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Fernández-García R, Walsh D, O'Connell P, Slowing K, Raposo R, Paloma Ballesteros M, Jiménez-Cebrián A, Chamorro-Sancho MJ, Bolás-Fernández F, Healy AM, Serrano DR. Can amphotericin B and itraconazole be co-delivered orally? Tailoring oral fixed-dose combination coated granules for systemic mycoses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 183:74-91. [PMID: 36623752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of invasive fungal infections have increased significantly over the last few years, leading to a global health problem due to the lack of effective treatments. Amphotericin B (AmB) and itraconazole (ITR) are two antifungal drugs with different mechanisms of action. In this work, AmB and ITR have been formulated within granules to elicit an enhanced pharmacological effect, while enhancing the oral bioavailability of AmB. A Quality by Design (QbD) approach was utilised to prepare fixed-dose combination (FDC) granules consisting of a core containing AmB with functional excipients, such as inulin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), chitosan, sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and Soluplus® and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), coated with a polymeric layer containing ITR with Soluplus® or a combination of Poloxamer 188 and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-acetyl succinate (HPMCAS). A Taguchi design of experiments (DoE) with 7 factors and 2 levels was carried out to understand the key factors impacting on the physicochemical properties of the formulation followed by a Box-Behnken design with 3 factors in 3 levels chosen to optimise the formulation parameters. The core of the FDC granules was obtained by wet granulation and later coated using a fluidized bed. In vitro antifungal efficacy was demonstrated by measuring the inhibition halo against different species of Candida spp., including C. albicans (24.19-30.48 mm), C. parapsilosis (26.38-27.84 mm) and C. krusei (11.48-17.92 mm). AmB release was prolonged from 3 to 24 h when the AmB granules were coated. In vivo in CD-1 male mice studies showed that these granules were more selective towards liver, spleen and lung compared to kidney (up to 5-fold more selective in liver, with an accumulation of 8.07 µg AmB/g liver after twice-daily 5 days administration of granules coated with soluplus-ITR), resulting in an excellent oral administration option in the treatment of invasive mycosis. Nevertheless, some biochemical alterations were found, including a decrease in blood urea nitrogen (∼17 g/dl) and alanine aminotransferase (<30 U/l) and an increase in the levels of bilirubin (∼0.2 mg/dl) and alkaline phosphatase (<80 U/l), which could be indicative of a liver failure. Once-daily regimen for 10 days can be a promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernández-García
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Walsh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karla Slowing
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafaela Raposo
- Seccion Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Paloma Ballesteros
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dolores R Serrano
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Oliveira L, Ferrarini M, dos Santos AP, Varela MT, Corrêa ITS, Tempone AG, Melhem MS, Vallim MA, Fernandes JPS, Pascon RC. Coumaric acid analogues inhibit growth and melanin biosynthesis in Cryptococcus neoformans and potentialize amphotericin B antifungal activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chudzik B, Bonio K, Dabrowski W, Pietrzak D, Niewiadomy A, Olender A, Malodobry K, Gagoś M. Synergistic antifungal interactions of amphotericin B with 4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12945. [PMID: 31506532 PMCID: PMC6737028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a very potent antifungal drug with very rare resistance among clinical isolates. Treatment with the AmB formulations available currently is associated with severe side effects. A promising strategy to minimize the toxicity of AmB is reducing its dose by combination therapy with other antifungals, showing synergistic interactions. Therefore, substances that display synergistic interactions with AmB are still being searched for. Screening tests carried out on several dozen of synthetic 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives allowed selection of a compound called 4-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol (abbreviated as C1), which shows strong synergistic interaction with AmB and low toxicity towards human cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the type of in vitro antifungal interactions of the C1 compound with AmB against fungal clinical isolates differing in susceptibility. The results presented in the present paper indicate that the C1 derivative shows strong synergistic interaction with AmB, which allows the use of a dozen to several dozen times lower AmB concentration necessary for 100% inhibition of the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. Synergistic interactions were noted for all tested strains, including strains with reduced sensitivity to AmB and azole-resistant isolates. These observations give hope for the possibility of application of the AmB - C1 combinatory therapy in the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chudzik
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bonio
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Daniel Pietrzak
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Niewiadomy
- Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Annopol 6, 03-236, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malodobry
- Department of Nurse and Health Science, Medical Division in University of Rzeszów, Al. Rejtana 16A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Turecka K, Chylewska A, Kawiak A, Waleron KF. Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Co(III) Coordination Complexes With Diamine Chelate Ligands Against Reference and Clinical Strains of Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1594. [PMID: 30072969 PMCID: PMC6058090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many antifungal agents are available in clinical treatment, increasing resistance of fungi, especially Candida species, to the available drugs requires the development of new safe and non-toxic compounds with novel modes of action as effective treatment against resistant microorganisms. Cobalt complexes are very interesting and attractive as potential candidates with antimicrobial activity. Their therapeutic uses as antiviral, antibacterial antifungal, antiparasitic, antitumour, transferrin transporters, and anti-inflammatory agents are being intensively investigated. In this study we examined the antifungal activity of Co(III) complexes with diamine chelate ligands against a broad spectrum of Candida species. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution method and with serial passaging assay; the synergistic antimicrobial activity of the tested complexes combined with two antifungal drugs (ketoconazole and amphotericin B) was made by checkerboard assay. The effects of Co(III) complexes on yeast cell morphology were studied by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The mode of action of Co(III) complexes on the yeast cell wall (sorbitol assay) and cell membrane (ergosterol assay) were investigated. The cytotoxic effects of the tested compounds on red blood cells and the human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line were also evaluated. The analyzed compounds revealed significant antifungal activity for selected strains of Candida species; [CoCl2(dap)2]Cl (1) and [CoCl2(en)2]Cl (2) were more effective than ketoconazole. Its probable mechanism of action did not involve the cell wall or ergosterol binding. However, the checkerboard assay showed, that the antifungal activity of ketoconazole increased in combination with the tested complexes of Co(III). Our results suggest that both diamine complexes with Co(III) analogs caused damage to mitochondrial membrane or the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The effect was observed by transmission electron microscope. Co(III) complexes with diamine chelate ligands are non-toxic at concentrations active against Candida species. This study provides new data on potential antifungal drugs, especially against Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Turecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chylewska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof F Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Movahed E, Tan GMY, Munusamy K, Yeow TC, Tay ST, Wong WF, Looi CY. Triclosan Demonstrates Synergic Effect with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole and Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:360. [PMID: 27047474 PMCID: PMC4800180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in AIDS patients. There is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. In this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against C. neoformans. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of triclosan in different C. neoformans strains was first examined. The in vitro interactions between triclosan and two standard anti-fungal drugs (amphotericin B and fluconazole) were further evaluated by microdilution checkerboard assay. Mechanism of triclosan fungicidal activity was then investigated by viewing the cell morphology under transmission electron microscope. Results: We reported that triclosan potently inhibited the growth of C. neoformans. A combination of triclosan with amphotericin B or with fluconazole enhanced their fungicidal effects. Triclosan-treated C. neoformans displayed characteristics such as nuclear chromatin condensation, extensive intracellular vacuolation and mitochondrial swelling, indicating that triclosan triggered apoptosis-like cell death. Conclusion: In summary, our report suggests triclosan as an independent drug or synergent for C. neoformans treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Movahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Komathy Munusamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tee Cian Yeow
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Activities of triazole-echinocandin combinations against Candida species in biofilms and as planktonic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1968-74. [PMID: 21343465 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00959-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation complicates the treatment of various infections caused by Candida species. We investigated the effects of simultaneous or sequential combinations of two triazoles, voriconazole (VRC) and posaconazole (PSC), with two echinocandins, anidulafungin (AND) and caspofungin (CAS), against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms in comparison to their planktonic counterparts. Antifungal activity was assessed by the 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) metabolic assay. Antifungal-agent interactions were analyzed by the Bliss independence model in the simultaneous-treatment studies and by analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the sequential-treatment studies. Against C. albicans planktonic cells, the simultaneous combination of PSC (32 to 128 mg/liter) and CAS (0.008 to 0.25 mg/liter) was synergistic; the combinations of PSC (128 to 1,024 mg/liter) with AND (0.03 to 0.5 mg/liter) and VRC (32 to 512 mg/liter) with AND (0.008 to 0.03 mg/liter) were antagonistic. Against C. parapsilosis planktonic cells, the interaction between VRC (32 to 1,024 mg/liter) and CAS (1 to 16 mg/liter) was antagonistic. All simultaneous antifungal combinations demonstrated indifferent interactions against biofilms of both Candida species. Damage to biofilms of both species increased (P<0.01) in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of echinocandins (0.008 to 0.064 mg/liter), followed by the addition of PSC (512 mg/liter for C. albicans and 64 to 512 mg/liter for C. parapsilosis) or VRC (256 to 512 mg/liter for C. albicans and 512 mg/liter for C. parapsilosis). Triazole-echinocandin combinations do not appear to produce antagonistic effects against Candida sp. biofilms, while various significant interactions occur with their planktonic counterparts.
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Lignell A, Löwdin E, Cars O, Sjölin J. Characterization of the inhibitory effect of voriconazole on the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in an in vitro kinetic model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:142-8. [PMID: 18408237 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present investigation was to study and characterize the effect of voriconazole on the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B. METHODS Four strains of Candida albicans susceptible to voriconazole were exposed to voriconazole and amphotericin B, either alone, simultaneously or sequentially in an in vitro kinetic model. Bolus doses resulting in voriconazole and amphotericin B concentrations of 0.005-5 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively, were administered. Antifungal-containing RPMI 1640 was eliminated and replaced by a fresh medium using a peristaltic pump, with a flow rate adjusted to obtain the desired half-lives. With two drugs tested, a computer-controlled dosing pump compensated for differences in the elimination rates. Using static time-kill methodology, one C. albicans strain was exposed to 5 mg/L voriconazole for varying durations followed by 2.5 mg/L amphotericin B after three repeated washes of voriconazole. RESULTS Voriconazole and amphotericin B treatment alone resulted in fungistatic and fungicidal activities, respectively. Simultaneous administration of voriconazole and amphotericin B resulted in fungicidal activity, whereas only fungistatic activity was observed when repeated doses of amphotericin B were administered sequentially after voriconazole at 24-96 h. The inhibition of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B was voriconazole dose-dependent, but seemed to be recovered once the voriconazole concentration fell below the MIC. The fungicidal activity was quickly regained after the removal of voriconazole, irrespective of the duration of voriconazole pre-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Voriconazole inhibited the fungicidal effect of sequentially administered amphotericin B in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; the clinical significance of this needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lignell
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Intraocular Candida infections, although uncommon, represent an important clinical problem owing to the potential for visual loss, which can be bilateral. Candida chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis are complications of systemic candidiasis with extension of the fungal pathogens to the uvea and retina. Early diagnosis and prompt management significantly affect the visual prognosis for these patients. This review evaluates the current literature on Candida endophthalmitis and includes discussion on presentation, diagnosis and management strategies. New systemic and intravitreal antifungal agents are also reviewed in the context of the management of intraocular fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past two decades standardized in-vitro antifungal susceptibility tests have been developed in response to increasing invasive fungal infections. Our purpose is to review the utility of real-time Candida antifungal susceptibility testing and its effects on clinical outcomes in the context of the new antifungal agents, existing antifungal susceptibility testing methods, and the changing epidemiology and susceptibilities of Candida spp. RECENT FINDINGS New antifungal agents active against Candida spp. are now available. Caspofungin is approved for the treatment of invasive candidiasis but standardized antifungal susceptibility testing has not been developed. The newer triazoles, such as voriconazole, posaconazole and ravuconazole, are not yet approved for invasive candidiasis. As infections caused by non-albicans Candida spp. with growing resistance to fluconazole increase, antifungal susceptibility testing may be important to guide therapy. Unfortunately, few studies exist describing the impact of real-time antifungal susceptibility testing on the treatment of invasive fungal infections. SUMMARY Newer antifungal agents with broader anti-Candida activity, fewer adverse events and minimal resistance are currently available. The challenge clinicians face is choosing when to use these agents appropriately, while considering the changing Candida epidemiology and susceptibility trends without over-treating fluconazole-sensitive pathogens. Unfortunately, the correlation of antifungal susceptibility testing results by any method and clinical outcome is mostly lacking. We suggest that a concerted examination of the utility of real-time antifungal susceptibility testing and its effect on clinical outcomes by guiding appropriate antifungal therapy for high-risk patients with invasive candidiasis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Pelagia Magiorakos
- Division of Infectious Disease, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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