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Keuthan CJ, Karma S, Zack DJ. Alternative RNA Splicing in the Retina: Insights and Perspectives. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041313. [PMID: 36690463 PMCID: PMC10547393 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a fundamental and highly regulated post-transcriptional process that enhances transcriptome and proteome diversity. This process is particularly important in neuronal tissues, such as the retina, which exhibit some of the highest levels of differentially spliced genes in the body. Alternative splicing is regulated both temporally and spatially during neuronal development, can be cell-type-specific, and when altered can cause a number of pathologies, including retinal degeneration. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated investigations of the alternative splicing landscape of the retina in both healthy and disease states. Additionally, innovations in human stem cell engineering, specifically in the generation of 3D retinal organoids, which recapitulate many aspects of the in vivo retinal microenvironment, have aided studies of the role of alternative splicing in human retinal development and degeneration. Here we review these advances and discuss the ongoing development of strategies for the treatment of alternative splicing-related retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Keuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Sadik Karma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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2
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García-Arroyo R, Domènech EB, Herrera-Úbeda C, Asensi MA, Núñez de Arenas C, Cuezva JM, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Pallardó FV, Mirra S, Marfany G. Exacerbated response to oxidative stress in the Retinitis Pigmentosa Cerkl KD/KO mouse model triggers retinal degeneration pathways upon acute light stress. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102862. [PMID: 37660443 PMCID: PMC10491808 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is particularly vulnerable to genetic and environmental alterations that generate oxidative stress and cause cellular damage in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons, eventually leading to cell death. CERKL (CERamide Kinase-Like) mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa and Cone-Rod Dystrophy in humans, two disorders characterized by photoreceptor degeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL is a resilience gene against oxidative stress, and its overexpression protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Besides, CERKL contributes to stress granule-formation and regulates mitochondrial dynamics in the retina. Using the CerklKD/KO albino mouse model, which recapitulates the human disease, we aimed to study the impact of Cerkl knockdown on stress response and activation of photoreceptor death mechanisms upon light/oxidative stress. After acute light injury, we assessed immediate or late retinal stress response, by combining both omic and non-omic approaches. Our results show that Cerkl knockdown increases ROS levels and causes a basal exacerbated stress state in the retina, through alterations in glutathione metabolism and stress granule production, overall compromising an adequate response to additional oxidative damage. As a consequence, several cell death mechanisms are triggered in CerklKD/KO retinas after acute light stress. Our studies indicate that Cerkl gene is a pivotal player in regulating light-challenged retinal homeostasis and shed light on how mutations in CERKL lead to blindness by dysregulation of the basal oxidative stress response in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Daich Varela M, Duignan ES, De Silva SR, Ba-Abbad R, Fujinami-Yokokawa Y, Leo S, Fujinami K, Mahroo OA, Robson AG, Webster AR, Michaelides M. CERKL-Associated Retinal Dystrophy: Genetics, Phenotype, and Natural History. Ophthalmol Retina 2023; 7:918-931. [PMID: 37331655 PMCID: PMC11108804 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the clinical characteristics, natural history, and genetics of CERKL-associated retinal dystrophy in the largest series to date. DESIGN Multicenter retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS Forty-seven patients (37 families) with likely disease-causing CERKL variants. METHODS Review of clinical notes, ophthalmic images, and molecular diagnosis from 2 international centers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual function, retinal imaging, and characteristics were evaluated and correlated. RESULTS The mean age at the first visit was 29.6 ± 13.9 years, and the mean follow-up time was 9.1 ± 7.4 years. The most frequent initial symptom was central vision loss (40%), and the most common retinal feature was well-demarcated areas of macular atrophy (57%). Seventy-seven percent of the participants had double-null genotypes, and 64% had electrophysiological assessment. Among the latter, 53% showed similar severity of rod and cone dysfunction, 27% revealed a rod-cone, 10% a cone-rod, and 10% a macular dystrophy dysfunction pattern. Patients without double-null genotypes tended to have fewer pigment deposits and included a higher proportion of older patients with a relatively mild electrophysiological phenotype. Longitudinal analysis showed that over half of the cohort lost 15 ETDRS letters or more in ≥ 1 eye during the first 5 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype of CERKL-retinal dystrophy is broad, encompassing isolated macular disease to severe retina-wide involvement, with a range of functional phenotypes, generally not fitting in the rod-cone/cone-rod dichotomy. Disease onset is often earlier, with more severe retinal degenerative changes and photoreceptor dysfunction, in nullizygous cases. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Daich Varela
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samantha R De Silva
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rola Ba-Abbad
- Ocular Genetics Services, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Fujinami-Yokokawa
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Visual Physiology, Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shaun Leo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaoru Fujinami
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Visual Physiology, Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Robson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Parmann R, Tsang SH, Sparrow JR. Primary versus Secondary Elevations in Fundus Autofluorescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12327. [PMID: 37569703 PMCID: PMC10419315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The method of quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) can be used to assess the levels of bisretinoids in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells so as to aid the interpretation and management of a variety of retinal conditions. In this review, we focused on seven retinal diseases to highlight the possible pathways to increased fundus autofluorescence. ABCA4- and RDH12-associated diseases benefit from known mechanisms whereby gene malfunctioning leads to elevated bisretinoid levels in RPE cells. On the other hand, peripherin2/RDS-associated disease (PRPH2/RDS), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR), and ceramide kinase like (CERKL)-associated retinal degeneration all express abnormally high fundus autofluorescence levels without a demonstrated pathophysiological pathway for bisretinoid elevation. We suggest that, while a known link from gene mutation to increased production of bisretinoids (as in ABCA4- and RDH12-associated diseases) causes primary elevation in fundus autofluorescence, a secondary autofluorescence elevation also exists, where an impairment and degeneration of photoreceptor cells by various causes leads to an increase in bisretinoid levels in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rait Parmann
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, 635 W. 165th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, 635 W. 165th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 635 W. 165th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, 635 W. 165th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 635 W. 165th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Fu S, Fu J, Mobasher-Jannat A, Jadidi K, Li Y, Chen R, Imani S, Cheng J. Novel pathogenic CERKL variant in Iranian familial with inherited retinal dystrophies: genotype-phenotype correlation. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:166. [PMID: 37162806 PMCID: PMC10163994 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) include a large chronic heterogeneity genetic disease. While many disease-causing pathogenic variants were involved in the progression of IRD, the Ceramide Kinase Like (CERKL) gene variant in Iranian patients is not well characterized. In this study, a consanguineous Iranian family with three generations was recruited whom presented with the clinical diagnosis of autosomal recessive IRD. By targeted next-generation sequencing (TGS) and Sanger sequencing, the proband was found to have a novel, pathological homozygous deletion variant c.560_568del (p.187_190del) of the CERKL gene (NM_001030311.2) that co-segregated with the disease in all affected family members. The Cerkl is highly expressed in the later four developmental retinal stages, playing a vital role in retina degeneration. Therefore, the identification of a novel, homozygous deletion CERKL variant c.560_568del (p.187_190del) in an IRD familial cohort descent provides insights into the molecular pathogenesis of IRD and facilitates genetic counseling and disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyi Fu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jiewen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bina Eye Hospital Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yumei Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Saber Imani
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 People’s Republic of China
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 People’s Republic of China
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Schlottmann PG, Luna JD, Labat N, Yadarola MB, Bainttein S, Esposito E, Ibañez A, Barbaro EI, Álvarez Mendiara A, Picotti CP, Chirino Misisian A, Andreussi L, Gras J, Capalbo L, Visotto M, Dipierri JE, Alcoba E, Fernández Gabrielli L, Ávila S, Aucar ME, Martin DM, Ormaechea GJ, Inga ME, Francone AA, Charles M, Zompa T, Pérez PJ, Lotersztein V, Nuova PJ, Canonero IB, Mahroo OA, Michaelides M, Arno G, Daich Varela M. Nationwide genetic analysis of more than 600 families with inherited eye diseases in Argentina. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:8. [PMID: 37217489 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study corresponds to the first large-scale genetic analysis of inherited eye diseases (IED) in Argentina and describes the comprehensive genetic profile of a large cohort of patients. Medical records of 22 ophthalmology and genetics services throughout 13 Argentinian provinces were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of an ophthalmic genetic disease and a history of genetic testing were included. Medical, ophthalmological and family history was collected. A total of 773 patients from 637 families were included, with 98% having inherited retinal disease. The most common phenotype was retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 62%). Causative variants were detected in 379 (59%) patients. USH2A, RPGR, and ABCA4 were the most common disease-associated genes. USH2A was the most frequent gene associated with RP, RDH12 early-onset severe retinal dystrophy, ABCA4 Stargardt disease, PROM1 cone-rod dystrophy, and BEST1 macular dystrophy. The most frequent variants were RPGR c.1345 C > T, p.(Arg449*) and USH2A c.15089 C > A, p.(Ser5030*). The study revealed 156/448 (35%) previously unreported pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and 8 possible founder mutations. We present the genetic landscape of IED in Argentina and the largest cohort in South America. This data will serve as a reference for future genetic studies, aid diagnosis, inform counseling, and assist in addressing the largely unmet need for clinical trials to be conducted in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José D Luna
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa SA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Labat
- Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa SA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Evangelina Esposito
- University Clinic Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Agustina Ibañez
- University Clinic Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Visotto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Trelew, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | - Emilio Alcoba
- Hospital Materno Infantil Dr Héctor Quintana, Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - M Eugenia Inga
- Organización Medica de Investigación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Tamara Zompa
- Charles Centro Oftalmológico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Pedro J Nuova
- Ocularyb Oftalmoclinica, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Omar A Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Malena Daich Varela
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
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7
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Guzman G, Creek C, Farley S, Tafesse FG. Genetic Tools for Studying the Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2610:1-16. [PMID: 36534277 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a critical family of membrane lipids with diverse functions in eukaryotic cells, and a growing body of literature supports that these lipids play essential roles during the lifecycles of viruses. While small molecule inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis and metabolism are widely used, the advent of CRISPR-based genomic editing techniques allows for nuanced exploration into the manners in which sphingolipids influence various stages of viral infections. Here we describe some of these critical considerations needed in designing studies utilizing genomic editing techniques for manipulating the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, as well as the current body of literature regarding how viruses depend on the products of this pathway. Here, we highlight the ways in which sphingolipids affect viruses as these pathogens interact with and influence their host cell and describe some of the many open questions remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cameron Creek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scotland Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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8
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CERKL, a Retinal Dystrophy Gene, Regulates Mitochondrial Transport and Dynamics in Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911593. [PMID: 36232896 PMCID: PMC9570143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Ceramide Kinase-like (CERKL) gene cause retinal dystrophies, characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal neurons, which eventually lead to vision loss. Among other functions, CERKL is involved in the regulation of autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and metabolism in the retina. However, CERKL is nearly ubiquitously expressed, and it has been recently described to play a protective role against brain injury. Here we show that Cerkl is expressed in the hippocampus, and we use mouse hippocampal neurons to explore the impact of either overexpression or depletion of CERKL on mitochondrial trafficking and dynamics along axons. We describe that a pool of CERKL localizes at mitochondria in hippocampal axons. Importantly, the depletion of CERKL in the CerklKD/KO mouse model is associated with changes in the expression of fusion/fission molecular regulators, induces mitochondrial fragmentation, and impairs axonal mitochondrial trafficking. Our findings highlight the role of CERKL, a retinal dystrophy gene, in the regulation of mitochondrial health and homeostasis in central nervous system anatomic structures other than the retina.
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Nebbioso M, Franzone F, Lambiase A, Bonfiglio V, Limoli PG, Artico M, Taurone S, Vingolo EM, Greco A, Polimeni A. Oxidative Stress Implication in Retinal Diseases-A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091790. [PMID: 36139862 PMCID: PMC9495599 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) refers to an imbalance between free radicals (FRs), namely highly reactive molecules normally generated in our body by several pathways, and intrinsic antioxidant capacity. When FR levels overwhelm intrinsic antioxidant defenses, OS occurs, inducing a series of downstream chemical reactions. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced by numerous chemical reactions that take place in tissues and organs and are then eliminated by antioxidant molecules. In particular, the scientific literature focuses more on ROS participation in the pathogenesis of diseases than on the role played by RNS. By its very nature, the eye is highly exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is directly responsible for increased OS. In this review, we aimed to focus on the retinal damage caused by ROS/RNS and the related retinal pathologies. A deeper understanding of the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in retinal damage is needed in order to develop targeted therapeutic interventions to slow these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Section, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enzo Maria Vingolo
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome 5, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Cilium formation and regeneration requires new protein synthesis, but the underlying cytosolic translational reprogramming remains largely unknown. Using ribosome footprinting, we performed global translatome profiling during cilia regeneration in Chlamydomonas and uncovered that flagellar genes undergo an early transcriptional activation but late translational repression. This pattern guided our identification of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes, including serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), as essential regulators for ciliogenesis. Cryo-electron tomography showed that ceramide loss abnormally increased the membrane-axoneme distance and generated bulged cilia. We found that ceramides interact with intraflagellar transport (IFT) particle proteins that IFT motors transport along axoneme microtubules (MTs), suggesting that ceramide-IFT particle-IFT motor-MT interactions connect the ciliary membrane with the axoneme to form rod-shaped cilia. SPT-deficient vertebrate cells were defective in ciliogenesis, and SPT mutations from patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy disrupted cilia, which could be restored by sphingolipid supplementation. These results reveal a conserved role of sphingolipid in cilium formation and link compromised sphingolipid production with ciliopathies.
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11
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Zebrafish and inherited photoreceptor disease: Models and insights. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101096. [PMID: 35811244 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor dysfunctions and degenerative diseases are significant causes of vision loss in patients, with few effective treatments available. Targeted interventions to prevent or reverse photoreceptor-related vision loss are not possible without a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanism leading to disease, which is exceedingly difficult to accomplish in the human system. Cone diseases are particularly challenging to model, as some popular genetically modifiable model animals are nocturnal with a rod-dominant visual system and cones that have dissimilarities to human cones. As a result, cone diseases, which affect visual acuity, colour perception, and central vision in patients, are generally poorly understood in terms of pathology and mechanism. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provide the opportunity to model photoreceptor diseases in a diurnal vertebrate with a cone-rich retina which develops many macular degeneration-like pathologies. Zebrafish undergo external development, allowing early-onset retinal diseases to be detected and studied, and many ophthalmic tools are available for zebrafish visual assessment during development and adulthood. There are numerous zebrafish models of photoreceptor disease, spanning the various types of photoreceptor disease (developmental, rod, cone, and mixed photoreceptor diseases) and genetic/molecular cause. In this review, we explore the features of zebrafish that make them uniquely poised to model cone diseases, summarize the established zebrafish models of inherited photoreceptor disease, and discuss how disease in these models compares to the human presentation, where applicable. Further, we highlight the contributions of these zebrafish models to our understanding of photoreceptor biology and disease, and discuss future directions for utilising and investigating these diverse models.
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12
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Hossain MA, Al Amin M, Hasan MI, Sohel M, Ahammed MA, Mahmud SH, Rahman MR, Rahman MH. Bioinformatics and system biology approaches to identify molecular pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease that are linked to the progression of female infertility. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Karademir D, Todorova V, Ebner LJA, Samardzija M, Grimm C. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the retina in a model of retinitis pigmentosa reveals early responses to degeneration in rods and cones. BMC Biol 2022; 20:86. [PMID: 35413909 PMCID: PMC9006580 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In inherited retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), rod photoreceptor-specific mutations cause primary rod degeneration that is followed by secondary cone death and loss of high-acuity vision. Mechanistic studies of retinal degeneration are challenging because of retinal heterogeneity. Moreover, the detection of early cone responses to rod death is especially difficult due to the paucity of cones in the retina. To resolve heterogeneity in the degenerating retina and investigate events in both types of photoreceptors during primary rod degeneration, we utilized droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing in an RP mouse model, rd10. Results Using trajectory analysis, we defined two consecutive phases of rod degeneration at P21, characterized by the early transient upregulation of Egr1 and the later induction of Cebpd. EGR1 was the transcription factor most significantly associated with the promoters of differentially regulated genes in Egr1-positive rods in silico. Silencing Egr1 affected the expression levels of two of these genes in vitro. Degenerating rods exhibited changes associated with metabolism, neuroprotection, and modifications to synapses and microtubules. Egr1 was also the most strongly upregulated transcript in cones. Its upregulation in cones accompanied potential early respiratory dysfunction and changes in signaling pathways. The expression pattern of EGR1 in the retina was dynamic during degeneration, with a transient increase of EGR1 immunoreactivity in both rods and cones during the early stages of their degenerative processes. Conclusion Our results identify early and late changes in degenerating rd10 rod photoreceptors and reveal early responses to rod degeneration in cones not expressing the disease-causing mutation, pointing to mechanisms relevant for secondary cone degeneration. In addition, our data implicate EGR1 as a potential key regulator of early degenerative events in rods and cones, providing a potential broad target for modulating photoreceptor degeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01280-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Karademir
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vyara Todorova
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lynn J A Ebner
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Garanto A, Ferreira CR, Boon CJF, van Karnebeek CDM, Blau N. Clinical and biochemical footprints of inherited metabolic disorders. VII. Ocular phenotypes. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:311-319. [PMID: 35227579 PMCID: PMC10518078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular manifestations are observed in approximately one third of all inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Although ocular involvement is not life-threatening, it can result in severe vision loss, thereby leading to an additional burden for the patient. Retinal degeneration with or without optic atrophy is the most frequent phenotype, followed by oculomotor problems, involvement of the cornea and lens, and refractive errors. These phenotypes can provide valuable clues that contribute to its diagnosis. In this issue we found 577 relevant IMDs leading to ophthalmologic manifestations. This article is the seventh of a series attempting to create and maintain a comprehensive list of clinical and metabolic differential diagnoses according to system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud Center for Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud Center for Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Nenad Blau
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Huang S, Hong Z, Zhang L, Guo J, Li Y, Li K. CERKL alleviates ischemia reperfusion-induced nervous system injury through modulating the SIRT1/PINK1/Parkin pathway and mitophagy induction. Biol Chem 2022; 403:691-701. [PMID: 35238502 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that Ceramide Kinase-Like Protein (CERKL)was expressed in the nerve cells and could regulate autophagy. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is the regulator of the mitophagy, which can be stabilized by CERKL. Furthermore, the study also revealed that the SIRT1 induced mitophagy by activating PINK1/Parkin signaling. Therefore, we speculated that CERKL has potential to activate the SIRT1/PINK1/Parkin pathway to induce mitophagy. In this study, cerebral ischemia reperfusion mouse model was established. CERKL was overexpressed in those mice and human neuroblastoma cells. Tunel staining and flow cytometry were applied for the detection of cell apoptosis. The ratios of LC3Ⅱ to LC3Ⅰ and the expression of LC3Ⅱ in mitochondria were determined by gel electrophoresis. Overexpression of CERKL alleviated the cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and damage to OGD/R human neuroblastoma cells. Overexpression of CERKL enhanced the expression of LC3 Ⅱ in mitochondria and induced occurrence of mitophagy. Overexpression of CERKL promoted the stability of SIRT1 and facilitated the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in those cells. Knockdown of PINK1 impeded the mitophagy and suppressed the expression of LC3 Ⅱ in mitochondria. It can be concluded that CERKL alleviated the ischemia reperfusion induced nervous system injury through inducing mitophagy in a SIRT1/PINK1/Parkin dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyue Huang
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Leguo Zhang
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Kuo Li
- Department of Neurology Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Western Road, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
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16
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Herbal medicine for ocular diseases: An age old therapy and its future perspective. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Perkins BD. Zebrafish models of inherited retinal dystrophies. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2022; 6:95-110. [PMID: 35693295 PMCID: PMC9186516 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2021.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) cause permanent vision impairment or vision loss due to the death of rod and cone photoreceptors. Animal models of IRDs have been instrumental in providing knowledge of the pathological mechanisms that cause photoreceptor death and in developing successful approaches that could slow or prevent vision loss. Zebrafish models of IRDs represent an ideal model system to study IRDs in a cone-rich retina and to test strategies that exploit the natural ability to regenerate damaged neurons. This review highlights those zebrafish mutants and transgenic lines that exhibit adult-onset retinal degeneration and serve as models of retinitis pigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, and ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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18
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Lewandowski D, Sander CL, Tworak A, Gao F, Xu Q, Skowronska-Krawczyk D. Dynamic lipid turnover in photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium throughout life. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101037. [PMID: 34971765 PMCID: PMC10361839 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor interphase is renewed each day in a stunning display of cellular interdependence. While photoreceptors use photosensitive pigments to convert light into electrical signals, the RPE supports photoreceptors in their function by phagocytizing shed photoreceptor tips, regulating the blood retina barrier, and modulating inflammatory responses, as well as regenerating the 11-cis-retinal chromophore via the classical visual cycle. These processes involve multiple protein complexes, tightly regulated ligand-receptors interactions, and a plethora of lipids and protein-lipids interactions. The role of lipids in maintaining a healthy interplay between the RPE and photoreceptors has not been fully delineated. In recent years, novel technologies have resulted in major advancements in understanding several facets of this interplay, including the involvement of lipids in phagocytosis and phagolysosome function, nutrient recycling, and the metabolic dependence between the two cell types. In this review, we aim to integrate the complex role of lipids in photoreceptor and RPE function, emphasizing the dynamic exchange between the cells as well as discuss how these processes are affected in aging and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lewandowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Sander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qianlan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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Overexpression of CERKL Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mitochondria from Oxidative Stress Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10122018. [PMID: 34943121 PMCID: PMC8698444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise function of CERKL, a Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) causative gene, is not yet fully understood. There is evidence that CERKL is involved in the regulation of autophagy, stress granules, and mitochondrial metabolism, and it is considered a gene that is resilient against oxidative stress in the retina. Mutations in most RP genes affect photoreceptors, but retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be also altered. Here, we aimed to analyze the effect of CERKL overexpression and depletion in vivo and in vitro, focusing on the state of the mitochondrial network under oxidative stress conditions. Our work indicates that the depletion of CERKL increases the vulnerability of RPE mitochondria, which show a shorter size and altered shape, particularly upon sodium arsenite treatment. CERKL-depleted cells have dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration particularly upon oxidative stress conditions. The overexpression of two human CERKL isoforms (558 aa and 419 aa), which display different protein domains, shows that a pool of CERKL localizes at mitochondria in RPE cells and that CERKL protects the mitochondrial network—both in size and shape—against oxidative stress. Our results support CERKL being a resilient gene that regulates the mitochondrial network in RPE as in retinal neurons and suggest that RPE cell alteration contributes to particular phenotypic traits in patients carrying CERKL mutations.
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20
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Schneider N, Sundaresan Y, Gopalakrishnan P, Beryozkin A, Hanany M, Levanon EY, Banin E, Ben-Aroya S, Sharon D. Inherited retinal diseases: Linking genes, disease-causing variants, and relevant therapeutic modalities. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101029. [PMID: 34839010 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically complex and heterogenous group of visual impairment phenotypes caused by pathogenic variants in at least 277 nuclear and mitochondrial genes, affecting different retinal regions, and depleting the vision of affected individuals. Genes that cause IRDs when mutated are unique by possessing differing genotype-phenotype correlations, varying inheritance patterns, hypomorphic alleles, and modifier genes thus complicating genetic interpretation. Next-generation sequencing has greatly advanced the identification of novel IRD-related genes and pathogenic variants in the last decade. For this review, we performed an in-depth literature search which allowed for compilation of the Global Retinal Inherited Disease (GRID) dataset containing 4,798 discrete variants and 17,299 alleles published in 31 papers, showing a wide range of frequencies and complexities among the 194 genes reported in GRID, with 65% of pathogenic variants being unique to a single individual. A better understanding of IRD-related gene distribution, gene complexity, and variant types allow for improved genetic testing and therapies. Current genetic therapeutic methods are also quite diverse and rely on variant identification, and range from whole gene replacement to single nucleotide editing at the DNA or RNA levels. IRDs and their suitable therapies thus require a range of effective disease modelling in human cells, granting insight into disease mechanisms and testing of possible treatments. This review summarizes genetic and therapeutic modalities of IRDs, provides new analyses of IRD-related genes (GRID and complexity scores), and provides information to match genetic-based therapies such as gene-specific and variant-specific therapies to the appropriate individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yogapriya Sundaresan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Prakadeeswari Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Avigail Beryozkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Mor Hanany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shay Ben-Aroya
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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21
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Biswas P, Villanueva AL, Soto-Hermida A, Duncan JL, Matsui H, Borooah S, Kurmanov B, Richard G, Khan SY, Branham K, Huang B, Suk J, Bakall B, Goldberg JL, Gabriel L, Khan NW, Raghavendra PB, Zhou J, Devalaraja S, Huynh A, Alapati A, Zawaydeh Q, Weleber RG, Heckenlively JR, Hejtmancik JF, Riazuddin S, Sieving PA, Riazuddin SA, Frazer KA, Ayyagari R. Deciphering the genetic architecture and ethnographic distribution of IRD in three ethnic populations by whole genome sequence analysis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009848. [PMID: 34662339 PMCID: PMC8589175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) were recruited from two understudied populations: Mexico and Pakistan as well as a third well-studied population of European Americans to define the genetic architecture of IRD by performing whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Whole-genome analysis was performed on 409 individuals from 108 unrelated pedigrees with IRDs. All patients underwent an ophthalmic evaluation to establish the retinal phenotype. Although the 108 pedigrees in this study had previously been examined for mutations in known IRD genes using a wide range of methodologies including targeted gene(s) or mutation(s) screening, linkage analysis and exome sequencing, the gene mutations responsible for IRD in these 108 pedigrees were not determined. WGS was performed on these pedigrees using Illumina X10 at a minimum of 30X depth. The sequence reads were mapped against hg19 followed by variant calling using GATK. The genome variants were annotated using SnpEff, PolyPhen2, and CADD score; the structural variants (SVs) were called using GenomeSTRiP and LUMPY. We identified potential causative sequence alterations in 61 pedigrees (57%), including 39 novel and 54 reported variants in IRD genes. For 57 of these pedigrees the observed genotype was consistent with the initial clinical diagnosis, the remaining 4 had the clinical diagnosis reclassified based on our findings. In seven pedigrees (12%) we observed atypical causal variants, i.e. unexpected genotype(s), including 4 pedigrees with causal variants in more than one IRD gene within all affected family members, one pedigree with intrafamilial genetic heterogeneity (different affected family members carrying causal variants in different IRD genes), one pedigree carrying a dominant causative variant present in pseudo-recessive form due to consanguinity and one pedigree with a de-novo variant in the affected family member. Combined atypical and large structural variants contributed to about 20% of cases. Among the novel mutations, 75% were detected in Mexican and 50% found in European American pedigrees and have not been reported in any other population while only 20% were detected in Pakistani pedigrees and were not previously reported. The remaining novel IRD causative variants were listed in gnomAD but were found to be very rare and population specific. Mutations in known IRD associated genes contributed to pathology in 63% Mexican, 60% Pakistani and 45% European American pedigrees analyzed. Overall, contribution of known IRD gene variants to disease pathology in these three populations was similar to that observed in other populations worldwide. This study revealed a spectrum of mutations contributing to IRD in three populations, identified a large proportion of novel potentially causative variants that are specific to the corresponding population or not reported in gnomAD and shed light on the genetic architecture of IRD in these diverse global populations. The study was performed to identify the underlying cause of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) in 409 individuals from 108 families. Primarily, these families were recruited from three different geographic regions: Mexico, Pakistan and European Americans from the United States. Blood samples were collected from all individuals for genome analysis. This analysis detected causative variants in 61 out of the 108 pedigrees. A total of 93 gene variants were found in the 61 families. Among these, 54 were previously reported as causative variants and the remaining 39 have not been reported in IRD pedigrees. Interestingly, 54% of these novel variants were not listed in gnomAD. In addition to these findings, complex causative genotypes were observed in 20% of pedigrees. Overall, causative variants were detected in 63% Mexican, 60% Pakistani and 45% European American pedigrees. This study revealed the distribution of IRD causative variants in pedigrees with diverse ethnic and geographic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Biswas
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- School of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Adda L. Villanueva
- Retina and Genomics Institute, Yucatán, México
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Moleculaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angel Soto-Hermida
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jacque L. Duncan
- Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Matsui
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Berzhan Kurmanov
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Shahid Y. Khan
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kari Branham
- Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Huang
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John Suk
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Bakall
- Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Luis Gabriel
- Genetics and Ophthalmology, Genelabor, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Naheed W. Khan
- Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pongali B. Raghavendra
- School of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jason Zhou
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sindhu Devalaraja
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Huynh
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Akhila Alapati
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qais Zawaydeh
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Weleber
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John R. Heckenlively
- Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Paul A. Sieving
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RA); (KAF); (SAR)
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children’s Hospital, Division of Genome Information Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RA); (KAF); (SAR)
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RA); (KAF); (SAR)
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Shiwani HA, Elfaki MY, Memon D, Ali S, Aziz A, Egom EE. Updates on sphingolipids: Spotlight on retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112197. [PMID: 34560541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine (Sph), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)) are key signaling molecules that regulate many patho-biological processes. During the last decade, they have gained increasing attention since they may participate in important and numerous retinal processes, such as neuronal survival and death, proliferation and migration of neuronal and vascular cells, inflammation, and neovascularization. Cer for instance has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation and death of neuronal and retinal pigment epithelium cells in experimental models of retinopathies such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinitis pigmentosa. S1P may have opposite biological actions, preventing photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration but also promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization in AMD, glaucoma, and pro-fibrotic disorders. Alterations in Cer, S1P, and ceramide 1- phosphate may also contribute to uveitis. Furthermore, use of inhibitors that either prevent Cer increase or modulate S1P signaling, such as Myriocin, desipramine, and Fingolimod (FTY720), have been shown to preserve neuronal viability and retinal function. Collectively, the expanding role for these sphingolipids in the modulation of vital processes in retina cell types and in their dysregulation in retinal degenerations makes them attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haaris A Shiwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Preston Hospital, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Danyal Memon
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suhayb Ali
- Department of Acute Medicine, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel E Egom
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (ISM), Hôpital Montfort, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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23
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Duzkale N, Arslan U. Investigation of genotype-phenotype relationship in Turkish patients with inherited retinal disease by next generation sequencing. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:674-684. [PMID: 34315337 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1952616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of retinal diseases genetically and clinically highly heterogeneous and associated with more than 300 genes. This study aims to investigate the genetic basis of Turkish patients with IRDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study, genes related to retinal diseases in 86 IRDs patients were analyzed using the Next Generations Sequencing method (NGS). RESULTS The mean age of 86 patients was 35 and the mean age at diagnosis was 18. There was consanguinity between the parents of 62% of these patients. Fifty-six retinal disease-associated genes of 46 patients and 230 retinal disease-associated genes of 40 patients were examined. Genetic analysis provides a molecular diagnosis in a total of 53 (61.6%) patients. The genes responsible for the IRDs phenotype were frequently identified as ABCA4 (25%), EYS (11%), and RDH12 (9%). There was no significant difference between those with and without a molecular diagnosis in terms of demographic characteristics and family history. CONCLUSIONS Determination of genetic cause by NGS method in IRDs subgroups that are difficult to define by ophthalmic examination ensures that patients receive accurate diagnosis, treatment and counseling. This study contributed to the understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationship of Turkish patients with IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Duzkale
- Department of Medical Genetic, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Arslan
- Department of Bioretina, Ankara University Technopolis, Ankara, Turkey
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24
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Gallenga CE, Lonardi M, Pacetti S, Violanti SS, Tassinari P, Di Virgilio F, Tognon M, Perri P. Molecular Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060848. [PMID: 34073310 PMCID: PMC8229325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinopathy. Nevertheless, non-genetic biological factors play a central role in its pathogenesis and progression, including inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress. The retina is particularly affected by oxidative stress due to its high metabolic rate and oxygen consumption as well as photosensitizer molecules inside the photoreceptors being constantly subjected to light/oxidative stress, which induces accumulation of ROS in RPE, caused by damaged photoreceptor’s daily recycling. Oxidative DNA damage is a key regulator of microglial activation and photoreceptor degeneration in RP, as well as mutations in endogenous antioxidant pathways involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress protection and activation of antioxidant enzymes (MUTYH, CERKL and GLO1 genes, respectively). Moreover, exposure to oxidative stress alters the expression of micro-RNA (miRNAs) and of long non-codingRNA (lncRNAs), which might be implicated in RP etiopathogenesis and progression, modifying gene expression and cellular response to oxidative stress. The upregulation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) also seems to be involved, causing pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS release by macrophages and microglia, contributing to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative progression in RP. The multiple pathways analysed demonstrate that oxidative microglial activation may trigger the vicious cycle of non-resolved neuroinflammation and degeneration, suggesting that microglia may be a key therapy target of oxidative stress in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Lonardi
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Sofia Pacetti
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Sara Silvia Violanti
- Department of Head and Neck, Section of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy;
| | - Paolo Tassinari
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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25
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Mirra S, García-Arroyo R, B Domènech E, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Herrera-Úbeda C, Oliva C, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Artuch R, Villarroya F, Marfany G. CERKL, a retinal dystrophy gene, regulates mitochondrial function and dynamics in the mammalian retina. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105405. [PMID: 34048907 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is a highly active metabolic organ that displays a particular vulnerability to genetic and environmental factors causing stress and homeostatic imbalance. Mitochondria constitute a bioenergetic hub that coordinates stress response and cellular homeostasis, therefore structural and functional regulation of the mitochondrial dynamic network is essential for the mammalian retina. CERKL (ceramide kinase like) is a retinal degeneration gene whose mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa in humans, a visual disorder characterized by photoreceptors neurodegeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL produces multiple isoforms with a dynamic subcellular localization. Here we show that a pool of CERKL isoforms localizes at mitochondria in mouse retinal ganglion cells. The depletion of CERKL levels in CerklKD/KO(knockdown/knockout) mouse retinas cause increase of autophagy, mitochondrial fragmentation, alteration of mitochondrial distribution, and dysfunction of mitochondrial-dependent bioenergetics and metabolism. Our results support CERKL as a regulator of autophagy and mitochondrial biology in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, IBUB-IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, IBUB-IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Oliva
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, IBUB-IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, IBUB-IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Unique Variant Spectrum in a Jordanian Cohort with Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040593. [PMID: 33921607 PMCID: PMC8074154 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) is a powerful approach for detecting sequence variations in the human genome. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic defects in Jordanian patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) using WES. WES was performed on proband patients' DNA samples from 55 Jordanian families. Sanger sequencing was used for validation and segregation analysis of the detected, potential disease-causing variants (DCVs). Thirty-five putatively causative variants (6 novel and 29 known) in 21 IRD-associated genes were identified in 71% of probands (39 of the 55 families). Three families showed phenotypes different from the typically reported clinical findings associated with the causative genes. To our knowledge, this is the largest genetic analysis of IRDs in the Jordanian population to date. Our study also confirms that WES is a powerful tool for the molecular diagnosis of IRDs in large patient cohorts.
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27
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O'Shaughnessy RFL. Ceramide kinase-like protein, 'the kinase that isn't', finds a role in skin cancer stress relief. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:14-15. [PMID: 33755200 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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28
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Pan WW, Wubben TJ, Besirli CG. Photoreceptor metabolic reprogramming: current understanding and therapeutic implications. Commun Biol 2021; 4:245. [PMID: 33627778 PMCID: PMC7904922 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired and inherited retinal disorders are responsible for vision loss in an increasing proportion of individuals worldwide. Photoreceptor (PR) death is central to the vision loss individuals experience in these various retinal diseases. Unfortunately, there is a lack of treatment options to prevent PR loss, so an urgent unmet need exists for therapies that improve PR survival and ultimately, vision. The retina is one of the most energy demanding tissues in the body, and this is driven in large part by the metabolic needs of PRs. Recent studies suggest that disruption of nutrient availability and regulation of cell metabolism may be a unifying mechanism in PR death. Understanding retinal cell metabolism and how it is altered in disease has been identified as a priority area of research. The focus of this review is on the recent advances in the understanding of PR metabolism and how it is critical to reduction-oxidation (redox) balance, the outer retinal metabolic ecosystem, and retinal disease. The importance of these metabolic processes is just beginning to be realized and unraveling the metabolic and redox pathways integral to PR health may identify novel targets for neuroprotective strategies that prevent blindness in the heterogenous group of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Wubben
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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29
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Simon MV, Basu SK, Qaladize B, Grambergs R, Rotstein NP, Mandal N. Sphingolipids as critical players in retinal physiology and pathology. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100037. [PMID: 32948663 PMCID: PMC7933806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids have emerged as bioactive lipids involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes. In the retina, they have been established to participate in numerous processes, such as neuronal survival and death, proliferation and migration of neuronal and vascular cells, inflammation, and neovascularization. Dysregulation of sphingolipids is therefore crucial in the onset and progression of retinal diseases. This review examines the involvement of sphingolipids in retinal physiology and diseases. Ceramide (Cer) has emerged as a common mediator of inflammation and death of neuronal and retinal pigment epithelium cells in animal models of retinopathies such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinitis pigmentosa. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has opposite roles, preventing photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration but also promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization in AMD, glaucoma, and pro-fibrotic disorders. Alterations in Cer, S1P, and ceramide 1-phosphate may also contribute to uveitis. Notably, use of inhibitors that either prevent Cer increase or modulate S1P signaling, such as Myriocin, desipramine, and Fingolimod (FTY720), preserves neuronal viability and retinal function. These findings underscore the relevance of alterations in the sphingolipid metabolic network in the etiology of multiple retinopathies and highlight the potential of modulating their metabolism for the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sandip K Basu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bano Qaladize
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Grambergs
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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30
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Meyer JM, Lee E, Celli A, Park K, Cho R, Lambert W, Pitchford M, Gordon M, Tsai K, Cleaver J, Arron ST, Mauro TM. CERKL is upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and maintains cellular sphingolipids and resistance to oxidative stress. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:147-152. [PMID: 33393080 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceramide kinase-like protein (CERKL) was originally described in retinal tissue. CERKL has been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress, and mutations in CERKL underlie the inherited disease retinitis pigmentosa. CERKL expression maintains cellular sphingolipids via an unknown mechanism. OBJECTIVES To determine whether CERKL is expressed in epidermis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and whether CERKL expression affects cSCC sphingolipid metabolism and susceptibility to oxidative stress. METHODS CERKL expression was determined by RNA-Seq, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. CERKL was knocked down in cSCC cells using small interfering RNA. Sphingolipid content was analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxidative stress was induced by treatment with H2 O2 , and apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry to determine annexin V binding. RESULTS CERKL mRNA and protein are highly expressed in actinic keratosis and cSCC in comparison with normal epidermis. CERKL is also expressed in metabolically active epithelial cells in normal hair bulbs and sebaceous glands. CERKL knockdown in cultured cSCC cells reduces cellular sphingolipid content and enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CERKL may be important in cSCC progression and could lead to novel strategies for prevention and treatment of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Meyer
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Lee
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Celli
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Park
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Cho
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Lambert
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - M Pitchford
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Gordon
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Tsai
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - J Cleaver
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S T Arron
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Perea-Romero I, Gordo G, Iancu IF, Del Pozo-Valero M, Almoguera B, Blanco-Kelly F, Carreño E, Jimenez-Rolando B, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Lorda-Sanchez I, Martin-Merida I, Pérez de Ayala L, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Tahsin-Swafiri S, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Garcia-Sandoval B, Minguez P, Avila-Fernandez A, Corton M, Ayuso C. Genetic landscape of 6089 inherited retinal dystrophies affected cases in Spain and their therapeutic and extended epidemiological implications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1526. [PMID: 33452396 PMCID: PMC7810997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), defined by dysfunction or progressive loss of photoreceptors, are disorders characterized by elevated heterogeneity, both at the clinical and genetic levels. Our main goal was to address the genetic landscape of IRD in the largest cohort of Spanish patients reported to date. A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 6089 IRD affected individuals (from 4403 unrelated families), referred for genetic testing from all the Spanish autonomous communities. Clinical, demographic and familiar data were collected from each patient, including family pedigree, age of appearance of visual symptoms, presence of any systemic findings and geographical origin. Genetic studies were performed to the 3951 families with available DNA using different molecular techniques. Overall, 53.2% (2100/3951) of the studied families were genetically characterized, and 1549 different likely causative variants in 142 genes were identified. The most common phenotype encountered is retinitis pigmentosa (RP) (55.6% of families, 2447/4403). The most recurrently mutated genes were PRPH2, ABCA4 and RS1 in autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked (XL) NON-RP cases, respectively; RHO, USH2A and RPGR in AD, AR and XL for non-syndromic RP; and USH2A and MYO7A in syndromic IRD. Pathogenic variants c.3386G > T (p.Arg1129Leu) in ABCA4 and c.2276G > T (p.Cys759Phe) in USH2A were the most frequent variants identified. Our study provides the general landscape for IRD in Spain, reporting the largest cohort ever presented. Our results have important implications for genetic diagnosis, counselling and new therapeutic strategies to both the Spanish population and other related populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Perea-Romero
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Gordo
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ionut F Iancu
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Del Pozo-Valero
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Carreño
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Jimenez-Rolando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorda-Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martin-Merida
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Pérez de Ayala
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Rodriguez-Pinilla
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin-Swafiri
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Trujillo-Tiebas
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Blanca Garcia-Sandoval
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Minguez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Noel NCL, MacDonald IM, Allison WT. Zebrafish Models of Photoreceptor Dysfunction and Degeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33435268 PMCID: PMC7828047 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are an instrumental system for the generation of photoreceptor degeneration models, which can be utilized to determine underlying causes of photoreceptor dysfunction and death, and for the analysis of potential therapeutic compounds, as well as the characterization of regenerative responses. We review the wealth of information from existing zebrafish models of photoreceptor disease, specifically as they relate to currently accepted taxonomic classes of human rod and cone disease. We also highlight that rich, detailed information can be derived from studying photoreceptor development, structure, and function, including behavioural assessments and in vivo imaging of zebrafish. Zebrafish models are available for a diversity of photoreceptor diseases, including cone dystrophies, which are challenging to recapitulate in nocturnal mammalian systems. Newly discovered models of photoreceptor disease and drusenoid deposit formation may not only provide important insights into pathogenesis of disease, but also potential therapeutic approaches. Zebrafish have already shown their use in providing pre-clinical data prior to testing genetic therapies in clinical trials, such as antisense oligonucleotide therapy for Usher syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. L. Noel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
| | - Ian M. MacDonald
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
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33
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Genetic and Clinical Findings in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort with Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Pathogenic Variants in CERKL. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121497. [PMID: 33322828 PMCID: PMC7763961 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa is caused by mutations in over 40 genes, one of which is the ceramide kinase-like gene (CERKL). We present a case series of six patients from six unrelated families diagnosed with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) and with two variants in CERKL recruited from a multi-ethnic British population. A retrospective review of clinical data in these patients was performed and included colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging, spectral domain–optical coherence tomography (SD–OCT), visual fields and electroretinogram (ERG) assessment where available. Three female and three male patients were included. Age at onset ranged from 7 years old to 45 years, with three presenting in their 20s and two presenting in their 40s. All but one had central visual loss as one of their main presenting symptoms. Four patients had features of retinitis pigmentosa with significant variation in severity and extent of disease, and two patients had no pigment deposition with only macular involvement clinically. Seven variants in CERKL were identified, of which three are novel. The inherited retinopathies associated with the CERKL gene vary in age at presentation and in degree of severity, but generally are characterised by a central visual impairment early on.
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Meyer JM, Lee E, Celli A, Park K, Cho R, Lambert W, Pitchford M, Gordon M, Tsai K, Cleaver J, Arron ST, Mauro TM. CERKL is Upregulated in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Maintains Cellular Sphingolipids and Resistance to Oxidative Stress. Br J Dermatol 2020:10.1111/bjd.19707. [PMID: 33270220 PMCID: PMC8172666 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceramide Kinase-Like Protein (CERKL) was originally described in retinal tissue. CERKL has been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress, and mutations in CERKL underlie the inherited disease, retinitis pigmentosa. CERKL expression maintains cellular sphingolipids via an unknown mechanism. OBJECTIVES To determine whether CERKL is expressed in epidermis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and whether CERKL expression affects cSCC sphingolipid metabolism and susceptibility to oxidative stress. METHODS CERKL expression was determined by RNA-Seq, qPCR and immunohistochemistry. CERKL was knocked down in cSCC cells using siRNA. Sphingolipid content was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Oxidative stress was induced by treatment with H2 O2 , and apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry to determine annexin v binding. RESULTS CERKL mRNA and protein are highly expressed in actinic keratosis and cSCC in comparison with normal epidermis. CERKL also is expressed in metabolically active epithelial cells in normal hair bulbs and sebaceous glands. CERKL knockdown in cultured cSCC cells reduces cellular sphingolipid content and enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CERKL may be important in cSCC progression and could lead to novel strategies for prevention and treatment of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Meyer
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Lee
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Celli
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Park
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Cho
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Lambert
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - M Pitchford
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Gordon
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Tsai
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - J Cleaver
- Departments of Dermatology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S T Arron
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, VA Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sen P, Maitra P, Natarajan S, Sripriya S, Mathavan S, Bhende M, Manchegowda PT. CERKL mutation causing retinitis pigmentosa(RP) in Indian population - a genotype and phenotype correlation study. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:570-578. [PMID: 32865075 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1814347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in CERKL gene has been reported to cause Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and clinically appears discrete from other commonly encountered phenotypes. We report 14 patients who were seen to have CERKL mutation of the 152 patients of RP from Indian population who underwent genetic testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in 28 eyes of the 14 unrelated patients to establish genotype phenotype correlation. Targeted next generation sequencing was performed using the STRAND® NGS v2.5 software. Validation was done using PCR-based bidirectional Sanger sequencing. Clinical data was collected along with imaging such as fundus photo, autofluorescence(AF), Optical coherence tomography and Electroretinogram wherever available. RESULTS Three variants c.1045_1046delAT, c.847 C > T and a novel c.899-IG>A were identified. Retinal morphological features were typically bilaterally symmetrical with mild to moderate disc pallor and arteriolar attenuation in all cases, while sparse peripheral pigmentation was noted in seven patients indicating paucipigmentary character. Early macular involvement in all cases was a characteristic finding with central hypo-autofluorescence and surrounding hyper-autofluorescence. Peripheral scalloped chorioretinal atrophic patches were seen in five patients particularly in older patients. CONCLUSIONS Phenotype associated with CERKL mutation appears clinically discrete from other commonly encountered phenotypes of inherited retinal dystrophies. Recognizing this typical genotype phenotype correlation will help clinicians to identify this form of RP, prognosticate the disease and segregate candidates for futures gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sen
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Puja Maitra
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Srikrupa Natarajan
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Srivatsan Sripriya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Sinnakaruppan Mathavan
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Muna Bhende
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation , Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep T Manchegowda
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation , Chennai, India
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36
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Domènech EB, Andrés R, López-Iniesta MJ, Mirra S, García-Arroyo R, Milla S, Sava F, Andilla J, Loza-Álvarez P, de la Villa P, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Marfany G. A New Cerkl Mouse Model Generated by CRISPR-Cas9 Shows Progressive Retinal Degeneration and Altered Morphological and Electrophysiological Phenotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:14. [PMID: 32658961 PMCID: PMC7425692 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Close to 100 genes cause retinitis pigmentosa, a Mendelian rare disease that affects 1 out of 4000 people worldwide. Mutations in the ceramide kinase-like gene (CERKL) are a prevalent cause of autosomal recessive cause retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy, but the functional role of this gene in the retina has yet to be fully determined. We aimed to generate a mouse model that resembles the phenotypic traits of patients carrying CERKL mutations to undertake functional studies and assay therapeutic approaches. Methods The Cerkl locus has been deleted (around 97 kb of genomic DNA) by gene editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 D10A nickase. Because the deletion of the Cerkl locus is lethal in mice in homozygosis, a double heterozygote mouse model with less than 10% residual Cerkl expression has been generated. The phenotypic alterations of the retina of this new model have been characterized at the morphological and electrophysiological levels. Results This CerklKD/KO model shows retinal degeneration, with a decreased number of cones and progressive photoreceptor loss, poorly stacked photoreceptor outer segment membranes, defective retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis, and altered electrophysiological recordings in aged retinas. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first Cerkl mouse model to mimic many of the phenotypic traits, including the slow but progressive retinal degeneration, shown by human patients carrying CERKL mutations. This useful model will provide unprecedented insights into the retinal molecular pathways altered in these patients and will contribute to the design of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER/ISCIII, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Andrés
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER/ISCIII, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. José López-Iniesta
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER/ISCIII, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Milla
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Florentina Sava
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Andilla
- ICFO–The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Álvarez
- ICFO–The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Gonzàlez-Duarte
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER/ISCIII, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER/ISCIII, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- DBGen Ocular Genomics, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Nadeem R, Kabir F, Li J, Gradstein L, Jiao X, Rauf B, Naeem MA, Assir MZ, Riazuddin S, Ayyagari R, Hejtmancik JF, Riazuddin SA. Mutations in CERKL and RP1 cause retinitis pigmentosa in Pakistani families. Hum Genome Var 2020; 7:14. [PMID: 32411380 PMCID: PMC7217820 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-020-0100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the genetic basis of retinal dystrophies in consanguineous Pakistani families. We recruited two families with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) displaying visual difficulties, including nyctalopia and constricted visual fields. Linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing resulted in the identification of a previously reported nonsense mutation, c.847C > T, in exon 5 of CERKL in one family and a novel four-base pair deletion in exon 4 of RP1, c.delAGAA4218_4221, leading to premature protein termination in the second family. Here, we report two RP-causing mutations extending the genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheela Nadeem
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Firoz Kabir
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Jiali Li
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 515282 China
| | - Libe Gradstein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Bushra Rauf
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Naeem
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman Assir
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54550 Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700 Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54550 Pakistan
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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38
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Piano I, D'Antongiovanni V, Novelli E, Biagioni M, Dei Cas M, Paroni RC, Ghidoni R, Strettoi E, Gargini C. Myriocin Effect on Tvrm4 Retina, an Autosomal Dominant Pattern of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:372. [PMID: 32435178 PMCID: PMC7218082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tvrm4 mice, a model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP), carry a mutation of Rhodopsin gene that can be activated by brief exposure to very intense light. Here, we test the possibility of an anatomical, metabolic, and functional recovery by delivering to degenerating Tvrm4 animals, Myriocin, an inhibitor of ceramide de novo synthesis previously shown to effectively slow down retinal degeneration in rd10 mutants (Strettoi et al., 2010; Piano et al., 2013). Different routes and durations of Myriocin administration were attempted by using either single intravitreal (i.v.) or long-term, repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. The retinal function of treated and control animals was tested by ERG recordings. Retinas from ERG-recorded animals were studied histologically to reveal the extent of photoreceptor death. A correlation was observed between Myriocin administration, lowering of retinal ceramides, and preservation of ERG responses in i.v. injected cases. Noticeably, the i.p. treatment with Myriocin decreased the extension of the retinal-degenerating area, preserved the ERG response, and correlated with decreased levels of biochemical indicators of retinal oxidative damage. The results obtained in this study confirm the efficacy of Myriocin in slowing down retinal degeneration in genetic models of RP independently of the underlying mutation responsible for the disease, likely targeting ceramide-dependent, downstream pathways. Alleviation of retinal oxidative stress upon Myriocin treatment suggests that this molecule, or yet unidentified metabolites, act on cellular detoxification systems supporting cell survival. Altogether, the pharmacological approach chosen here meets the necessary pre-requisites for translation into human therapy to slow down RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli Center, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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39
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B. Domènech E, Marfany G. The Relevance of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Retinal Dystrophies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E347. [PMID: 32340220 PMCID: PMC7222416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal cell survival requires an equilibrium between oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant molecules that counteract oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress alters cell homeostasis and elicits a protective cell response, which is most relevant in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, neurons with a high metabolic rate that are continuously subject to light/oxidative stress insults. We analyze how the alteration of cellular endogenous pathways for protection against oxidative stress leads to retinal dysfunction in prevalent (age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma) as well as in rare genetic visual disorders (Retinitis pigmentosa, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy). We also highlight some of the key molecular actors and discuss potential therapies using antioxidants agents, modulators of gene expression and inducers of cytoprotective signaling pathways to treat damaging oxidative stress effects and ameliorate severe phenotypic symptoms in multifactorial and rare retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Domènech
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Avda. Diagonal 643, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB, IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Aller E, Jaijo T, González-García E, Cabrera-Peset A, Gallego-Pinazo R, Udaondo P, Salom D, García-García G, Millán JM. Expanding the Clinical and Molecular Heterogeneity of Nonsyndromic Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:532-543. [PMID: 32036094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cohort of 172 patients diagnosed clinically with nonsyndromic retinal dystrophies, from 110 families underwent full ophthalmologic examination, including retinal imaging, electrophysiology, and optical coherence tomography, when feasible. Molecular analysis was performed using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Variants were filtered and prioritized according to the minimum allele frequency, and finally classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array comparative genomic hybridization were performed to validate copy number variations identified by NGS. The diagnostic yield of this study was 62% of studied families. Thirty novel mutations were identified. The study found phenotypic intra- and interfamilial variability in families with mutations in C1QTNF5, CERKL, and PROM1; biallelic mutations in PDE6B in a unilateral retinitis pigmentosa patient; interocular asymmetry RP in 50% of the symptomatic RPGR-mutated females; the first case with possible digenism between CNGA1 and CNGB1; and a ROM1 duplication in two unrelated retinitis pigmentosa families. Ten unrelated cases were reclassified. This study highlights the clinical utility of targeted NGS for nonsyndromic inherited retinal dystrophy cases and the importance of full ophthalmologic examination, which allows new genotype-phenotype associations and expands the knowledge of this group of disorders. Identifying the cause of disease is essential to improve patient management, provide accurate genetic counseling, and take advantage of gene therapy-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio González-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departments of Neurophysiology, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Macula Unit, Oftalvist Clinic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Udaondo
- Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Salom
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departments of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José M Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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41
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Platania CBM, Dei Cas M, Cianciolo S, Fidilio A, Lazzara F, Paroni R, Pignatello R, Strettoi E, Ghidoni R, Drago F, Bucolo C. Novel ophthalmic formulation of myriocin: implications in retinitis pigmentosa. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:237-243. [PMID: 30883241 PMCID: PMC6419690 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1574936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myriocin is an antibiotic derived from Mycelia sterilia, and is a potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the enzyme involved in the first step of sphingosine synthesis. Myriocin, inhibiting ceramide synthesis, has a great potential for treatment of diseases characterized by high ceramide levels in affected tissues, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Drug delivery to the retina is a challenging task, which is generally by-passed through intravitreal injection, that represents a risky invasive procedure. We, therefore, developed and characterized an ophthalmic topical nanotechnological formulation based on a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and containing myriocin. The ocular distribution of myriocin in the back of the eye was assessed both in rabbits and mice using LC-MS/MS. Moreover, rabbit retinal sphingolipid and ceramides levels, after myriocin-NLC (Myr-NLC) eye drops treatment, were assessed. The results demonstrated that Myr-NLC formulation is well tolerated and provided effective levels of myriocin in the back of the eye both in rabbits and mice. We found that Myr-NLC eye drops treatment was able to significantly decrease retinal sphingolipid levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that the Myr-NLC ophthalmic formulation is suitable for pharmaceutical development and warrants further clinical evaluation of this eye drops for the treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Fidilio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- NANO-i – Research Center on Ocular Nanotechnology University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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42
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La Corte E, Dei Cas M, Raggi A, Patanè M, Broggi M, Schiavolin S, Calatozzolo C, Pollo B, Pipolo C, Bruzzone MG, Campisi G, Paroni R, Ghidoni R, Ferroli P. Long and Very-Long-Chain Ceramides Correlate with A More Aggressive Behavior in Skull Base Chordoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184480. [PMID: 31514293 PMCID: PMC6769603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skull base chordomas are rare tumors arising from notochord. Sphingolipids analysis is a promising approach in molecular oncology, and it has never been applied in chordomas. Our aim is to investigate chordoma behavior and the role of ceramides. METHODS Ceramides were extracted and evaluated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in a cohort of patients with a skull base chordoma. Clinical data were also collected and correlated with ceramide levels. Linear regression and correlation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Analyzing the association between ceramides level and MIB-1, total ceramides and dihydroceramides showed a strong association (r = 0.7257 and r = 0.6733, respectively) with MIB-1 staining (p = 0.0033 and p = 0.0083, respectively). Among the single ceramide species, Cer C24:1 (r = 0.8814, p ≤ 0.0001), DHCer C24:1 (r = 0.8429, p = 0.0002) and DHCer C18:0 (r = 0.9426, p ≤ 0.0001) showed a significant correlation with MIB-1. CONCLUSION Our lipid analysis showed ceramides to be promising tumoral biomarkers in skull base chordomas. Long- and very-long-chain ceramides, such as Cer C24:1 and DHCer C24:1, may be related to a prolonged tumor survival and aggressiveness, and the understanding of their effective biological role will hopefully shed light on the mechanisms of chordoma radio-resistance, tendency to recur, and use of agents targeting ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele La Corte
- PhD School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- PhD School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Patanè
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Morgan Broggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiavolin
- Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Calatozzolo
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pipolo
- Otolaryngology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campisi
- PhD School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- PhD School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ferroli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133 Milan, Italy
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Bolinches-Amorós A, León M, del Buey Furió V, Marfany G, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Erceg S, Lukovic D. Generation of an iPSC line from a retinitis pigmentosa patient carrying a homozygous mutation in CERKL and a healthy sibling. Stem Cell Res 2019; 38:101455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Simón MV, Prado Spalm FH, Vera MS, Rotstein NP. Sphingolipids as Emerging Mediators in Retina Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:246. [PMID: 31244608 PMCID: PMC6581011 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingosine (Sph), and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are key signaling molecules that regulate major cellular functions. Their roles in the retina have gained increasing attention during the last decade since they emerge as mediators of proliferation, survival, migration, neovascularization, inflammation and death in retina cells. As exacerbation of these processes is central to retina degenerative diseases, they appear as crucial players in their progression. This review analyzes the functions of these sphingolipids in retina cell types and their possible pathological roles. Cer appears as a key arbitrator in diverse retinal pathologies; it promotes inflammation in endothelial and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and its increase is a common feature in photoreceptor death in vitro and in animal models of retina degeneration; noteworthy, inhibiting Cer synthesis preserves photoreceptor viability and functionality. In turn, S1P acts as a double edge sword in the retina. It is essential for retina development, promoting the survival of photoreceptors and ganglion cells and regulating proliferation and differentiation of photoreceptor progenitors. However, S1P has also deleterious effects, stimulating migration of Müller glial cells, angiogenesis and fibrosis, contributing to the inflammatory scenario of proliferative retinopathies and age related macular degeneration (AMD). C1P, as S1P, promotes photoreceptor survival and differentiation. Collectively, the expanding role for these sphingolipids in the regulation of critical processes in retina cell types and in their dysregulation in retina degenerations makes them attractive targets for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Facundo H Prado Spalm
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcela S Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Hu X, Lu Z, Yu S, Reilly J, Liu F, Jia D, Qin Y, Han S, Liu X, Qu Z, Lv Y, Li J, Huang Y, Jiang T, Jia H, Wang Q, Liu J, Shu X, Tang Z, Liu M. CERKL regulates autophagy via the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1. Autophagy 2019; 15:453-465. [PMID: 30205735 PMCID: PMC6351130 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1520548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important intracellular mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here we show that the CERKL (ceramide kinase like) gene, a retinal degeneration (RD) pathogenic gene, plays a critical role in regulating autophagy by stabilizing SIRT1. In vitro and in vivo, suppressing CERKL results in impaired autophagy. SIRT1 is one of the main regulators of acetylation/deacetylation in autophagy. In CERKL-depleted retinas and cells, SIRT1 is downregulated. ATG5 and ATG7, 2 essential components of autophagy, show a higher degree of acetylation in CERKL-depleted cells. Overexpression of SIRT1 rescues autophagy in CERKL-depleted cells, whereas CERKL loses its function of regulating autophagy in SIRT1-depleted cells, and overexpression of CERKL upregulates SIRT1. Finally, we show that CERKL directly interacts with SIRT1, and may regulate its phosphorylation at Ser27 to stabilize SIRT1. These results show that CERKL is an important regulator of autophagy and it plays this role by stabilizing the deacetylase SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Danna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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46
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Azab B, Barham R, Ali D, Dardas Z, Rashdan L, Bijawi M, Maswadi R, Awidi A, Jafar H, Abu-Ameerh M, Al-Bdour M, Amr S, Awidi A. Novel CERKL variant in consanguineous Jordanian pedigrees with inherited retinal dystrophies. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 54:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Sengillo JD, Cho GY, Paavo M, Lee W, White E, Jauregui R, Sparrow JR, Allikmets R, Tsang SH. Hyperautofluorescent Dots are Characteristic in Ceramide Kinase Like-associated Retinal Degeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:876. [PMID: 30696906 PMCID: PMC6351646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of studies which seek to discern disease expression in patients with mutations that alter retinal ceramide metabolism, specifically in the ceramide kinase like (CERKL) gene. This cross-sectional case series reports a novel phenotypic manifestation of CERKL-associated retinopathy. Four unrelated patients with homozygous CERKL mutations underwent a complete ocular exam, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF), quantitative autofluorescence (qAF), and full-field electroretinogram (ffERG). Decreased visual acuity and early-onset maculopathy were present in all patients. All four patients had extensive hyperautofluorescent foci surrounding an area of central atrophy on SW-AF imaging, which has not been previously characterized. An abnormal spatial distribution of qAF signal was seen in one patient, and abnormally elevated qAF8 signal in another patient. FfERG recordings showed markedly attenuated rod and cone response in all patients. We conclude that these patients exhibit several features that, collectively, may warrant screening of CERKL as a first candidate: early-onset maculopathy, severe generalized retinal dysfunction, peripheral lacunae, intraretinal pigment migration, and hyperautofluorescent foci on SW-AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Sengillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital, West Reading, PA, USA
| | - Galaxy Y Cho
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maarjaliis Paavo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugenia White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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48
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A new approach based on targeted pooled DNA sequencing identifies novel mutations in patients with Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15457. [PMID: 30337596 PMCID: PMC6194132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that mainly affect the retina; more than 250 genes have been linked to the disease and more than 20 different clinical phenotypes have been described. This heterogeneity both at the clinical and genetic levels complicates the identification of causative mutations. Therefore, a detailed genetic characterization is important for genetic counselling and decisions regarding treatment. In this study, we developed a method consisting on pooled targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) that we applied to 316 eye disease related genes, followed by High Resolution Melting and copy number variation analysis. DNA from 115 unrelated test samples was pooled and samples with known mutations were used as positive controls to assess the sensitivity of our approach. Causal mutations for IRDs were found in 36 patients achieving a detection rate of 31.3%. Overall, 49 likely causative mutations were identified in characterized patients, 14 of which were first described in this study (28.6%). Our study shows that this new approach is a cost-effective tool for detection of causative mutations in patients with inherited retinopathies.
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49
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Avela K, Sankila EM, Seitsonen S, Kuuluvainen L, Barton S, Gillies S, Aittomäki K. A founder mutation in CERKL is a major cause of retinal dystrophy in Finland. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:183-191. [PMID: 29068140 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the genetic aetiology of retinal dystrophies (RD) in Finnish patients. METHODS A targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel of 105 retinal dystrophy genes was used in a cohort of 55 RD patients. RESULTS The overall diagnostic yield was 60% demonstrating the power of this approach. Interestingly, a missense mutation c.375C>G p.(Cys125Trp) in the CERKL gene was found in 18% of the patients in either a homozygous or compound heterozygous state. Data from Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) Browser show that the CERKL c.375C>G p.(Cys125Trp) allele is enriched in the Finnish population and thus is a founder mutation. Furthermore, we report the clinical picture of 18 patients with mutations in the CERKL gene. CERKL mutations cause a macular-onset disease, in which symptoms first become apparent at the second decade. We also detected other novel founder mutations in the CERKL, EYS, RP1, ABCA4 and GUCY2D genes. CONCLUSION Our report indicates that the first diagnostic test for Finnish patients with sporadic or autosomal recessive RD should be a targeted test for founder mutations in the CERKL, EYS, RP1, ABCA4 and GUCY2D genes. These results confirm the utility of NGS-based gene panels as a powerful method for mutation identification in RD, thus enabling improved genetic counselling for these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Avela
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Eeva-Marja Sankila
- Department of Ophthalmology; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Sanna Seitsonen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Liina Kuuluvainen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Stephanie Barton
- St Mary's Hospital; Central Manchester University Hospitals and Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine; Manchester UK
| | - Stuart Gillies
- St Mary's Hospital; Central Manchester University Hospitals and Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine; Manchester UK
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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50
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Tu F, Sedzinski J, Ma Y, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Protein localization screening in vivo reveals novel regulators of multiciliated cell development and function. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.206565. [PMID: 29180514 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) drive fluid flow in diverse tubular organs and are essential for the development and homeostasis of the vertebrate central nervous system, airway and reproductive tracts. These cells are characterized by dozens or hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a coordinated and polarized manner. In recent years, genomic studies have not only elucidated the transcriptional hierarchy for MCC specification but also identified myriad new proteins that govern MCC ciliogenesis, cilia beating and cilia polarization. Interestingly, this burst of genomic data has also highlighted that proteins with no obvious role in cilia do, in fact, have important ciliary functions. Understanding the function of proteins with little prior history of study presents a special challenge, especially when faced with large numbers of such proteins. Here, we define the subcellular localization in MCCs of ∼200 proteins not previously implicated in cilia biology. Functional analyses arising from the screen provide novel links between actin cytoskeleton and MCC ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tu
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jakub Sedzinski
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,The Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yun Ma
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,The Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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