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Colonization, mortality, and host cytokines response to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in rabbits. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93426-93437. [PMID: 29212161 PMCID: PMC5706807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in infections is its ability to cause attaching and effacing lesions in enterocytes, as well as to produce Shiga toxins. To clarify the pathogenic mechanism and host innate immune responses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in rabbits, experimental infections with TS and MY strains were conducted. Among the results, although the MY strain's pathogenicity was stronger than the TS, typical symptoms were observed in both groups of bacterial-infected rabbits. Pathological changes in the heart, liver, and spleen of rabbits infected with the MY strain were more severe than those infected with the TS strain, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were induced by both strains, and α- and β-defensin were significantly upregulated at 3 d postinfection. Moreover, in the spleen, the MY strain induced greater expressions of α- and β-defensins than did the TS strain. However, in the liver, the TS strain induced greater expressions of α- and β-defensins than did the MY strain. Most likely, different replications of the MY and TS strains in the liver and spleen induced different host immune responses. Altogether, the findings provide new insights into the occurrence and development of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-mediated diseases in rabbits.
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Lazado CC, Caipang CMA, Gallage S, Brinchmann MF, Kiron V. Expression profiles of genes associated with immune response and oxidative stress in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua head kidney leukocytes modulated by live and heat-inactivated intestinal bacteria. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:249-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Principles of memory CD8 T-cells generation in relation to protective immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:108-25. [PMID: 20795544 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses are of vital importance in understanding the host's response against pathogens and cancer cells and to begin establishing the correlation of protection against disease. In this review, we discuss our own data in the general context of current knowledge to sketch tentative working principles for the induction of protective T-cell responses by vaccination. We draw attention to quantitative and qualitative aspects of the initial contact with antigen, as well as to the kinetics of events leading to the generation of memory T cells thereafter. Our arguments are based on the current distinction of memory T cells into two lineages: effector memory T cells (T(EM)) and central memory T cells (T(CM)). Our provisional conclusion is that protective T-cell responses correlate positively with the T cells of the central memory phenotype. In proposing a set of working principles to enable protective memory T cells by vaccination we address vaccination both in the context of the immunologically-inexperienced and immunologically-experienced individual, respectively. Finally, we draw attention to the interplay between systemic and local immunity as important factors in determining the success of memory T-cell responses in protecting the individual. We believe that considerations on the immunodynamics of memory induction and maintenance, memory lineage differentiation and their relation to protection may help design strategies to control disease caused by pathogens and cancer.
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Abstract
Almost all current vaccines work by the induction of antibodies in serum or on the mucosa to block adherence of pathogens to epithelial cells or interfere with microbial invasion of the bloodstream. However, antibody levels usually decline after vaccination to undetectable amounts if further vaccination does not occur. Persistence of vaccine-induced antibodies usually goes well beyond the time when they should have decayed to undetectable levels because of ongoing "natural" boosting or other immunologic mechanisms. The production of memory B and T cells is of clear importance, but the likelihood that a memory response will be fast enough in the absence of a protective circulating antibody level likely depends on the pace of pathogenesis of a specific organism. This concept is discussed with regard to Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis; hepatitis A and B; diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella; rotavirus; and human papilloma virus. With infectious diseases for which the pace of pathogenesis is less rapid, some individuals will contract infection before the memory response is fully activated and implemented. With infectious diseases for which the pace of pathogenesis is slow, immune memory should be sufficient to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Rochester General Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York 14621, USA.
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Wheeler M, Cortez-Gonzalez X, Frazzi R, Zanetti M. Ex VivoProgramming of Antigen-Presenting B Lymphocytes: Considerations on DNA Uptake and Cell Activation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:83-97. [PMID: 16818366 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600743131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids used in DNA vaccination not only serve as a source of antigen, but also have an important adjuvant effect. This review focuses on recent advancements made in understanding how cells internalize DNA, and how internalized DNA activates immune response pathways. We also comment on the role of B cells in both of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wheeler
- The Department of Medicine and Cancer Center and Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0837, USA
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Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP. Genetic Polymorphisms in Critical Care and Illness. SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7123127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-921-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Wheeler
- Medical Center, Div. of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Burnet Avenue 3333, Cincinnati, 45229 U.S.A
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Medical Center, Div. of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Burnet Avenue 3333, Cincinnati, 45229 U.S.A
| | - Thomas P. Shanley
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital , Pediatric Critical Care Medicine , University of Michigan, E. Medical Center Drive 1500, Ann Arbor, 48109-0243 U.S.A
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Krakauer T, Chen X, Howard OMZ, Young HA. Triptolide Attenuates Endotoxin- and Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Induced T-Cell Proliferation and Production of Cytokines and Chemokines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 27:53-66. [PMID: 15803859 DOI: 10.1081/iph-51294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines mediate the toxic effects of superantigenic staphylococcal exotoxins (SE) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Triptolide, an oxygenated diterpene derived from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Tripterygium wilfordii, inhibited SE-stimulated T-cell proliferation (by 98%) and expression of interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, gamma interferon, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and MIP-1beta by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). It also blocked the production of these cytokines and chemokines by LPS-stimulated PBMC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that triptolide has potent immunosuppressive effects even counteracting the effects of superantigens and LPS. It also may be therapeutically useful for mitigating the pathogenic effects of these microbial products by downregulating the signaling pathways activated by both bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Bldg. 1425, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Cortez-Gonzalez X, Pellicciotta I, Gerloni M, Wheeler MC, Castiglioni P, Lenert P, Zanetti M. TLR9-independent activation of B lymphocytes by bacterial DNA. DNA Cell Biol 2006; 25:253-61. [PMID: 16716115 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.25.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is unique in its ability to recognize single-stranded DNA unmethylated at CpG motifs. Work from this laboratory showed that plasmid DNA is spontaneously internalized in B lymphocytes. This event is followed by the upregulation of costimulatory molecules and the acquisition of antigen presenting function by these cells. However, it is not known whether this phenomenon depends on TLR9. Because of the relevant role played by DNA-based drugs in immunotherapy and vaccination, and the central role of TLR9 signaling by CpG motifs, we decided to investigate whether signaling through TLR9 is a prerequisite for spontaneous transgenesis of lymphocytes. Here we found that transgene expression and upregulation of CD40 and CD86 costimulatory molecules was not inhibited by chloroquine treatment. Spontaneous transgenesis also occurred in B lymphocytes from TLR9-/- mice, and the injection of TLR9-/- transgenic B lymphocytes in C57Bl/6 mice induced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses comparable to those induced by wild-type B lymphocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that plasmid DNA activates mammalian B lymphocytes through a TLR9 independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl Cortez-Gonzalez
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0837, USA
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Abstract
Despite recent identification of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for distinct microbial structures, data indicating their relevance in human infectious diseases are limited. We determined the expression levels of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 by flow cytometry on granulocytes and monocytes of healthy neonates compared with healthy adults. The basal expression of TLR2 was only slightly lower in neonatal phagocytes, whereas no differences could be detected for TLR4. Analyzing neonates with sepsis, we found an impressive up-regulation of TLR2 on blood phagocytes already at initial presentation of symptoms. Comparison with C-reactive protein, IL-8, and IL-6 suggested that TLR2 expression on monocytes is comparably valuable as an early sepsis marker. TLR2 was differentially regulated during neonatal sepsis, showing a constant up-regulation on monocytes but only a transient increase on granulocytes. Surprisingly, TLR4 showed no remarkable changes. Our results revealed a mild deficiency of TLR2 expression in newborns and demonstrated a differential expression of TLR2 but not TLR4 in the course of neonatal sepsis, which could reflect specific inflammatory responses to distinct pathogens. The definition of TLR expression patterns might open a new field of therapeutic targets for neonatal sepsis.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Wide variability exists in the susceptibility to and outcome from sepsis even within similar intensive care unit populations. Some of this variability in the host may be due to genetic variation in genes coding for components of the innate immune response. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for a genetic influence on the susceptibility to and outcome from sepsis. DESIGN Literature review. PATIENTS Variety of adult and pediatric patients with various critical illnesses and infections. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Susceptibility to clinical symptoms of sepsis and outcome as measured by severity of disease and mortality. RESULTS Polymorphisms in genes coding for proteins involved in the recognition of bacterial pathogens (Toll-like receptor 4, CD14, Fc(gamma)RIIa, and mannose-binding lectin) and the response to bacterial pathogens (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor agonist, IL-6, IL-10, heat shock proteins, angiotensin I converting enzyme, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) can influence the amount or function of the protein produced in response to bacterial stimuli. Evidence is discussed suggesting that some of these genetic polymorphisms influence the susceptibility to and outcome from sepsis. CONCLUSION Host genetic variability in the regulatory and coding regions of genes for components of the innate immune system may influence the susceptibility to and/or outcome from sepsis. The disparate results observed in many studies of polymorphisms in sepsis emphasize the need for future studies to be larger, to include the analysis of multiple polymorphisms, and to be better designed with respect to control populations to identify the degree of influence that genetic variability has on sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Dahmer
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Kajikawa O, Frevert CW, Lin SM, Goodman RB, Mongovin SM, Wong V, Ballman K, Daubeuf B, Elson G, Martin TR. Gene expression of Toll-like receptor-2, Toll-like receptor-4, and MD2 is differentially regulated in rabbits with Escherichia coli pneumonia. Gene 2004; 344:193-202. [PMID: 15656985 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a common sequela to Gram-negative pneumonia, results in considerable morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether Gram-negative pneumonia alters the expression TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 in lungs or in organs distant to the site of the primary infection. The cDNA sequence coding open reading frames for rabbit TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and specific polyclonal antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) probes were produced to identify changes in these receptors in rabbits with Gram-negative pneumonia. Using tissues from lungs and distant organs, we show that TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 gene expression is differentially regulated in rabbits with E. coli pneumonia. The increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 could play an important role in the innate immune response to bacterial infection in the lungs, and improve pathogen recognition and bacterial clearance. In contrast, the increased gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 in organs distant to the primary site of infection may contribute to the deleterious systemic inflammatory response observed in patients with sepsis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Escherichia coli Infections/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kajikawa
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the Seattle Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 151L 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Abstract
Myeloid cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells) express a repertoire of plasma membrane receptors able to recognize all classes of macromolecules. The concept of pattern recognition has emphasized microbial ligands and host defence. However, these receptors play a broader role in tissue homeostasis within multicellular hosts, clearing the extracellular environment of potential undesirable ligands arising endogenously as well as from without. This article will evaluate one of the paradigms that underlie innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3RE, UK.
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