal lysis activity was observed suggesting lack of channel formation, possibly due to inappropriate hydrogen-bonding interactions in the membrane. These peptidomimetics also did not hemolyze red blood cells, unlike gramicidin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodara N Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chris M W Ho
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen Rodgers
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Allan Doctor
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Garland R Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:153-184. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Kerantzas CA, Jacobs WR. Origins of Combination Therapy for Tuberculosis: Lessons for Future Antimicrobial Development and Application. mBio 2017; 8:e01586-16. [PMID: 28292983 PMCID: PMC5350467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01586-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global health problem that causes the death of approximately 1.5 million people worldwide each year (WHO, p. 1-126, Global Tuberculosis Report, 2015). Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis requires combination antimicrobial therapy with a minimum of four antimicrobial agents applied over the course of 6 months. The first instance of combination antimicrobial therapy applied to tuberculosis was the joint use of streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid as documented by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1950. These antimicrobial drugs were the product of many decades of investigation into both organism-derived antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapy and were the first agents in those respective categories to show substantial clinical efficacy and widespread use for tuberculosis. The events leading to the discovery and application of these two agents demonstrate that investments in all aspects of research, from basic science to clinical application, are necessary for the continued success of science in finding treatments for human disease. This observation is especially worth considering given the expanded role that combination therapy may play in combating the current rise in resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Kerantzas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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22
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Patel R, Parray MUD, Singh UK, Islam A, Venkatesu P, Singh S, Bohidar HB. Effect of 1,4-bis(3-dodecylimidazolium-1-yl) butane bromide on channel form of gramicidin vesicles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Richter C, Trojahn C, Hillmann K, Dobos G, Stroux A, Kottner J, Blume-Peytavi U. Reduction of Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Lesions with Topical Tyrothricin 0.1% in the Treatment of Mild to Severe Acne Papulopustulosa: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 29:1-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000439439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Synergistic activity of the tyrocidines, antimicrobial cyclodecapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus, with amphotericin B and caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3697-707. [PMID: 24752256 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02381-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrocidines are cationic cyclodecapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus that are characterized by potent antibacterial and antimalarial activities. In this study, we show that various tyrocidines have significant activity against planktonic Candida albicans in the low-micromolar range. These tyrocidines also prevented C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Studies with the membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide showed that the tyrocidines disrupt the membrane integrity of mature C. albicans biofilm cells. This membrane activity correlated with the permeabilization and rapid lysis of model fungal membranes containing phosphatidylcholine and ergosterol (70:30 ratio) induced by the tyrocidines. The tyrocidines exhibited pronounced synergistic biofilm-eradicating activity in combination with two key antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and caspofungin. Using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, we found that tyrocidine A potentiated the activity of caspofungin. Therefore, tyrocidines are promising candidates for further research as antifungal drugs and as agents for combinatorial treatment.
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25
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Joo SH. Cyclic peptides as therapeutic agents and biochemical tools. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:19-26. [PMID: 24116270 PMCID: PMC3792197 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial activity, immunosuppressive activity, and anti-tumor activity, and so on. Encouraged by natural cyclic peptides with biological activity, efforts have been made to develop cyclic peptides with both genetic and synthetic methods. The genetic methods include phage display, intein-based cyclic peptides, and mRNA display. The synthetic methods involve individual synthesis, parallel synthesis, as well as split-and-pool synthesis. Recent development of cyclic peptide library based on split-and-pool synthesis allows on-bead screening, in-solution screening, and microarray screening of cyclic peptides for biological activity. Cyclic peptides will be useful as receptor agonist/antagonist, RNA binding molecule, enzyme inhibitor and so on, and more cyclic peptides will emerge as therapeutic agents and biochemical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Joo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan 712-702, Republic of Korea
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26
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Vosloo JA, Stander MA, Leussa ANN, Spathelf BM, Rautenbach M. Manipulation of the tyrothricin production profile of Bacillus aneurinolyticus. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:2200-2211. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.068734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Arnold Vosloo
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marietjie A. Stander
- Department of Biochemistry and LCMS-Central Analytical Facility, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Adrienne N.-N. Leussa
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Marina Rautenbach
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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27
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Wigger-Alberti W, Stauss-Grabo M, Grigo K, Atiye S, Williams R, Korting H. Efficacy of a Tyrothricin-Containing Wound Gel in an Abrasive Wound Model for Superficial Wounds. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Korting H, Schöllmann C, Stauss-Grabo M, Schäfer-Korting M. Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin: A Paradigm of Translational Medicine. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:323-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000341990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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30
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Elaboration of antibiofilm materials by chemical grafting of an antimicrobial peptide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:623-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Dubos RJ, Hotchkiss RD. THE PRODUCTION OF BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCES BY AEROBIC SPORULATING BACILLI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 73:629-40. [PMID: 19871101 PMCID: PMC2135154 DOI: 10.1084/jem.73.5.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Several species of aerobic sporulating bacilli recently isolated from soil, sewage, manure, and cheese, as well as authentic strains obtained from type culture collections, have been found to exhibit antagonistic activity against unrelated microorganisms. Cultures of these aerobic sporulating bacilli yield an alcohol-soluble, water-insoluble fraction,—tyrothricin,—which is bactericidal for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial species. Two different crystalline products have been separated from tyrothricin. One, which may be called tyrocidine, is bactericidal in vitro for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species; the other substance, gramicidin, is effective only against Gram-positive microorganisms. In general, tyrocidine behaves like a protoplasmic poison and like other antiseptics, loses much of its activity in the presence of animal tissues. Gramicidin on the contrary exerts a much more subtle physiological effect on the susceptible bacterial cells and, when applied locally at the site of the infection, retains in vivo a striking activity against Gram-positive microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dubos
- Hospital of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
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32
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Baker Z, Harrison RW, Miller BF. INHIBITION BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON BACTERIA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 74:621-37. [PMID: 19871160 PMCID: PMC2135211 DOI: 10.1084/jem.74.6.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
1. Lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin prevent the inhibition of bacterial metabolism which is caused by synthetic anionic and cationic detergents. The phospholipids must be added either before or simultaneously with the detergent. Addition after the detergent is without effect. Bacteria still exhibit this phenomenon after they have been exposed to the phospholipid and thoroughly washed. 2. A similar action of the phospholipids has been demonstrated towards the bactericidal compounds isolated by Dubos and Hoogerheide from soil bacteria. There is very little effect with bactericidal mercury compounds. 3. The effect of lecithin against the bactericidal action of synthetic detergents was also determined. It was found that germicidal quantities of the detergents were not effective in the presence of the phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Baker
- Walter G. Zoller Memorial Dental Clinic, the Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, and the Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago
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33
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Kelkar DA, Chattopadhyay A. The gramicidin ion channel: A model membrane protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:2011-25. [PMID: 17572379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The linear peptide gramicidin forms prototypical ion channels specific for monovalent cations and has been extensively used to study the organization, dynamics and function of membrane-spanning channels. In recent times, the availability of crystal structures of complex ion channels has challenged the role of gramicidin as a model membrane protein and ion channel. This review focuses on the suitability of gramicidin as a model membrane protein in general, and the information gained from gramicidin to understand lipid-protein interactions in particular. Special emphasis is given to the role and orientation of tryptophan residues in channel structure and function and recent spectroscopic approaches that have highlighted the organization and dynamics of the channel in membrane and membrane-mimetic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaki A Kelkar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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34
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Broniatowski M, Obidowicz K, Vila Romeu N, Broniatowska E, Dynarowicz-Łatka P. Mixed Langmuir monolayers of gramicidin A and fluorinated alcohols. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 313:600-7. [PMID: 17540396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mixed monolayers of gramicidin A (GA) and three alcohols, differing in the degree of fluorination, namely C18OH, F18OH, and F8H10OH have been investigated by means of: surface manometry (pi-A isotherms) and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) aiming at finding appropriate molecules for incorporating gramicidin A for a biosensor design. Our results proved that only the semifluorinated alcohol is appropriate material for this purpose since it forms miscible and homogeneous monolayers with GA within the whole concentration range. The experimental results have been supported by the calculations of van der Waals energy profiles using the Insight II program. Both the hydrogenated and perfluorinated alcohols were found to aggregate at higher surface pressures, which exclude their application for gramicidin-based biosensor construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Broniatowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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35
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36
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Broniatowski M, Suarez MN, Romeu NV, Dynarowicz-Łatka P. Gramicidin A Channel in a Matrix from a Semifluorinated Surfactant Monolayer. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:19450-5. [PMID: 17004804 DOI: 10.1021/jp0623138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gramicidin A, a polypeptide antibiotic forming transmembrane ion channels, has been incorporated into a Langmuir monolayer formed by a semifluorinated alkane (SFA). In this work, partially fluorinated tetracosane, perfluorohexyloctadecane (F6H18), has been applied, aiming at finding a suitable matrix for gramicidin A to be transferred onto solid support for a biosensor design. For this purpose, the physiological conditions were of special interest (mixed monolayers containing low gramicidin proportion and the surface pressure of 30 mN/m). Mixed monolayers of gramicidin and SFA were found to be miscible within the whole range of mole fractions. A very significant increase of the stability of SFA monolayer has been found in the presence of gramicidin, even at such a low proportion as X(gramicidin) = 0.1, which is reflected in a 3.5-fold increase of the collapse pressure value of mixed monolayer as compared to the film from pure SFA. This interesting phenomenon has been interpreted as being due to the existence of a strong dipole-dipole interaction between both film-forming molecules. Opposite sign of the measured electric surface potential for gramicidin and SFA, resulting from different directions of the dipole moment vectors in both film molecules, implies that the ordered, antiparallel orientation of the dipole moments in the mixed gramicidin/SFA system can be responsible for its extremely high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Broniatowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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37
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Characterisation of the tyrocidine and gramicidin fractions of the tyrothricin complex from Bacillus brevis using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)87015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Evett GE, Donaldson DM, Vernon LP. Biological properties of Pyrularia thionin prepared from nuts of Pyrularia pubera. Toxicon 1986; 24:622-5. [PMID: 3750350 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(86)90185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrularia thionin is a 47 amino acid basic peptide which resembles wheat purothionin and mistletoe viscotoxin. It is toxic to mice, with an LD50 of 1.5 mg/kg body weight and is cytotoxic to tumor and normal cells in culture, with ID50 values ranging from 0.62 to 17 micrograms/ml. Against seven bacterial species it was toxic only to Micrococcus luteus. The toxin did not protect mice against transplanted B16 melanoma, nor did it show any mitogenic activity with mouse spleen lymphocytes.
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39
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Gramicidin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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41
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42
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43
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ANTIBIOTICS ISOLATED FROM THE GENUS BACILLUS (BACILLACEAE). Antibiotics (Basel) 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9802-6.50009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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44
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Die biologische Bedeutung der chemischen Feinstruktur bakterieller Zellgrenzfl�chen. Naturwissenschaften 1963. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00601583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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46
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BLASCHKE-HELLMESSEN R. [Antagonistic effect of aerobic spore formation against pathogenic skin fungi]. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1959; 32:393-408. [PMID: 13650577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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47
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�ber die antagonistische Wirkung aerober Sporenbildner gegen�ber pathogenen Hautpilzen. Arch Microbiol 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00690871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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49
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CANTOR AJ. Tyrothricin in proctology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 1946; 13:247. [PMID: 20994227 DOI: 10.1007/bf03002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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50
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Henderson J. The status of tyrothricin as an antibiotic agent for topical application*†‡*Read in part before the Scientific Section of the Proprietary Association of America, New York, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1945.†Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, N. J‡The accumulation of much of the data reported herein with respect to the antibacterial and sensitizmg properties of tyrothricin was made possible by a grant from the Johnson & Johnson Research Foundation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1946. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.3030350503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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