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Crowe-Riddell JM, Jolly CJ, Goiran C, Sanders KL. The sex life aquatic: sexually dimorphic scale mechanoreceptors and tactile courtship in a sea snake Emydocephalus annulatus (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from terrestrial to aquatic habitats involve major selective shifts in animal signalling systems. Entirely marine snakes face two challenges during underwater social interactions: (1) finding mates when pheromones are diffused by water currents; and, once a mate is located, (2) maintaining contact and co-ordinating mating when tactile cues are diminished by buoyancy force. We explore the potential tactile roles of scale protuberances in the mating of turtle-headed sea snakes [Emydocephalus annulatus (Hydrophiinae)] by investigating sexual dimorphism in museum specimens (N = 59). In addition to the previously noted rostral spine on the snout, we found that mature males have enlarged structures located on the chin (genial knobs) and near the cloaca (anal knobs). Ultrastructural data indicates that the rostral spine is comprised of thickened epidermal and dermal layers, similar to rugosities on the body, and likely provide stimulation to the female during prodding by the male. In contrast, the genial and anal knobs have dermally derived central cells indicative of enlarged scale mechanoreceptors (i.e. sensilla). We suggest that these mechanoreceptors are critical to mating success: genial knobs may help amorous males orient to the direction of female motion; whereas, and anal knobs likely give somatosensory feedback for cloacal alignment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Crowe-Riddell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Chris J Jolly
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Goiran
- LabEx Corail and ISEA, Université de La Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Brandimarti ME, Gray R, Hilton ZJ, Keeley T, Murray ‘KP, Herbert CA. The effect of testosterone suppression on health and parasite burden in male eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/am21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Pereira SC, Crisóstomo L, Sousa M, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Metabolic diseases affect male reproduction and induce signatures in gametes that may compromise the offspring health. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa019. [PMID: 33324496 PMCID: PMC7722800 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent diseases worldwide are non-communicable such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Noteworthy, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is expected to steadily increase in the next decades, mostly fueled by bad feeding habits, stress, and sedentarism. The reproductive function of individuals is severely affected by abnormal metabolic environments, both at mechanical and biochemical levels. Along with mechanical dysfunctions, and decreased sperm quality (promoted both directly and indirectly by metabolic abnormalities), several studies have already reported the potentially harmful effects of metabolic disorders in the genetic and epigenetic cargo of spermatozoa, and the epigenetic inheritance of molecular signatures induced by metabolic profile (paternal diet, obesity, and diabetes). The inheritance of epigenetic factors towards the development of metabolic abnormalities means that more people in reproductive age can potentially suffer from these disorders and for longer periods. In its turn, these individuals can also transmit this (epi)genetic information to future generations, creating a vicious cycle. In this review, we collect the reported harmful effects related to acquired metabolic disorders and diet in sperm parameters and male reproductive potential. Besides, we will discuss the novel findings regarding paternal epigenetic inheritance, particularly the ones induced by paternal diet rich in fats, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. We analyze the data attained with in vitro and animal models as well as in long-term transgenerational population studies. Although the findings on this topic are very recent, epigenetic inheritance of metabolic disease has a huge societal impact, which may be crucial to tackle the 'fat epidemic' efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pereira
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Crisóstomo
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Padilla SE, González-Jáuregui M, Rendón Von Osten J, Valdespino C, López Luna MA, Quiróz GB, Barão-Nóbrega JAL. Using regression tree analysis to determine size class intervals and sexual dimorphism in the Morelet's crocodile Crocodylus moreletii. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Padilla
- S. E. Padilla (https://ocid.org/0000-0001-6530-6658) Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre, Univ. Autónoma de Campeche, México/School of Natural Resources and Environment, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, F
| | - Mauricio González-Jáuregui
- M. González-Jáuregui (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4330-0367) ✉ , Biosistemas Productivos Cocodrilo, Campeche, México
| | - Jaime Rendón Von Osten
- J. R. Von Osten (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-0211), Inst. de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México, Univ. Autónoma de Campeche, México
| | - Carolina Valdespino
- C. Valdespino, Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Inst. de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México
| | - Marco A. López Luna
- M. A. López Luna (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2259-544X), Div. Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Univ. Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, México
| | - Gabriel Barrios Quiróz
- G. B. Quiróz, Centro de Investigación y Experimentación de Alternativas Agroecológicas SC, CDMX, México
| | - José António L. Barão-Nóbrega
- J. A. L. Barão-Nóbrega (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-2871), School of Environment and Life Sciences, Univ. of Salford, UK
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5
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Gleeson BT. Masculinity and the Mechanisms of Human Self-Domestication. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-019-00126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
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Fabrezi M, Goldberg J, Chuliver Pereyra M. Morphological Variation in Anuran Limbs: Constraints and Novelties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:546-574. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Fabrezi
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; IBIGEO (CONICET-UNSa); CCT-Salta Salta Argentina
| | - Javier Goldberg
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; IBIGEO (CONICET-UNSa); CCT-Salta Salta Argentina
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Goldberg J, Barrasso DA, Agostini MG, Quinzio S. Vocal sac development and accelerated sexual maturity in the lesser swimming frog, Pseudis minuta (Anura, Hylidae). ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:489-499. [PMID: 27495378 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sexual maturity involves the differentiation of the reproductive system, the maturation of germ cells, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Even though this topic has received much attention, little is known about the sequence of events that encompass reproductive maturation in anurans and what it could reveal about the developmental basis of life cycle evolution. The discovery of froglets of Pseudis minuta with incipient vocal sacs calling in breeding pools alongside several larger adult specimens with fully developed vocal sacs raised the question of the timing of sexual maturity in this species. Here we describe the sequence and timing of differentiation, development and maturation of the vocal sac apparatus and the testes in P. minuta (Anura, Hylidae), in order to establish a timeline of events leading to sexual maturity. Differentiation of the vocal sac apparatus begins at the final metamorphic stages, earlier than reported for other species, and the vocal sac acquires its final shape during the early postmetamorphic period. These modifications occur after gonadal differentiation, which begins early during the larval period and proceeds with a highly accelerated rate of development (e.g., secondary spermatids appear well before metamorphic climax), a situation reported previously for other anuran species only in the genus Pseudis. These results, together with a skeletochronological analysis showing that some calling specimens presented no lines of arrested growth, indicate acceleration in the timing of sexual maturity in Pseudis, and raise questions about the interdependence/decoupling during the development of the different components involved in reaching the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Goldberg
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO-CONICET), CCT-Salta, 9 de Julio 14, 4405 Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Diego A Barrasso
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET), Bvd. Brown, 2915 Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Agostini
- Grupo de Estudios sobre Biodiversidad en Agroecosistemas (GEBA), Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, (IEGEBA-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA CABA, Argentina
| | - Silvia Quinzio
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO-CONICET), CCT-Salta, 9 de Julio 14, 4405 Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina
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9
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Tomkins P, Saaristo M, Allinson M, Wong BBM. Exposure to an agricultural contaminant, 17β-trenbolone, impairs female mate choice in a freshwater fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:365-370. [PMID: 26466515 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the pivotal role sexual selection plays in population dynamics and broader evolutionary processes, the impact of chemical pollution on female mate choice is poorly understood. One group of chemical contaminants with the potential to disrupt the mechanisms of female mate choice is endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs); a broad class of environmental pollutants that can interfere with the endocrinology of organisms at extremely low concentrations. Recent research has revealed that estrogenic EDCs can affect female mate choice in fish, but the impact of androgenic EDC exposure is yet to be studied. To address this, we investigated the effects of an environmentally relevant concentration of trenbolone - an androgenic steroid used as a growth promoter in the cattle industry - on female mate choice in wild-caught guppies (Poecilia reticulata). We exposed male and female guppies to 17β-trenbolone for 21 days (measured concentration 4ng/L) via a flow-through system, and found that trenbolone-exposed female guppies spent less time associating with males, and were less choosy, compared to unexposed females. In contrast, trenbolone had no impact on male reproductive behavior or morphology. This is the first study to show that androgenic EDC exposure can disrupt female mate choice, highlighting the need for studies to investigate the behavioral impacts of environmental contaminants on both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tomkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Herrel A, Andrade DV, de Carvalho JE, Brito A, Abe A, Navas C. Aggressive behavior and performance in the Tegu lizard Tupinambis merianae. Physiol Biochem Zool 2010; 82:680-5. [PMID: 19758090 DOI: 10.1086/605935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is an important component of behavior in many animals and may be crucial to providing individuals with a competitive advantage when resources are limited. Although much is known about the effects of catecholamines and hormones on aggression, relatively few studies have examined the effects of physical performance on aggression. Here we use a large, sexually dimorphic teiid lizard to test whether individuals that show high levels of physical performance (bite force) are also more aggressive toward a potential threat (i.e., a human approaching the lizard). Our results show that independent of their sex, larger individuals with higher bite forces were indeed more aggressive. Moreover, our data show that individuals with higher bite forces tend to show decreased escape responses and are slower, providing evidence for a trade-off between fight and flight abilities. As bite force increased dramatically with body size, we suggest that large body size and bite force may reduce the threshold for an individual to engage in an aggressive encounter, allowing it to potentially gain or maintain resources and fight off predators while minimizing the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.
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12
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Bloch CP, Willig MR. Density compensation suggests interspecific competition is weak among terrestrial snails in tabonuco forest of Puerto Rico. CARIBB J SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v46i2.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Mills SC, Grapputo A, Jokinen I, Koskela E, Mappes T, Poikonen T. FITNESS TRADE-OFFS MEDIATED BY IMMUNOSUPPRESSION COSTS IN A SMALL MAMMAL. Evolution 2010; 64:166-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ketterson ED, Atwell JW, McGlothlin JW. Phenotypic integration and independence: Hormones, performance, and response to environmental change. Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:365-79. [PMID: 21665827 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones coordinate the co-expression of behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits, giving rise to correlations among traits and organisms whose parts work well together. This article considers the implications of these hormonal correlations with respect to the evolution of hormone-mediated traits. Such traits can evolve owing to changes in hormone secretion, hormonal affinity for carrier proteins, rates of degradation and conversion, and interaction with target tissues to name a few. Critically, however, we know very little about whether these changes occur independently or in tandem, and thus whether hormones promote the evolution of tight phenotypic integration or readily allow the parts of the phenotype to evolve independently. For example, when selection favors a change in expression of hormonally mediated characters, is that alteration likely to come about through changes in hormone secretion (signal strength), changes in response to a fixed level of secretion (sensitivity of target tissues), or both? At one extreme, if the phenotype is tightly integrated and only the signal responds via selection's action on one or more hormonally mediated traits, adaptive modification may be constrained by past selection for phenotypic integration. Alternatively, response to selection may be facilitated if multivariate selection favors new combinations that can be easily achieved by a change in signal strength. On the other hand, if individual target tissues readily "unplug" from a hormone signal in response to selection, then the phenotype may be seen as a loose confederation that responds on a trait-by-trait basis, easily allowing adaptive modification, although perhaps more slowly than if signal variation were the primary mode of evolutionary response. Studies reviewed here and questions for future research address the relative importance of integration and independence by comparing sexes, individuals, and populations. Most attention is devoted to the hormone testosterone (T) and a songbird species, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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Abstract
Sexual dimorphism results when the sexes differ in the degree to which trait elaboration confers a reproductive or survival advantage. Trait size dimorphism is often reported in terms of allometry, typically using adults of varying ages (static allometry). A static allometric analysis of tail length in breeding tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825)) revealed that tail length is a positive allometric trait in both sexes, as well as a sexually dimorphic trait. Although static analyses are common in the literature, ontogenetic allometric analyses in which individuals are measured through time are preferred because they provide insight into the heterochronic process underlying trait divergence between the sexes and which sex is diverging from its earlier growth trajectory. I reared 91 individuals from the zygote stage to sexual maturity. An ontogenetic analysis revealed that tail length was isometric in larvae and young metamorphs of both sexes; however, tail length became allometric in males but not in females prior to sexual maturation. I also present static allometric analyses and show how conclusions differ from those of ontogenetic analyses. Lastly, I discuss how sex differences in selection gradients, as well as resource allocation costs, might influence differences between the sexes in the duration and rate of trait growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA (e-mail: )
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BLACKBURN DAVIDC. Diversity and evolution of male secondary sexual characters in African squeakers and long-fingered frogs. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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HUYGHE KATLEEN, HERREL ANTHONY, ADRIAENS DOMINIQUE, TADIĆ ZORAN, VAN DAMME RAOUL. It is all in the head: morphological basis for differences in bite force among colour morphs of the Dalmatian wall lizard. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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KRATOCHVÍL LUKÁS, FRYNTA DANIEL. Body size, male combat and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in eublepharid geckos (Squamata: Eublepharidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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WHITELEY ANDREWR. Trophic polymorphism in a riverine fish: morphological, dietary, and genetic analysis of mountain whitefish. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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HERREL ANTHONY, MCBRAYER LANCED, LARSON PETERM. Functional basis for sexual differences in bite force in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Remage-Healey L, Bass AH. Plasticity in brain sexuality is revealed by the rapid actions of steroid hormones. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1114-22. [PMID: 17267566 PMCID: PMC6673196 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4282-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent steroid hormone profiles can shape the development of male versus female neural phenotypes, but whether they also determine differences in the short-term, neurophysiological patterning of behavior is unknown. We now show that steroid hormone-specific modulation of a vocal pattern generator (VPG) diverges between reproductive morphs in a teleost fish. Only type I male midshipman acoustically court females, whereas type II males steal fertilizations from type I males and, like females, generate only agonistic calls. The androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11kT), but not testosterone (T), rapidly (within 5 min) increases type I VPG output. As now shown, T, but not 11kT, rapidly increases VPG output in type II males and females, consistent with the predominant circulating androgen in type II males and females (T) versus type Is (11kT). Receptor and enzyme antagonists reveal an unexpected divergence in androgen- versus estrogen-dependent mechanisms in, respectively, type II males versus females. Cortisol, the main circulating glucocorticoid, also has divergent actions: suppressing versus increasing VPG output in, respectively, type II males and females versus type Is. In summary, rapid steroid action on VPG activity is uncoupled from gonadal phenotype (convergent between type II males and females), whereas the receptor-mediated mechanisms of androgen action are predicted by gonadal phenotype (both male morphs are sensitive to androgen receptor blockade, whereas females are not). A comparable mix of neuroendocrine traits may explain the widespread distribution of intrasexual behavioral phenotypes among teleosts and vertebrates in general. Moreover, the fundamental organization/activation principles that predict the steroid-dependent expression of "maleness" and "femaleness" may now include rapid steroid actions on the neurophysiological patterning of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Remage-Healey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Hoverman JT, Relyea RA. HOW FLEXIBLE IS PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY? DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS FOR TRAIT INDUCTION AND REVERSAL. Ecology 2007; 88:693-705. [PMID: 17503597 DOI: 10.1890/05-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inducible defenses allow prey to modulate their phenotypic responses to the level of predation risk in the environment and reduce the cost of constitutive defenses. Inherent in this statement is that prey must alter their phenotypes during development in order to form these defenses. This has lead many ecologists and evolutionary biologists to call for studies that examine developmental plasticity to provide insights into the importance of development in controlling the trajectories of trait formation, the integration of phenotypes over ontogeny, and the establishment of developmental windows for trait formation and reversal. By moving away from studies that focus on a single point in development, we can obtain a more complete understanding of the phenotypic decisions and limitations of prey. We exposed freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis) to environments in which predatory water bugs (Belostoma flumineum) were always absent, always present, or added and removed at different points in development. We discovered that snails formed morphological defenses against water bugs. Importantly, after the initial induction of defenses, snails showed similar developmental trajectories as snails reared without predators. Further, the snails possessed wide developmental windows for inducible defenses that extended past sexual maturity. However, being induced later in development appeared to have an associated cost (i.e., decreased shell thickness) that was not found when water bugs were always present. This epiphenotype (i.e., new shell formation as an extension of the current shell) suggests that resource limitation plays an important role in responses to temporal variation in predation risk and may have critical ecological costs that limit the benefits of the inducible defense. Lastly, the ability of snails to completely reverse their defenses was limited to early in ontogeny due to the constraints associated with modular growth of shell material. In sum, we demonstrate that taking a developmental perspective is extremely valuable for understanding the ecology of inducible defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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Peterson CC, Husak JF. Locomotor Performance and Sexual Selection: Individual Variation in Sprint Speed of Collared Lizards (Crotaphytus Collaris). COPEIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[216:lpassi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Buchholz DR, Hayes TB. Variation in thyroid hormone action and tissue content underlies species differences in the timing of metamorphosis in desert frogs. Evol Dev 2005; 7:458-67. [PMID: 16174038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal control of post-embryonic morphogenesis is well established, but it is not clear how differences in developmental endocrinology between species may underlie animal diversity. We studied this issue by comparing metamorphic thyroid hormone (TH) physiology and gonad development across spadefoot toad species divergent in metamorphic rate. Tissue TH content, in vitro tail tip sensitivity to TH, and rates of TH-induced tail tip shrinkage correlated with species differences in larval period duration. Gonad differentiation occurred before metamorphosis in species with long larval periods and after metamorphosis in the species with short larval periods. These differences in TH physiology and gonad development, informed by phylogeny and ecology of spadefoot metamorphosis, provide evidence that selection for the short larval periods in spadefoot toads acted via TH physiology and led to dramatic heterochronic shifts in metamorphic climax relative to gonad development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Buchholz
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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Emlen DJ, Marangelo J, Ball B, Cunningham CW. DIVERSITY IN THE WEAPONS OF SEXUAL SELECTION: HORN EVOLUTION IN THE BEETLE GENUS ONTHOPHAGUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE). Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Greenman CG, Martin LB, Hau M. Reproductive State, but Not Testosterone, Reduces Immune Function in Male House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2005; 78:60-8. [PMID: 15702464 DOI: 10.1086/425194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The immune system requires energetic and nutritional resources to optimally defend organisms against pathogens and parasites. Because resources are typically limited, immune function may require a trade-off with other physiologically demanding activities. Here, we examined whether photoperiodically induced seasonal states (breeding, molting, or nonbreeding) affected the cutaneous immune response of captive male house sparrows (Passer domesticus). To assess immune function in these birds, we injected the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) into the patagium and measured the resulting wing web swelling. Molting and nonbreeding birds had similar immune responses to PHA injection. However, males in a breeding state showed lower immune responses than both molting and nonbreeding birds even though they did not actually breed. We tested whether this decrease in the PHA swelling response in birds in a breeding state was due to elevated plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) by administering T to birds in a nonbreeding state. Contrary to some evidence in the literature, T did not suppress the response to PHA in house sparrows. Our data show that passerine birds show seasonal modulation in immune function, even in benign environmental conditions. However, even though T is often cited as a strong immunosuppressant, it is not fully responsible for this seasonal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Greenman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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Emlen DJ, Marangelo J, Ball B, Cunningham CW. DIVERSITY IN THE WEAPONS OF SEXUAL SELECTION: HORN EVOLUTION IN THE BEETLE GENUS ONTHOPHAGUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE). Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/04-642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lovern MB, Holmes MM, Wade J. The green anole (Anolis carolinensis): a reptilian model for laboratory studies of reproductive morphology and behavior. ILAR J 2004; 45:54-64. [PMID: 14756155 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.45.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The green anol (Anolis carolinensis) is an excellent reptilian model for studying reproductive behavior and the neural and muscular morphology that supports it. This lizard has been the subject of behavioral and ecological study for more than 100 yr, and a rich literature exists on its natural history. Both courtship and copulatory behaviors reveal sex and seasonal differences, which allow for the study of mechanisms regulation naturally occurring variation in performance at multiple levels within a single animal model. Green anoles are readily obtained due to their abundance in the wild; once in the laboratory, they are easily maintained, bred, and reared. Background on the natural history and husbandry of this lizard is provided, and the authors' research program on the regulation of reproductive anatomy and behavior is reviewed, Discussion includes the similarities and differences in the mechanisms mediating both structure and function compared with more traditional animal models. This type of comparative research will make it possible to identify the fundamental principles governing reproductive biology, thus advancing both basic and applied knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Lovern
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Kratochvíl L, Fokt M, Rehák I, Frynta D. Misinterpretation of character scaling: a tale of sexual dimorphism in body shape of common lizards. CAN J ZOOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Male-biased sexual dimorphism in head, limbs, and tail scaled to snoutvent length has been reported in many lizard species. Consequently, various hypotheses have been proposed to explain observed body-shape dimorphism. According to the majority of them, the proportions of body components are adaptively related to sexual differences in ecology as well as in reproductive behaviour. Our study shows an alternative, much more parsimonious explanation in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). According to our analyses, the exaggeration of a single trait, specifically trunk length in females, may explain the whole pattern of sexual differences in body shape. The only consistent adaptive hypothesis, then, is that females with a larger abdominal cavity, and consequently a longer trunk, have a reproductive advantage. Size-adjusted heads, limbs, and tails traditionally reported to be larger in males than in females, features ascribed to numerous evolutionary mechanisms, thus appear to be just an artifact of inappropriate scaling to a sexually dimorphic trait (snoutvent length). As scaling to a single trait has been routinely used in many studies carried out in animals, we warn against quick interpretations based on such analyses and recommend more cautious inspection of allometries.
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Bovero S, Sotgiu G, Castellano S, Giacoma C. Age and Sexual Dimorphism in a Population of Euproctus platycephalus (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Sardinia. COPEIA 2003. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0149:aasdia]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Livezey BC. Evolution of Flightlessness in Rails (Gruiformes: Rallidae): Phylogenetic, Ecomorphological, and Ontogenetic Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2307/40168337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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KRATOCHVIL LUKAS, FRYNTA DANIEL. Body size, male combat and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in eublepharid geckos (Squamata: Eublepharidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Sexually antagonistic coevolution may be an important force in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We undertake a comparative study of correlated evolution of male and female morphologies in a clade of 15 water strider species in the genus Gerris (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Earlier studies have shown that superfluous matings impose costs on females, including increased energetic expenditure and predation risk, and females therefore resist males with premating struggles. Males of some species possess grasping structures and females of some species exhibit distinct antigrasping structures, which are used to further the interests of each sex during these premating struggles. We use this understanding, combined with coevolutionary theory, to derive a series of a priori predictions concerning both the types of traits in the two sexes that are expected to coevolve and the coevolutionary dynamics of these traits expected under sexually antagonistic coevolution. We then assess the actual pattern of correlated evolution in this clade with new morphometric methods combined with standard comparative techniques. The results were in agreement with the a priori predictions. The level of armament (different abdominal structures in the two sexes) was closely correlated between the sexes across species. Males are well adapted to grasping females in species in which females are well adapted to thwart harassing males and vice versa. Furthermore, our comparative analyses supports the prediction that correlated evolution of armament in the two sexes should be both rapid and bidirectional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Getty
- Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
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