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Orekondy N, Cafardi J, Kushner T, Reau N. HCV in Women and Pregnancy. Hepatology 2019; 70:1836-1840. [PMID: 31135999 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cafardi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nancy Reau
- Section of Hepatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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2
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Novak CM, Sheffield JS, Burd I. Zika virus: Future reproductive concerns. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 77. [PMID: 27976454 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, has become a major public health concern. Reproductive specialists are particularly concerned over the spread of ZIKV as it is now known to have both sexual and transplacental routes of transmission resulting in fetal congenital abnormalities. Other members of the Flaviviridae family, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (which primarily affects cattle), are well known to reproductive specialists as both sexually transmitted illnesses that are capable of vertical transmission. Congenital infection with BVDV also has a predilection for neuro-teratogenicity as has been seen with ZIKV. HCV and BVDV are also known to be capable of persistent infection in offspring. Could this be the case with ZIKV? Examining what we know about HCV and BVDV, in addition to what we have already learned about ZIKV, may answer some of the questions that remain about ZIKV. Herein, we review the current literature as it pertains to ZIKV vertical transmission and neuro-teratogenicity and compare it to what is known about HCV and BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Novak
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanne S Sheffield
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to summarize evidence regarding hepatitis C in hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus (HCV/HIV)-co-infected children focusing on mother-to-child transmission, clinical and laboratory features, outcome, and therapies. METHODS A literature search was performed using multiple keywords and standardized terminology in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases dating back to their inception up to April 1, 2015, using the following terms hepatitis C virus, HIV, and child. RESULTS Fifty-five of 367 publications were selected for inclusion. In co-infected children, HIV impacted all the different aspects of HCV infection. Maternal HIV infection increased the risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C. Children with HCV/HIV co-infection presented a lower rate of spontaneous clearance of HCV, were more commonly HCV viraemic, and had higher values of alanine aminotransferase when compared with HCV-monoinfected children. No relevant difference was reported between monoinfection and co-infection with regard to clinical findings. Although the data on the outcome of hepatitis C in the context of co-infection were limited, they were highly suggestive of a more severe outcome in terms of fibrosis in co-infected children. No pediatric data were available on the role of antiretroviral therapy as a cofactor of liver injury in HCV/HIV co-infection. The efficacy of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin in children with HCV/HIV co-infection was lower than in monoinfected children. CONCLUSIONS The effect of HIV co-infection on HCV-related disease was clear with most studies indicating that HIV accelerates HCV progression and reduces the efficacy of the available anti-HCV therapies.
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Indolfi G, Azzari C, Resti M. Hepatitis: Immunoregulation in pregnancy and perinatal transmission of HCV. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 11:6-7. [PMID: 24296582 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 34, I-50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Immunology Unit and Laboratory, Meyer Children's University Hospital of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 34, I-50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 34, I-50139 Firenze, Italy
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Indolfi G, Azzari C, Resti M. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1549-1552.e1. [PMID: 23919905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Pediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Human cell types important for hepatitis C virus replication in vivo and in vitro: old assertions and current evidence. Virol J 2011; 8:346. [PMID: 21745397 PMCID: PMC3142522 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a single stranded RNA virus which produces negative strand RNA as a replicative intermediate. We analyzed 75 RT-PCR studies that tested for negative strand HCV RNA in liver and other human tissues. 85% of the studies that investigated extrahepatic replication of HCV found one or more samples positive for replicative RNA. Studies using in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and quasispecies analysis also demonstrated the presence of replicating HCV in various extrahepatic human tissues, and provide evidence that HCV replicates in macrophages, B cells, T cells, and other extrahepatic tissues. We also analyzed both short term and long term in vitro systems used to culture HCV. These systems vary in their purposes and methods, but long term culturing of HCV in B cells, T cells, and other cell types has been used to analyze replication. It is therefore now possible to study HIV-HCV co-infections and HCV replication in vitro.
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Abstract
In industrialized countries, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children. Perinatal transmission is the leading cause of infection. Perinatal transmission is confined almost always to women with detectable HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the peripheral blood by the polymerase chain reaction but all children born to women with anti-HCV antibodies should be tested for HCV. Some but not all studies found that a high concentration of serum HCV RNA is associated with a higher risk of transmission. Maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by HCV, membrane rupture of longer than 6 hr before delivery, and procedures exposing the infant to maternal blood infected with HCV during vaginal delivery are associated with an increased risk of transmission. Maternal coinfection with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus, maternal history of intravenous drug use and of HCV infection of the sexual partner of the mother predict the risk of perinatal transmission and are dependent on the peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by HCV. Delivery by Cesarean section is not recommended in pregnant women infected with HCV. Infected mothers can breast feed safely their infants if the nipples are not damaged. A previous delivery of a child infected perinatally with HCV does not increase the risk of transmission in subsequent pregnancies. Immunogenetic factors and HCV genotypes are not related to HCV perinatal transmission. Despite an increased understanding of the risk factors involved in perinatal transmission of HCV, to date little is known about the transmission mechanisms and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Indolfi G, Bartolini E, Azzari C, Becciolini L, Moriondo M, de Martino M, Resti M. Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus: Infection of the father predicts the risk of perinatal transmission. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1907-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Azzari C, Moriondo M, Indolfi G, Betti L, Gambineri E, de Martino M, Resti M. Higher risk of hepatitis C virus perinatal transmission from drug user mothers is mediated by peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection. J Med Virol 2008; 80:65-71. [PMID: 18041020 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal injection drug use and peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by hepatitis C virus are important risk factors for perinatal transmission of the virus. The aim of present study was to evaluate the independent association of these two factors on perinatal transmission. Forty-eight consecutive mothers who transmitted infection to their offspring and 122 consecutive mothers who did not, together with their children, were examined. Both maternal injection drug use and peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection were significantly more frequent in infected than in uninfected children (respectively P = 0.04; odds ratio 2.33, 95% confidence intervals 1.02-5.42 and P < 10(-6); odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals not calculable due to zero values). Multivariate analysis confirmed the link between maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection and perinatal transmission (P < 10(-6); odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals not calculable due to zero values) but no association was found with maternal injection drug use. The high risk of perinatal transmission found in injection drug use mothers is dependent on maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection by hepatitis C virus. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection represents one of the most important risk factors for hepatitis C virus perinatal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Azzari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Laskus T, Operskalski EA, Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Mack WJ, deGiacomo M, Al-Harthi L, Chen Z, Xu J, Kovacs A. Negative-strand hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from anti-HCV-positive/HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis 2006; 195:124-33. [PMID: 17152016 PMCID: PMC3319123 DOI: 10.1086/509897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been reported to replicate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), particularly in patients coinfected with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, there are limited data regarding the prevalence of and the factors associated with extrahepatic replication. METHODS The presence of negative-strand HCV RNA in PBMCs was evaluated by a strand-specific assay for 144 anti-HCV-positive/HIV-infected women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. One to 5 PBMC samples obtained from each woman were tested. Multivariate analyses were used to assess for associations with the clinical and demographic characteristics of the women. RESULTS Negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in 78 (25%) of 315 specimens, and, for 61 women (42%), > or = 1 specimen was found to have positive results. The presence of negative-strand HCV RNA in PBMCs was significantly positively associated with an HCV RNA plasma level of > or = 6.75 log copies/mL (P=.04) and consumption of > or = 7 alcoholic drinks per week (P=.02). It was also negatively associated with injection drug use occurring in the past 6 months (P=.03). A negative association with a CD4+ CD38+ DR+ cell percentage of > 10% and a positive association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were borderline significant (P=.05). CONCLUSIONS HCV replication in PBMCs is common among HIV-coinfected women and appears to be a dynamic process related to lifestyle, virologic, and immunologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Medicine, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Indolfi G, Azzari C, Moriondo M, Lippi F, de Martino M, Resti M. Alanine transaminase levels in the year before pregnancy predict the risk of hepatitis C virus vertical transmission. J Med Virol 2006; 78:911-4. [PMID: 16721858 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vertical transmission is the most common route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children. Transmission risk factors have been described, but most risk factors can only be evaluated using expensive laboratory exams. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether maternal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels before pregnancy correlate with HCV vertical transmission. Seventy-four transmitting and 403 nontransmitting mothers were evaluated. All mothers enrolled had two ALT determinations in the last year before pregnancy, at least 6 months apart. Mothers were divided into two groups: mothers with persistently normal serum ALT levels and mothers with abnormal ALT levels. In the second group both mothers with constantly raised or with fluctuating ALT levels (one normal and one raised determination) were included. ALT was defined as raised if higher than twice the upper limit of normal. Abnormal ALT levels were found in 39/74 (52.7%) HCV transmitting mothers and in 146/403 (32.6%) nontransmitting mothers (P = 0.008; relative risk 1.96; 95% confidence limits 1.19-3.23). The risk of transmission from mothers with constantly raised ALT levels was more evident than that from mothers with fluctuating ALT levels. Increased ALT levels may reflect a more severe liver disease and a higher viral load, factors known to be associated with vertical transmission. ALT determination, a simple, widely available and inexpensive test, may help in identifying mothers with an increased risk of HCV vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Hepatitis C is a worldwide health problem affecting men and women of all ages. In young pregnant women, however, the existence of hepatitis C presents a set of unique issues for the mother and the child. For the mother, therapeutic and medical decisions for hepatitis C are affected by pregnancy. For the child, transmission of hepatitis C from the mother can occur. Identification of risk factors for mother-to-child transmission and prevention of this transmission are the foremost concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1510C MSRB I, Box 0666, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Bortolotti F, Guido M, Zancan L, Gussetti N. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C in children. Hepatology 2004; 39:1455; author reply 1455-6. [PMID: 15122778 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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