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Aerobic Isolates from Gestational and Non-Gestational Lactating Bitches ( Canis lupus familiaris). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113259. [PMID: 34827990 PMCID: PMC8614458 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis represents the inflammation of the mammary gland, and it affects all mammals. It is usually caused by bacterial agents, but other organisms such as fungi or parasites can be responsible for the onset of mastitis. In bitches, mastitis is considered a genuine emergency, since it can affect both the mother and the pups. Left untreated, it can lead to the loss of the bitch and the entire litter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial load from the milk of healthy bitches and from bitches with mastitis. The main isolated bacterial families were the Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. The bacterial load from bitches’ overt pseudopregnancy seems to have a lower bacteriological burden than periparturient females. Some of the isolated milk strains of lactating bitches are also responsible for nosocomial infection. The transmission of such strains from humans to animals or vice versa is possible. Environmental hygiene needs to be adequately addressed, alongside a minimum manipulation of the lactating mammary glands where possible. Abstract Mastitis is a complex and well-defined mammary gland pathology, and an emergency in bitches. In dogs, its prevalence is about 1% of all reported diseases and about 5.3% of all reproductive pathologies. Lactating bitches are naturally prone to developing mastitis since puppies can easily overstimulate the epidermal layer of nipples during feeding, facilitating bacterial colonization of the glands. This study aimed to describe the aerobic bacterial flora isolated from milk samples derived from a cohort of patients (n = 87) diagnosed with clinical mastitis (n = 29), subclinical mastitis (n = 17) and healthy mammary glands (n = 46). All of the patients underwent a gynecology consultation to diagnose mammary gland afflictions; physical examination results were coupled with traditional hematological findings. The milk samples were plated on specific microbiological media for bacterial isolation. Among the 162 milk samples analyzed, 93.2% (151/162) had a positive microbiological result, while 6.8% (11/162) were sterile. The bacteriological profile of the milk samples showed 47 different species. The most common bacterial families detected in healthy bitches and bitches with subclinical and clinical mastitis were the Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae families. The results indicated that half of the isolated bacteria are novel findings in dogs and that some of them are normal components of human milk.
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Takeda S, Tanaka Y, Maeda M, Hayakawa H, Mitsuya S, Yamauchi KI. The First Fatal Case of Chromobacterium violaceum Infection in Japan. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e932037. [PMID: 34599138 PMCID: PMC8495662 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.932037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) is a gram-negative and facultative anaerobic oxidase-positive bacillus generally seen in tropical or subtropical areas (latitudes between 35°N and 35°S). C. violaceum infection is a rare but serious infection with high morbidity and mortality rates. Most clinicians practicing in non-tropical counties, such as Japan, are unfamiliar with it. CASE REPORT We report the first fatal case of a 49-year-old man infected with C. violaceum after a traffic accident in Japan (latitude 34.8°N). The patient reported brief submergence in a marshy muddy rice field after the accident. There was some evidence of soil and water contamination of the patient's skin and clothing, but he denied swallowing water or soil. There were no findings of pneumonitis or severe open wounds on admission. Until the night of the 7th day of hospitalization, his general conditions remained stable despite a persistent fever. However, he suddenly collapsed on the 8th day of hospitalization and died. C. violaceum bacteremia led to fatal sepsis on dissemination to the iliopsoas abscess, which is a rare combination for this infection. CONCLUSIONS Episodes of exposure to contaminated water or soil, especially in summer, are important predisposing factors for C. violaceum infection. Thus, it is vital to include C. violaceum infections as a differential diagnosis, since the mortality rate of C. violaceum infections is high and the cases of this infection have increased in non-tropical counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Takeda
- Trauma and Microsurgery Center, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matsuyoshi Maeda
- Department of Pathology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hayakawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - So Mitsuya
- Trauma and Microsurgery Center, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamauchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
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Mohammed JM, Sajana TM, Raj R, Rachana BA, Paul G, Pillai PR. 'The Violet Killer'-Successful Treatment of an Infant with Chromobacterium violaceum Sepsis. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6362432. [PMID: 34471923 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum, a facultative anaerobic proteobacterium, is isolated from water and soil in tropical areas and has been implicated in infections like septicemia, visceral abscesses, skin and soft tissue infections, meningitis and diarrhea. Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis, a rarely reported phenomenon has a very high mortality rate. Here, we report a unique case of Chromobacterium sepsis in an infant. A 48-day-old baby boy was referred to our institution with h/o fever, loose stools and reduced activity. He was intubated and referred to us in septic shock. Radiological investigations revealed multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen and kidneys. The infant was successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad M Mohammed
- Centre for Excellence in Pediatrics, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - T M Sajana
- Centre for Excellence in Pediatrics, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Reshma Raj
- Centre for Excellence in Pediatrics, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Babu A Rachana
- Department of Microbiology, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - George Paul
- Centre for Excellence in Pediatrics, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - P Rajappan Pillai
- Centre for Excellence in Pediatrics, Aster Medcity, Kochi, Kerala, India
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4
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Alisjahbana B, Debora J, Susandi E, Darmawan G. Chromobacterium violaceum: A Review of an Unexpected Scourge. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3259-3270. [PMID: 34267544 PMCID: PMC8276824 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s272193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a common environmental bacterium that rarely causes disease in humans but has a high fatality rate if it does. Due to the rarity of the cases, clinicians are often unaware of the rapid progression of C. violaceum infection and its unexpected antibiotic resistance pattern, which contribute to the failure of patient management. Our review provides the clinical characteristics, possible sources of exposure, and comorbidities and determines factors associated with survival. We gathered information on 132 cases of C. violaceum causing disease in humans published between 1953 and 2020. Patients were predominantly male with a median age of 17.5, interquartile range (IQR) of 5.0-40.0 years, and a third of them were known to have immune deficiencies or comorbidities. Portals of entry were mainly through a wound in the leg and feet (28.0%), the torso (8.5%), or hands and arms (6.8%). It is not uncommon to acquire infection through unintended contact with contaminated water or dust through the mouth or inhalation. The median incubation period is 4.0 days (IQR 2.0-8.0 days) with a duration of clinical course of 17.5 days (IQR 8.0-30.8 days). The high rate of positive blood cultures (56.1%) and abscesses in internal organs (36.4%) shows the significant severity of this disease. Sepsis and Bacteremia were related to mortality with a risk ratio (RR) of 5.20 (95% CI, 0.831-32.58) and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.05-4.36), respectively. Appropriate antibiotic use prevented death at a RR 0.33 (95% CI, 0.21-0.52). Most patients who recovered and survived were treated with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. This review shows the malignant nature of C. violaceum infection and the need for clinicians to be aware and provide prompt source management for patients. Appropriate empiric and targeted antibiotic regiment guided by susceptibility test results is of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachti Alisjahbana
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Josephine Debora
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Evan Susandi
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Guntur Darmawan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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5
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Anjaneyan G, Bhaskaran P, Vijay S, Shashindran N, Jayakumar C. Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis with extensive vesiculobullous eruptions. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:106-108. [PMID: 34190336 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopikrishnan Anjaneyan
- Department of Dermatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Praveena Bhaskaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Saranya Vijay
- Department of Dermatology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Nandita Shashindran
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrashekhara Jayakumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
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Mazumder R, Sadique T, Sen D, Mozumder P, Rahman T, Chowdhury A, Halim F, Akter N, Ahmed D. Agricultural Injury-Associated Chromobacterium violaceum Infection in a Bangladeshi Farmer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1039-1042. [PMID: 32588814 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is an emerging environmental pathogen that causes life-threatening infection in humans and animals. In October 2017, a Bangladeshi farmer was hospitalized with high-grade fever due to an agricultural injury-related wound infection. Bacteriological and 16S rRNA gene investigation detected C. violaceum in the wound discharge. The patient recovered successfully after a combination treatment with meropenem and ciprofloxacin, followed by prolonged medication to avoid recurrence. We strongly propose to incorporate C. violaceum in the differential diagnosis of wound and skin infections occurring in tropical and subtropical regions, especially when the injury was exposed to soil or sluggish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razib Mazumder
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tuhin Sadique
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashis Sen
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Palash Mozumder
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tania Rahman
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anup Chowdhury
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Halim
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin Akter
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Berebichez-Fridman R, Solano-Gálvez S, Copitin-Niconova N, Ruy-Díaz Reynoso J, Barrientos-Fortes T, Vázquez-López R. First isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Chromobacterium violaceum from oysters in Mexico. REVISTA MÉDICA DEL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE MÉXICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Matsuura N, Miyoshi M, Doi N, Yagi S, Aradono E, Imamura T, Koga R. Multiple Liver Abscesses with a Skin Pustule due to Chromobacterium violaceum. Intern Med 2017; 56:2519-2522. [PMID: 28824075 PMCID: PMC5643185 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8682-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaints of fever and fatigue. We initially treated the patient for a tick-borne disease after noticing a pustule on her leg; however, abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple low-density areas in the liver and Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from a blood culture. We diagnosed her with multiple liver abscesses secondary to Chromobacterium violaceum bacteremia. The patient was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsuura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyoshi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Nana Doi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Saori Yagi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Etsuko Aradono
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuroh Imamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koga General Hospital, Japan
| | - Rintaro Koga
- Department of Surgery, Koga General Hospital, Japan
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9
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Recent research advances on Chromobacterium violaceum. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:744-752. [PMID: 28942822 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram-negative bacterium, which has been used widely in microbiology labs involved in quorum sensing (QS) research. Among the QS-regulated traits of this bacterium, violacein production has received the maximum attention. Violacein production in this organism, however is not under sole control of QS machinery, and other QS-regulated traits of this bacterium also need to be investigated in better detail. Though not often involved in human infections, this bacterium is being viewed as an emerging pathogen. This review attempts to highlight the recent research advances on C. violaceum, with respect to violacein biosynthesis, development of various applications of this bacterium and its bioactive metabolite violacein, and its pathogenicity.
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10
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Harmon N, Mortensen JE, Robinette E, Powell EA. Pediatric bacteremia caused by Chromobacterium haemolyticum/Chromobacterium aquaticum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:108-11. [PMID: 27344541 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of pediatric bacteremia caused by Chromobacterium haemolyticum, a β-hemolytic, non-pigmented, Gram-negative bacilli recovered from a blood culture and initially identified as Chromobacterium violaceum using phenotypic and proteomic methods. 16S rRNA sequencing of the patient isolated demonstrated a high degree of sequence homology with the type strain of C. haemolyticum. The patient recovered following treatment with meropenem, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This case highlights the potential misidentification of C. haemolyticum as non-pigmented C. violaceum due to limitations of the currently available identification methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Harmon
- Diagnostic Infectious Disease Testing Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joel E Mortensen
- Diagnostic Infectious Disease Testing Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
| | - Eric Robinette
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eleanor A Powell
- Diagnostic Infectious Disease Testing Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Richard KR, Lovvorn JJ, Oliver SE, Ross SA, Benner KW, Kong MYF. Chromobacterium Violaceum Sepsis: Rethinking Conventional Therapy to Improve Outcome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:740-4. [PMID: 26477750 PMCID: PMC4614536 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.894509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 11 Final Diagnosis: Chromobacterium violaceum infection Symptoms: Abscess • fever • rash Medication: — Clinical Procedure: ECMO Specialty: Critical Care Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua J Lovvorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara E Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shannon A Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kim W Benner
- McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michele Y F Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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12
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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in an Immunocompetent Adult. Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:652036. [PMID: 26504464 PMCID: PMC4609412 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the treatment of the asymptomatic bacteriuria is not considered except in specific circumstances like during pregnancy or before invasive urologic procedures. We are reporting a first case of asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a 16-year-old male. With the reporting of the C. violaceum which is notorious for its high propensity for hematogenous dissemination causing fatal sepsis (with reported mortality rate up to 65–80%) if prompt proper treatment is not given, as causative agent of asymptomatic bacteriuria, it is recommended to treat the asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by this organism.
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13
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Hagiya H, Murase T, Suzuki M, Shibayama K, Kokumai Y, Watanabe N, Maki M, Otsuka F. Chromobacterium violaceum nosocomial pneumonia in two Japanese patients at an intensive care unit. J Infect Chemother 2013; 20:139-42. [PMID: 24548644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is sensitive to temperature and the infection is usually confined to tropical or subtropical regions. Since Japan has a warm climate, C. violaceum has been scarcely isolated from clinical specimens. With global warming, however, the geographical distribution of C. violaceum infection is likely to change. We report two cases of C. violaceum nosocomial pneumonia that occurred at an intensive care center in Japan. C. violaceum was first detected from a patient in the same center as a pathogenic organism of pneumonia. Later, the organism was isolated from sputum and a ventilator circuit tube of another patient in the center. The two patients were admitted to the center in nearby beds for several days. All of the pathogens were confirmed to be C. violaceum by the nucleic acid sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and were proven to be genetically identical organisms by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Both patients were managed with well-humidified and heated oxygen using a venturi mask and ventilator to promote excretion of sputum. It was thought that the medical respiratory care devices that provide a humid and warm environment, an optimal condition for proliferation of C. violaceum, can contribute to C. violaceum infection in a hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Murase
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yumi Kokumai
- Department of Nursing, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Naoto Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Miyako Maki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Division, Tsuyama Central Hospital, 1756 Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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14
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Yang CH. Nonpigmented Chromobacterium violaceum bacteremic cellulitis after fish bite. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2011; 44:401-5. [PMID: 21524969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A case of nonpigmented Chromobacterium violaceum bacteremic cellulitis after fish bite in Taiwan is reported. The patient was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and doxycycline for an extended period. Chromobacterium violaceum should be listed in the differential diagnosis of patients with nonspecific cellulitis associated with marked leukocytosis and rapid progression to septicemia either with or without a distinct history of exposure to water or soil. A combination of prompt diagnosis, optimal antimicrobial therapy, and adequate therapeutic duration for C violaceum infection is the key for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Huei Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Miki T, Iguchi M, Akiba K, Hosono M, Sobue T, Danbara H, Okada N. Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system is a major virulence determinant for Chromobacterium violaceum-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:855-72. [PMID: 20545857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes fatal septicaemia in humans and animals. C. violaceum ATCC 12472 possesses genes associated with two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SSs). One of these systems is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity islands 1 and 1a (Cpi-1/-1a), another is encoded by Chromobacterium pathogenicity island 2 (Cpi-2). Here we show that C. violaceum causes fulminant hepatitis in a mouse infection model, and Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is required for its virulence. In addition, using C. violaceum strains with defined mutations in the genes that encode the Cpi-1/-1a or Cpi-2 locus in combination with cultured mammalian cell lines, we found that C. violaceum is able to induce cytotoxicity in a Cpi-1/-1a-dependent manner. Characterization of Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity revealed that cell lysis by C. violaceum infection involves the formation of pore structures on the host cell membrane, as demonstrated by protection by cytotoxicity in the presence of osmoprotectants. Finally, we demonstrated that CipB, a Cpi-1/-1a effector, is implicated in translocator-mediated pore formation and the ability of CipB to form a pore is essential for Chromobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. These results strongly suggest that Cpi-1/-1a-encoded T3SS is a virulence determinant that causes fatal infection by the induction of cell death in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mirei Iguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kinari Akiba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Hosono
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sobue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Danbara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Benjasupattananan P, Simasathein T, Vichyanond P, Leungwedchakarn V, Visitsunthorn N, Pacharn P, Jirapongsananuruk O. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of primary immunodeficiencies in Thai children: an 18-year experience from a tertiary care center. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:357-64. [PMID: 19184381 PMCID: PMC7102384 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Early diagnosis and treatment are keys to improve survival of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). The clinical characteristics of these patients in Thailand were not well defined. Objective This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with PID in Thailand. Methods Medical records of PID patients in the past 18 years were reviewed. Results Sixty-seven children were registered. Antibody deficiencies were the most common PID (52.2%), followed by combined T cell and B cell immunodeficiencies (25.4%), other well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes (11.9%), and phagocytic defects (10.4%). The most common presentations of antibody deficiencies, combined T cell and B cell immunodeficiencies, and phagocytic defects were infection in the upper respiratory tract (74.3%), gastrointestinal tract (82.4%), and skin (85.7%), respectively. The highest mortality rate (52.9%) was found in severe combined immunodeficiency. Conclusion These results provide clinical features of PID in Thailand. Knowing these features will lead to prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Benjasupattananan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Rd, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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17
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Martinez P, Mattar S. Fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a child from Colombia. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 49:391-3. [PMID: 18157408 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year old child living in Colombia presented with a history of fever and severe abdominal pain for four days. The patient developed pneumonia, septic shock, multiple organ failure and died on the fifth day of hospitalization. Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from admission blood cultures and was resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martinez
- Tropical Biological Research Institute, University of Cordoba, Monteria, Colombia.
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18
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Grégory A, Ribollet D, Pailla K, Bourgade M, Alma S. [Chromobacterium violaceum septicemia: first case report in the French West Indies]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37:613-5. [PMID: 17905550 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a fatal case of Chromobacterium violaceum septicemia in a 42-year-old farm worker living in the French West Indies. The bacteria found in the muddy soil and the stagnant water of tropical and subtropical regions is rarely a source of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grégory
- Laboratoire de biologie, centre hospitalier Louis-Domergue, 97220 Trinité, Martinique
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19
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Chromobacterium violaceum Causing Sepsis and Focal Ulcer in a Healthy Child. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e31803097d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Poh Tee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, 25100 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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21
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Brown KL, Stein A, Morrell DS. Ecthyma gangrenosum and septic shock syndrome secondary to Chromobacterium violaceum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:S224-8. [PMID: 16631946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram-negative bacterium of soil and water in tropical and subtropical environments. Typically, it is considered a bacterium of low virulence although, uncommonly, it causes human infection, particularly in persons with defects in host defenses. Infection generally follows exposure of broken skin to contaminated water and soil, and is often characterized by pustules, lymphadenitis, fever, and vomiting, as well as rapid dissemination and a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, because C violaceum is ubiquitous, it is often dismissed as a contaminant when cultured. Because rapid diagnosis (by taking appropriate specimens) and treatment are vital to a good prognosis, it is imperative that physicians be aware of this organism. In addition, patients with chromobacterial infections should have an immunologic workup because infections in immunocompetent individuals are rare. Here we report an aggressive yet nonfatal case of C violaceum septicemia in an adolescent male, diagnosed through a punch biopsy of a skin lesion, and resulting in a new diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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22
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de Siqueira IC, Dias J, Ruf H, Ramos EAG, Maciel EAP, Rolim A, Labur L, Vasconcelos L, Silvany C. Chromobacterium violaceum in siblings, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1443-5. [PMID: 16229777 PMCID: PMC3310629 DOI: 10.3201/eid1109.050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum, a saprophyte bacterium found commonly in soil and water in tropical and subtropical climates, is a rare cause of severe, often fatal, human disease. We report 1 confirmed and 2 suspected cases of C. violaceum septicemia, with 2 fatalities, in siblings after recreational exposure in northeastern Brazil.
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23
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Dias JP, Silvany C, Saraiva MM, Ruf HR, Guzmán JD, Carmo EH. [Chromobacteriosis in Ilhéus, Bahia: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratorial investigation]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 38:503-6. [PMID: 16410927 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822005000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In April/2004, a group of people traveled to a farm in a town in the south of Bahia and afterwards, three teenagers from the same family developed symptoms of severe septicemia and two died. The Health Department carried out an epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory and environmental investigation that resulted in the identification of Chromobacterium violaceum, in biological material from one of them, water and soil. This is the first report of the disease in Bahia State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez P Dias
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA.
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Cristina de Siqueira I, Dias J, Ruf H, Ramos EAG, Maciel EAP, Rolim A, Jabur L, Vasconcelos L, Silvany C. Chromobacterium violaceumin Siblings, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2005. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1209.050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juarez Dias
- Health Secretariat of the State of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Hilda Ruf
- Health Secretariat of the State of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rolim
- Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce, Salvador, Brazil
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Sirinavin S, Techasaensiri C, Benjaponpitak S, Pornkul R, Vorachit M. Invasive Chromobacterium violaceum infection in children: case report and review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:559-61. [PMID: 15933571 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000164761.81491.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 3.3-year-old boy developed Chromobacterium violaceum abscesses of lungs, liver and spleen and was successfully treated. He had chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Twenty-five episodes of invasive C. violaceum infection in 24 children were reviewed. All 9 CGD and 10 nonbacteremic cases survived, but 12 of 16 (75%) non-CGD and 12 of 15 (80%) bacteremic patients died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayomporn Sirinavin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Abstract
A 5-year-old infant with diarrhea had heavy growth of Chromobacterium violaceum cultured from stool. This organism is restricted geographically between latitudes 35 degrees N and 35 degrees S. It can cause sepsis and various focal infections but is not a well-known cause of diarrhea.
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