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van Baaren J, Boivin G, Visser B, Le Lann C. Bet-hedging in parasitoids: when optimization is not the best strategy to cope with climatic extremes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100076. [PMID: 39027356 PMCID: PMC11256270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bet-hedging occurs when unreliable environments select for genotypes exhibiting a lower variance in fitness at the cost of a lower mean fitness for each batch of progeny. This means that at the level of the genotype, the production of mostly non-optimal phenotypes may be favored when at least some phenotypes are successful. As extreme unreliable climatic events are increasing because of climate change, it is pertinent to investigate the potential of bet-hedging strategies that allow insects to cope with climate change. Evidence for bet-hedging is scarce in most insects, including parasitoids, but the unique lifestyle and biology of parasitoids leads to the expectation that bet-hedging may occur frequently. Here, we evaluate a range of parasitoid traits for which a bet-hedging strategy could be envisioned even if bet-hedging has not been identified as such yet. Under-identification of bet-hedging in nature could have resulted from a major focus of studies on parasitoid life history evolution and foraging behavior on optimality models, predicting how mean fitness can be maximized. Most environmental factors, however, vary unpredictably. Life history and behavioral adaptations are thus expected to be affected by environmental stochasticity. In this paper, we review different aspects of parasitoid behavior, physiology, and life histories and ask the question whether parasitoid traits could have evolved under selection by environmental stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan van Baaren
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, 430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, J3B 3E6
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
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2
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Estrada-Marroquín MD, Cancino J, Sánchez-Guillén D, Montoya P, Liedo P. Immature stages of Utetes anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developed in Anastrepha fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 77:101314. [PMID: 37925773 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the immature stages of Utetes anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a native parasitoid of larvae of flies of the Neotropical genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), is shown. This study aimed to characterize the immature stages and morphological changes in the development of the koinobiont endoparasitoid in two species of larval hosts, Anastrepha obliqua and Anastrepha ludens. The definition of structures and morphological changes during development was made through daily microscopic observations and photographs of dissected hosts. The immature development of the parasitoid corresponds to a holometabolous insect with three well-defined stages: egg (two days), larva with three larval instars (approximately eight days), and pupa (six days). Similar development times were obtained in the two host species. Males and females completed their cycle in 17 and 18 days, respectively. During egg-first instar development, host antagonistic activity through melanization and encapsulation as mortality factors was evident and frequent only in A. obliqua. These results serve as basic knowledge for the use of this parasitoid in the biological control of fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Programa Operativo Moscas SADER-IICA, Camino a los Cacaotales S/N, C.P. 30680, Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Guillén
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Pablo Montoya
- Instituto de Biociencias, UNACH, Blvd. Príncipe Akishino S/N, C.P. 30798, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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3
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Shaw B, Walker A, Hemer S, Cannon MFL, Brown B, Rogai FM, Fountain MT. Preliminary evidence of Drosophila suzukii parasitism in Southeast England. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2585-2597. [PMID: 37707606 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii, relies on a range of complimentary pest management approaches. However, increasing external costs (e.g., labour, exclusion mesh and fuel), are limiting the ability to control the pest via non-chemical means. Extant UK parasitoids could be exploited for the suppression of D. suzukii populations, but there is currently a lack of knowledge of the UK species utilising D. suzukii as a host or their lifecycle requirements. Between 2017 and 2020, we identified parasitoids developing in D. suzukii, in Southeast England.Sentinel traps, containing laboratory reared D. suzukii larvae/pupae in fruit, were deployed within the vicinity of commercial crops and semi-natural areas. Six generalist parasitoid species were recovered from D. suzukii sentinel traps. These included two species of larval parasitoids (Leptopilina heterotoma Thomson (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and Asobara tabida (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and four pupal parasitoids (Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Spalangia erythromera (Forster) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Trichopria modesta (Ratzeburg, 1848) and T. prema Nixon (both Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)).The performance of the first four species as D. suzukii parasitoids was further tested in the laboratory and then in the field to assess rates of parasitism. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was the most abundant species recovered from field collections and had in increasing rate of population rate in the laboratory. Other species were not successful at parasitising D. suzukii. In the field, adult D. suzukii emergence from sentinel traps was reduced by ~ 21% where parasitoids could access D. suzukii larvae and pupae.Parasitoids of D. suzukii are understudied in the UK, and this research indicates where future efforts could be made in understanding the interaction between host and parasitoid and the opportunities to exploit extant parasitoids for the control of D. suzukii. We also evaluate the prospects for classical and augmented control and discuss how they may fit with current regional integrated pest management options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastian Hemer
- NIAB East Malling, Maidstone, Kent, UK
- Berry Gardens Growers, Maidstone, Kent, UK
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Abram PK, Haye T, Clarke P, Grove E, Thiessen J, Gariepy TD. Partial refuges from biological control due to intraspecific variation in protective host traits. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2796. [PMID: 36502297 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how much of a host or prey population may be attacked by their natural enemies is fundamental to several subfields of applied ecology, particularly biological control of pest organisms. Hosts or prey can occupy refuges that prevent them from being killed by natural enemies, but habitat or ecological refuges are challenging or impossible to predict in a laboratory setting-which is often where efficacy and specificity testing of candidate biological control agents is done. Here we explore how intraspecific variation in continuous traits of individuals or groups that confer some protection from natural enemy attack-even after the natural enemy has encountered the prey-could provide partial refuges. The size of these trait-based refuges (i.e., the proportion of prey that survive natural enemy encounters due to protective traits) should depend on the relationship between trait values and host/prey susceptibility to natural enemy attack and on how common different trait values are within a host/prey population. These can be readily estimated in laboratory testing of natural enemy impact on target or nontarget prey or hosts as long as sufficient host material is available. We provide a general framework for how intraspecific variation in protective host traits could be integrated into biological control research, specifically with reference to nontarget testing as part of classical biological control programs. As a case study, we exposed different host clutch sizes of target (pest) and nontarget (native species) stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species to a well-studied exotic biocontrol agent, the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). We predicted that the smallest and largest clutches would occupy trait-based refuges from parasitism. Although we observed several behavioral and reproductive responses to variation in host egg mass size by T. japonicus, they did not translate to increases in host survival large enough to change the conclusions of nontarget testing. We encourage researchers to investigate intraspecific variation in a wider variety of protective host and prey traits and their consequences for refuge size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Peggy Clarke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Grove
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Thiessen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Wang AY, Peng YQ, Cook JM, Yang DR, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. Host insect specificity and interspecific competition drive parasitoid diversification in a plant-insect community. Ecology 2023:e4062. [PMID: 37186391 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ecological interactions among plants, insect herbivores and parasitoids are pervasive in nature and play important roles in community assembling, but the codiversification of tri-trophic interactions has received less attention. Here we compare pairwise codiversification patterns between a set of 22 fig species, their herbivorous pollinating and galling wasps, and their parasitoids. The parasitoid phylogeny showed significant congruence and more cospeciation events with host insects phylogeny than with host plants. These results suggest that parasitoid phylogeny and speciation is more closely related to their host insects than to their host plants. The pollinating wasps hosted more parasitoid species than gallers and indicated a more intense interspecific competition among parasitoids associated with pollinators. Closer matching and fewer evolutionary host shifts were found between parasitoids and galler hosts than between parasitoids and pollinator hosts. These results suggest that interspecific competition among parasitoids, rather than resource availability of host wasps, is the main driver of the codiversification pattern in this community. Therefore, our study highlights the important role of interspecific competition among high trophic level insects in plant-insect tri-trophic community assembling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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6
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Quicray M, Wilhelm L, Enriquez T, He S, Scheifler M, Visser B. The Drosophila-parasitizing wasp Leptopilina heterotoma: A comprehensive model system in ecology and evolution. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9625. [PMID: 36703713 PMCID: PMC9871341 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma has been used as a model system for more than 70 years, contributing greatly to diverse research areas in ecology and evolution. Here, we synthesized the large body of work on L. heterotoma with the aim to identify new research avenues that could be of interest also for researchers studying other parasitoids and insects. We start our review with a description of typical L. heterotoma characteristics, as well as that of the higher taxonomic groups to which this species belongs. We then continue discussing host suitability and immunity, foraging behaviors, as well as fat accumulation and life histories. We subsequently shift our focus towards parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, including L. heterotoma coexistence within the larger guild of Drosophila parasitoids, chemical communication, as well as mating and population structuring. We conclude our review by highlighting the assets of L. heterotoma as a model system, including its intermediate life history syndromes, the ease of observing and collecting natural hosts and wasps, as well as recent genomic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Quicray
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Shulin He
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
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7
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Wendling CC, Lange J, Liesegang H, Sieber M, Pöhlein A, Bunk B, Rajkov J, Goehlich H, Roth O, Brockhurst MA. Higher phage virulence accelerates the evolution of host resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221070. [PMID: 36196537 PMCID: PMC9532999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens vary strikingly in their virulence and the selection they impose on their hosts. While the evolution of different virulence levels is well studied, the evolution of host resistance in response to different virulence levels is less understood and, at present, mainly based on observations and theoretical predictions with few experimental tests. Increased virulence can increase selection for host resistance evolution if the benefits of avoiding infection outweigh resistance costs. To test this, we experimentally evolved the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus in the presence of two variants of a filamentous phage that differ in their virulence. The bacterial host exhibited two alternative defence strategies: (1) super infection exclusion (SIE), whereby phage-infected cells were immune to subsequent infection at the cost of reduced growth, and (2) surface receptor mutations (SRM), providing resistance to infection by preventing phage attachment. While SIE emerged rapidly against both phages, SRM evolved faster against the high- than the low-virulence phage. Using a mathematical model of our system, we show that increasing virulence strengthens selection for SRM owing to the higher costs of infection suffered by SIE immune hosts. Thus, by accelerating the evolution of host resistance, more virulent phages caused shorter epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin C Wendling
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, CHN D 33, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janina Lange
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiko Liesegang
- Department of genomic and applied microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Sieber
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Anja Pöhlein
- Department of genomic and applied microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Department Bioinformatics and Databases, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jelena Rajkov
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Marine Evolutionary Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Henry Goehlich
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Marine Evolutionary Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael A Brockhurst
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Wertheim B. Adaptations and counter-adaptations in Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions: advances in the molecular mechanisms. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100896. [PMID: 35240335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Both hosts and parasitoids evolved a diverse array of traits and strategies for their antagonistic interactions, affecting their chances of encounter, attack and survival after parasitoid attack. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these adaptations and counter-adaptations in various Drosophila host-parasitoid interactions. For the hosts, it focuses on the neurobiological and genetic control of strategies in Drosophila adults and larvae of avoidance or escape behaviours upon sensing the parasitoids, and the immunological defences involving diverse classes of haemocytes. For the parasitoids, it highlights their behavioural strategies in host finding, as well as the rich variety of venom components that evolved and were partially acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Recent studies revealed the mechanisms by which these venom components manipulate their parasitized hosts in exhibiting escape behaviour to avoid superparasitism, and their counter-strategies to evade or obstruct the hosts' immunological defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Turner WC, Kamath PL, van Heerden H, Huang YH, Barandongo ZR, Bruce SA, Kausrud K. The roles of environmental variation and parasite survival in virulence-transmission relationships. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210088. [PMID: 34109041 PMCID: PMC8170194 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are a consequence of interactions among the three components of a host-parasite system: the infectious agent, the host and the environment. While virulence and transmission are widely investigated, most studies of parasite life-history trade-offs are conducted with theoretical models or tractable experimental systems where transmission is standardized and the environment controlled. Yet, biotic and abiotic environmental factors can strongly affect disease dynamics, and ultimately, host-parasite coevolution. Here, we review research on how environmental context alters virulence-transmission relationships, focusing on the off-host portion of the parasite life cycle, and how variation in parasite survival affects the evolution of virulence and transmission. We review three inter-related 'approaches' that have dominated the study of the evolution of virulence and transmission for different host-parasite systems: (i) evolutionary trade-off theory, (ii) parasite local adaptation and (iii) parasite phylodynamics. These approaches consider the role of the environment in virulence and transmission evolution from different angles, which entail different advantages and potential biases. We suggest improvements to how to investigate virulence-transmission relationships, through conceptual and methodological developments and taking environmental context into consideration. By combining developments in life-history evolution, phylogenetics, adaptive dynamics and comparative genomics, we can improve our understanding of virulence-transmission relationships across a diversity of host-parasite systems that have eluded experimental study of parasite life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C. Turner
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pauline L. Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zoe R. Barandongo
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Spencer A. Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Kyrre Kausrud
- Section for Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Geldman EM, Morin-Poulard I, Crozatier M, Jiggins FM. Constitutive activation of cellular immunity underlies the evolution of resistance to infection in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:59095. [PMID: 33357377 PMCID: PMC7785293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms rely on inducible and constitutive immune defences to combat infection. Constitutive immunity enables a rapid response to infection but may carry a cost for uninfected individuals, leading to the prediction that it will be favoured when infection rates are high. When we exposed populations of Drosophila melanogaster to intense parasitism by the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, they evolved resistance by developing a more reactive cellular immune response. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that immune-inducible genes had become constitutively upregulated. This was the result of resistant larvae differentiating precursors of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes that were previously only produced after infection. Therefore, populations evolved resistance by genetically hard-wiring the first steps of an induced immune response to become constitutive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Geldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Sikkink KL, Bailey NW, Zuk M, Balenger SL. Immunogenetic and tolerance strategies against a novel parasitoid of wild field crickets. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13312-13326. [PMID: 33304539 PMCID: PMC7713935 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the parasites of insects, endoparasitoids impose a costly challenge to host defenses because they use their host's body for the development and maturation of their eggs or larvae, and ultimately kill the host. Tachinid flies are highly specialized acoustically orienting parasitoids, with first instar mobile larvae that burrow into the host's body to feed. We investigated the possibility that Teleogryllus oceanicus field crickets employ postinfestation strategies to maximize survival when infested with the larvae of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea. Using crickets from the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, where the parasitoid is present, and crickets from the Cook Islands (Mangaia), where the parasitoid is absent, we evaluated fitness consequences of infestation by comparing feeding behavior, reproductive capacity, and survival of males experimentally infested with O. ochracea larvae. We also evaluated mechanisms underlying host responses by comparing gene expression in crickets infested with fly larvae for different lengths of time with that of uninfested control crickets. We observed weak population differences in fitness (spermatophore production) and survival (total survival time postinfestation). These responses generally did not show an interaction between population and the number of larva hosts carried or by host body condition. Gene expression patterns also revealed population differences in response to infestation, but we did not find evidence for consistent differences in genes associated with immunity or stress response. One possibility is that any postinfestation evolved resistance does not involve genes associated with these particular functional categories. More likely, these results suggest that coevolution with the fly does not strongly select for either postinfestation resistance or tolerance of parasitoid larvae in male crickets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W. Bailey
- Centre for Biological DiversitySchool of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota‐Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
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12
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Understanding the Evolutionary Ecology of host--pathogen Interactions Provides Insights into the Outcomes of Insect Pest Biocontrol. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020141. [PMID: 31991772 PMCID: PMC7077243 DOI: 10.3390/v12020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of viral pathogens to control thepopulation size of pest insects has produced both successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Here, we investigate whether those biocontrol successes and failures can be explained by key ecological and evolutionary processes between hosts and pathogens. Specifically, we examine how heterogeneity inpathogen transmission, ecological and evolutionary tradeoffs, andpathogen diversity affect insect population density and thus successful control. Wefirst review theexisting literature and then use numerical simulations of mathematical models to further explore these processes. Our results show that thecontrol of insect densities using viruses depends strongly on theheterogeneity of virus transmission among insects. Overall, increased heterogeneity of transmission reduces theeffect of viruses on insect densities and increases thelong-term stability of insect populations. Lower equilibrium insect densities occur when transmission is heritable and when there is atradeoff between mean transmission and insect fecundity compared to when theheterogeneity of transmission arises from non-genetic sources. Thus, theheterogeneity of transmission is akey parameter that regulates thelong-term population dynamics of insects and their pathogens. Wealso show that both heterogeneity of transmission and life-history tradeoffs modulate characteristics of population dynamics such as thefrequency and intensity of ``boom--bust" population cycles. Furthermore, we show that because of life-history tradeoffs affecting thetransmission rate, theuse of multiple pathogen strains is more effective than theuse of asingle strain to control insect densities only when thepathogen strains differ considerably intheir transmission characteristics. By quantifying theeffects of ecology and evolution on population densities, we are able to offer recommendations to assess thelong-term effects of classical biocontrol.
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Clarke CW, Calatayud PA, Sforza RFH, Ndemah RN, Nyamukondiwa C. Editorial: Parasitoids' Ecology and Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lethal Interaction of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2225-2234. [PMID: 31076384 PMCID: PMC6643882 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drosophilamelanogaster, like most animal species, displays considerable genetic variation in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here we tested whether any of four natural mtDNA variants was able to modify the effect of the phenotypically mild, nuclear tko25t mutation, affecting mitochondrial protein synthesis. When combined with tko25t, the mtDNA from wild strain KSA2 produced pupal lethality, accompanied by the presence of melanotic nodules in L3 larvae. KSA2 mtDNA, which carries a substitution at a conserved residue of cytochrome b that is predicted to be involved in subunit interactions within respiratory complex III, conferred drastically decreased respiratory capacity and complex III activity in the tko25t but not a wild-type nuclear background. The complex III inhibitor antimycin A was able to phenocopy effects of the tko25t mutation in the KSA2 mtDNA background. This is the first report of a lethal, nuclear-mitochondrial interaction within a metazoan species, representing a paradigm for understanding genetic interactions between nuclear and mitochondrial genotype relevant to human health and disease.
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Elizalde L, Treanor D, Pamminger T, Hughes WOH. Immunity of leaf-cutting ants and its role in host-parasitoid relationships. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:49-56. [PMID: 31015014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are an important selection pressure for all organisms, and host immune responses are key in shaping host-parasite interactions. Host species with strong immune defences may be expected to experience lower parasitism; on the other hand, investment in immune function is costly, so hosts that have evolved to invest more in immune defence may be expected to have been under greater selection pressure from parasites. Disentangling the coevolutionary dynamics requires comparative studies that quantify the immune responses of potential hosts of parasites in a community, but such studies are rare. Here, we studied the immune defences of six leaf-cutting ant species in a community for which their relationships with phorid fly parasitoid species are known. We tested whether the strength of the baseline immune defences of the different ant species correlated positively or negatively with parasitoid load (number and abundance of parasitoid species exploiting the ant species), and host specialization of parasitoid species (the proportion of specialist parasitoids using each host). We measured four immune variables: i) the encapsulation response to a standard challenge, levels of ii) phenoloxidase (PO) and iii) prophenoloxidae (PPO) immune enzymes, and iv) the number of haemocytes. We found that ant species differed in their encapsulation response, PO levels and number of haemocytes, and that there was a positive, not negative, correlation across ant species between the strength of several of the immune variables and parasitoid load, but not for host specialization. This is in keeping with the hypothesis that higher parasitoid load selects for greater investment in immune defences. Our results suggest that immunity may be an important factor accounting for the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions in this community. Similar community-level studies may be insightful, both for understanding host-parasite community ecology and for applications such as biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Elizalde
- Laboratorio Ecotono, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez N° 1125, Bariloche 8400, Argentina.
| | - David Treanor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Pamminger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - William O H Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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Gerritsma S, Jalvingh KM, van de Beld C, Beerda J, van de Zande L, Vrieling K, Wertheim B. Natural and Artificial Selection for Parasitoid Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster Leave Different Genetic Signatures. Front Genet 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31214243 PMCID: PMC6557190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of complex traits depends on standing genetic variation at multiple loci. The allelic variants that have positive fitness effects, however, can differ depending on the genetic background and the selective pressure. Previously, we interrogated the Drosophila melanogaster genome at the population level for polymorphic positions and identified 215 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that had significantly changed in frequency after experimental evolution for increased parasitoid resistance. In the current study, we follow up on 11 of these SNPs as putative targets of the experimental selection process (Jalvingh et al., 2014). We study the patterns of genetic variation for these SNPs in several European field populations. Furthermore, we associate the genetic variation of these SNPs to variation in resistance against the parasitoid Asobara tabida, by determining the individual phenotype and SNP genotype for 144 individuals from four Selection lines and four non-selected Control lines and for 400 individuals from 12 Field lines that differ in parasitoid resistance. For the Selection lines we additionally monitored the changes in allele frequencies throughout the five generations of experimental selection. For three genes, mbl (Zn-finger protein), mthl4 (G-protein coupled receptor) and CG17287 (protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase) individual SNP genotypes were significantly associated with resistance level in the Selection and Control lines. Additionally, the minor allele in mbl and mthl4 were consistently and gradually favored throughout the five generations of experimental evolution. However, none of these alleles did appear to be associated to high resistance in the Field lines. We suggest that, within field populations, selection for parasitoid resistance is a gradual process that involves co-adapted gene complexes. Fast artificial selection, however, enforces the sudden cumulating of particular alleles that confer high resistance (genetic sweep). We discuss our findings in the context of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Gerritsma
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M Jalvingh
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carmen van de Beld
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Beerda
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Cluster, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development and Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Mathé-Hubert H, Kaech H, Ganesanandamoorthy P, Vorburger C. Evolutionary costs and benefits of infection with diverse strains of Spiroplasma in pea aphids. Evolution 2019; 73:1466-1481. [PMID: 30990223 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The heritable endosymbiont Spiroplasma infects many insects and has repeatedly evolved the ability to protect its hosts against different parasites. Defenses do not come for free to the host, and theory predicts that more costly symbionts need to provide stronger benefits to persist in host populations. We investigated the costs and benefits of Spiroplasma infections in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), testing 12 bacterial strains from three different clades. Virtually all strains decreased aphid lifespan and reproduction, but only two had a (weak) protective effect against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, an important natural enemy of pea aphids. Spiroplasma-induced fitness costs were variable, with strains from the most slowly evolving clade reaching higher titers and curtailing aphid lifespan more strongly than other strains. Some Spiroplasma strains shared their host with a second endosymbiont, Regiella insecticola. Although the result of an unfortunate handling error, these co-infections proved instructive, because they showed that the cost of infection with Spiroplasma may be attenuated in the presence of Regiella. These results suggest that mechanisms other than protection against A. ervi maintain pea aphid infections with diverse strains of Spiroplasma, and that studying them in isolation will not provide a complete picture of their effects on host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mathé-Hubert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Current Address: LIEC UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Metz, France
| | - Heidi Kaech
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pravin Ganesanandamoorthy
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Lue CH, Borowy D, Buffington ML, Leips J. Geographic and Seasonal Variation in Species Diversity and Community Composition of Frugivorous Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and their Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) Parasitoids. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1096-1106. [PMID: 30169767 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated species diversity patterns across space and time, but few have explored patterns of coexistence of tightly interacting species. We documented species diversity patterns in a host-parasitoid system across broad geographic location and seasons. We calculated species diversity (H and eH ') and compared the relationship between community similarity and geographic distances of frugivorous Drosophila host (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Leptopilina parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) communities across Eastern North America, from New Hampshire to Florida, at two time points during the breeding season. We also analyzed the influence of environmental factors on species assemblages via constrained correspondence analysis and lastly calculated cluster dendrograms to identify potential host-parasitoid interactions. We found that the composition of Drosophila-Leptopilina communities varied significantly with latitude. Interestingly, diversity increased with increasing latitude, a trend counter to latitudinal patterns of diversity observed in many other taxa. We also found seasonal effects of monthly temperature range and precipitation on host biodiversity patterns across geographic locations. Cluster dendrograms nominated potential parasitoid-hosts and competitive interactions to be validated in the future studies. The present study fills an important gap of knowledge in North American Drosophila-Leptopilina species diversity patterns and lays the groundwork for future ecological and evolutionary studies in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Lue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS/USDA c/o Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution Ave, NW, Washington DC
| | - Dorothy Borowy
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS/USDA c/o Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution Ave, NW, Washington DC
| | - Jeff Leips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD
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Kacsoh BZ, Bozler J, Bosco G. Drosophila species learn dialects through communal living. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007430. [PMID: 30024883 PMCID: PMC6053138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species are able to share information about their environment by communicating through auditory, visual, and olfactory cues. In Drosophila melanogaster, exposure to parasitoid wasps leads to a decline in egg laying, and exposed females communicate this threat to naïve flies, which also depress egg laying. We find that species across the genus Drosophila respond to wasps by egg laying reduction, activate cleaved caspase in oocytes, and communicate the presence of wasps to naïve individuals. Communication within a species and between closely related species is efficient, while more distantly related species exhibit partial communication. Remarkably, partial communication between some species is enhanced after a cohabitation period that requires exchange of visual and olfactory signals. This interspecies “dialect learning” requires neuronal cAMP signaling in the mushroom body, suggesting neuronal plasticity facilitates dialect learning and memory. These observations establish Drosophila as genetic models for interspecies social communication and evolution of dialects. In this study, we find that many different Drosophila species never having been exposed to parasitoid wasps can trigger caspase activation in the ovary and depress egg-laying when placed next to flies that had visual experience with wasps. Interestingly, when teacher flies of one species are placed with a student of a different species, communication exists, to varying degrees, which seems dependent on evolutionary relatedness. Cohabitation of two species that can partially communicate can learn each other’s “dialect”, yielding effective interspecies communication. There are various inputs involved in dialect learning, including the presence of visual and olfactory cues and memory functions, including genes implicated in social learning defects in murine models, such as PTEN. The neuroplasticity of adult Drosophila allows for learning of dialects, but the specific dialect learned is dependent on social interactions exclusive to a communal environmental context, which provides both visual and olfactory inputs. We find flies can communicate with one another about an anticipated danger, which is suggestive of a fly “language.” The presence of a neurologically plastic system, allowing for social learning, can subsequently lead to a dramatic physiological response, requiring active learning and memory formation through integration of multiple inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Z. Kacsoh
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Julianna Bozler
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moiroux J, van Baaren J, Poyet M, Couty A, Eslin P, Prévost G, Séguin J, Le Roux V. Response of life-history traits to artificial and natural selection for virulence and nonvirulence in a Drosophila parastitoid, Asobara tabida. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:317-327. [PMID: 27943577 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-evolution of host-parasitoid interactions is determined by the costs of host resistance, which received empirical evidence, and the costs of parasitoid virulence, which have been mostly hypothesized. Asobara tabida is a parasitoid, which mainly parasitizes Drosophila melanogaster and D. subobscura, the first species being able to resist to the parasitoid development while the second species is not. To parasitize resistant hosts, including D. melanogaster, A. tabida develops sticky eggs, which prevent encapsulation, but this virulence mechanism may be costly. Interindividual and interpopulation variation in the proportion of sticky eggs respectively allowed us to (i) artificially select and compare life-history traits of a virulent and a nonvirulent laboratory strain, and (ii) compare a virulent and a nonvirulent field strain, to investigate the hypothetical costs of virulence. We observed strong differences between the 2 laboratory strains. The nonvirulent strain invested fewer resources in reproduction and walked less than the virulent one but lived longer. Concerning the field strains, we observed that the nonvirulent strain had larger wings while the virulent one walked more and faster. All together, our results suggest that virulence may not always be costly, but rather that different life histories associated with different levels of virulence may coexist at both intra- and interpopulation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS-Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, Cedex, France
- UMR 7263 IMBE, AMU - CNRS - IRD - UAPV, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916, Avignon Cedex 09, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS-Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Poyet
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Aude Couty
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Eslin
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Prévost
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Séguin
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Le Roux
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
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Fitness and eco-physiological response of a chytrid fungal parasite infecting planktonic cyanobacteria to thermal and host genotype variation. Parasitology 2018; 145:1279-1286. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding how individual parasite traits contribute to overall fitness, and how they are modulated by both external and host environment, is crucial for predicting disease outcome. Fungal (chytrid) parasites of phytoplankton are important yet poorly studied pathogens with the potential to modulate the abundance and composition of phytoplankton communities and to drive their evolution. Here, we studied life-history traits of a chytrid parasite infecting the planktonic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium Planktothrix spp. under host genotype and thermal variation. When expressing parasite fitness in terms of transmission success, disease outcome was largely modulated by temperature alone. Yet, a closer examination of individual parasite traits linked to different infection phases, such as (i) the establishment of the infection (i.e. intensity of infection) and (ii) the exploitation of host resources (i.e. size of reproductive structures and propagules), revealed differential host genotype and temperature × host genotype modulation, respectively. This illustrates how parasite fitness results from the interplay of individual parasite traits that are differentially controlled by host and external environment, and stresses the importance of combining multiple traits to gain insights into underlying infection mechanisms.
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Andersen JC, Mills NJ. Comparative genetics of invasive populations of walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, in California. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:801-811. [PMID: 29321915 PMCID: PMC5756880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution may be an important component of the sustainability of importation biological control, but how frequently introduced natural enemies coevolve with their target pests is unclear. Here we explore whether comparative population genetics of the invasive walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, provide insights into the localized breakdown of biological control services in walnut orchards in California. We found that sampled populations of C. juglandicola exhibited higher estimates of genetic differentiation (FST) than co-occurring populations of T. pallidus. In contrast, estimates of both the inbreeding coefficient (GIS) and contemporary gene flow were higher for T. pallidus than for C. juglandicola. We also found evidence of reciprocal outlier loci in some locations, but none showed significant signatures of selection. Synthesis and applications. Understanding the importance of coevolutionary interactions for the sustainability of biological control remains an important and understudied component of biological control research. Given the observed differences in gene flow and genetic differentiation among populations of T. pallidus and C. juglandicola, we suspect that temporary local disruption of biological control services may occur more frequently than expected while remaining stable at broader regional scales. Further research that combines genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping with measurements of phenotypic traits is needed to provide more conclusive evidence of whether the occurrence of outlier loci that display significant signatures of selection can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of a geographic mosaic of coevolution in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Andersen
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Mills
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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Parallel and costly changes to cellular immunity underlie the evolution of parasitoid resistance in three Drosophila species. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006683. [PMID: 29049362 PMCID: PMC5663624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A priority for biomedical research is to understand the causes of variation in susceptibility to infection. To investigate genetic variation in a model system, we used flies collected from single populations of three different species of Drosophila and artificially selected them for resistance to the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, and found that survival rates increased 3 to 30 fold within 6 generations. Resistance in all three species involves a large increase in the number of the circulating hemocytes that kill parasitoids. However, the different species achieve this in different ways, with D. melanogaster moving sessile hemocytes into circulation while the other species simply produce more cells. Therefore, the convergent evolution of the immune phenotype has different developmental bases. These changes are costly, as resistant populations of all three species had greatly reduced larval survival. In all three species resistance is only costly when food is in short supply, and resistance was rapidly lost from D. melanogaster populations when food is restricted. Furthermore, evolving resistance to L. boulardi resulted in cross-resistance against other parasitoids. Therefore, whether a population evolves resistance will depend on ecological conditions including food availability and the presence of different parasite species.
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Kraft LJ, Kopco J, Harmon JP, Oliver KM. Aphid symbionts and endogenous resistance traits mediate competition between rival parasitoids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180729. [PMID: 28700614 PMCID: PMC5507255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects use endogenous mechanisms and infection with protective symbionts to thwart attacks from natural enemies. Defenses that target specific enemies, however, potentially mediate competition between rivals and thereby impact community composition. Following its introduction to North America to control pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the parasitoid Aphidius ervi competitively displaced other parasitoids, except for the native Praon pequodorum. The pea aphid exhibits tremendous clonal variation in resistance to A. ervi, primarily through infection with the heritable bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, although some symbiont-free aphid genotypes encode endogenous resistance. Interestingly, H. defensa strains and aphid genotypes that protect against A. ervi, provide no protection against the closely related, P. pequodorum. Given the specificity of aphid defenses, we hypothesized that aphid resistance traits may contribute to the continued persistence of P. pequodorum. We conducted multiparasitism assays to determine whether aphid resistance traits mediate internal competition between these two solitary parasitoid species, but found this was not the case; P. pequodorum was the successful internal competitor across lines varying in susceptibility to A. ervi. Next, to determine whether resistance traits influence competitive interactions resulting in the stable persistence of P. pequodorum, we established replicated cages varying in the proportion of resistant aphids and recorded successful parasitism for each wasp species over time. As expected, A. ervi outcompeted P. pequodorum in cages containing only susceptible aphids. However, P. pequodorum not only persisted, but was the superior competitor in populations containing any proportion (20–100%) of resistant aphids (20–100%). Smaller scale, better replicated competition cage studies corroborated this finding, and no-competition and behavioral assays provide insight into the processes mediating competition. Genetic variation, including that acquired via infection with protective symbionts, may provide a supply of hosts susceptible only to particular enemies, mediating competition with effects on community richness and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kraft
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Kopco
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Harmon
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ballinger MJ, Perlman SJ. Generality of toxins in defensive symbiosis: Ribosome-inactivating proteins and defense against parasitic wasps in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006431. [PMID: 28683136 PMCID: PMC5500355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has become increasingly clear that multicellular organisms often harbor microbial symbionts that protect their hosts against natural enemies, the mechanistic underpinnings underlying most defensive symbioses are largely unknown. Spiroplasma bacteria are widespread associates of terrestrial arthropods, and include strains that protect diverse Drosophila flies against parasitic wasps and nematodes. Recent work implicated a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) encoded by Spiroplasma, and related to Shiga-like toxins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, in defense against a virulent parasitic nematode in the woodland fly, Drosophila neotestacea. Here we test the generality of RIP-mediated protection by examining whether Spiroplasma RIPs also play a role in wasp protection, in D. melanogaster and D. neotestacea. We find strong evidence for a major role of RIPs, with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the larval endoparasitic wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina boulardi, exhibiting the hallmarks of RIP activity. In Spiroplasma-containing hosts, parasitic wasp ribosomes show abundant site-specific depurination in the α-sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, with depurination occurring soon after wasp eggs hatch inside fly larvae. Interestingly, we found that the pupal ectoparasitic wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, escapes protection by Spiroplasma, and its ribosomes do not show high levels of depurination. We also show that fly ribosomes show little evidence of targeting by RIPs. Finally, we find that the genome of D. neotestacea's defensive Spiroplasma encodes a diverse repertoire of RIP genes, which are differ in abundance. This work suggests that specificity of defensive symbionts against different natural enemies may be driven by the evolution of toxin repertoires, and that toxin diversity may play a role in shaping host-symbiont-enemy interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve J. Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Meister H, Tammaru T, Sandre SL, Freitak D. Sources of variance in immunological traits: evidence of congruent latitudinal trends across species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2606-2615. [PMID: 28495866 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among-population differences in immunological traits allow assessment of both evolutionary and plastic changes in organisms' resistance to pathogens. Such knowledge also provides information necessary to predict responses of such traits to environmental changes. Studies on latitudinal trends in insect immunity have so far yielded contradictory results, suggesting that multispecies approaches with highly standardised experimental conditions are needed. Here, we studied among-population differences of two parameters reflecting constitutive immunity-phenoloxidase (PO) and lytic activity, using common-garden design on three distantly related moth species represented by populations ranging from northern Finland to Georgia (Caucasus). The larvae were reared at different temperatures and on different host plants under a crossed factors experimental design. Haemolymph samples for measurement of immune status were taken from the larvae strictly synchronously. Clear among-population differences could be shown only for PO activity in one species (elevated activity in the northern populations). There was some indication that the cases of total absence of lytic activity were more common in southern populations. The effects of temperature, host and sex on the immunological traits studied remained highly species specific. Some evidence was found that lytic activity may be involved in mediating trade-offs between immunity and larval growth performance. In contrast, PO activity rarely covaried with fitness-related traits, and neither were the values of PO and lytic activity correlated with each other. The relatively inconsistent nature of the detected patterns suggests that studies on geographic differences in immunological traits should involve multiple species, and rely on several immunological indices if general trends are a point of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Meister
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siiri-Lii Sandre
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dalial Freitak
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Salazar-Jaramillo L, Jalvingh KM, de Haan A, Kraaijeveld K, Buermans H, Wertheim B. Inter- and intra-species variation in genome-wide gene expression of Drosophila in response to parasitoid wasp attack. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28449654 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017–3697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoid resistance in Drosophila varies considerably, among and within species. An immune response, lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation, evolved in a subclade of Drosophila and was subsequently lost in at least one species within this subclade. While the mechanisms of resistance are fairly well documented in D. melanogaster, much less is known for closely related species. Here, we studied the inter- and intra-species variation in gene expression after parasitoid attack in Drosophila. We used RNA-seq after parasitization of four closely related Drosophila species of the melanogaster subgroup and replicated lines of D. melanogaster experimentally selected for increased resistance to gain insights into short- and long-term evolutionary changes. RESULTS We found a core set of genes that are consistently up-regulated after parasitoid attack in the species and lines tested, regardless of their level of resistance. Another set of genes showed no up-regulation or expression in D. sechellia, the species unable to raise an immune response against parasitoids. This set consists largely of genes that are lineage-restricted to the melanogaster subgroup. Artificially selected lines did not show significant differences in gene expression with respect to non-selected lines in their responses to parasitoid attack, but several genes showed differential exon usage. CONCLUSIONS We showed substantial similarities, but also notable differences, in the transcriptional responses to parasitoid attack among four closely related Drosophila species. In contrast, within D. melanogaster, the responses were remarkably similar. We confirmed that in the short-term, selection does not act on a pre-activation of the immune response. Instead it may target alternative mechanisms such as differential exon usage. In the long-term, we found support for the hypothesis that the ability to immunologically resist parasitoid attack is contingent on new genes that are restricted to the melanogaster subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salazar-Jaramillo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Kirsten M Jalvingh
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ammerins de Haan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Buermans
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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29
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Salazar-Jaramillo L, Jalvingh KM, de Haan A, Kraaijeveld K, Buermans H, Wertheim B. Inter- and intra-species variation in genome-wide gene expression of Drosophila in response to parasitoid wasp attack. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:331. [PMID: 28449654 PMCID: PMC5406980 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoid resistance in Drosophila varies considerably, among and within species. An immune response, lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation, evolved in a subclade of Drosophila and was subsequently lost in at least one species within this subclade. While the mechanisms of resistance are fairly well documented in D. melanogaster, much less is known for closely related species. Here, we studied the inter- and intra-species variation in gene expression after parasitoid attack in Drosophila. We used RNA-seq after parasitization of four closely related Drosophila species of the melanogaster subgroup and replicated lines of D. melanogaster experimentally selected for increased resistance to gain insights into short- and long-term evolutionary changes. RESULTS We found a core set of genes that are consistently up-regulated after parasitoid attack in the species and lines tested, regardless of their level of resistance. Another set of genes showed no up-regulation or expression in D. sechellia, the species unable to raise an immune response against parasitoids. This set consists largely of genes that are lineage-restricted to the melanogaster subgroup. Artificially selected lines did not show significant differences in gene expression with respect to non-selected lines in their responses to parasitoid attack, but several genes showed differential exon usage. CONCLUSIONS We showed substantial similarities, but also notable differences, in the transcriptional responses to parasitoid attack among four closely related Drosophila species. In contrast, within D. melanogaster, the responses were remarkably similar. We confirmed that in the short-term, selection does not act on a pre-activation of the immune response. Instead it may target alternative mechanisms such as differential exon usage. In the long-term, we found support for the hypothesis that the ability to immunologically resist parasitoid attack is contingent on new genes that are restricted to the melanogaster subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salazar-Jaramillo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Kirsten M Jalvingh
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ammerins de Haan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Buermans
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
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30
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Knoll V, Ellenbroek T, Romeis J, Collatz J. Seasonal and regional presence of hymenopteran parasitoids of Drosophila in Switzerland and their ability to parasitize the invasive Drosophila suzukii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40697. [PMID: 28098183 PMCID: PMC5241644 DOI: 10.1038/srep40697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction into Europe the invasive Drosophila suzukii has established and spread widely, thereby entering habitats populated by native Drosophila species and their natural enemies. The highly prolific D. suzukii will likely interact with these species as a competitor, host or prey. To investigate potential interactions of D. suzukii with parasitoids, a field survey was conducted across several fruit-growing regions in Switzerland in two consecutive years. Eight species of hymenopteran parasitoids were collected using D. melanogaster as sentinel hosts in field-traps. Parasitoid capture was much higher in 2015 than in 2014 and varied among regions, time of the growing season, and habitat type. Laboratory no-choice assays with the field-collected species demonstrated that the larval parasitoids Asobara tabida, Leptopilina boulardi, and L. heterotoma could not use D. suzukii for reproduction, although the latter two reduced the number of emerging D. suzukii. In contrast, the pupal parasitoids Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, Trichopria drosophilae, Vrestovia fidenas and Spalangia erythromera all developed with D. suzukii as hosts. Regional differences between strains were generally not evident, with the exception of two T. drosophilae strains that differed in parasitization rate. Thus, native parasitoids may interact with D. suzukii and should be regarded when implementing pest control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Knoll
- Agroscope, Biosafety group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ellenbroek
- Agroscope, Biosafety group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Biosafety group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Collatz
- Agroscope, Biosafety group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Chaplinska M, Gerritsma S, Dini-Andreote F, Falcao Salles J, Wertheim B. Bacterial Communities Differ among Drosophila melanogaster Populations and Affect Host Resistance against Parasitoids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167726. [PMID: 27973604 PMCID: PMC5156416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, diet is considered a prominent factor shaping the associated bacterial community. However, the host population background (e.g. genotype, geographical origin and founder effects) is a factor that may also exert a significant influence and is often overlooked. To test for population background effects, we characterized the bacterial communities in larvae of six genetically differentiated and geographically distant D. melanogaster lines collected from natural populations across Europe. The diet for these six lines had been identical for ca. 50 generations, thus any differences in the composition of the microbiome originates from the host populations. We also investigated whether induced shifts in the microbiome-in this case by controlled antibiotic administration-alters the hosts' resistance to parasitism. Our data revealed a clear signature of population background on the diversity and composition of D. melanogaster microbiome that differed across lines, even after hosts had been maintained at the same diet and laboratory conditions for over 4 years. In particular, the number of bacterial OTUs per line ranged from 8 to 39 OTUs. Each line harboured 2 to 28 unique OTUs, and OTUs that were highly abundant in some lines were entirely missing in others. Moreover, we found that the response to antibiotic treatment differed among the lines and significantly altered the host resistance to the parasitoid Asobara tabida in one of the six lines. Wolbachia, a widespread intracellular endosymbiont associated with parasitoid resistance, was lacking in this line, suggesting that other components of the Drosophila microbiome caused a change in host resistance. Collectively, our results revealed that lines that originate from different population backgrounds show significant differences in the established Drosophila microbiome, outpacing the long-term effect of diet. Perturbations on these naturally assembled microbiomes to some degree influenced the hosts' resistance against natural parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Chaplinska
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development & Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Gerritsma
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development & Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Falcao Salles
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics, Development & Behaviour, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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32
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Parratt SR, Numminen E, Laine AL. Infectious Disease Dynamics in Heterogeneous Landscapes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases dynamics are affected by both spatial and temporal heterogeneity in their environments. Our ability to quantify and predict how this heterogeneity impacts risks of infection and disease emergence is the key to successful disease prevention efforts. Here, we review the literature on infectious diseases from human, agricultural, and wildlife ecosystems to describe the rapid ecological and evolutionary responses in pathogens to environmental heterogeneity, with expected impacts on their epidemiology. To date, the underlying network structures through which disease transmission proceeds have been notoriously difficult to quantify because of this variation. We show that with recent advances in statistical methods and genomic approaches, it is now more feasible than ever to trace disease transmission networks, the molecular underpinning of infection, and the environmental variation relevant to disease dynamics. We end by identifying major new opportunities and challenges in understanding disease dynamics in an ever-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Parratt
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Elina Numminen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
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33
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Chang D, Olenzek AM, Duda TF. Effects of geographical heterogeneity in species interactions on the evolution of venom genes. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2014.1984. [PMID: 25788600 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical heterogeneity in the composition of biotic interactions can create a mosaic of selection regimes that may drive the differentiation of phenotypes that operate at the interface of these interactions. Nonetheless, little is known about effects of these geographical mosaics on the evolution of genes encoding traits associated with species interactions. Predatory marine snails of the family Conidae use venom, a cocktail of conotoxins, to capture prey. We characterized patterns of geographical variation at five conotoxin genes of a vermivorous species, Conus ebraeus, at Hawaii, Guam and American Samoa, and evaluated how these patterns of variation are associated with geographical heterogeneity in prey utilization. All populations show distinct patterns of prey utilization. Three 'highly polymorphic' conotoxin genes showed significant geographical differences in allelic frequency, and appear to be affected by different modes of selection among populations. Two genes exhibited low levels of diversity and a general lack of differentiation among populations. Levels of diversity of 'highly polymorphic' genes exhibit a positive relationship with dietary breadth. The different patterns of evolution exhibited by conotoxin genes suggest that these genes play different roles in prey capture, and that some genes are more greatly affected by differences in predator-prey interactions than others. Moreover, differences in dietary breadth appear to have a greater influence on the differentiation of venoms than differences in the species of prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy M Olenzek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas F Duda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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34
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Cressler CE, Graham AL, Day T. Evolution of hosts paying manifold costs of defence. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20150065. [PMID: 25740895 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts are expected to incur several physiological costs in defending against parasites. These include constitutive energetic (or other resource) costs of a defence system, facultative resource costs of deploying defences when parasites strike, and immunopathological costs of collateral damage. Here, we investigate the evolution of host recovery rates, varying the source and magnitude of immune costs. In line with previous work, we find that hosts paying facultative resource costs evolve faster recovery rates than hosts paying constitutive costs. However, recovery rate is more sensitive to changes in facultative costs, potentially explaining why constitutive costs are hard to detect empirically. Moreover, we find that immunopathology costs which increase with recovery rate can erode the benefits of defence, promoting chronicity of infection. Immunopathology can also lead to hosts evolving low recovery rate in response to virulent parasites. Furthermore, when immunopathology reduces fecundity as recovery rate increases (e.g. as for T-cell responses to urogenital chlamydiosis), then recovery and reproductive rates do not covary as predicted in eco-immunology. These results suggest that immunopathological and resource costs have qualitatively different effects on host evolution and that embracing the complexity of immune costs may be essential for explaining variability in immune defence in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton E Cressler
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Troy Day
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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35
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Gibson AK, Stoy KS, Gelarden IA, Penley MJ, Lively CM, Morran LT. The evolution of reduced antagonism--A role for host-parasite coevolution. Evolution 2015; 69:2820-30. [PMID: 26420682 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Why do some host-parasite interactions become less antagonistic over evolutionary time? Vertical transmission can select for reduced antagonism. Vertical transmission also promotes coevolution between hosts and parasites. Therefore, we hypothesized that coevolution itself may underlie transitions to reduced antagonism. To test the coevolution hypothesis, we selected for reduced antagonism between the host Caenorhabditis elegans and its parasite Serratia marcescens. This parasite is horizontally transmitted, which allowed us to study coevolution independently of vertical transmission. After 20 generations, we observed a response to selection when coevolution was possible: reduced antagonism evolved in the copassaged treatment. Reduced antagonism, however, did not evolve when hosts or parasites were independently selected without coevolution. In addition, we found strong local adaptation for reduced antagonism between replicate host/parasite lines in the copassaged treatment. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that coevolution was critical to the rapid evolution of reduced antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gibson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405.
| | - K S Stoy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - I A Gelarden
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - M J Penley
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - C M Lively
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - L T Morran
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405. .,Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322.
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36
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Survival Rate and Transcriptional Response upon Infection with the Generalist Parasite Beauveria bassiana in a World-Wide Sample of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132129. [PMID: 26154519 PMCID: PMC4495925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to cope with infection by a parasite is one of the major challenges for any host species and is a major driver of evolution. Parasite pressure differs between habitats. It is thought to be higher in tropical regions compared to temporal ones. We infected Drosophila melanogaster from two tropical (Malaysia and Zimbabwe) and two temperate populations (the Netherlands and North Carolina) with the generalist entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana to examine if adaptation to local parasite pressures led to differences in resistance. Contrary to previous findings we observed increased survival in temperate populations. This, however, is not due to increased resistance to infection per se, but rather the consequence of a higher general vigor of the temperate populations. We also assessed transcriptional response to infection within these flies eight and 24 hours after infection. Only few genes were induced at the earlier time point, most of which are involved in detoxification. In contrast, we identified more than 4,000 genes that changed their expression state after 24 hours. This response was generally conserved over all populations with only few genes being uniquely regulated in the temperate populations. We furthermore found that the American population was transcriptionally highly diverged from all other populations concerning basal levels of gene expression. This was particularly true for stress and immune response genes, which might be the genetic basis for their elevated vigor.
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37
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Wertheim B. Genomic basis of evolutionary change: evolving immunity. Front Genet 2015; 6:222. [PMID: 26150830 PMCID: PMC4473141 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex traits are manifestations of intricate gene interaction networks. Evolution of complex traits revolves around the genetic variation in such networks. Genomics has increased our ability to investigate the complex gene interaction networks, and characterize the extent of genetic variation in these networks. Immunity is a complex trait, for which the ecological drivers and molecular networks are fairly well understood in Drosophila. By characterizing the natural variation in immunity, and mapping how the genome changes during the evolution of immunity in Drosophila, we can integrate our knowledge on the complex genetic architecture of traits and the molecular basis of evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
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38
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Davis SE, Malfi RL, Roulston TH. Species differences in bumblebee immune response predict developmental success of a parasitoid fly. Oecologia 2015; 178:1017-32. [PMID: 25795253 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoparasitoids develop inside the body of a host organism and, if successful, eventually kill their host in order to reach maturity. Host species can vary in their suitability for a developing endoparasitoid; in particular, the host immune response, which can suppress egg hatching and larval development, has been hypothesized to be one of the most important determinants of parasitoid host range. In this study, we investigated whether three bumblebee host species (Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus griseocollis, and Bombus impatiens) varied in their suitability for the development of a shared parasitoid, the conopid fly (Conopidae, Diptera) and whether the intensity of host encapsulation response, an insect immune defense against invaders, could predict parasitoid success. When surgically implanted with a nylon filament, B. griseocollis exhibited a stronger immune response than both B. impatiens and B. bimaculatus. Similarly, B. griseocollis was more likely to melanize conopid larvae from natural infections and more likely to kill conopids prior to its own death. Our results indicate that variation in the strength of the general immune response of insects may have ecological implications for sympatric species that share parasites. We suggest that, in this system, selection for a stronger immune response may be heightened by the pattern of phenological overlap between local host species and the population peak of their most prominent parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staige E Davis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Fors L, Markus R, Theopold U, Hambäck PA. Differences in cellular immune competence explain parasitoid resistance for two coleopteran species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108795. [PMID: 25259576 PMCID: PMC4178244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune defence of an organism is evolving continuously, causing counteradaptations in interacting species, which in turn affect other ecological and evolutionary processes. Until recently comparative studies of species interactions and immunity, combining information from both ecological and immunological fields, have been rare. The cellular immune defense in insects, mainly mediated by circulating hemocytes, has been studied primarily in Lepidoptera and Diptera, whereas corresponding information about coleopteran species is still scarce. In the study presented here, we used two closely related chrysomelids, Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis (Coleoptera), both attacked by the same parasitoid, Asecodes parviclava (Hymenoptera). In order to investigate the structure of the immune system in Galerucella and to detect possible differences between the two species, we combined ecological studies with controlled parasitism experiments, followed by an investigation of the cell composition in the larval hemolymph. We found a striking difference in parasitism rate between the species, as well as in the level of successful immune response (i.e. encapsulation and melanisation of parasitoid eggs), with G. pusilla showing a much more potent immune defense than G. calmariensis. These differences were linked to differences in the larval cell composition, where hemocyte subsets in both naïve and parasitised individuals differed significantly between the species. In particular, the hemocytes shown to be active in the encapsulation process; phagocytes, lamellocytes and granulocytes, differ between the species, indicating that the cell composition reflects the ability to defend against the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fors
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Markus
- Department of Neurosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Takigahira T, Suwito A, Kimura MT. Assessment of fitness costs of resistance against the parasitoid Leptopilina victoriae in Drosophila bipectinata. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-014-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Jalvingh KM, Chang PL, Nuzhdin SV, Wertheim B. Genomic changes under rapid evolution: selection for parasitoid resistance. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132303. [PMID: 24500162 PMCID: PMC3924063 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize changes in the genome during a swift evolutionary adaptation, by combining experimental selection with high-throughput sequencing. We imposed strong experimental selection on an ecologically relevant trait, parasitoid resistance in Drosophila melanogaster against Asobara tabida. Replicated selection lines rapidly evolved towards enhanced immunity. Larval survival after parasitization increased twofold after just five generations of selection. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the fast and strong selection response in innate immunity produced multiple, highly localized genomic changes. We identified narrow genomic regions carrying a significant signature of selection, which were present across all chromosomes and covered in total less than 5% of the whole D. melanogaster genome. We identified segregating sites with highly significant changes in frequency between control and selection lines that fell within these narrow 'selected regions'. These segregating sites were associated with 42 genes that constitute possible targets of selection. A region on chromosome 2R was highly enriched in significant segregating sites and may be of major effect on parasitoid defence. The high genetic variability and small linkage blocks in our base population are likely responsible for allowing this complex trait to evolve without causing widespread erosive effects in the genome, even under such a fast and strong selective regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Jalvingh
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Chang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sergey V. Nuzhdin
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Condon MA, Scheffer SJ, Lewis ML, Wharton R, Adams DC, Forbes AA. Lethal Interactions Between Parasites and Prey Increase Niche Diversity in a Tropical Community. Science 2014; 343:1240-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1245007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kimura MT, Suwito A. What determines host acceptance and suitability in tropical Asian Drosophila parasitoids? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:123-130. [PMID: 24472204 DOI: 10.1603/en13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For successful parasitism, parasitoid females must oviposit and the progeny must develop in individual hosts. Here, we investigated the determinants of host acceptance for oviposition and host suitability for larval development of Drosophila parasitoids from Bogor and Kota Kinabalu (≍1,800 km northeast of Bogor), Indonesia, in tropical Asia. Asobara pleuralis (Ashmead) from both localities oviposited frequently (>60%) in all of the drosophilid species tested, except the strain from Kota Kinabalu oviposited rarely (10%) in Drosophila eugracilis Bock & Wheeler. Leptopilina victoriae Nordlander from both localities only oviposited frequently (>77%) in species from the Drosophila melanogaster species group except D. eugracilis (<3.7%), whereas Leptopilina pacifica Novković & Kimura from Bogor oviposited frequently (>85%) only in species from the Drosophila immigrans species group. Thus, host acceptance appeared to be affected by host taxonomy, at least in Leptopilina species. Host suitability varied considerably, even among closely related drosophilid species, which suggests that the host suitability is at least in part independent of host taxonomy and that it has been determined via parasitoid-host coevolutionary interactions (i.e., arms race). Host acceptance did not always coincide with host suitability, i.e., parasitoids sometimes oviposited in unsuitable host species. Geographic origin strongly affected the host acceptance and suitability in the A. pleuralis-D. eugracilis parasitoid-host pair, whereas it only weakly affected the acceptability and suitability in other parasitoid-host combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito T Kimura
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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Seiter S, Ohsaki N, Kingsolver J. Parallel invasions produce heterogenous patterns of life history adaptation: rapid divergence in an invasive insect. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2721-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Seiter
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - N. Ohsaki
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - J. Kingsolver
- International Relations; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
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Seiter S, Kingsolver J. Environmental determinants of population divergence in life-history traits for an invasive species: climate, seasonality and natural enemies. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Seiter
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - J. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
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Bilodeau E, Guay JF, Turgeon J, Cloutier C. Survival to parasitoids in an insect hosting defensive symbionts: a multivariate approach to polymorphic traits affecting host use by its natural enemy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60708. [PMID: 23565269 PMCID: PMC3614562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect parasitoids and their insect hosts represent a wide range of parasitic trophic relations that can be used to understand the evolution of biotic diversity on earth. Testing theories of coevolution between hosts and parasites is based on factors directly involved in host susceptibility and parasitoid virulence. We used controlled encounters with potential hosts of the Aphidius ervi wasp to elucidate behavioral and other phenotypic traits of host Acyrthosiphon pisum that most contribute to success or failure of parasitism. The host aphid is at an advanced stage of specialization on different crop plants, and exhibits intra-population polymorphism for traits of parasitoid avoidance and resistance based on clonal variation of color morph and anti-parasitoid bacterial symbionts. Randomly selected aphid clones from alfalfa and clover were matched in 5 minute encounters with wasps of two parasitoid lineages deriving from hosts of each plant biotype in a replicated transplant experimental design. In addition to crop plant affiliation (alfalfa, clover), aphid clones were characterized for color morph (green, pink), Hamiltonella defensa and Regiella insecticola symbionts, and frequently used behaviors in encounters with A. ervi wasps. A total of 12 explanatory variables were examined using redundancy analysis (RDA) to predict host survival or failure to A. ervi parasitism. Aphid color was the best univariate predictor, but was poorly predictive in the RDA model. In contrast, aphid host plant and symbionts were not significant univariate predictors, but significant predictors in the multivariate model. Aphid susceptibility to wasp acceptance as reflected in host attacks and oviposition clearly differed from its suitability to parasitism and progeny development. Parasitoid progeny were three times more likely to survive on clover than alfalfa host aphids, which was compensated by behaviorally adjusting eggs invested per host. Strong variation of the predictive power of intrinsic (body color) and extrinsic traits (symbionts, host plant), indicate that host variables considered as key predictors of outcomes strongly interact and cannot be considered in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bilodeau
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Julie Turgeon
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Conrad Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Moiroux J, Delava E, Fleury F, van Baaren J. Local adaptation of a Drosophila
parasitoid: habitat-specific differences in thermal reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Moiroux
- Equipe Paysaclim; UMR CNRS 6553; Université Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - E. Delava
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; UMR CNRS 5558; Université Lyon 1; Villeurbanne France
| | - F. Fleury
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; UMR CNRS 5558; Université Lyon 1; Villeurbanne France
| | - J. van Baaren
- Equipe Paysaclim; UMR CNRS 6553; Université Rennes 1; Rennes France
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48
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Gerritsma S, Haan AD, Zande LVD, Wertheim B. Natural variation in differentiated hemocytes is related to parasitoid resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:148-158. [PMID: 23123513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a measure of parasitoid resistance, hemocyte load and encapsulation ability were measured in lines collected from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Europe. Results show large geographic variation in resistance against the parasitoid wasp Asobara tabida among the field lines, but there was no clear correlation between resistance and total hemocyte load, neither before nor after parasitization. This was in contrast to the patterns that had been found in a comparison among species of Drosophila, where total hemocyte counts were positively correlated to encapsulation rates. This suggests that the mechanisms underlying between-species variation in parasitoid resistance do not extend to the natural variation that exists within a species. Although hemocyte counts did not correspond to encapsulation ability within D. melanogaster, the ratios of lamellocytes and crystal cells were very similar in lines with successful encapsulation responses. Apart from variation in the hemocytic response of the different hemocyte types, within-species variation was also observed for accurate targeting of the foreign body by the hemocytes. These results are discussed in the context of possible causes of variation in immune functions among natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Gerritsma
- Evolutionary Genetics, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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van Nouhuys S, Niemikapee S, Hanski I. Variation in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction across Independent Populations. INSECTS 2012; 3:1236-56. [PMID: 26466737 PMCID: PMC4553574 DOI: 10.3390/insects3041236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic relationships between parasitoids and their insect hosts involve multiple traits and are shaped by their ecological and evolutionary context. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum and its host butterfly Melitaea cinxia occur in several locations around the Baltic sea, with differences in landscape structure, population sizes and the histories of the populations. We compared the virulence of the parasitoid and the susceptibility of the host from five populations in a reciprocal transplant-style experiment using the progeny of five independent host and parasitoid individuals from each population. The host populations showed significant differences in the rate of encapsulation and parasitoid development rate. The parasitoid populations differed in brood size, development rate, pupal size and adult longevity. Some trait differences depended on specific host-parasitoid combinations, but neither species performed systematically better or worse in experiments involving local versus non-local populations of the other species. Furthermore, individuals from host populations with the most recent common ancestry did not perform alike, and there was no negative effect due to a history of inbreeding in the parasitoid. The complex pattern of variation in the traits related to the vulnerability of the host and the ability of the parasitoid to exploit the host may reflect multiple functions of the traits that would hinder simple local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Suvi Niemikapee
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
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50
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Rouchet R, Vorburger C. Strong specificity in the interaction between parasitoids and symbiont-protected hosts. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2369-75. [PMID: 22998667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between hosts and parasites may promote the maintenance of genetic variation in both antagonists by negative frequency-dependence if the host-parasite interaction is genotype-specific. Here we tested for specificity in the interaction between parasitoids (Lysiphlebus fabarum) and aphid hosts (Aphis fabae) that are protected by a heritable defensive endosymbiont, the γ-proteobacterium Hamiltonella defensa. Previous studies reported a lack of genotype specificity between unprotected aphids and parasitoids, but suggested that symbiont-conferred resistance might exhibit a higher degree of specificity. Indeed, in addition to ample variation in host resistance as well as parasitoid infectivity, we found a strong aphid clone-by-parasitoid line interaction on the rates of successful parasitism. This genotype specificity appears to be mediated by H. defensa, highlighting the important role that endosymbionts can play in host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouchet
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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