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Louca S, Pennell MW. Why extinction estimates from extant phylogenies are so often zero. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3168-3173.e4. [PMID: 34019824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Time-calibrated phylogenies of extant species ("extant timetrees") are widely used to estimate historical speciation and extinction rates by fitting stochastic birth-death models.1 These approaches have long been controversial, as many phylogenetic studies report zero extinction in many taxa, contradicting the high extinction rates seen in the fossil record and the fact that the majority of species ever to have existed are now extinct.2-9 To date, the causes of this discrepancy remain unresolved. Here, we provide a novel and simple explanation for these "zero-inflated" extinction estimates, based on the recent discovery that there exist many alternative "congruent" diversification scenarios that cannot be distinguished based solely on extant timetrees.10 Due to such congruencies, estimation methods tend to converge to some scenario congruent to (i.e., statistically indistinguishable from) the true diversification scenario, but not necessarily to the true diversification scenario itself. This congruent scenario may exhibit negative extinction rates, a biologically meaningless but mathematically feasible situation, in which case estimators will tend to stick to the boundary of zero extinction. Based on this explanation, we make multiple testable predictions, which we confirm using analyses of simulated trees and 121 empirical trees. In contrast to other proposed mechanisms for erroneous extinction rate estimates,5,11-14 our proposed mechanism specifically explains the zero inflation of previous extinction rate estimates in the absence of detectable model violations, even for large trees. Not only do our results likely resolve a long-standing mystery in phylogenetics, they demonstrate that model congruencies can have severe consequences in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stilianos Louca
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, 1210 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
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2
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A molecularphylogeny offorktail damselflies(genus Ischnura)revealsa dynamic macroevolutionary history of female colour polymorphisms. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160:107134. [PMID: 33677008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colour polymorphisms are popular study systems among biologists interested in evolutionary dynamics, genomics, sexual selection and sexual conflict. In many damselfly groups, such as in the globally distributed genus Ischnura (forktails), sex-limited female colour polymorphisms occur in multiple species. Female-polymorphic species contain two or three female morphs, one of which phenotypically matches the male (androchrome or male mimic) and the other(s) which are phenotypically distinct from the male (heterochrome). These female colour polymorphisms are thought to be maintained by frequency-dependent sexual conflict, but their macroevolutionary histories are unknown, due to the lack of a robust molecular phylogeny. Here, we present the first time-calibrated phylogeny of Ischnura, using a multispecies coalescent approach (StarBEAST2) and incorporating both molecular and fossil data for 41 extant species (55% of the genus). We estimate the age of Ischnura to be between 13.8 and 23.4 millions of years, i.e. Miocene. We infer the ancestral state of this genus as female monomorphism with heterochrome females, with multiple gains and losses of female polymorphisms, evidence of trans-species female polymorphisms and a significant positive relationship between female polymorphism incidence and current geographic range size. Our study provides a robust phylogenetic framework for future research on the dynamic macroevolutionary history of this clade with its extraordinary diversity of sex-limited female polymorphisms.
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3
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Favret C, Moisan-De Serres J, Larrivée M, Lessard JP. The Odonata of Quebec: Specimen data from seven collections. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e49450. [PMID: 32174757 PMCID: PMC7060285 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e49450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Odonata, dragonflies and damselflies, constitute one of the more charismatic and better-studied orders of insects. The approximately 6,000 extant species on Earth can be variously found on all continents, except Antarctica. A relatively stable taxonomy, a relative ease of species identification and an aquatic immature stage has made the Odonata a taxon of interest in documenting the symptoms of global environmental change, especially at higher latitudes. The Odonata fauna of the north-temperate Canadian province of Quebec includes 150 species, many of which are at the northern limits of their geographic distribution. New information Quebec hosts multiple entomological specimen depositories, including seven publicly-accessible research collections. One of these, the University of Montreal's Ouellet-Robert Entomological Collection, houses an exceptionally large collection of Odonata. An initial specimen data capture project for this collection gathered 31,595 Quebec Odonata occurrence records, but several Quebec species were missing and geographic coverage was biased towards the Montreal region. To complement this dataset, we undertook to digitise the Odonata records of six other public research collections. They are, in order of Quebec Odonata collection size, the Laval University Entomological Collection, McGill University's Lyman Entomological Museum, the Insectarium of Montreal Research Collection, the Quebec Government's Insect Collection, Bishop's University's Insect Collection and the Laurentian Forestry Centre's René-Martineau Insectarium. Of the 40,447 total specimen occurrence records, 36,951 are identified to the species level, including 137 of the 150 species officially-recorded in Quebec and 2 non-nominotypical subspecies. We here summarise the data and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the datasets. The complete dataset is available with this publication (Suppl. material 1), whereas the specimen data associated with each collection are available as Darwin Core archives at Canadensys.net and will be updated as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Favret
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada University of Montreal Montreal Canada
| | - Joseph Moisan-De Serres
- Quebec Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Quebec City, Canada Quebec Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Quebec City Canada
| | - Maxim Larrivée
- Insectarium of Montreal, Montreal, Canada Insectarium of Montreal Montreal Canada
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4
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Abstract
Since Corbet's thorough 1979 overview of Canadian Odonata, hundreds of regional works on taxonomy, faunistics, distribution, life history, ecology and behaviour have been written. Canada records 214 species of Odonata, an increase of 20 since the 1979 assessment. Estimates of unrecorded species are small; this reflects the well-known nature of the fauna. A major impetus for surveys and analyses of the status of species is the work of the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada which provides a scientifically sound classification of wildlife species potentially at risk. As of 2017, six species have been designated "Endangered" and two "Special Concern" (only five of which are officially listed under the Federal Species at Risk Act (SARA)). The Order provides a good example of molecular barcoding effort in insects, as many well-accepted morphological species in Canada have been barcoded to some degree. However, more barcoding of accurately identified specimens of many species is still required, especially in most of the larger families, which have less than 70% of their species barcoded. Corbet noted that the larvae of 15 Canadian species were unknown, but almost all larvae are now well, or cursorily, described. Extensive surveys have greatly improved our understanding of species' geographical distributions, habitat requirements and conservation status but more research is required to better define occurrence, abundance and biological details for almost all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Cannings
- Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville St, Victoria, BC, V8W 9W2, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumVictoriaCanada
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5
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Arrowsmith J, Shivaprakash KN, Larrivée M, Turgeon J, Lessard J. Environmental filtering along a broad‐scale acidity gradient shapes the structure of odonate communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arrowsmith
- Department of Biology Concordia University Montreal Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | | | - Maxim Larrivée
- Insectarium Montreal Space for Life Montreal Québec H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Julie Turgeon
- Department of Biology Laval University Québec City Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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6
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Fincke OM, Xu M, Khazan ES, Wilson M, Ware JL. Tests of hypotheses for morphological and genetic divergence in Megaloprepus damselflies across Neotropical forests. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Fincke
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Mingzi Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Emily S Khazan
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Megan Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica L Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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7
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Solano E, Hardersen S, Audisio P, Amorosi V, Senczuk G, Antonini G. Asymmetric hybridization in Cordulegaster (Odonata: Cordulegastridae): Secondary postglacial contact and the possible role of mechanical constraints. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9657-9671. [PMID: 30386565 PMCID: PMC6202705 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Cordulegaster dragonflies present in Italy, the Palaearctic and northern distributed Cordulegaster boltonii and the endemic to the south of the peninsula Cordulegaster trinacriae, meet in central Italy and give rise to individuals of intermediate morphology. By means of mitochondrial and nuclear markers and of Geometric Morphometrics applied to sexual appendages, we defined i) the geographical boundaries between the two species in Italy and ii) we determined the presence, the extent, and the genetic characteristics of the hybridization. Genetic data evidenced asymmetric hybridization with the males of C. trinacriae able to mate both interspecifically and intraspecifically. The results contrast with expectations under neutral gene introgression and sexual selection. This data, along with the morphological evidence of significant differences in size and shape of sexual appendages between the males of the two species, seem indicative of the role of mechanical constraints in intraspecific matings. The origin of the two species is dated about to 1.32 Mya and the hybridization resulted related to range expansion of the two species after Last Glacial Maximum and this led to the secondary contact between the two taxa in central Italy. At last, our results indicate that the range of C. trinacriae, a threatened and protected species, has been moving northward probably driven by climate changes. As a result, the latter species is currently intruding into the range of C. boltonii. The hybrid area is quite extended and the hybrids seem well adapted to the environment. From a conservation point of view, even if C. trinacriae has a strong genetic identity, the discovery of hybridization between the two species should be considered in a future species management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Solano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Sönke Hardersen
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale “Bosco Fontana” CarabinieriMarmiroloMantuaItaly
| | - Paolo Audisio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Valentina Amorosi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Gloria Antonini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
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8
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Species richness, phylogenetic and functional structure of bird communities in Chinese university campuses are associated with divergent variables. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Spasojevic MJ, Catano CP, LaManna JA, Myers JA. Integrating species traits into species pools. Ecology 2018; 99:1265-1276. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko J. Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Christopher P. Catano
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri 63130 USA
| | - Joseph A. LaManna
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri 63130 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri 63130 USA
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10
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Rabosky DL. LASER: A Maximum Likelihood Toolkit for Detecting Temporal Shifts in Diversification Rates from Molecular Phylogenies. Evol Bioinform Online 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693430600200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of species origination and extinction can vary over time during evolutionary radiations, and it is possible to reconstruct the history of diversification using molecular phylogenies of extant taxa only. Maximum likelihood methods provide a useful framework for inferring temporal variation in diversification rates. LASER is a package for the R programming environment that implements maximum likelihood methods based on the birth-death process to test whether diversification rates have changed over time. LASER contrasts the likelihood of phylogenetic data under models where diversification rates have changed over time to alternative models where rates have remained constant over time. Major strengths of the package include the ability to detect temporal increases in diversification rates and the inference of diversification parameters under multiple rate-variable models of diversification. The program and associated documentation are freely available from the R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, U.S.A
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11
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Maguilla E, Escudero M, Hipp AL, Luceño M. Allopatric speciation despite historical gene flow: Divergence and hybridization in Carex furva and C. lucennoiberica (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear RAD-seq data. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5646-5662. [PMID: 28742230 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow among incipient species can act as a creative or destructive force in the speciation process, generating variation on which natural selection can act while, potentially, undermining population divergence. The flowering plant genus Carex exhibits a rapid and relatively recent radiation with many species limits still unclear. This is the case with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)-endemic C. lucennoiberica, which lay unrecognized within Carex furva until its recent description as a new species. In this study, we test how these species were impacted by interspecific gene flow during speciation. We sampled the full range of distribution of C. furva (15 individuals sampled) and C. lucennoiberica (88 individuals), sequenced two cpDNA regions (atpI-atpH, psbA-trnH) and performed genomic sequencing of 45,100 SNPs using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). We utilized a set of partitioned D-statistic tests and demographic analyses to study the degree and direction of introgression. Additionally, we modelled species distributions to reconstruct changes in range distribution during glacial and interglacial periods. Plastid, nuclear and morphological data strongly support divergence between species with subsequent gene flow. Combined with species distribution modelling, these data support a scenario of allopatry leading to species divergence, followed by secondary contact and gene flow due to long-distance dispersal and/or range expansions and contractions in response to Quaternary glacial cycles. We conclude that this is a case of allopatric speciation despite historical secondary contacts, which could have temporally influenced the speciation process, contributing to the knowledge of forces that are driving or counteracting speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA.,Botany Department, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Barnard AA, Fincke OM, McPeek MA, Masly JP. Mechanical and tactile incompatibilities cause reproductive isolation between two young damselfly species. Evolution 2017; 71:2410-2427. [PMID: 28744900 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
External male reproductive structures have received considerable attention as a cause of reproductive isolation (RI), because the morphology of these structures often evolves rapidly between populations. This rapid evolution presents the potential for mechanical incompatibilities with heterospecific female structures during mating and could thus prevent interbreeding between nascent species. Although such mechanical incompatibilities have received little empirical support as a common cause of RI, the potential for mismatch of reproductive structures to cause RI due to incompatible species-specific tactile cues has not been tested. We tested the importance of mechanical and tactile incompatibilities in RI between Enallagma anna and E. carunculatum, two damselfly species that diverged within the past ∼250,000 years and currently hybridize in a sympatric region. We quantified 19 prezygotic and postzygotic RI barriers using both naturally occurring and laboratory-reared damselflies. We found incomplete mechanical isolation between the two pure species and between hybrid males and pure species females. Interestingly, in mating pairs for which mechanical isolation was incomplete, females showed greater resistance and refusal to mate with hybrid or heterospecific males compared to conspecific males. This observation suggests that tactile incompatibilities involving male reproductive structures can influence female mating decisions and form a strong barrier to gene flow in early stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Barnard
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Ola M Fincke
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - John P Masly
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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13
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Swaegers J, Strobbe F, McPeek M, Stoks R. Selection on escape performance during ecological speciation driven by predation. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Siepielski AM, Beaulieu JM. Adaptive evolution to novel predators facilitates the evolution of damselfly species range shifts. Evolution 2017; 71:974-984. [PMID: 28094439 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most species have evolved adaptations to reduce the chances of predation. In many cases, adaptations to coexist with one predator generate tradeoffs in the ability to live with other predators. Consequently, the ability to live with one predator may limit the geographic distributions of species, such that adaptive evolution to coexist with novel predators may facilitate range shifts. In a case study with Enallagma damselflies, we used a comparative phylogenetic approach to test the hypothesis that adaptive evolution to live with a novel predator facilitates range size shifts. Our results suggest that the evolution of Enallagma shifting from living in ancestral lakes with fish as top predators, to living in lakes with dragonflies as predators, may have facilitated an increase in their range sizes. This increased range size likely arose because lakes with dragonflies were widespread, but unavailable as a habitat throughout much of the evolutionary history of Enallagma because they were historically maladapted to coexist with dragonfly predators. Additionally, the traits that have evolved as defenses against dragonflies also likely enhanced damselfly dispersal abilities. While many factors underlie the evolutionary history of species ranges, these results suggest a role for the evolution of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
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15
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Brown AL, Robinson BW. Variation in behavioural plasticity regulates consistent individual differences in Enallagma damselfly larvae. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Multi-locus phylogeny and divergence time estimates of Enallagma damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 94:182-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Reconsidering the Loss of Evolutionary History: How Does Non-random Extinction Prune the Tree-of-Life? BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Wellenreuther M, Sánchez-Guillén RA. Nonadaptive radiation in damselflies. Evol Appl 2015; 9:103-18. [PMID: 27087842 PMCID: PMC4780385 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiations have long served as living libraries to study the build‐up of species richness; however, they do not provide good models for radiations that exhibit negligible adaptive disparity. Here, we review work on damselflies to argue that nonadaptive mechanisms were predominant in the radiation of this group and have driven species divergence through sexual selection arising from male–female mating interactions. Three damselfly genera (Calopteryx,Enallagma and Ischnura) are highlighted and the extent of (i) adaptive ecological divergence in niche use and (ii) nonadaptive differentiation in characters associated with reproduction (e.g. sexual morphology and behaviours) was evaluated. We demonstrate that species diversification in the genus Calopteryx is caused by nonadaptive divergence in coloration and behaviour affecting premating isolation, and structural differentiation in reproductive morphology affecting postmating isolation. Similarly, the vast majority of diversification events in the sister genera Enallagma and Ischnura are entirely driven by differentiation in genital structures used in species recognition. The finding that closely related species can show negligible ecological differences yet are completely reproductively isolated suggests that the evolution of reproductive isolation can be uncoupled from niche‐based divergent natural selection, challenging traditional niche models of species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wellenreuther
- Evolutionary Ecology, Biology Department Lund University Lund Sweden; Plant and Food Research Limited Nelson New Zealand
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19
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Lauron-Moreau A, Pitre FE, Argus GW, Labrecque M, Brouillet L. Phylogenetic relationships of American willows (Salix L., Salicaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121965. [PMID: 25880993 PMCID: PMC4399884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix L. is the largest genus in the family Salicaceae (450 species). Several classifications have been published, but taxonomic subdivision has been under continuous revision. Our goal is to establish the phylogenetic structure of the genus using molecular data on all American willows, using three DNA markers. This complete phylogeny of American willows allows us to propose a biogeographic framework for the evolution of the genus. Material was obtained for the 122 native and introduced willow species of America. Sequences were obtained from the ITS (ribosomal nuclear DNA) and two plastid regions, matK and rbcL. Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference) were performed on the data. Geographic distribution was mapped onto the tree. The species tree provides strong support for a division of the genus into two subgenera, Salix and Vetrix. Subgenus Salix comprises temperate species from the Americas and Asia, and their disjunction may result from Tertiary events. Subgenus Vetrix is composed of boreo-arctic species of the Northern Hemisphere and their radiation may coincide with the Quaternary glaciations. Sixteen species have ambiguous positions; genetic diversity is lower in subg. Vetrix. A molecular phylogeny of all species of American willows has been inferred. It needs to be tested and further resolved using other molecular data. Nonetheless, the genus clearly has two clades that have distinct biogeographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Lauron-Moreau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric E. Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Luc Brouillet
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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De Vos JM, Joppa LN, Gittleman JL, Stephens PR, Pimm SL. Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:452-62. [PMID: 25159086 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A key measure of humanity's global impact is by how much it has increased species extinction rates. Familiar statements are that these are 100-1000 times pre-human or background extinction levels. Estimating recent rates is straightforward, but establishing a background rate for comparison is not. Previous researchers chose an approximate benchmark of 1 extinction per million species per year (E/MSY). We explored disparate lines of evidence that suggest a substantially lower estimate. Fossil data yield direct estimates of extinction rates, but they are temporally coarse, mostly limited to marine hard-bodied taxa, and generally involve genera not species. Based on these data, typical background loss is 0.01 genera per million genera per year. Molecular phylogenies are available for more taxa and ecosystems, but it is debated whether they can be used to estimate separately speciation and extinction rates. We selected data to address known concerns and used them to determine median extinction estimates from statistical distributions of probable values for terrestrial plants and animals. We then created simulations to explore effects of violating model assumptions. Finally, we compiled estimates of diversification-the difference between speciation and extinction rates for different taxa. Median estimates of extinction rates ranged from 0.023 to 0.135 E/MSY. Simulation results suggested over- and under-estimation of extinction from individual phylogenies partially canceled each other out when large sets of phylogenies were analyzed. There was no evidence for recent and widespread pre-human overall declines in diversity. This implies that average extinction rates are less than average diversification rates. Median diversification rates were 0.05-0.2 new species per million species per year. On the basis of these results, we concluded that typical rates of background extinction may be closer to 0.1 E/MSY. Thus, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than natural background rates of extinction and future rates are likely to be 10,000 times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M De Vos
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI, 02912, U.S.A
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21
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Gascuel F, Ferriere R, Aguilee R, Lambert A. How Ecology and Landscape Dynamics Shape Phylogenetic Trees. Syst Biol 2015; 64:590-607. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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22
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Sánchez-Guillén RA, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Cordero-Rivera A, Wellenreuther M. Rapid evolution of prezygotic barriers in non-territorial damselflies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Campus UAB 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Universidade de Vigo; Vigo 36002 Spain
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Universidade de Vigo; Vigo 36002 Spain
| | - Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Ecology Building Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
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23
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González-Soriano E, Novelo-Gutiérrez R. Biodiversidad de Odonata en México. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.7550/rmb.34716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Dijkstra KDB, Monaghan MT, Pauls SU. Freshwater biodiversity and aquatic insect diversification. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:143-63. [PMID: 24160433 PMCID: PMC4816856 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inland waters cover less than 1% of Earth's surface but harbor more than 6% of all insect species: Nearly 100,000 species from 12 orders spend one or more life stages in freshwater. Little is known about how this remarkable diversity arose, although allopatric speciation and ecological adaptation are thought to be primary mechanisms. Freshwater habitats are highly susceptible to environmental change and exhibit marked ecological gradients. Standing waters appear to harbor more dispersive species than running waters, but there is little understanding of how this fundamental ecological difference has affected diversification. In contrast to the lack of evolutionary studies, the ecology and habitat preferences of aquatic insects have been intensively studied, in part because of their widespread use as bioindicators. The combination of phylogenetics with the extensive ecological data provides a promising avenue for future research, making aquatic insects highly suitable models for the study of ecological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The
Netherlands, and University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB),
12587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Steffen U. Pauls
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany and
Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt,
Germany;
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25
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Yessoufou K, Bamigboye SO, Daru BH, van der Bank M. Evidence of constant diversification punctuated by a mass extinction in the African cycads. Ecol Evol 2013; 4:50-8. [PMID: 24455160 PMCID: PMC3894887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent evidence that extant cycads are not living fossils triggered a renewed search for a better understanding of their evolutionary history. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary diversification history of the genus Encephalartos, a monophyletic cycad endemic to Africa. We found an antisigmoidal pattern with a plateau and punctual explosive radiation. This pattern is typical of a constant radiation with mass extinction. The rate shift that we found may therefore be a result of a rapid recolonization of niches that have been emptied owing to mass extinction. Because the explosive radiation occurred during the transition Pliocene–Pleistocene, we argued that the processes might have been climatically mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowiyou Yessoufou
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Samuel O Bamigboye
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Barnabas H Daru
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Michelle van der Bank
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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Sánchez-Guillén RA, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Cordero-Rivera A, Wellenreuther M. Genetic divergence predicts reproductive isolation in damselflies. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:76-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Sánchez-Guillén
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico D.F Mexico
- Grupo ECOEVO; Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Universidade de Vigo; Pontevedra Spain
| | - A. Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico D.F Mexico
| | - A. Cordero-Rivera
- Grupo ECOEVO; Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Universidade de Vigo; Pontevedra Spain
| | - M. Wellenreuther
- Department of Biology, Ecology Building; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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27
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Svensson EI, Waller JT. Ecology and Sexual Selection: Evolution of Wing Pigmentation in Calopterygid Damselflies in Relation to Latitude, Sexual Dimorphism, and Speciation. Am Nat 2013; 182:E174-95. [DOI: 10.1086/673206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Stadler T. Recovering speciation and extinction dynamics based on phylogenies. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1203-19. [PMID: 23662978 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees of only extant species contain information about the underlying speciation and extinction pattern. In this review, I provide an overview over the different methodologies that recover the speciation and extinction dynamics from phylogenetic trees. Broadly, the methods can be divided into two classes: (i) methods using the phylogenetic tree shapes (i.e. trees without branch length information) allowing us to test for speciation rate variation and (ii) methods using the phylogenetic trees with branch length information allowing us to quantify speciation and extinction rates. I end the article with an overview on limitations, open questions and challenges of the reviewed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stadler
- Institut für Integrative Biologie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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29
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Functional Annotation and Comparative Analysis of a Zygopteran Transcriptome. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:763-770. [PMID: 23550132 PMCID: PMC3618363 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a de novo assembly of the transcriptome of the damselfly (Enallagma hageni) through the use of 454 pyrosequencing. E. hageni is a member of the suborder Zygoptera, in the order Odonata, and Odonata organisms form the basal lineage of the winged insects (Pterygota). To date, sequence data used in phylogenetic analysis of Enallagma species have been derived from either mitochondrial DNA or ribosomal nuclear DNA. This Enallagma transcriptome contained 31,661 contigs that were assembled and translated into 14,813 individual open reading frames. Using these data, we constructed an extensive dataset of 634 orthologous nuclear protein-encoding genes across 11 species of Arthropoda and used Bayesian techniques to elucidate the position of Enallagma in the arthropod phylogenetic tree. Additionally, we demonstrated that the Enallagma transcriptome contains 169 genes that are evolving at rates that differ relative to those of the rest of the transcriptome (29 accelerated and 140 decreased), and, through multiple Gene Ontology searches and clustering methods, we present the first functional annotation of any palaeopteran’s transcriptome in the literature.
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30
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Phylogeny, classification and taxonomy of European dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata): a review. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-012-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Bourret A, McPeek MA, Turgeon J. Regional divergence and mosaic spatial distribution of two closely related damselfly species (Enallagma hageni and Enallagma ebrium). J Evol Biol 2011; 25:196-209. [PMID: 22122075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
North American Enallagma damselflies radiated during the Pleistocene, and species differ mainly by reproductive structures. Although morphologically very different, Enallagma hageni and Enallagma ebrium are genetically very similar. Partitioning of genetic variation (AFLP), isolation by distance and clustering analyses indicate that these morphospecies are locally differentiated genetically. Spatial analyses show that they are rarely sympatric at local sites, and their distributions form a mosaic of patches where one is clearly dominant over hundreds of square kilometers. However, these morphospecies are also not genetically more similar when they are sympatric, indicating that hybridization is probably not occurring. Given that these morphospecies are ecologically equivalent, strong assortative mating, reproductive interference and fast post-glacial recolonization may explain the origin and maintenance of these distributional patches across eastern North America. By limiting opportunities for gene flow, reproductive interference may play an unsuspected role in accelerating genetic differentiation in the early phases of nonecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bourret
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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32
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Hoskin CJ, Tonione M, Higgie M, MacKenzie JB, Williams SE, VanDerWal J, Moritz C. Persistence in Peripheral Refugia Promotes Phenotypic Divergence and Speciation in a Rainforest Frog. Am Nat 2011; 178:561-78. [DOI: 10.1086/662164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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33
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Quental TB, Marshall CR. The molecular phylogenetic signature of clades in decline. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25780. [PMID: 21991349 PMCID: PMC3186775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenies have been used to study the diversification of many clades. However, current methods for inferring diversification dynamics from molecular phylogenies ignore the possibility that clades may be decreasing in diversity, despite the fact that the fossil record shows this to be the case for many groups. Here we investigate the molecular phylogenetic signature of decreasing diversity using the most widely used statistic for inferring diversity dynamics from molecular phylogenies, the γ statistic. We show that if a clade is in decline its molecular phylogeny may show evidence of the decrease in the diversification rate that occurred between its diversification and decline phases. The ability to detect the change in diversification rate depends largely on the ratio of the speciation rates of the diversification and decline phases, the higher the ratio the stronger the signal of the change in diversification rate. Consequently, molecular phylogenies of clades in relative rapid decline do not carry a signature of their decreasing diversification. Further, the signal of the change in diversification rate, if present, declines as the diversity drop. Unfortunately, the molecular signature of clades in decline is the same as the signature produced by diversity dependent diversification. Given this similarity, and the inability of current methods to detect declining diversity, it is likely that some of the extant clades that show a decrease in diversification rate, currently interpreted as evidence for diversity dependent diversification, are in fact in decline. Unless methods can be developed that can discriminate between the different modes of diversification, specifically diversity dependent diversification and declining diversity, we will need the fossil record, or data from some other source, to distinguish between these very different diversity trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B Quental
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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34
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Bernard R, Heiser M, Hochkirch A, Schmitt T. Genetic homogeneity of the Sedgling
Nehalennia speciosa
(Odonata: Coenagrionidae) indicates a single Würm glacial refugium and trans‐Palaearctic postglacial expansion. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Bernard
- Department of General Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Markus Heiser
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Phylogenetic trees of present-day species allow investigation of the rate of evolution that led to the present-day diversity. A recent analysis of the mammalian phylogeny challenged the view of explosive mammalian evolution after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary (65 Mya). However, due to lack of appropriate methods, the diversification (speciation minus extinction) rates in the more recent past of mammalian evolution could not be determined. In this paper, I provide a method that reveals that the tempo of mammalian evolution did not change until ∼ 33 Mya. This constant period was followed by a peak of diversification rates between 33 and 30 Mya. Thereafter, diversification rates remained high and constant until 8.55 Mya. Diversification rates declined significantly at 8.55 and 3.35 Mya. Investigation of mammalian subgroups (marsupials, placentals, and the six largest placental subgroups) reveals that the diversification rate peak at 33-30 Mya is mainly driven by rodents, cetartiodactyla, and marsupials. The recent diversification rate decrease is significant for all analyzed subgroups but eulipotyphla, cetartiodactyla, and primates. My likelihood approach is not limited to mammalian evolution. It provides a robust framework to infer diversification rate changes and mass extinction events in phylogenies, reconstructed from, e.g., present-day species or virus data. In particular, the method is very robust toward noise and uncertainty in the phylogeny and can account for incomplete taxon sampling.
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36
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Iserbyt A, Bots J, Van Gossum H, Jordaens K. Did historical events shape current geographic variation in morph frequencies of a polymorphic damselfly? J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Damm S, Schierwater B, Hadrys H. An integrative approach to species discovery in odonates: from character-based DNA barcoding to ecology. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:3881-93. [PMID: 20701681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modern taxonomy requires an analytical approach incorporating all lines of evidence into decision-making. Such an approach can enhance both species identification and species discovery. The character-based DNA barcode method provides a molecular data set that can be incorporated into classical taxonomic data such that the discovery of new species can be made in an analytical framework that includes multiple sources of data. We here illustrate such a corroborative framework in a dragonfly model system that permits the discovery of two new, but visually cryptic species. In the African dragonfly genus Trithemis three distinct genetic clusters can be detected which could not be identified by using classical taxonomic characters. In order to test the hypothesis of two new species, DNA-barcodes from different sequence markers (ND1 and COI) were combined with morphological, ecological and biogeographic data sets. Phylogenetic analyses and incorporation of all data sets into a scheme called taxonomic circle highly supports the hypothesis of two new species. Our case study suggests an analytical approach to modern taxonomy that integrates data sets from different disciplines, thereby increasing the ease and reliability of both species discovery and species assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Damm
- ITZ, Ecology & Evolution, TiHo Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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38
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McPeek MA, Symes LB, Zong DM, McPeek CL. Species recognition and patterns of population variation in the reproductive structures of a damselfly genus. Evolution 2010; 65:419-28. [PMID: 20874736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The selection pressures imposed by mate choice for species identity should impose strong stabilizing selection on traits that confer species identity to mates. Thus, we expect that such traits should show nonoverlapping distributions among closely related species, but show little to no variance among populations within a species. We tested these predictions by comparing levels of population differentiation in the sizes and shapes of male cerci (i.e., the clasper structures used for species identity during mating) of six Enallagma damselfly species. Cerci shapes were nonoverlapping among Enallagma species, and five of six Enallagma species showed no population variation across their entire species ranges. In contrast, cerci sizes overlapped among species and varied substantially among populations within species. These results, taken with previous studies, suggest that cerci shape is a primary feature used in species recognition used to discriminate conspecific from heterospecifics during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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39
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Price TD. The roles of time and ecology in the continental radiation of the Old World leaf warblers (Phylloscopus and Seicercus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1749-62. [PMID: 20439279 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many continental sister species are allopatric or parapatric, ecologically similar and long separated, of the order of millions of years. Sympatric, ecologically differentiated, species, are often even older. This raises the question of whether build-up of sympatric diversity generally follows a slow process of divergence in allopatry, initially without much ecological change. I review patterns of speciation among birds belonging to the continental Eurasian Old World leaf warblers (Phylloscopus and Seicercus). I consider speciation to be a three-stage process (range expansions, barriers to gene flow, reproductive isolation) and ask how ecological factors at each stage have contributed to speciation, both among allopatric/parapatric sister species and among those lineages that eventually led to currently sympatric species. I suggest that time is probably the critical factor that leads to reproductive isolation between sympatric species and that a strong connection between ecological divergence and reproductive isolation remains to be established. Besides reproductive isolation, ecological factors can affect range expansions (e.g. habitat tracking) and the formation of barriers (e.g. treeless areas are effective barriers for warblers). Ecological factors may often limit speciation on continents because range expansions are difficult in 'ecologically full' environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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40
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Harmon LJ, Losos JB, Jonathan Davies T, Gillespie RG, Gittleman JL, Bryan Jennings W, Kozak KH, McPeek MA, Moreno-Roark F, Near TJ, Purvis A, Ricklefs RE, Schluter D, Schulte Ii JA, Seehausen O, Sidlauskas BL, Torres-Carvajal O, Weir JT, Mooers AØ. EARLY BURSTS OF BODY SIZE AND SHAPE EVOLUTION ARE RARE IN COMPARATIVE DATA. Evolution 2010; 64:2385-96. [PMID: 20455932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA.
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41
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McLeish MJ, van Noort S, Tolley KA. Parasitoid fig-wasp evolutionary diversification and variation in ecological opportunity. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:1483-96. [PMID: 20456233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J McLeish
- Department of Botany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Natuurwetenskappe Building, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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42
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Siepielski AM, Hung KL, Bein EEB, McPeek MA. Experimental evidence for neutral community dynamics governing an insect assemblage. Ecology 2010; 91:847-57. [PMID: 20426342 DOI: 10.1890/09-0609.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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43
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Damm S, Dijkstra KDB, Hadrys H. Red drifters and dark residents: the phylogeny and ecology of a Plio-Pleistocene dragonfly radiation reflects Africa's changing environment (Odonata, Libellulidae, Trithemis). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 54:870-82. [PMID: 20004729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last few million years, tropical Africa has experienced pronounced climatic shifts with progressive aridification. Such changes must have had a great impact on freshwater biota, such as Odonata. With about forty species, Trithemis dominates dragonfly communities across Africa, from rain-pools to streams, deserts to rainforests, and lowlands to highlands. Red-bodied species tend to favor exposed, standing and often temporary waters, have strong dispersal capacities, and some of the largest geographic ranges in the genus. Those in cooler habitats, like forest streams, are generally dark-bodied and more sedentary. We combined molecular analyses of ND1, 16S, and ITS (ITSI, 5.8S, and ITSII) with morphological, ecological, and geographical data for 81% of known Trithemis species, including three Asian and two Madagascan endemics. Using molecular clock analyses, the genus's origin was estimated 6-9Mya, with multiple lineages arising suddenly around 4Mya. Open stagnant habitats were inferred to be ancestral and the rise of Trithemis may have coincided with savannah-expansion in the late Miocene. The adaptation of red species to more ephemeral conditions leads to large ranges and limited radiation within those lineages. By contrast, three clades of dark species radiated in the Plio-Pleistocene, each within distinct ecological confines: (1) lowland streams, (2) highland streams, and (3) swampy habitats on alternating sides of the Congo-Zambezi watershed divide; together giving rise to the majority of species diversity in the genus. During Trithemis evolution, multiple shifts from open to more forested habitats and from standing to running waters occurred. Allopatry by habitat fragmentation may be the dominant force in speciation, but possibly genetic divergence across habitat gradients was also involved. The study demonstrates the importance of combining ecological and phylogenetic data to understand the origin of biological diversity under great environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Damm
- ITZ, Ecology & Evolution, TiHo Hannover, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Quental TB, Marshall CR. EXTINCTION DURING EVOLUTIONARY RADIATIONS: RECONCILING THE FOSSIL RECORD WITH MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES. Evolution 2009; 63:3158-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Townsend TM, Vieites DR, Glaw F, Vences M. Testing Species-Level Diversification Hypotheses in Madagascar: The Case of Microendemic Brookesia Leaf Chameleons. Syst Biol 2009; 58:641-56. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syp073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ted M. Townsend
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4164, USA
| | - David R. Vieites
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ José Gutierrez Abascal n 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Spielmannstr. 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Molecular phylogeny and Holarctic diversification of the subtribe Calathina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Sphodrini). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 55:358-71. [PMID: 19900569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A molecular phylogeny of the subtribe Calathina was inferred from DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cox1-cox2 region and the nuclear genes 28S and EF-1alpha. All lineages within Calathina from the Holarctic region were represented except for the monotypic subgenus Tachalus. Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined data set showed that the subtribe is a monophyletic lineage that includes a single genus Calathus, where other taxa currently ranked as independent genera (Lindrothius, Synuchidius, Thermoscelis and Acalathus) are nested within this genus.Neocalathus and Lauricalathus, both subgenera of Calathus, were found to be polyphyletic and in need of taxonomic revision. The subtribe appears to have originated in the Mediterranean Basin and thereafter expanded into most parts of the Palearctic region, the Macaronesian archipelagos (at least five independent colonisation events), the Ethiopian highlands and the Nearctic region (at least two independent events).
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Ahrens D, Ribera I. Inferring speciation modes in a clade of Iberian chafers from rates of morphological evolution in different character systems. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:234. [PMID: 19754949 PMCID: PMC2753572 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of speciation mode based on phylogenies usually test the predicted effect on diversification patterns or on geographical distribution of closely related species. Here we outline an approach to infer the prevalent speciation mode in Iberian Hymenoplia chafers through the comparison of the evolutionary rates of morphological character systems likely to be related to sexual or ecological selection. Assuming that mitochondrial evolution is neutral and not related to measured phenotypic differences among the species, we contrast hypothetic outcomes of three speciation modes: 1) geographic isolation with subsequent random morphological divergence, resulting in overall change proportional to the mtDNA rate; 2) sexual selection on size and shape of the male intromittent organs, resulting in an evolutionary rate decoupled to that of the mtDNA; and 3) ecological segregation, reflected in character systems presumably related to ecological or biological adaptations, with rates decoupled from that of the mtDNA. RESULTS The evolutionary rate of qualitative external body characters was significantly correlated to that of the mtDNA both for the overall root-to-tip patristic distances and the individual inter-node branches, as measured with standard statistics and the randomization of a global comparison metric (the z-score). The rate of the body morphospace was significantly correlated to that of the mtDNA only for the individual branches, but not for the patristic distances, while that of the paramere outline was significantly correlated with mtDNA rates only for the patristic distances but not for the individual branches. CONCLUSION Structural morphological characters, often used for species recognition, have evolved at a rate proportional to that of the mtDNA, with no evidence of directional or stabilising selection according to our measures. The change in body morphospace seems to have evolved randomly at short term, but the overall change is different from that expected under a pure random drift or randomly fluctuating selection, reflecting either directional or stabilising selection or developmental constraints. Short term changes in paramere shape possibly reflect sexual selection, but their overall amount of change was unconstrained, possibly reflecting their lack of functionality. Our approach may be useful to provide indirect insights into the prevalence of different speciation modes in entire lineages when direct evidence is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ahrens
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
- Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Crisp MD, Cook LG. EXPLOSIVE RADIATION OR CRYPTIC MASS EXTINCTION? INTERPRETING SIGNATURES IN MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES. Evolution 2009; 63:2257-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rundell RJ, Price TD. Adaptive radiation, nonadaptive radiation, ecological speciation and nonecological speciation. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Strobbe F, McPeek MA, De Block M, De Meester L, Stoks R. Survival selection on escape performance and its underlying phenotypic traits: a case of many-to-one mapping. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1172-82. [PMID: 19389154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selection often operates not directly on phenotypic traits but on performance which is important as several traits may contribute to a single performance measure (many-to-one mapping). Although largely ignored in the context of selection, this asks for studies that link all relevant phenotypes with performance and fitness. In an enclosure experiment, we studied links between phenotypic traits, swimming performance and survival in two Enallagma damselflies. Predatory dragonflies imposed survival selection for increased swimming propensity and speed only in E. annexum; probably E. aspersum was buffered by the former species' presence. Accordingly, more circular caudal lamellae, structures involved in generating thrust while swimming, were selected for only in E. annexum. Other phenotypic traits that contributed to swimming speed were apparently not under selection, probably because of many-to-one mapping (functional redundancy). Our results indicate that not only the phenotypic distributions of syntopic prey organisms but also many-to-one mapping should be considered when documenting phenotype-performance-fitness relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Strobbe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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