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Lin HS, Lin PT, Tsai YS, Chi CC. Interventions for treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores on the lips). THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2022; 2022:CD015216. [PMCID: PMC9717743 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of interventions for treating herpes labialis among immunocompetent people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huang-Shen Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineChang Gung Memorial Hospital, ChiayiPuziTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Pei-Tzu Lin
- Department of PharmacyJen Ai Hospital, Dali BranchTaichungTaiwan,Department of Project ManagementChang Gung Memorial Hospital, LinkouTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Yu-Shiun Tsai
- Medical Library, Department of Medical EducationChang Gung Memorial Hospital, ChiayiPuziTaiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Chi
- Department of DermatologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital, LinkouTaoyuanTaiwan,School of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
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2
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Nasrallah GK, Dargham SR, Abu-Raddad LJ. Negative epidemiological association between HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02549. [PMID: 31687480 PMCID: PMC6820085 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Existing evidence on an epidemiological association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infections remains conflicting and inconclusive. Using a multi-national database of HSV-1/2 serological testing, we aimed to assess the existence of an association between both infections. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS An HSV-1/2 cross-sectional serological testing database was assembled by merging databases of seroprevalence studies on men blood donors residing currently in Qatar, but from different countries. Specimens were tested for anti-HSV-1 IgG antibodies using HerpeSelect® 1 ELISA, and for anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies following a two-test algorithm: HerpeSelect® 2 ELISA to test the sera, and Euroline-WB to confirm positive and equivocal specimens. Logistic regressions were conducted to estimate unadjusted and adjusted infection odds ratios. RESULTS Serological testing for HSV-1/2 was performed on 2522 specimens. Sero-positivity for HSV-1 and HSV-2 was identified in 2053 (81.5%) and 87 (3.5%) specimens, respectively. Univariable analyses estimated higher odds of HSV-2 infection with increasing age and increasing country income level, and an unadjusted odds ratio with HSV-1 sero-positivity of 0.71 (95% CI 0.43-1.17; p-value 0.172). Adjusting for age and country income level, the adjusted odds ratio of HSV-2 infection with HSV-1 sero-positivity was 0.51 (95% CI 0.30-0.87; p-value 0.013). Sensitivity analyses confirmed this association. CONCLUSIONS There is a negative association between HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, suggestive of a protective effect for HSV-1 sero-positivity against HSV-2 acquisition. This finding supports earlier pooled but inconclusive evidence from prospective studies, yet contrasts with pooled findings of earlier cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Soha R. Dargham
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation – Education City, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Characterizing herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence declines and epidemiological association in the United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214151. [PMID: 31170140 PMCID: PMC6553692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Assessing the epidemiological association between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections in the United States, and characterizing the trends in the standardized HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibody prevalences (seroprevalences), 1999–2016. Methods Source of data was the cross-sectional and nationally-representative biennial surveys of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). All nine NHANES rounds for 1999–2016 were included in analysis. Datasets of these rounds were combined and analyzed accounting for survey design and applying weighting procedures. Logistic regressions were used to identify associations with seropositivity. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results Odds of HSV-1 infection declined by 2.84% (95% CI: 1.70%-4.00%) annually among men, and by 2.22% (95% CI: 1.23%-3.21%) among women. Declines were highest at younger ages. Odds of HSV-2 infection declined by 2.23% (95% CI: 0.71%-3.82%) annually among men, and by 2.89% (95% CI: 1.57%-4.28%) among women. Odds ratio of the association between HSV-2 and HSV-1 seropositivity was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60–0.84) for men and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72–0.91) for women, after adjustment for age, ethnicity, and year. Conclusion HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalences showed a strong declining trend for at least two decades, for both sexes and for the different ethnicities, possibly reflecting improvements in hygiene and living conditions (for HSV-1), and safer sexual behavior (for HSV-2). HSV-1 seroprevalence declines are most pronounced among young individuals. There is evidence for cross protection between the two infections, suggestive of HSV-1 seropositivity being partially protective against HSV-2 infection.
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4
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Highly Efficacious Novel Vaccine, Humoral Immunity, and Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus 1: Reality or Myth? J Virol 2017; 91:91/23/e01421-17. [PMID: 29138327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01421-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Zhang J, Liu H, Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:277-288. [PMID: 28378566 PMCID: PMC5394093 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1.
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6
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PODDER CHANDRAN, SHAHED SYEDAELHAM, SHAROMI OLUWASEUN, BHOWMIK SAMIRK. MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF IN-HOST DYNAMICS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE. J BIOL SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339017500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new deterministic model for Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) in vivo, which incorporates the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, is designed and analyzed. The analyses of the model reveal that it has a globally-asymptotically stable (GAS) virus-free equilibrium (VFE) whenever the associated reproduction threshold is less than unity. Also, it has at least one virus-present equilibrium (VPE) when the reproduction threshold exceeds unity (and virus will persist in vivo under this condition). Furthermore, it is shown that a Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) vaccine will be effective in reducing HSV-2 burden in vivo if it reduces the ability of the virus without glycoprotein C (gC) to bind to the host cell or if it reduces the re-activation rate of latent HSV-2. Additionally, the vaccine will also be very effective if it results in an increase in the fraction of the re-activated latent viruses without gC. Numerical simulations of the model show that cell-mediated immune response is more effective (in controlling HSV-2 burden in vivo) than humoral immune response (the latter only offers marginal impact in reducing HSV-2 burden in vivo, except if its effectiveness level is very high). Thus, a future HSV-2 vaccine that boosts cell-mediated immune response is expected to be quite effective in controlling HSV-2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - OLUWASEUN SHAROMI
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Bagheri V, Nejatollahi F, Esmaeili SA, Momtazi AA, Motamedifar M, Sahebkar A. Neutralizing human recombinant antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins B from a phage-displayed scFv antibody library. Life Sci 2016; 169:1-5. [PMID: 27888111 PMCID: PMC7094719 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein B (gB) plays a critical role in virus entry into host cells. Neutralizing antibodies can therefore potentially prevent virus entry into target cells and cell-to-cell spread of infection. Our present study focused on the selection of neutralizing single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies of a phage-displayed nonimmune human scFv antibody library against gB of HSV-1. To enrich specific scFvs, two phage antibodies were isolated against amino acid residues 31–43 derived from the N-terminal part of gB using panning technique. Two scFvs, scFv-gB1 and scFv-gB2, with frequencies of 45% and 20% were obtained from scFv clones after performing PCR and MvaI fingerprinting. In phage ELISA analysis, both gB1 and gB2 scFvs demonstrated high reactivity with the gB peptide. In the neutralization assay, scFv-gB1 and scFv-gB2 represented neutralizing effects of 55% and 59%, respectively. Upon further enhancement of the neutralizing effects of these antibodies, they can be considered as new potential alternatives in the treatment and prophylaxis of HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Bagheri
- Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Foroogh Nejatollahi
- Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Alireza Esmaeili
- Student Research Committee, Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Student Research Committee, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Ghosh M, Civra A, Rittà M, Cagno V, Mavuduru SG, Awasthi P, Lembo D, Donalisio M. Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3509-3514. [PMID: 27581805 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ficus religiosa extracts have been used in traditional Indian medicine to treat sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and genital ulcers. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral activity of F. religiosa extracts against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the main causative agent of genital ulcers and sores. Water and chloroform bark extracts were the most active against HSV-2, and also against an acyclovir-resistant strain. We demonstrate that the water extract has a direct virus-inactivating activity. By contrast, the chloroform extract inhibits viral attachment and entry and limits the production of viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Rittà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043, Turin, Italy
| | - Siva Ganesh Mavuduru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Preeti Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, 10043, Turin, Italy.
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9
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Maldov DG, Andronova VL, Balakina AA, Ilyichev AV, Galegov GA. Influence of the immunomodulatory drug stimforte on the humoral immune response in the experimental herpes virus infection. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:172-175. [PMID: 36494965 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-172-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the study of the immunostimulation preparation Stimforte activity using the model of the experimental herpes virus infection BALB/c, mice has shown that sera from mice treated with the drug on the 4th and 7th day after infection possessed a 3 times greater capability of specifically binding to the culture of HSV-1 (on cells Vero) according to dot blot analysis, as compared with intact infected mice sera obtained at the same time. It was also shown that these sera had a 5 times higher index of neutralization. On the basis of Western blots, it was detected that antibodies from sera of mice treated with Stimforte contacted the glycoproteins gB and gC of HSV-1 significantly better. Thus, Stimforte stimulates one of the strongest modulatory effects on the immune memory and is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V L Andronova
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
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10
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Leplina O, Starostina N, Zheltova O, Ostanin A, Shevela E, Chernykh E. Dendritic cell-based vaccines in treating recurrent herpes labialis: Results of pilot clinical study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3029-3035. [PMID: 27635861 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1214348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent herpes simplex labialis caused predominantly with herpes simplexvirus 1(HSV-1) is a major problem, for which various treatments have minimal impact. Given the important role of the immune system in controlling virus infection, an activation of virus-specific immune responses, in particular,using dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines, seems to be a promising approach for the treatment of patients with frequent recurrences of herpes labialis. The current paper presents the results of a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of DC vaccines in 14 patients with recurrent HSV-1 infections. DCs were generated in presence of GM-CSF and IFN-alpha and were loaded with HSV-1 recombinant viral glycoprotein D (HSV1gD). DCs cells were injected subcutaneously as 2 courses of vaccination during 9 months. Immunotherapy with DCs did not induce any serious side effects and resulted in more than 2-fold reduction in the recurrence rate and significant enhancement of the inter-recurrent time during the 9 months of treatment and subsequent 6-month follow-up period. An obvious clinical improvement was accompanied with an induction of an antigen-specific response to HCV1gD and a normalization of reduced mitogenic responsiveness of mono-nuclear cells. According to long-term survey data (on average 48 months after the beginning of therapy), 87% of respondents reported the decreased incidence of recurrent infection. At this time, most patients (85.7%) responded to HCV1gD stimulation. The data obtained suggests that dendritic cell vaccines may be a promising new approach for the treatment of recurrent labial herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Leplina
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Olga Zheltova
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Alexandr Ostanin
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Ekaterina Shevela
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Elena Chernykh
- a Institite of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology , Novosibirsk , Russia
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11
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Baccari A, Cooney M, Blevins TP, Morrison LA, Larson S, Skoberne M, Belshe RB, Flechtner JB, Long D. Development of a high-throughput β-Gal-based neutralization assay for quantitation of herpes simplex virus-neutralizing antibodies in human samples. Vaccine 2016; 34:3901-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Luo Y, Xiong D, Li HH, Qiu SP, Lin CL, Chen Q, Huang CH, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Xia NS. Development of an HSV-1 neutralization test with a glycoprotein D specific antibody for measurement of neutralizing antibody titer in human sera. Virol J 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 26987753 PMCID: PMC4797254 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigating the neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer against HSV-1 is essential for monitoring the immune protection against HSV-1 in susceptible populations, which would facilitate the development of vaccines against herpes infection and improvement of HSV-1 based oncolytic virotherapy. Results In this study, we have developed a neutralization test based on the enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT-NT) to determine the neutralizing antibody titer against HSV-1 in human serum samples. This optimized assay employed a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing glycoprotein D to detect the HSV-1 infected cells. With this test, the neutralizing antibody titer against HSV-1 could be determined within one day by automated interpretation of the counts of cell spots. We observed good correlation in the results obtained from ELISPOT-NT and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) by testing 22 human serum samples representing different titers. Moreover, 269 human serum samples collected from a wide range of age groups were tested, the average neutralizing antibody titer (log2NT50) was 8.3 ± 2.8 and the prevalence of NAbs was 83.6 % in this cohort, it also revealed that the average neutralizing antibody titer in different groups increased with the age, and no significant difference in neutralizing antibody titers was observed between males and females. Conclusions These results prove that this novel assay would serve as an accurate and simple assay for the assessment of the neutralizing antibody titers against HSV-1 in large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huan-Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chao-Long Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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13
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Koshizuka T, Ishioka K, Kobayashi T, Ikuta K, Suzutani T. Protection from lethal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by vaccination with a UL41-deficient recombinant strain. Fukushima J Med Sci 2016; 62:36-42. [PMID: 26983589 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2015-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a virion host shut off protein which is involved in immune evasion. The growth and virulence of HSV-1 is markedly reduced by the deletion of UL41. In this report, the UL41-deleted recombinant HSV-1 strain VR∆41 was evaluated as a prophylactic live attenuated vaccine against lethal HSV-1 infection in a mouse model. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation with the VR∆41 strain clearly inhibited lethal wild-type HSV-1 (VR-3 strain) infection after both i.p. and intracerebral (i.c.) inoculations. Vaccination with the VR∆41 strain was safer than VR-3 vaccination and was able to protect against a wild-type challenge to the same degree as VR-3 vaccination. In contrast, i.p. inoculation with ultraviolet-irradiated VR-3 induced resistance against i.p. infection, but not against i.c. INFECTION Although replication of the VR∆41 strain in mice was greatly reduced compared to that of the VR-3 strain, VR∆41 strain maintained the ability to spread to the central nervous system (CNS) from a peripheral inoculation site. These results indicated that the VR∆41 strain evoked a potent immune reaction through viral protein expression within CNS without the induction of lethal encephalitis. The entry of antigens into the CNS was essential for the establishment of protective immunity against the lethal HSV encephalitis. We concluded that only a live attenuated vaccine is able to afford a prophylactic effect against CNS infection with HSV. In order to fulfill this requirement, UL41-deleted viruses provide a strong candidate for use as a recombinant live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine
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14
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Nakagawa H, Kusuyama T, Ogawa K. Primary oropharyngeal herpes simplex virus infection in adults: a profile of thirty-two immunoserologically confirmed cases. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40:393-6. [PMID: 25704395 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Seibo International Catholic Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - K Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
The successful human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus subunit vaccines contain single viral proteins that represent 22 and 12%, respectively, of the antigens encoded by these tiny viruses. The herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) genome is >20 times larger. Thus, a single protein subunit represents 1% of HSV-2's total antigenic breadth. Antigenic breadth may explain why HSV-2 glycoprotein subunit vaccines have failed in clinical trials, and why live HSV-2 vaccines that express 99% of HSV-2's proteome may be more effective. I review the mounting evidence that live HSV-2 vaccines offer a greater opportunity to stop the spread of genital herpes, and I consider the unfounded 'safety concerns' that have kept live HSV-2 vaccines out of U.S. clinical trials for 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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16
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Gable J, Acker TM, Craik CS. Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11382-412. [PMID: 25275644 PMCID: PMC4254030 DOI: 10.1021/cr500255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
E. Gable
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
- Graduate
Group in Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, 600 16th
Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
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Sufiawati I, Tugizov SM. HIV-associated disruption of tight and adherens junctions of oral epithelial cells facilitates HSV-1 infection and spread. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88803. [PMID: 24586397 PMCID: PMC3931628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 are the most common opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS. In these immunocompromised individuals, HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in oral epithelium, leading to oral disorders such as ulcers, gingivitis, and necrotic lesions. Although the increased risk of HSV infection may be mediated in part by HIV-induced immune dysfunction, direct or indirect interactions of HIV and HSV at the molecular level may also play a role. In this report we show that prolonged interaction of the HIV proteins tat and gp120 and cell-free HIV virions with polarized oral epithelial cells leads to disruption of tight and adherens junctions of epithelial cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. HIV-induced disruption of oral epithelial junctions facilitates HSV-1 paracellular spread between the epithelial cells. Furthermore, HIV-associated disruption of adherens junctions exposes sequestered nectin-1, an adhesion protein and critical receptor for HSV envelope glycoprotein D (gD). Exposure of nectin-1 facilitates binding of HSV-1 gD, which substantially increases HSV-1 infection of epithelial cells with disrupted junctions over that of cells with intact junctions. Exposed nectin-1 from disrupted adherens junctions also increases the cell-to-cell spread of HSV-1 from infected to uninfected oral epithelial cells. Antibodies to nectin-1 and HSV-1 gD substantially reduce HSV-1 infection and cell-to-cell spread, indicating that HIV-promoted HSV infection and spread are mediated by the interaction of HSV gD with HIV-exposed nectin-1. Our data suggest that HIV-associated disruption of oral epithelial junctions may potentiate HSV-1 infection and its paracellular and cell-to-cell spread within the oral mucosal epithelium. This could be one of the possible mechanisms of rapid development of HSV-associated oral lesions in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irna Sufiawati
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jones CA. Vaccines for neonatal viral infections: Vaccines to prevent neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 3:363-4. [PMID: 15270635 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Margaret Burgess has made many contributions to the study of congenital and perinatal infections. Her mentorship of young researchers is her long-term legacy to the development of vaccines to prevent infections in utero and in the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Anne Jones
- Discipline of Pediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145 Australia.
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19
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Donalisio M, Nana HM, Ngono Ngane RA, Gatsing D, Tiabou Tchinda A, Rovito R, Cagno V, Cagliero C, Boyom FF, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Lembo D. In vitro anti-Herpes simplex virus activity of crude extract of the roots of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:266. [PMID: 24131916 PMCID: PMC3852819 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nauclea latifolia Smith, a shrub belonging to the family Rubiaceae is a very popular medicinal plant in Cameroon and neighboring countries where it is used to treat jaundice, yellow fever, rheumatism, abdominal pains, hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, as well as diabetes. The ethno-medicinal use against yellow fever, jaundice and diarrhea prompted us to investigate on the antiviral activity of the root bark of N. latifolia. In this study, HSV-2 was chosen as a viral model because of its strong impact on HIV transmission and acquisition. Methods The crude extract under study was prepared by maceration of air-dried and powdered roots barks of N. latifolia in CH2Cl2/MeOH (50:50) mixture for 48 hours, then it was subjected to filtration and evaporation under vacuum. A phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a photodiode array and mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-qMS). The anti-HSV-2 activity was assayed in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virucidal and time of addition assays. Data values were compared using the Extra sum of squares F test of program GraphPad PRISM 4. Results The main components detected in the extract belong to the class of indole alkaloids characteristic of Nauclea genus. Strictosamide, vincosamide and pumiloside were tentatively identified together with quinovic acid glycoside. N. latifolia crude extract inhibited both acyclovir sensitive and acyclovir resistant HSV-2 strains, with IC50 values of 5.38 μg/ml for the former and 7.17 μg/ml for the latter. The extract was found to be most active when added post-infection, with IC50 of 3.63 μg/ml. Conclusion The results of this work partly justify the empirical use of N. latifolia in traditional medicine for the treatment of viral diseases. This extract could be a promising rough material for the development of a new and more effective modern anti-HSV-2 medication also active against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 strains.
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20
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Stanberry LR, Belshe RB. Herpes simplex virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Chentoufi AA, BenMohamed L. Mucosal herpes immunity and immunopathology to ocular and genital herpes simplex virus infections. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:149135. [PMID: 23320014 PMCID: PMC3540975 DOI: 10.1155/2012/149135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. Primary mucocutaneous infection with HSV-1 & HSV-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. In the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. However, in symptomatic individuals, the latent HSV can spontaneously and frequently reactivate, reinfecting the muco-cutaneous surfaces and causing painful recurrent diseases. The innate and adaptive mucosal immunities to herpes infections and disease remain to be fully characterized. The understanding of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms operating at muco-cutaneous surfaces is fundamental to the design of next-generation herpes vaccines. In this paper, the phenotypic and functional properties of innate and adaptive mucosal immune cells, their role in antiherpes immunity, and immunopathology are reviewed. The progress and limitations in developing a safe and efficient mucosal herpes vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Alami Chentoufi
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City and King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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23
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de Oliveira A, Adams SD, Lee LH, Murray SR, Hsu SD, Hammond JR, Dickinson D, Chen P, Chu TC. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the modified green tea polyphenol palmitoyl-epigallocatechin gallate. Food Chem Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23182741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a strong antioxidant that has previously been shown to reduce the number of plaques in HIV-infected cultured cells. Modified EGCG, palmitoyl-EGCG (p-EGCG), is of interest as a topical antiviral agent for herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infections. This study evaluated the effect of p-EGCG on HSV-infected Vero cells. Results of cell viability and cell proliferation assays indicate that p-EGCG is not toxic to cultured Vero cells and show that modification of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with palmitate increases the effectiveness of EGCG as an antiviral agent. Furthermore, p-EGCG is a more potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) than EGCG and can be topically applied to skin, one of the primary tissues infected by HSV. Viral binding assay, plaque forming assay, PCR, real-time PCR, and fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate that p-EGCG concentrations of 50 μM and higher block the production of infectious HSV-1 particles. p-EGCG was found to inhibit HSV-1 adsorption to Vero cells. Thus, p-EGCG may provide a novel treatment for HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Science, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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24
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Luo C, Goshima F, Kamakura M, Mutoh Y, Iwata S, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Immunization with a highly attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant, HF10, protects mice from genital disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:158. [PMID: 22557998 PMCID: PMC3339446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is an intractable disease caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (HSV-2), and is a major concern in public health. A previous infection with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) enhances protection against primary HSV-2 infection to some extent. In this study, we evaluated the ability of HF10, a naturally occurring replication-competent HSV-1 mutant, to protect against genital infection in mice caused by HSV-2. Subcutaneous inoculation of HF10-immunized mice against lethal infection by HSV-2, and attenuated the development of genital ulcer diseases. Immunization with HF10 inhibited HSV-2 replication in the mouse vagina, reduced local inflammation, controlled emergence of neurological dysfunctions of HSV-2 infection, and increased survival. In HF10-immunized mice, we observed rapid and increased production of interferon-γ in the vagina in response to HSV-2 infection, and numerous CD4+ and a few CD8+ T cells localized to the infective focus. CD4+ T cells invaded the mucosal subepithelial lamina propria. Thus, the protective effect of HF10 was related to induction of cellular immunity, mediated primarily by Th1 CD4+ cells. These data indicate that the live attenuated HSV-1 mutant strain HF10 is a promising candidate antigen for a vaccine against genital herpes caused by HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Luo
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Alami Chentoufi A, Kritzer E, Yu DM, Nesburn AB, BenMohamed L. Towards a rational design of an asymptomatic clinical herpes vaccine: the old, the new, and the unknown. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:187585. [PMID: 22548113 PMCID: PMC3324142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/187585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The best hope of controlling the herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) pandemic is the development of an effective vaccine. However, in spite of several clinical trials, starting as early as 1920s, no vaccine has been proven sufficiently safe and efficient to warrant commercial development. In recent years, great strides in cellular and molecular immunology have stimulated creative efforts in controlling herpes infection and disease. However, before moving towards new vaccine strategy, it is necessary to answer two fundamental questions: (i) why past herpes vaccines have failed? (ii) Why the majority of HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., asymptomatic individuals) are naturally "protected" exhibiting few or no recurrent clinical disease, while other HSV seropositive individuals (i.e., symptomatic individuals) have frequent ocular, orofacial, and/or genital herpes clinical episodes? We recently discovered several discrete sets of HSV-1 symptomatic and asymptomatic epitopes recognized by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from seropositive symptomatic versus asymptomatic individuals. These asymptomatic epitopes will provide a solid foundation for the development of novel herpes epitope-based vaccine strategy. Here we provide a brief overview of past clinical vaccine trials, outline current progress towards developing a new generation "asymptomatic" clinical herpes vaccines, and discuss future mucosal "asymptomatic" prime-boost vaccines that could optimize local protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Alami Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
- Department of Immunology, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth Kritzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - David M. Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4375, USA
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA 92868-3201, USA
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26
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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27
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Palmason S, Marty FM, Treister NS. How Do We Manage Oral Infections in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Other Severely Immunocompromised Patients? Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2011; 23:579-99, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Asgari S, Chamani-Tabriz L, Asadi S, Fatemi F, Zeraati H, Akhondi MM, Shahnazi A. HSV-2 Seroepidemiology and Risk Factors among Iranian Women: A Time to New Thinking. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 13:818-23. [PMID: 22737421 PMCID: PMC3371894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease in many developed and developing countries mostly caused by Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). This study determines the prevalence of HSV-2 infection between two groups of women with high and low risk behaviors. METHODS In this seroepidemiologic study, 362 women attending obstetrics and gynecology clinics as low risk group and 156 prisoners and drop in center resident women in Tehran as high risk group were enrolled. HSV infection was identified by serologic tests on blood samples. RESULTS The prevalence of IgG antibody in high risk group was significantly more than low risk women (26.3% vs. 2.5%). The prevalence of IgM antibody in high risk group was less than low risk group (3.8% vs. 7.1%) but the difference was not statistically significant. In high risk group, there was significant association between positive IgG and anal/oral sex, use of condom, smoking and drug addiction as well as genital pain, burning, itching, ulcer, dysuria, and history of genital infection. In low risk group, association between positive IgM and IgG test results and risky behaviors were not significant. There was significant association between IgM and genital itching, rash, and ulcer. CONCLUSION Relatively high seroprevalence of anti-HSV-2 IgG and high frequency of genital Herpes among high risk women necessitates regular screening and safe sex education programs. Moreover, risk of acute infection in this group should not be ignored and its distribution in Iranian population should be alarmingly concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asgari
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kish, Iran
| | - L Chamani-Tabriz
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence: Leili Chamani-Tabriz, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: Tel: +98-21-22432020, Fax: Fax: +98-21-224302021, E-mail:
| | - S Asadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Fatemi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Zeraati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M M Akhondi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shahnazi
- International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Kish, Iran
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29
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Lee C, Chi CC, Hsieh SC, Chang CJ, Delamere FM, Peters MC, Kanjirath PP, Anderson PF. Interventions for treatment of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips). Hippokratia 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfang Lee
- Tri-Service General Hospital; Department of Pharmacy Practice; No 325, Sec 2, Chen-Kung Rd Neihu 114 Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Chi
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Department of Dermatology and Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; 6, Sec West, Chia-Pu Road Puzih Chiayi Taiwan 61363
| | - Shu-Ching Hsieh
- Centre for Drug Evaluation; Division of Health Technology Assessment; 1F, No.15-1, Sec.1, Hangjou S. Rd Taipei Taiwan 100
| | - Charn-Jung Chang
- Medical Affairs Bureau, Ministry of National Defense; Pharmaceutical Management Division; 3F, No.163, BO-AI Road Taipei Taiwan 10048
| | - Finola M Delamere
- Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham; Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; Room A103, King's Meadow Campus Lenton Lane Nottingham UK NG7 2NR
| | - Mathilde C Peters
- University of Michigan; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics; 1011 N University Ave RM 2361 Ann Arbor Michigan USA MI 48109-1078
| | - Preetha P Kanjirath
- Midwestern University; College of Dental Medicine; 555 - 31st Street, 102 Redwood Hall Downers Grove Illinois USA 60515
| | - Patricia F Anderson
- University of Michigan; Taubman Health Sciences Library; 1135 E. Catherine Street, 5726 Ann Arbor Michigan USA 48109-2038
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30
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetrates the basement membrane in human nasal respiratory mucosa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22160. [PMID: 21789229 PMCID: PMC3137608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus infections are highly prevalent in humans. However, the current therapeutics suffer important drawbacks such as limited results in neonates, increasing occurrence of resistance and impeded treatment of stromal infections. Remarkably, interactions of herpesviruses with human mucosa, the locus of infection, remain poorly understood and the underlying mechanisms in stromal infection remain controversial. Methodology/Principal Findings A human model consisting of nasal respiratory mucosa explants was characterised. Viability and integrity were examined during 96 h of cultivation. HSV1-mucosa interactions were analysed. In particular, we investigated whether HSV1 is able to reach the stroma. Explant viability and integrity remained preserved. HSV1 induced rounding up and loosening of epithelial cells with very few apoptotic and necrotic cells observed. Following 16–24 h of infection, HSV1 penetrated the basement membrane and replicated in the underlying lamina propria. Conclusions/Significance This human explant model can be used to study virus-mucosa interactions and viral mucosal invasion mechanisms. Using this model, our results provide a novel insight into the HSV1 stromal invasion mechanism and for the first time directly demonstrate that HSV1 can penetrate the basement membrane.
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31
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Predominance of herpes simplex virus type 1 from patients with genital herpes in Nova Scotia. Can J Infect Dis 2011; 14:94-6. [PMID: 18159431 DOI: 10.1155/2003/168673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2002] [Accepted: 11/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of genital herpes is changing with evidence to suggest an increasing incidence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. The results of 6529 HSV genital cultures taken between April 1998 and December 2001 were reviewed. overall, HSV-1 was recovered more often than HSV-2; 1213 versus 1045. This trend was particularly striking in young women 30 years of age or less, in whom 70.8% of isolates were HSV-1. In men of the same age range, 45% of isolates were HSV-1. The proportion of women with HSV-1 declined from 73.7% in those younger than 31 years of age to 4.5% in those older than 60 years of age.These observations have important implications. The decline in the relative proportion of HSV-1 isolates from young adults may be the result of changing sexual practices, changing susceptibility or increased exposure to HSV-1 during vaginal intercourse. In this setting HSV-2 vaccines may be less likely to produce the desired reduction in the overall prevalence of genital herpes infections.
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Development of a glycoprotein D-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) recombinant viral vaccine against HSV-2 infection in mice. J Virol 2011; 85:5036-47. [PMID: 21389121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02548-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, California) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-origin binding protein UL9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein D-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative HSV-1 recombinant viral vaccine, CJ9-gD, for protection against HSV infection and disease. It was demonstrated that CJ9-gD is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection following different routes of infection, and offers highly effective protective immunity against primary HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and disease in mouse and guinea pig models of HSV infections. Given these favorable safety and immunological profiles of CJ9-gD, aiming to maximize levels of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) expression, we have constructed an ICP0 null mutant-based dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant, CJ2-gD2, that contains 2 copies of the gD2 gene driven by the tetracycline operator (tetO)-bearing HSV-1 major immediate-early ICP4 promoter. CJ2-gD2 expresses gD2 as efficiently as wild-type HSV-2 infection and can lead to a 150-fold reduction in wild-type HSV-2 viral replication in cells coinfected with CJ2-gD2 and wild-type HSV-2 at the same multiplicity of infection. CJ2-gD2 is avirulent following intracerebral injection and cannot establish a detectable latent infection following subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization. CJ2-gD2 is a more effective vaccine than HSV-1 CJ9-gD and a non-gD2-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant in protection against wild-type HSV-2 genital disease. Using recall response, we showed that immunization with CJ2-gD2 elicited strong HSV-2-specific memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Collectively, given the demonstrated preclinical immunogenicity and its unique safety profiles, CJ2-gD2 represents a new class of HSV-2 replication-defective recombinant viral vaccines in protection against HSV-2 genital infection and disease.
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Halford WP, Püschel R, Rakowski B. Herpes simplex virus 2 ICP0 mutant viruses are avirulent and immunogenic: implications for a genital herpes vaccine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12251. [PMID: 20808928 PMCID: PMC2923193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) ICP0− mutants are interferon-sensitive, avirulent, and elicit protective immunity against HSV-1 (Virol J, 2006, 3:44). If an ICP0− mutant of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) exhibited similar properties, such a virus might be used to vaccinate against genital herpes. The current study was initiated to explore this possibility. Several HSV-2 ICP0− mutant viruses were constructed and evaluated in terms of three parameters: i. interferon-sensitivity; ii. virulence in mice; and iii. capacity to elicit protective immunity against HSV-2. One ICP0− mutant virus in particular, HSV-2 0ΔNLS, achieved an optimal balance between avirulence and immunogenicity. HSV-2 0ΔNLS was interferon-sensitive in cultured cells. HSV-2 0ΔNLS replicated to low levels in the eyes of inoculated mice, but was rapidly repressed by an innate, Stat 1-dependent host immune response. HSV-2 0ΔNLS failed to spread from sites of inoculation, and hence produced only inapparent infections. Mice inoculated with HSV-2 0ΔNLS consistently mounted an HSV-specific IgG antibody response, and were consistently protected against lethal challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Based on their avirulence and immunogenicity, we propose that HSV-2 ICP0− mutant viruses merit consideration for their potential to prevent the spread of HSV-2 and genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America.
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de Jong MAWP, de Witte L, Taylor ME, Geijtenbeek TBH. Herpes simplex virus type 2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility by affecting Langerhans cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1633-41. [PMID: 20592277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is the most prevalent viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is mainly caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 infection enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effect of HSV-2 on HIV-1 transmission by mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs). LCs are important in heterosexual transmission because they form a barrier against HIV-1 infection; LCs efficiently capture and degrade HIV-1 through the C-type lectin langerin, thereby preventing HIV-1 transmission. Notably, our data showed that HSV-2 enhanced HIV-1 infection of LCs and subsequent HIV-1 transmission to T cells. HSV-2 interfered with HIV-1 capture by langerin, which allowed efficient HIV-1 infection of LCs. HSV-2 inhibited the antiviral function of langerin at two levels; HSV-2 decreased langerin expression and competed with HIV-1 for langerin binding. HSV-2 replication was not required, because both UV-inactivated HSV-2 and TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid similarly increased HIV-1 transmission by LCs. Therefore, we identified a mechanism by which HSV-2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Our data demonstrated that viral coinfections, such as HSV-2, breach the protective function of LCs by abrogating langerin function, which increases HIV-1 susceptibility. These data reinforce the importance of preventing sexually transmitted infections, such as HSV-2, to reduce the transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marein A W P de Jong
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Immunization with a dominant-negative recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 1 protects against HSV-2 genital disease in guinea pigs. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:163. [PMID: 20525279 PMCID: PMC2889954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CJ9-gD is a novel dominant-negative recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that is completely replication-defective, cannot establish detectable latent infection in vivo, and expresses high levels of the major HSV-1 antigen glycoprotein D immediately following infection. In the present study, CJ9-gD was evaluated as a vaccine against HSV-2 genital infection in guinea pigs. Results Animals immunized with CJ9-gD developed at least 700-fold higher titers of HSV-2-specific neutralization antibodies than mock-immunized controls. After challenge with wild-type HSV-2, all 10 control guinea pigs developed multiple genital lesions with an average of 21 lesions per animal. In contrast, only 2 minor lesions were found in 2 of 8 CJ9-gD-immunized animals, representing a 40-fold reduction on the incidence of primary genital lesions in immunized animals (p < 0.0001). Immunization significantly reduced the amount and duration of viral shedding and provided complete protection against neurological symptoms, while 90% of mock-immunized animals succumbed due to the severity of disease. Importantly, immunized animals showed no signs of recurrent disease or viral shedding during a 60-days observation period after recovery from primary infection, and carried 50-fold less latent viral DNA load in their dorsal root ganglia than the surviving mock-vaccinated controls (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Collectively, we demonstrate that vaccination with the HSV-1 recombinant CJ9-gD elicits strong and protective immune responses against primary and recurrent HSV-2 genital disease and significantly reduces the extent of latent infection.
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Anthony DA, Andrews DM, Watt SV, Trapani JA, Smyth MJ. Functional dissection of the granzyme family: cell death and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:73-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brans R, Akhrameyeva NV, Yao F. Prevention of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 disease in mice immunized with a gD-expressing dominant-negative recombinant HSV-1. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2470-9. [PMID: 19357711 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CJ9-gD is a novel herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 recombinant virus that is completely replication-defective, expresses high-levels of HSV-1 major antigen glycoprotein D (gD), and can function in trans to inhibit replication of wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2 in co-infected cells. Here, we show that immunization with CJ9-gD elicits strong and long-lasting humoral and Th1-like cellular immune responses against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Mice immunized with CJ9-gD exhibited significant reductions in the extent and duration of intravaginal replication of challenge HSV-1 and HSV-2 compared with mock-immunized controls, and were completely protected from local or systemic herpetic disease after intravaginal challenge with wild-type HSV-1 or HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Looker KJ, Garnett GP, Schmid GP. An estimate of the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 86:805-12, A. [PMID: 18949218 DOI: 10.2471/blt.07.046128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in 2003. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken of published seroprevalence surveys describing the prevalence or incidence of HSV-2 by age and gender. For each of 12 regions, pooled prevalence values by age and gender were generated in a random-effect model. HSV-2 incidence was then estimated from these pooled values using a constant-incidence model. Values of the HSV-2 seroprevalence from the model fits were applied to the total population to estimate the numbers of people infected. FINDINGS The total number of people aged 15-49 years who were living with HSV-2 infection worldwide in 2003 is estimated to be 536 million, while the total number of people who were newly infected with HSV-2 in 2003 is estimated to be 23.6 million. While the estimates are limited by poor availability of data, general trends are evident. For example, more women than men were infected, and the number infected increased with age. Although prevalence varied substantially by region, predicted prevalence was mostly higher in developing regions than developed regions. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HSV-2 is relatively easy to measure since infection is lifelong and has a specific serological test. The burden of disease is less easy to quantify. Despite the often sparse data on which these estimates are based, it is clear that HSV-2 infection is widespread. The dramatic differences in prevalence between regions are worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Looker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, England.
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High-level expression of glycoprotein D by a dominant-negative HSV-1 virus augments its efficacy as a vaccine against HSV-1 infection. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1174-84. [PMID: 19005489 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) gene switch technology, we previously generated a dominant-negative herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 recombinant, CJ83193, capable of inhibiting its own replication as well as that of wild-type HSV-1 and HSV-2. It has been further demonstrated that CJ83193 is an effective vaccine against HSV-1 infection in a mouse ocular model. To ensure its safety and augment its efficacy, we generated an improved CJ83193-like HSV-1 recombinant, CJ9-gD, which contains a deletion in an HSV-1 essential gene and encodes an extra copy of gene-encoding glycoprotein D (gD) driven by the tetO-bearing human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter. Unlike CJ83193, which exhibits limited plaque-forming capability in Vero cells and expresses little gD in infected cells, CJ9-gD is completely replication defective, yields high-level expression of gD following infection, and cannot establish detectable infection in mouse trigeminal ganglia following intranasal and ocular inoculation. Mice immunized with CJ9-gD produced 3.5-fold higher HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titer than CJ83193-immunized mice, and were completely protected from herpetic ocular disease following corneal challenge with wild-type HSV-1. Moreover, immunization of mice with CJ9-gD elicited a strong HSV-1-specific T-cell response and led to an 80% reduction in latent infection by challenge wild-type HSV-1 compared with the mock-immunized control.
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Arama V, Vladareanu R, Mihailescu R, Streinu Cercel A, Mihai C, Hristea A, Iosipenco M, Arama SS, Rabilloud M. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus infection among pregnant women. J Perinat Med 2008; 36:206-12. [PMID: 18576929 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2008.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the type-specific seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 infection in pregnant women in Bucharest, Romania. METHODS A prospective survey was conducted in 452 subjects, aged 15-39 years, at the Elias Hospital, during the years 2004-2005. We evaluated serum IgG anti-bodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 using the HerpeSelect ELISA test. All subjects completed an epidemiological questionnaire. RESULTS Seroprevalence was 87.3% and 15.1% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. The risk factors for HSV-2 infection were lower level of education and a greater number of sexual partners. Elementary school and high-school graduates were 6.28 and 2.26 times more exposed than University graduates. Having 2-3 partners and more than three partners was associated with 2.43 and 4.26 times the risk of acquiring HSV-2, compared with having one partner. CONCLUSIONS In pregnant women, HSV-1 seroprevalence was higher than in Western Europe but similar to that in Eastern Europe. HSV-2 seroprevalence was within European ranges. Both were lower than in the USA. Risk factors for HSV-2 infection may lead to prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Arama
- Department Adults 3 of National Institute of Infectious Diseases Professor Dr. Matei Bals, Bucharest, Romania
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Gimeno IM. Marek's disease vaccines: A solution for today but a worry for tomorrow? Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 3:C31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A replication-competent, neuronal spread-defective, live attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine. J Virol 2008; 82:8431-41. [PMID: 18562543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00551-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) produces oral lesions, encephalitis, keratitis, and severe infections in the immunocompromised host. HSV-1 is almost as common as HSV-2 in causing first episodes of genital herpes, a disease that is associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and transmission. No approved vaccines are currently available to protect against HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection. We developed a novel HSV vaccine strategy that uses a replication-competent strain of HSV-1, NS-gEnull, which has a defect in anterograde and retrograde directional spread and cell-to-cell spread. Following scratch inoculation on the mouse flank, NS-gEnull replicated at the site of inoculation without causing disease. Importantly, the vaccine strain was not isolated from dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We used the flank model to challenge vaccinated mice and demonstrated that NS-gEnull was highly protective against wild-type HSV-1. The challenge virus replicated to low titers at the site of inoculation; therefore, the vaccine strain did not provide sterilizing immunity. Nevertheless, challenge by HSV-1 or HSV-2 resulted in less-severe disease at the inoculation site, and vaccinated mice were totally protected against zosteriform disease and death. After HSV-1 challenge, latent virus was recovered by DRG explant cocultures from <10% of vaccinated mice compared with 100% of mock-vaccinated mice. The vaccine provided protection against disease and death after intravaginal challenge and markedly lowered the titers of the challenge virus in the vagina. Therefore, the HSV-1 gEnull strain is an excellent candidate for further vaccine development.
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Prior infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) limits the immunocontraceptive effects of an MCMV vector expressing the mouse zona-pellucida-3 protein. Vaccine 2008; 26:3860-9. [PMID: 18573574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-vectored vaccine expressing the mouse zona-pellucida-3 gene (rMCMV-ZP3), which successfully induces infertility in experimentally inoculated laboratory or wild-derived mice. However, the future success of this vector as a fully disseminating vaccine in free-living mice may be compromised by pre-existing immunity since there is a high prevalence of naturally acquired MCMV infection in these mice. To evaluate the effect of prior immunity to MCMV on vaccine efficacy, we constructed two new biologically effective recombinant MCMV vectors expressing the mouse ZP3 protein from two MCMV strains (N1 and G4) derived from free-living mice. In wild mice, mixed MCMV infection is common and could be acquired either by simultaneous coinfection or sequential infection with different MCMV strains. Interestingly, while coinfection with both wild-type and rMCMV-ZP3 via the intraperitoneal route reduced the impact of the rMCMV-ZP3, prior infection with the same wild-type strain as that used to construct the rMCMV-ZP3 abrogated the immunocontraceptive effects of either N1-ZP3 or G4-ZP3. However, prior infection with G4 28 days before the introduction of N1-ZP3 had a reduced influence on the efficacy of the rMCMV-ZP3. Thus, the strain of virus and the timing of prior infection are factors that may influence the efficacy of the rMCMV-ZP3. Given that mixed infection of mice with MCMV is common, it is possible that prior immunity acquired by natural mucosal infection may have less a less inhibitory effect on the immunocontraceptive outcome.
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Immunization with a dominant-negative recombinant HSV type 1 protects against HSV-1 skin disease in guinea pigs. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2825-32. [PMID: 18496565 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CJ9-gD belongs to a new class of replication-defective recombinant herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) type 1 that can function in trans to prevent the replication of wild-type HSV in co-infected cells. Furthermore, CJ9-gD cannot establish latent infection in vivo and it expresses high levels of the major HSV-1 antigen glycoprotein D immediately following infection. In this study we show that guinea pigs immunized with CJ9-gD developed at least 9,600-fold higher titers of HSV-1-specific neutralization antibodies than mock-immunized controls. After challenge with wild-type HSV-1, all 10 mock-immunized guinea pigs developed multiple skin lesions with an average of 53.3 lesions per animal, whereas only 2 minor lesions were found in 1 of 10 CJ9-gD-immunized animals, representing a 267-fold reduction on the incidence of primary herpetic skin lesions in immunized animals. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the amount and frequency of wild-type HSV-1 viral DNA present in dorsal root ganglia of immunized animals was significantly lower than that in mock-immunized controls. Collectively, we demonstrate that vaccination with CJ9-gD elicits strong and protective immune responses against primary HSV-1 skin disease and reduces the extent of latent infection by challenge virus.
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Durmanová V, Sapák M, Kosovský J, Rezuchová I, Kúdelová M, Buc M, Rajcáni J. Immune response and cytokine production following immunization with experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) vaccines. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:73-83. [PMID: 18481222 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Balb/c mice were immunized with the recombinant fusion protein gD1/313 (FpgD1/313 representing the ectodomain of HSV-1 gD), with the non-pathogenic ANGpath gE-del virus, with the plasmid pcDNA3.1-gD expressing full-length gD1 and with the recombinant immediate early (IE) HSV-1 protein ICP27. Specific antibodies against these antigens (as detected by ELISA) reached high titers with the exception of the DNA vaccine. High-grade protection against challenge with the virulent strain SC16 was found following immunization with the pcDNA3.1-gD plasmid and with the gE-del virus. Medium grade, but satisfactory protection developed after immunization with the FpgD1/313 and minimum grade protection was seen upon immunization with the IE/ICP27 polypeptide. A considerable response of peripheral blood cells (PBL) and splenocytes in the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was found in mice immunized with FpgD1/313, with the pcDNA3.1-gD plasmid and with the live ANGpathgE-del virus. For lymphocyte stimulation in vitro, the FpgD1/313 antigen was less effective than the purified gD1/313 polypeptide (cleaved off from the fusion protein); both proteins elicited higher proliferation at the 5 microg per 0.1 mL dose than at the 1 microg per 0.1 mL dose. The secretion of Th type 1 (TNF, IFN-gamma and IL-2) and Th type 2 (IL-4 and IL-6) cytokines was tested in the medium fluid of purified PBL and splenocyte cultures; their absolute values were expressed in relative indexes. The PBL from FpgD1/313 immunized mice showed increased secretion of both T(H)1 (TNF) as well as T(H)2 (IL-4) cytokines (7-10-fold, respectively). Splenocytes from FpgD1/313 immunized mice showed a significant (23-fold) increase in IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Durmanová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Rupp R, Bernstein DI. The potential impact of a prophylactic herpes simplex vaccine. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:41-52. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Arduino PG, Porter SR. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico-pathological features. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:107-21. [PMID: 18197856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus, usually acquired through direct contact with infected lesions or body fluids (typically saliva). The prevalence of HSV-1 infection increases progressively from childhood, the seroprevalence being inversely related to socioeconomic background. Primary HSV-1 infections in children are either asymptomatic or following an incubation period of about 1 week gives rise to mucocutaneous vesicular eruptions. Herpetic gingivostomatitis typically affects the tongue, lips, gingival, buccal mucosa and the hard and soft palate. Most primary oro-facial HSV infection is caused by HSV-1, infection by HSV-2 is increasingly common. Recurrent infections, which occur at variable intervals, typically give rise to vesiculo-ulcerative lesions at mucocutaneous junctions particularly the lips (herpes labialis). Recurrent HSV-1 infection within the mouth is uncommon in otherwise healthy patients, although in immunocompromised patients, recurrent infection can be more extensive and/or aggressive. The diagnosis of common herpetic infection can usually be based upon the clinical history and presenting features. Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is, however, required when patients are, or may be, immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo G Arduino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Oral Medicine Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Stanberry LR. Herpes simplex virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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