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Aldalin HK, Alharbi NK, Hadi AM, Sharaf M, Mekky AE, Ragab SM, Mahmoud N, Al-Hoshani N, Alwutayd KM, Abdelnour SA. Bioactivity screening and molecular identification of Anchusa milleri L. sunflower crud extract for antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39180330 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2390608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The current study evaluates hot water A. milleri sunflower extracts at 40 °C temperature (AMSE40) for their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antiviral and anticancer activities. AMSE40 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 1.17 mg/mL (ascorbic acid) and was found to be rich in phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins, with concentrations of 1.23%, 351.60 mg/g, 152.50 mg/g, 0.98%, and 146.35 mg/g, respectively. AMSE40 showed strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against four multidrug-resistant isolates, comprising E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia with minimum bactericidal concentrations (25 mg/mL) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (12.5 mg/mL) for all isolates. The AMSE40 (62.5 µg/mL) showed antiviral efficacy against CoxB4 (9.1%) and HSV-1 (34.4%). Additionally, AMSE40 induced DNA fragmentation in liver cell lines, indicating cell death. The cytotoxic concentration of AMSE40 had a mild impact on Vero (283.2 µg) and HepG2 cells (76.4 µg). A. milleri has the potential to serve as a natural and eco-friendly source for innovative pharmaceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad K Aldalin
- Department of Medical Support, Al-Karak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Nada K Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameer M Hadi
- DNA Research Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hilla, Iraq
| | - Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alsayed E Mekky
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Ragab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashaat Mahmoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nawal Al-Hoshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah M Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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2
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Sun X, Arnott SE, Little AG. Impacts of sequential salinity and heat stress are recovery time-specific in freshwater crustacean, Daphnia pulicaria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115899. [PMID: 38171229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Stressors can interact to affect animal fitness, but we have limited knowledge about how temporal variation in stressors may impact their combined effect. This limits our ability to predict the outcomes of pollutants and future dynamic environmental changes. Elevated salinity in freshwater ecosystems has been observed worldwide. Meanwhile, heatwaves have become more frequent and intensified as an outcome of climate change. These two stressors can jointly affect organisms; however, their interaction has rarely been explored in the context of freshwater ecosystems. We conducted lab experiments using Daphnia pulicaria, a key species in lakes, to investigate how elevated salinity and heatwave conditions collectively affect freshwater organisms. We also monitored the impacts of various recovery times between the two stressors. Daphnia physiological conditions (metabolic rate, Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) activity, and lipid peroxidation level) and life history traits (survival, fecundity, and growth) in response to salt stress as well as mortality in heat treatment were examined. We found that Daphnia responded to elevated salinity by upregulating NKA activity and increasing metabolic rate, causing a high lipid peroxidation level. Survival, fecundity, and growth were all negatively affected by this stressor. These impacts on physiological conditions and life history traits persisted for a few days after the end of the exposure. Heat treatments caused mortality in Daphnia, which increased with rising temperature. Results also showed that individuals that experienced salt exposure were more susceptible to subsequent heat stress, but this effect decreased with increasing recovery time between stressors. Findings from this work suggest that the legacy effects from a previous stressor can reduce individual resistance to a subsequent stressor, adding great difficulties to the prediction of outcomes of multiple stressors. Our work also demonstrates that cross-tolerance/susceptibility and the associated mechanisms remain unclear, necessitating further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Shelley E Arnott
- Biology Department, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexander G Little
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1 ON, Canada
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3
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Slighoua M, Mahdi I, Moussaid FZ, Kamaly OA, Amrati FEZ, Conte R, Drioiche A, Saleh A, Housseini AI, Bari A, Bousta D. LC-MS/MS and GC/MS Profiling of Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. and Its Topical Application on Burn Wound Healing and Related Analgesic Potential in Rats. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020260. [PMID: 36837879 PMCID: PMC9963972 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) is renowned for its ethnomedicinal uses including managing pain, wound, and dermal diseases. We previously highlighted the estrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of parsley and profiled the phytochemistry of its polyphenolic fraction using HPLC-DAD. To extend our investigation, we here characterized the phytochemical composition of the hydro-ethanolic extract using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS upon silylation, and evaluated the antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities of its hydro-ethanolic and polyphenolic fraction. The antioxidant property was assessed using FRAP, DPPH, and TAC assays. The antimicrobial activity was tested against four wound infectious microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans). The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid (counting the number of writhes) and formalin (recording the licking and biting times) injections while the wound healing activity was evaluated using burn model in vivo. The LC-MS/MS showed that the hydro-ethanolic contains four polyphenols (oleuropein, arbutin, myricetin, and naringin) while GC-MS revealed that it contains 20 compounds including malic acid, D-glucose, and galactofuranoside. The hydro-ethanolic (1000 mg/kg) decreased abdominal writhes (38.96%) and licking time (37.34%). It also elicited a strong antioxidant activity using DPPH method (IC50 = 19.38 ± 0.15 µg/mL). Polyphenols exhibited a good antimicrobial effect (MIC = 3.125-12.5 mg/mL). Moreover, both extracts showed high wound contraction by 97.17% and 94.98%, respectively. This study provides evidence that P. sativum could serve as a source of bio-compounds exhibiting analgesic effect and their promising application in mitigating ROS-related disorders, impeding wound infections, and enhancing burn healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Slighoua
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.A.K.)
| | - Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Research Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 11, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahrae Moussaid
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
| | - Omkulthom Al Kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.A.K.)
| | - Fatima Ez-zahra Amrati
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET)—CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aziz Drioiche
- Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay 19 Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelilah Iraqi Housseini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
| | - Amina Bari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
| | - Dalila Bousta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agro-Food, and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi-Mohamed-Ben-Abdellah (USMBA), Fez 30050, Morocco
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4
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Stern DB, Anderson NW, Diaz JA, Lee CE. Genome-wide signatures of synergistic epistasis during parallel adaptation in a Baltic Sea copepod. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4024. [PMID: 35821220 PMCID: PMC9276764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of epistasis in driving adaptation has remained an unresolved problem dating back to the Evolutionary Synthesis. In particular, whether epistatic interactions among genes could promote parallel evolution remains unexplored. To address this problem, we employ an Evolve and Resequence (E&R) experiment, using the copepod Eurytemora affinis, to elucidate the evolutionary genomic response to rapid salinity decline. Rapid declines in coastal salinity at high latitudes are a predicted consequence of global climate change. Based on time-resolved pooled whole-genome sequencing, we uncover a remarkably parallel, polygenic response across ten replicate selection lines, with 79.4% of selected alleles shared between lines by the tenth generation of natural selection. Using extensive computer simulations of our experiment conditions, we find that this polygenic parallelism is consistent with positive synergistic epistasis among alleles, far more so than other mechanisms tested. Our study provides experimental and theoretical support for a novel mechanism promoting repeatable polygenic adaptation, a phenomenon that may be common for selection on complex physiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Stern
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Birge Hall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), Operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute (BNBI) for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Nathan W Anderson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Birge Hall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Juanita A Diaz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Birge Hall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Birge Hall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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L E E CE, Downey K, Colby RS, Freire CA, Nichols S, Burgess MN, Judy KJ. Recognizing salinity threats in the climate crisis. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:441-460. [PMID: 35640911 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is causing habitat salinity to transform at unprecedented rates across the globe. While much of the research on climate change has focused on rapid shifts in temperature, far less attention has focused on the effects of changes in environmental salinity. Consequently, predictive studies on the physiological, evolutionary, and migratory responses of organisms and populations to the threats of salinity change are relatively lacking. This omission represents a major oversight, given that salinity is among the most important factors that define biogeographic boundaries in aquatic habitats. In this perspective, we briefly touch on responses of organisms and populations to rapid changes in salinity occurring on contemporary time scales. We then discuss factors that might confer resilience to certain taxa, enabling them to survive rapid salinity shifts. Next, we consider approaches for predicting how geographic distributions will shift in response to salinity change. Finally, we identify additional data that are needed to make better predictions in the future. Future studies on climate change should account for the multiple environmental factors that are rapidly changing, especially habitat salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi L E E
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kala Downey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca Smith Colby
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Carolina A Freire
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sarah Nichols
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Michael N Burgess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn J Judy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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El Khomsi M, Kara M, Hmamou A, Assouguem A, Al Kamaly O, Saleh A, Ercisli S, Fidan H, Hmouni D. In Vitro Studies on the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Total Polyphenol Content of Cynara humilis from Moulay Yacoub Area (Morocco). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091200. [PMID: 35567201 PMCID: PMC9101056 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In Morocco, Cynara humilis L. is used in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to research the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hydroethanolic extracts from the C. humilis plant's leaves and roots. The content of polyphenols and flavonoids was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu's and aluminum chloride assays. Two techniques were used to evaluate antioxidant properties: antioxidant capacity in total (TAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH). In antimicrobial assays, five pathogenic microbial strains were studied including two Escherichia coli, one coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Candida albicans, by two techniques: agar disk diffusion and microdilution. Leaves had a greater content of flavonoids 27.07 mg QE/g of extract and the polyphenols 38.84 mg GAE/g of extract than root 24.39 mg QE/g of extract and 29.39 mg GAE/g of extract, respectively. The TAC test value of the 0.77 mg AAE/g extract in the leaf extract was found to be significantly greater than that of the 0.60 mg EAA/g extract in the root extract. The DPPH antioxidant assay IC50 values of the root and leaf extract were 0.23 and 0.93 µg/mL, respectively. C. humilis extracts showed an antimicrobial effect against all tested strains, the inhibitory zone (DIZ) have values in the range between 12 and 15 mm. Moreover, the root extract showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with an IC50 value of 6.25 mg/mL. The higher content of flavonoids and polyphenols in the hydroethanolic extracts of C. humilis leaves and roots demonstrates that they have a significant antimicrobial and antioxidant effect, as found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa El Khomsi
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P.133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco;
- Correspondence: (M.E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohammed Kara
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, BP.1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
- Correspondence: (M.E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Anouar Hmamou
- Laboratory of Engineering, Molecular Organometallic Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, BP.1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.O. Box 2202 Imouzzer Street, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Omkulthom Al Kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Hafize Fidan
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Driss Hmouni
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P.133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco;
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7
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Kim BM, Lee Y, Hwang JY, Kim YK, Kim TW, Kim IN, Kang S, Kim JH, Rhee JS. Physiological and molecular responses of the Antarctic harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis to salinity fluctuations - A multigenerational study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112075. [PMID: 34536374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing global climate change, biota inhabiting those coastal regions is now challenged by environmental fluctuations including coastal freshening. In this study, the effects of salinity range of 0-75 (practical salinity unit, PSU) on the Antarctic harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis was investigated by measurement of 96 h survival rate, lifespan, and sex ratio with further analysis of multigenerational growth parameters and mRNA expressions under salinity of 15-45. Different stages of the copepods (i.e., nauplius, male, and female) generally showed tolerance to hypo- and hypersalinity, wherein female copepods were more tolerant than males when exposed to salinity fluctuations. Lifespan was significantly shortened by hypo- and hypersalinity compared to control salinity (34), but there was no significant difference in the sex ratio between salinity treatments. Multigenerational experiments across five generations revealed that exposure to salinities of 15 and 45 reduced body length compared to that in control salinity and the first generation of each salinity group. Our results provide evidence regarding T. kingsejongensis on their preferred salinity ranges, physiological limit to salinity fluctuations, and population dynamics in future salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Yeonhui Lee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jhee-Yeong Hwang
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Il-Nam Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.
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8
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Hmamou A, Eloutassi N, Alshawwa SZ, Al kamaly O, Kara M, Bendaoud A, El-Assri EM, Tlemcani S, El Khomsi M, Lahkimi A. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Papaver rhoeas L. Organ Extracts Growing in Taounate Region, Morocco. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030854. [PMID: 35164114 PMCID: PMC8840091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to valorize Papaver rhoeas L. from the Taounate region of Morocco by determining the total polyphenol content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of four organs. The quantification of TPC and TFC in root, stem, leaf and flower extracts (RE, SE, LE and FE, respectively) was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction and the aluminum trichloride method, respectively. Two tests were used to assess antioxidant power: the DPPH test and TAC assay. The antimicrobial activity was studied against five pathogenic bacteria and yeast, using two methods: disk diffusion and microdilution. The TPC in LE and LF was twice as high as that in RE and SE (24.24 and 22.10 mg GAE/g, respectively). The TFC values in the four extracts were very close and varied between 4.50 mg QE/g in the FE and 4.38 mg QE/g in the RE. The LE and FE showed low DPPH values with IC50 = 0.50 and 0.52 mg/mL, respectively. The TAC measurement revealed the presence of a significant amount of antioxidants in the studied extracts, mainly in LE and FE (6.60 and 5.53 mg AAE/g, respectively). The antimicrobial activity results revealed significant activity on almost all of the tested strains. The MIC of FE and SE against E. coli 57 was 1.56 and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively, while against the S. aureus it was 50 and 25 mg/mL, respectively. The low MLC value (1.56 mg/mL) was recorded against E. coli 57 by RE and SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hmamou
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco; (N.E.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Noureddine Eloutassi
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco; (N.E.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.Z.A.); (O.A.k.)
| | - Omkulthom Al kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (S.Z.A.); (O.A.k.)
| | - Mohammed Kara
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Ahmed Bendaoud
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco; (N.E.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - El-Mehdi El-Assri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Sara Tlemcani
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco; (N.E.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Mostafa El Khomsi
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco;
| | - Amal Lahkimi
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment (LIMOME), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, B.P. 1796 Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco; (N.E.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
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9
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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Total Polyphenols of Anchusa italica Retz. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020416. [PMID: 35056731 PMCID: PMC8778933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anchusa italica Retz has been used for a long time in phytotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from the leaves and roots of Anchusa italica Retz. We first determined the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids using Folin-Ciocalteu reagents and aluminum chloride (AlCl3). The antioxidant activity was determined using three methods: reducing power (FRAP), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial activity was investigated against four strains of Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and one fungal strain of Candida albicans. The results showed that the root extract was rich in polyphenols (43.29 mg GAE/g extract), while the leave extract was rich in flavonoids (28.88 mg QE/g extract). The FRAP assay showed a strong iron reduction capacity for the root extract (IC50 of 0.11 µg/mL) in comparison to ascorbic acid (IC50 of 0.121 µg/mL). The DPPH test determined an IC50 of 0.11 µg/mL for the root extract and an IC50 of 0.14 µg/mL for the leaf extract. These values are low compared to those for ascorbic acid (IC50 of 0.16 µg/mL) and BHT (IC50 0.20 µg/mL). The TAC values of the leaf and root extracts were 0.51 and 0.98 mg AAE/g extract, respectively. In vitro, the extract showed inhibitory activity against all strains studied, with diameters of zones of inhibition in the range of 11.00-16.00 mm for the root extract and 11.67-14.33 mm for the leaf extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded for the leaf extract against E. coli (ATB:57), corresponding to 5 mg/mL. Overall, this research indicates that the extracts of Anchusa italica Retz roots and leaves exert significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, probably because of the high content of flavonoids and polyphenols.
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10
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Lee CE. Ion Transporter Gene Families as Physiological Targets of Natural Selection During Salinity Transitions in a Copepod. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:335-349. [PMID: 34704854 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a key factor that structures biodiversity on the planet. With anthropogenic change, such as climate change and species invasions, many populations are facing rapid and dramatic changes in salinity throughout the globe. Studies on the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex have implicated ion transporter gene families as major loci contributing to salinity adaptation during freshwater invasions. Laboratory experiments and population genomic surveys of wild populations have revealed evolutionary shifts in genome-wide gene expression and parallel genomic signatures of natural selection during independent salinity transitions. Our results suggest that balancing selection in the native range and epistatic interactions among specific ion transporter paralogs could contribute to parallel freshwater adaptation. Overall, these studies provide unprecedented insights into evolutionary mechanisms underlying physiological adaptation during rapid salinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Posavi M, Gulisija D, Munro JB, Silva JC, Lee CE. Rapid evolution of genome-wide gene expression and plasticity during saline to freshwater invasions by the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4835-4856. [PMID: 33047351 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Saline migrants into freshwater habitats constitute among the most destructive invaders in aquatic ecosystems throughout the globe. However, the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms underlying such habitat transitions remain poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms of freshwater adaptation and distinguish between adaptive (evolutionary) and acclimatory (plastic) responses to salinity change, we examined genome-wide patterns of gene expression between ancestral saline and derived freshwater populations of the Eurytemora affinis species complex, reared under two different common-garden conditions (0 versus 15 PSU). We found that evolutionary shifts in gene expression (between saline and freshwater inbred lines) showed far greater changes and were more widespread than acclimatory responses to salinity (0 versus 15 PSU). Most notably, 30-40 genes showing evolutionary shifts in gene expression across the salinity boundary were associated with ion transport function, with inorganic cation transmembrane transport forming the largest Gene Ontology category. Of particular interest was the sodium transporter, the Na+ /H+ antiporter (NHA) gene family, which was discovered in animals relatively recently. Thirty key ion regulatory genes, such as NHA paralogue #7, demonstrated concordant evolutionary and plastic shifts in gene expression, suggesting the evolution of ion transporter function and plasticity during rapid invasions into novel salinities. Moreover, freshwater invasions were associated with the evolution of reduced plasticity in the freshwater population, again for the same key ion transporters, consistent with the predicted evolution of canalization following adaptation to stressful conditions. Our results have important implications for understanding evolutionary and physiological mechanisms of range expansions by some of the most widespread invaders in aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Posavi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Davorka Gulisija
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James B Munro
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Laakmann S, Blanco-Bercial L, Cornils A. The crossover from microscopy to genes in marine diversity: from species to assemblages in marine pelagic copepods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190446. [PMID: 33131432 PMCID: PMC7662206 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate identification of species and communities is a prerequisite for analysing and recording biodiversity and community shifts. In the context of marine biodiversity conservation and management, this review outlines past, present and forward-looking perspectives on identifying and recording planktonic diversity by illustrating the transition from traditional species identification based on morphological diagnostic characters to full molecular genetic identification of marine assemblages. In this process, the article presents the methodological advancements by discussing progress and critical aspects of the crossover from traditional to novel and future molecular genetic identifications and it outlines the advantages of integrative approaches using the strengths of both morphological and molecular techniques to identify species and assemblages. We demonstrate this process of identifying and recording marine biodiversity on pelagic copepods as model taxon. Copepods are known for their high taxonomic and ecological diversity and comprise a huge variety of behaviours, forms and life histories, making them a highly interesting and well-studied group in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, their short life cycles and rapid responses to changing environments make them good indicators and core research components for ecosystem health and status in the light of environmental change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Laakmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Cornils
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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13
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Evolutionary origins of genomic adaptations in an invasive copepod. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1084-1094. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Fefilova EB, Sukhikh NM, Rasova EE, Velegzhaninov IO, Abramova EN. New Data on the Expansion of Eurytemora Giesbrecht (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Russian Arctic Region. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2020; 492:86-88. [PMID: 32632833 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496620030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a result of studying different populations of crustaceans of the genus Eurytemora Giesbrecht from the inland water bodies of the basins of the White Sea, the Pechora Sea, the Lena River delta, and Pacific coast of the United States, the species Eurytemora gracilicauda Akatova 1949 has been found along the entire northern border of the Russian Eurasia, while North American E. americana Williams 1906 has not been registered within these limits. Clear morphological and molecular genetic differences between E. gracilicauda and E. americana are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Fefilova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia.
| | - N M Sukhikh
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E E Rasova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - I O Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Vyatka State University, 610000, Kirov, Russia
| | - E N Abramova
- Lena Delta Nature Reserve, 678400, Tiksi, Russia
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15
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El Moussaoui A, Jawhari FZ, Almehdi AM, Elmsellem H, Fikri Benbrahim K, Bousta D, Bari A. Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of total polyphenols of Withania frutescens.L. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:103337. [PMID: 31627061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our objective in this work is evaluated the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of the phytochymic compounds of the roots and leaves of a species Withania frutescens. In the first part, the phenolic compound is determinate by the Folin-Ciocalteau reaction, the richness of the roots in polyphenols (53.33 ± 1.20 mg EGA/g Extract) is six times higher than that of the leaves. The antioxidant test is evaluated by four methods: DPPH test, reducing power test (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (CAT) and the ß-carotene discoloration test. The IC-50 values of the DPPH test of the studied parts are of the order of 0.36 µg/ml and 6.63 µg/ml, which showed a lower anti-free radical activity than that of BHT (0.12 µg/ml). The results obtained by the FRAP method revealed a low reducing power of iron for two extracts (EC-50 of 0.45%) compared to Quercetine (EC-50 of 0.03%). The compounds of root and leaf extracts have a significant total antioxidant capacity, respectively 477.65 ± 37.60 and 317.03 ± 46.64 mg EAA/g Extract. In the β-carotene discoloration test, extracts from the aerial and underground parts showed antioxidant activity of 57% followed by (36%), respectively. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of in vitro extracts against microorganisms is carried out by two methods: disc diffusion and microdilution. The results show that the extracts exert an intermediate inhibitory effect (inhibition diameter between 8 and 15 mm, the smallest MIC obtained is 2.80 mg/ml) on all strains tested. The antifungal activity was estimated by determining the growth inhibition rate of the fungus tested. Indeed, the compounds studied exhibit a good antifungal effect since the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4.5 mg/ml for root extract and 9 mg/ml for leaf extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah El Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Fatima Zahra Jawhari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ahmed M Almehdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box: 27272, UAE
| | - Hicham Elmsellem
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Materials, and Environment (LC2AME), Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohammed Premier, B.P. 717, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | | | - Dalila Bousta
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Fez, Morocco
| | - Amina Bari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, Fez, Morocco
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16
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Svetlichny L, Hubareva E, Khanaychenko A, Uttieri M. Response to salinity and temperature changes in the alien Asian copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus introduced in the Black Sea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:416-426. [PMID: 31419086 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The salinity tolerance and the effect of temperature were studied on the behavior and motor activity of the nonindigenous Indo-Pacific calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus, first found in Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea) in autumn 2016. According to the index of median lethal salinity (LS50 ), the salinity tolerance range of adult P. marinus collected at 18.0 psu in November 2016 and subsequently reared in the laboratory amounted to 5.0-44.0 psu, independently of the acclimation regime. Females of P. marinus collected in December 2016 at 12.0°C became torpid at 8.0°C, a value typical of winter-spring Black Sea coastal areas. An increase in temperature from 8.0°C to 27.0°C led to an increase in the beat frequency of mouth appendages, swimming speed, and time spent cruising. However, at the same high temperature, the mean cruising speed in the feeding-current feeder P. marinus was 2-fold lower than that of the native, similarly sized cruise feeder Pseudocalanus elongatus. On the contrary, mouthpart beat frequency while cruising was 2-fold higher reaching 80 Hz, due to the creation of feeding currents in P. marinus. The results of our experiments confirm the euryhaline character of P. marinus, and point to an apparent ability to survive cold temperatures in a torpid state. This suggests the possibility of entering an overwintering stage to survive the adverse cold winter-spring environmental conditions of the Black Sea, similarly to the recent thermophilic Indo-Pacific invader Oithona davisae which established a successful population in the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Svetlichny
- Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Elena Hubareva
- Department of Aquaculture and Marine Pharmacology, A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina Khanaychenko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marco Uttieri
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.,CoNISMa (National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences), Rome, Italy
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17
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Karlsson K, Puiac S, Winder M. Life-history responses to changing temperature and salinity of the Baltic Sea copepod Eurytemora affinis. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:30. [PMID: 29391649 PMCID: PMC5773643 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effects of predicted warming and changing salinity of marine ecosystems, it is important to have a good knowledge of species vulnerability and their capacity to adapt to environmental changes. In spring and autumn of 2014, we conducted common garden experiments to investigate how different populations of the copepod Eurytemora affinis from the Baltic Sea respond to varying temperatures and salinity conditions. Copepods were collected in the Stockholm archipelago, Bothnian Bay, and Gulf of Riga (latitude, longitude: 58°48.19', 17°37.52'; 65°10.14', 23°14.41'; 58°21.67', 24°30.83'). Using individuals with known family structure, we investigated within population variation of the reaction norm (genotype and salinity interaction) as a means to measure adaptive capacity. Our main finding was that low salinity has a detrimental effect on development time, the additive effects of high temperature and low salinity have a negative effect on survival, and their interaction has a negative effect on hatching success. We observed no variation in survival and development within populations, and all genotypes had similar reaction norms with higher survival and faster development in higher salinities. This suggests that there is no single genotype that performs better in low salinity or high salinity; instead, the best genotype in any given salinity is best in all salinities. Genotypes with fast development time also had higher survival compared to slow developing genotypes at all salinities. Our results suggest that E. affinis can tolerate close to freshwater conditions also in high temperatures, but with a significant reduction in fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Karlsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Puiac
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Briski E, Chan FT, Darling JA, Lauringson V, MacIsaac HJ, Zhan A, Bailey SA. Beyond propagule pressure: importance of selection during the transport stage of biological invasions. FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2018; 16:345-353. [PMID: 31942166 PMCID: PMC6961837 DOI: 10.1002/fee.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions are largely considered to be a "numbers game", wherein the larger the introduction effort, the greater the probability that an introduced population will become established. However, conditions during transport - an early stage of the invasion - can be particularly harsh, thereby greatly reducing the size of a population available to establish in a new region. Some successful non-indigenous species are more tolerant of environmental and anthropogenic stressors than related native species, possibly stemming from selection (ie survival of only pre-adapted individuals for particular environmental conditions) during the invasion process. By reviewing current literature concerning population genetics and consequences of selection on population fitness, we propose that selection acting on transported populations can facilitate local adaptation, which may result in a greater likelihood of invasion than predicted by propagule pressure alone. Specifically, we suggest that detailed surveys should be conducted to determine interactions between molecular mechanisms and demographic factors, given that current management strategies may underestimate invasion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Briski
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- ()
| | - Farrah T Chan
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Canada
| | - John A Darling
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Canada
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19
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Lee CE, Remfert JL, Opgenorth T, Lee KM, Stanford E, Connolly JW, Kim J, Tomke S. Evolutionary responses to crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill by the copepod Eurytemora affinis. Evol Appl 2017; 10:813-828. [PMID: 29151873 PMCID: PMC5680418 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Disaster was the most catastrophic offshore oil spill in U.S. history, yet we still have a poor understanding of how organisms could evolve in response to the toxic effects of crude oil. This study offers a rare analysis of how fitness-related traits could evolve rapidly in response to crude oil toxicity. We examined evolutionary responses of populations of the common copepod Eurytemora affinis residing in the Gulf of Mexico, by comparing crude oil tolerance of populations collected before versus after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010. In addition, we imposed laboratory selection for crude oil tolerance for ~8 generations, using an E. affinis population collected from before the oil spill. We found evolutionary increases in crude oil tolerance in the wild population following the oil spill, relative to the population collected before the oil spill. The post-oil spill population showed increased survival and rapid development time in the presence of crude oil. In contrast, evolutionary responses following laboratory selection were less clear; though, development time from metamorphosis to adult in the presence of crude oil did become more rapid after selection. We did find that the wild population, used in both experiments, harbored significant genetic variation in crude oil tolerance, upon which selection could act. Thus, our study indicated that crude oil tolerance could evolve, but perhaps not on the relatively short time scale of the laboratory selection experiment. This study contributes novel insights into evolutionary responses to crude oil, in directly examining fitness-related traits before and after an oil spill, and in observing evolutionary responses following laboratory selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Jane Louise Remfert
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Taylor Opgenorth
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Kristin M Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Elizabeth Stanford
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Joseph William Connolly
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Sarah Tomke
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) and Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison WI USA
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20
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Yang H, Meng Y, Song Y, Tan Y, Warren A, Li J, Lin X. Salinity fluctuation influencing biological adaptation: growth dynamics and Na + /K + -ATPase activity in a euryhaline bacterium. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:617-624. [PMID: 28493363 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although salinity fluctuation is a prominent characteristic of many coastal ecosystems, its effects on biological adaptation have not yet been fully recognized. To test the salinity fluctuations on biological adaptation, population growth dynamics and Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity were investigated in the euryhaline bacterium Idiomarina sp. DYB, which was acclimated at different salinity exposure levels, exposure times, and shifts in direction of salinity. Results showed: (1) bacterial population growth dynamics and Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity changed significantly in response to salinity fluctuation; (2) patterns of variation in bacterial growth dynamics were related to exposure times, levels of salinity, and shifts in direction of salinity change; (3) significant tradeoffs were detected between growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K) on the one hand, and Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity on the other; and (4) beneficial acclimation was confirmed in Idiomarina sp. DYB. In brief, this study demonstrated that salinity fluctuation can change the population growth dynamics, Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity, and tradeoffs between r, K, and Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity, thus facilitating bacterial adaption in a changing environment. These findings provide constructive information for determining biological response patterns to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yang Meng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youxin Song
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yalin Tan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Jiqiu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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21
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Short-term molecular and physiological responses to heat stress in neritic copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 203:348-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Nougué O, Svendsen N, Jabbour-Zahab R, Lenormand T, Chevin LM. The ontogeny of tolerance curves: habitat quality vs. acclimation in a stressful environment. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1625-1635. [PMID: 27392281 PMCID: PMC5959000 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful environments affect life-history components of fitness through (i) instantaneous detrimental effects, (ii) historical (carry-over) effects and (iii) history-by-environment interactions, including acclimation effects. The relative contributions of these different responses to environmental stress are likely to change along life, but such ontogenic perspective is often overlooked in studies of tolerance curves, precluding a better understanding of the causes of costs of acclimation, and more generally of fitness in temporally fine-grained environments. We performed an experiment in the brine shrimp Artemia to disentangle these different contributions to environmental tolerance, and investigate how they unfold along life. We placed individuals from three clones of A. parthenogenetica over a range of salinities during a week, before transferring them to a (possibly) different salinity for the rest of their lives. We monitored individual survival at repeated intervals throughout life, instead of measuring survival or performance at a given point in time, as commonly done in acclimation experiments. We then designed a modified survival analysis model to estimate phase-specific hazard rates, accounting for the fact that individuals may share the same treatment for only part of their lives. Our approach allowed us to distinguish effects of salinity on (i) instantaneous mortality in each phase (habitat quality effects), (ii) mortality later in life (history effects) and (iii) their interaction. We showed clear effects of early salinity on late survival and interactions between effects of past and current environments on survival. Importantly, analysis of the ontogenetic dynamics of the tolerance curve reveals that acclimation affects different parts of the curve at different ages. Adopting a dynamical view of the ontogeny of tolerance curve should prove useful for understanding niche limits in temporally changing environments, where the full sequence of environments experienced by an individual determines its overall environmental tolerance, and how it changes throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odrade Nougué
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nils Svendsen
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Lee CE. Evolutionary mechanisms of habitat invasions, using the copepod Eurytemora affinis as a model system. Evol Appl 2015; 9:248-70. [PMID: 27087851 PMCID: PMC4780390 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the copepod Eurytemora affinis has provided unprecedented insights into mechanisms of invasive success. In this invited review, I summarize a subset of work from my laboratory to highlight key insights gained from studying E. affinis as a model system. Invasive species with brackish origins are overrepresented in freshwater habitats. The copepod E. affinis is an example of such a brackish invader, and has invaded freshwater habitats multiple times independently in recent years. These invasions were accompanied by the evolution of physiological tolerance and plasticity, increased body fluid regulation, and evolutionary shifts in ion transporter (V‐type H+ATPase, Na+, K+‐ATPase) activity and expression. These evolutionary changes occurred in parallel across independent invasions in nature and in laboratory selection experiments. Selection appears to act on standing genetic variation during invasions, and maintenance of this variation is likely facilitated through ‘beneficial reversal of dominance’ in salinity tolerance across habitats. Expression of critical ion transporters is localized in newly discovered Crusalis leg organs. Increased freshwater tolerance is accompanied by costs to development time and greater requirements for food. High‐food concentration increases low‐salinity tolerance, allowing saline populations to invade freshwater habitats. Mechanisms observed here likely have relevance for other taxa undergoing fundamental niche expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE) University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
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A novel microhabitat for parasitic copepods: a new genus of Ergasilidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from the urinary bladder of a freshwater fish. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:347-54. [PMID: 23523989 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An endoparasitic copepod is reported from the urinary bladder of a fish for the first time. Endoparasitic copepods on fish hosts are extremely rare and the impact of colonization of this novel microhabitat on the biology of the parasite is discussed. This curious association was reported from two different host families of Neotropical freshwater fishes, Erythrinidae and Cichlidae, collected from the Cristalino River, a tributary of the Araguaia River, in Brazil. The copepod is fully described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Urogasilus brasiliensis n. g., n. sp. represents a new genus and species of the family Ergasilidae and can be distinguished from other genera by its unique tagmosis, in which the fourth and fifth pedigerous somites and the genital double-somite are all fused to form an elongate trunk. The anal somite is the only free abdominal somite present. The pattern of leg segmentation is also unique, with legs 1 to 3 each having a 2-segmented endopod and leg 4 reduced to a single seta. The discovery of ovigerous female ergasilids in the urinary bladder of a fish is novel and this discovery represents a good model for further studies on the adaptations to an endoparasitic lifestyle.
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Lee CE, Moss WE, Olson N, Chau KF, Chang YM, Johnson KE. Feasting in fresh water: impacts of food concentration on freshwater tolerance and the evolution of food × salinity response during the expansion from saline into fresh water habitats. Evol Appl 2013; 6:673-89. [PMID: 23789033 PMCID: PMC3684747 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline to freshwater invasions have become increasingly common in recent years. A key hypothesis is that rates of freshwater invasions have been amplified in recent years by increased food concentration, yet this hypothesis has remained unexplored. We examined whether elevated food concentration could enhance freshwater tolerance, and whether this effect evolves following saline to freshwater invasions. We examined physiological response to salinity and food concentration in a 2 × 2 factorial design, using ancestral brackish and freshwater invading populations of the copepod Eurytemora affinis. We found that high food concentration significantly increases low-salinity tolerance. This effect was reduced in the freshwater population, indicating evolution following the freshwater invasion. Thus, ample food could enable freshwater invasions, allowing subsequent evolution of low-salinity tolerance even under food-poor conditions. We also compared effects of food concentration on freshwater survival between two brackish populations from the native range. Impacts of food concentration on freshwater survival differed between the brackish populations, suggesting variation in functional properties affecting their propensity to invade freshwater habitats. The key implication is that high food concentration could profoundly extend range expansions of brackishwater species into freshwater habitats, potentially allowing for condition-specific competition between saline invaders and resident freshwater species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution (CORE), University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
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26
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Sukhikh N, Souissi A, Souissi S, Alekseev V. Invasion ofEurytemorasibling species (Copepoda: Temoridae) from north America into the Baltic Sea and European Atlantic coast estuaries. J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.716865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Liu G, Huang QQ, Lin ZG, Huang FF, Liao HX, Peng SL. High tolerance to salinity and herbivory stresses may explain the expansion of Ipomoea cairica to salt marshes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48829. [PMID: 23166596 PMCID: PMC3499518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive plants are often confronted with heterogeneous environments and various stress factors during their secondary phase of invasion into more stressful habitats. A high tolerance to stress factors may allow exotics to successfully invade stressful environments. Ipomoea cairica, a vigorous invader in South China, has recently been expanding into salt marshes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To examine why this liana species is able to invade a stressful saline environment, we utilized I. cairica and 3 non-invasive species for a greenhouse experiment. The plants were subjected to three levels of salinity (i.e., watered with 0, 4 and 8 g L(-1) NaCl solutions) and simulated herbivory (0, 25 and 50% of the leaf area excised) treatments. The relative growth rate (RGR) of I. cairica was significantly higher than the RGR of non-invasive species under both stress treatments. The growth performance of I. cairica was not significantly affected by either stress factor, while that of the non-invasive species was significantly inhibited. The leaf condensed tannin content was generally lower in I. cairica than in the non-invasive I. triloba and Paederia foetida. Ipomoea cairica exhibited a relatively low resistance to herbivory, however, its tolerance to stress factors was significantly higher than either of the non-invasive species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study examining the expansion of I. cairica to salt marshes in its introduced range. Our results suggest that the high tolerance of I. cairica to key stress factors (e.g., salinity and herbivory) contributes to its invasion into salt marshes. For I. cairica, a trade-off in resource reallocation may allow increased resources to be allocated to tolerance and growth. This may contribute to a secondary invasion into stressful habitats. Finally, we suggest that I. cairica could spread further and successfully occupy salt marshes, and countermeasures based on herbivory could be ineffective for controlling this invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Xuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Partridge C, Boettcher A, Jones AG. Population Structure of the Gulf Pipefish in and around Mobile Bay and the Northern Gulf of Mexico. J Hered 2012; 103:821-30. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Xuereb B, Forget-Leray J, Souissi S, Glippa O, Devreker D, Lesueur T, Marie S, Danger JM, Boulangé-Lecomte C. Molecular characterization and mRNA expression of grp78 and hsp90A in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:457-472. [PMID: 22302500 PMCID: PMC3368034 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a method of quantification of heat shock protein transcript levels in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. For that, the full-length cDNA of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Ea-grp78) and the cytosolic 90-kDa heat shock protein (Ea-hsp90A) from this species have been cloned. These cDNA revealed, respectively, 2,370 and 2,299 bp with 1,971 and 2,124 bp open reading frames encoding 656 and 707 amino acids. Main features, sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis with other species were described. Then, the expression profiles were analysed using reverse transcription/real-time quantitative PCR method from copepods subjected to different thermic and osmotic stresses in laboratory, and from copepods directly sampled into the natural population of the Seine Estuary (France) along a salinity gradient. Thermic shock (7.5°C, 22.5°C and 30°C during 90 min) significantly induced increases of transcript quantities ranged between 1.7- and 19.7-fold the levels observed in control conditions (15°C). Hypo- and hyper-osmotic shocks (salinities of 1 and 30 during 90 min) caused a 2-fold induction of Ea-hsp90A transcript level in comparison to controls (salinity of 15) whereas no significant change was measured for Ea-grp78. On the other hand, similar expression profiles were observed for the two transcripts after 72 h of exposition to salinities of 1 and 25 with a significant 2-fold induction observed for the lower salinity. To finish, strong expression inductions of both Ea-grp78 and Ea-hsp90A genes were observed in field copepods sampled at low salinity during the campaigns of June 2009 and May 2010. These results tend to show that the low salinity and the increase of temperature seem to have a synergic effect on stress condition of copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Xuereb
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques du Havre, Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie-Milieux Aquatiques (UPRES EA3222), Fédération SCALE 4116, GDR Ifremer-INRA EXECO, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, 76058, Le Havre, France,
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Lee CE, Posavi M, Charmantier G. Rapid evolution of body fluid regulation following independent invasions into freshwater habitats. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:625-33. [PMID: 22296332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colonizations from marine to freshwater environments constitute among the most dramatic evolutionary transitions in the history of life. Colonizing dilute environments poses great challenges for acquiring essential ions against steep concentration gradients. This study explored the evolution of body fluid regulation following freshwater invasions by the copepod Eurytemora affinis. The goals of this study were to determine (1) whether invasions from saline to freshwater habitats were accompanied by evolutionary shifts in body fluid regulation (hemolymph osmolality) and (2) whether parallel shifts occurred during independent invasions. We measured hemolymph osmolality for ancestral saline and freshwater invading populations reared across a range of common-garden salinities (0.2-25 PSU). Our results revealed the evolution of increased hemolymph osmolality (by 16-31%) at lower salinities in freshwater populations of E. affinis relative to their saline ancestors. Moreover, we observed the same evolutionary shifts across two independent freshwater invasions. Such increases in hemolymph osmolality are consistent with evidence of increased ion uptake in freshwater populations at low salinity, found in a previous study, and are likely to entail increased energetic costs upon invading freshwater habitats. Our findings are consistent with the evolution of increased physiological regulation accompanying transitions into stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Center of Rapid Evolution, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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31
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Strasser CA, Lewis MA, DiBacco C. A mechanistic model for understanding invasions: using the environment as a predictor of population success. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lee CE, Kiergaard M, Gelembiuk GW, Eads BD, Posavi M. PUMPING IONS: RAPID PARALLEL EVOLUTION OF IONIC REGULATION FOLLOWING HABITAT INVASIONS. Evolution 2011; 65:2229-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Suárez-Morales E, Gutiérrez-Aguirre MA, Walsh EJ. Freshwater Copepoda (Crustacea) from the Chihuahuan Desert with Comments on Biogeography. SOUTHWEST NAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1894/jc-35.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Stillman JH, Colbourne JK, Lee CE, Patel NH, Phillips MR, Towle DW, Eads BD, Gelembuik GW, Henry RP, Johnson EA, Pfrender ME, Terwilliger NB. Recent advances in crustacean genomics. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:852-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Partridge C, Shardo J, Boettcher A. Osmoregulatory role of the brood pouch in the euryhaline Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:556-61. [PMID: 17398130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many species of pipefish exhibit a reversal of parental roles, in which females insert eggs into the brood pouch of the male where they are incubated until the end of embryonic development. While the significance of the male brood pouch has been examined for over a century, the role of the pouch is still unclear. One possible function is to aid in osmoregulation by buffering embryos from the external environment. To investigate this role, the euryhaline Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli, was collected and maintained in either a low salinity or a saltwater environment. Changes in plasma and pouch fluid osmolality and morphological changes of the pouch were examined. Brood pouch fluid was similar to male plasma during the early and late stages of the brooding period for low salinity males, but was significantly hyperosmotic during the middle of the brooding period. In saltwater males, brood pouch fluid was similar to plasma during early brooding, but became hyperosmotic as brood time progressed. The brood pouch epithelium of both low salinity and saltwater males contained mitochondria-rich cells. In early brooding saltwater males these cells contained an apical opening into the pouch lumen. Osmotic and morphological differences observed suggest that the brood pouch plays an active role in regulating osmotic concentration of the pouch fluid. Additionally, pouch fluid concentration may be regulated more during early stages of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlyn Partridge
- University of South Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences, LSCB 124, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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36
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Lee CE, Remfert JL, Chang YM. Response to selection and evolvability of invasive populations. Genetica 2006; 129:179-92. [PMID: 16915512 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While natural selection might in some cases facilitate invasions into novel habitats, few direct measurements of selection response exist for invasive populations. This study examined selection response to changes in salinity using the copepod Eurytemora affinis. This copepod has invaded fresh water from saline habitats multiple times independently throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Selection response to a constant intermediate salinity (5 PSU) was measured in the laboratory for saline source and freshwater invading populations from the St. Lawrence drainage (North America). These populations were reared under three conditions: (1) native salinities (0 or 15 PSU) for at least two generations, (2) 5 PSU for two generations, and (3) 5 PSU for six generations. Full-sib clutches taken from populations reared under these three conditions were split across four salinities (0, 5, 15, and 25 PSU) to determine reaction norms for survival and development time. Contrasts in survival and development time across the three rearing conditions were treated as the selection response. Selection at 5 PSU resulted in a significant decline in freshwater (0 PSU) tolerance for both the saline and freshwater populations. Yet, evolutionary differences in freshwater tolerance persisted between the saline and freshwater populations. The saline and freshwater populations converged in their high-salinity (25 PSU) tolerance, with an increase in the freshwater population and decline in the saline population. Development time did not shift greatly in response to selection at 5 PSU. For all three rearing conditions, the freshwater population exhibited retarded larval development and accelerated juvenile development relative to the saline population. Results from this study indicate that both the saline and freshwater populations exhibit significant responses to selection for a fitness-related trait critical for invasions into a novel habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Scott GR, Schulte PM. Intraspecific variation in gene expression after seawater transfer in gills of the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:176-82. [PMID: 15953746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that northern populations of the euryhaline killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) are better adapted to freshwater environments than their southern counterparts. In this study, we examined whether this adaptation has come at an ionoregulatory cost in seawater, by comparing published data for northern killifish to newly acquired data on the molecular responses of southern killifish to seawater transfer. After abrupt transfer from brackish water (10 per thousand) to seawater, Na,K-ATPase activity, Na,K-ATPase alpha(1a) mRNA expression, and NKCC1 mRNA expression increased 1 and 4 days after transfer in the gills of southern fish (by 2-3-fold), but increased at 1 day and not 4 days after transfer in northern fish. Small increases in mRNA expression were observed in both populations at 14 days. CFTR expression also increased in southern and northern fish at 1 and 4 days into seawater, and was also elevated at 14 days in northern fish. Because fish from both southern and northern populations maintained plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) balance after seawater transfer, the differences in activity and expression could not have been caused by differences in plasma ion levels. Instead, some other regulatory factor may account for the differences in expression between populations. This study shows that freshwater adaptation in northern populations of killifish has not necessarily come at a significant ionoregulatory cost in seawater, but has altered the molecular responses of their gills to seawater transfer compared to southern killifish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Scott
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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