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Yousaf MN, Røn Ø, Keitel-Gröner F, McGurk C, Obach A. Heart rate as an indicator of stress during the critical swimming speed test of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:633-646. [PMID: 37903720 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
A swim tunnel is to fish as a treadmill is to humans, and is a device used for indirect measuring of the metabolic rate. This study aims to explore the fish stress (if any) during the critical swimming test routines (fish handling, confinement, and swimming) using heart rate (fH , heartbeat per minute) bio-loggers in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). In addition, the recovery dynamics of exercised fish using fH were explored for 48 h post swim tests. Continuous fH data were acquired following the surgical implantation and throughout the trials, such as during fish handling, swim tests (critical swimming speed, Ucrit ), and 48 h post swim tests. After 3 weeks of surgical recovery, fH stabilized at 46.20 ± 1.26 beats min-1 , equalizing a ~38% reduction in fH recorded post-surgical tachycardia (74.13 ± 1.44 beats min-1 ). Interestingly, fH was elevated by ~200% compared to baseline levels not only due to the Ucrit (92.04 ± 0.23 beats min-1 ) but also due to fish handling and confinement in the swim tunnel, which was 66% above the baseline levels (77.48 ± 0.34 beats min-1 ), suggesting fish stress. Moreover, significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (199.56 ± 77.17 ng mL-1 ) corresponding to a ~300% increase compared to baseline levels (47.92 ± 27.70 ng mL-1 ) were identified after Ucrit , predicting post-swim test stress (physiological exhaustion). These findings reinforce the importance of fish acclimation in the swim tunnel prior to the swimming tests. However, fH dropped over the course of the 48-h post-swim test, but remained comparatively higher than the basal levels, suggesting fish should be given at least 48 h to recover from handling stress for better fish welfare. This study further explored the influence of fish tagging on Ucrit , which resulted in reduced swimming capabilities of tagged fish (1.95 ± 0.37 body lengths s-1 ) compared to untagged fish (2.54 ± 0.42 body length s-1 ), although this was not significant (p = 0.06), and therefore future tagging studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Øyvind Røn
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (Skretting AI), Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (Skretting AI), Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alex Obach
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation (Skretting AI), Stavanger, Norway
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2
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Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Stress history affects heat tolerance in an aquatic ectotherm (Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Prolonged cortisol elevation alters whole body and tissue metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 263:111098. [PMID: 34678496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic elevation of circulating cortisol is known to have deleterious effects on fish, but information about the consequences of prolonged cortisol elevation on the metabolism of fish is scarce. To test the effects of chronic cortisol elevation on the aerobic performance of rainbow trout, we examined how two severities of chronically elevated plasma cortisol levels affected the oxygen uptake during rest and after exhaustive exercise using a high (HC) and a medium cortisol (MC) treatment. High cortisol doses significantly affected standard (SMR) and maximum metabolic rates (MMR) compared to control fish. In comparison, the medium cortisol treatment elevated maximum metabolic rates (MMR) but did not significantly influence SMR compared to a sham group (S) and control group (C). The medium cortisol treatment resulted in a significantly increased metabolic scope due to an elevation of MMR, an effect that was abolished in the HC group due to co-occuring elevations in SMR. The elevated SMR of the HC-treated fish could be explained by increased in vitro oxygen uptake rates (MO2) of specific tissues, indicating that the raised basal metabolism was caused, in part, by an increase in oxygen demand of specific tissues. Haematological results indicated an increased reliance on anaerobic metabolic pathways in cortisol-treated fish under resting conditions.
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5
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Vinterstare J, Ekelund Ugge GMO, Hulthén K, Hegg A, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Zellmer UR, Lee M, Pärssinen V, Sha Y, Björnerås C, Zhang H, Gollnisch R, Herzog SD, Hansson LA, Škerlep M, Hu N, Johansson E, Langerhans RB. Predation risk and the evolution of a vertebrate stress response: Parallel evolution of stress reactivity and sexual dimorphism. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1554-1567. [PMID: 34464014 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including the following: (1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, (2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity and (3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we explored variation in stress reactivity (ventilation frequency) in a post-Pleistocene radiation of live-bearing fish, where Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabit isolated blue holes that differ in predation risk. Individuals of populations coexisting with predators exhibited similar, relatively low stress reactivity as compared to low-predation populations. We suggest that this dampened stress reactivity has evolved to reduce energy expenditure in environments with frequent and intense stressors, such as piscivorous fish. Importantly, the magnitude of stress responses exhibited by fish from high-predation sites in the wild changed very little after two generations of laboratory rearing in the absence of predators. By comparison, low-predation populations exhibited greater among-population variation and larger changes subsequent to laboratory rearing. These low-predation populations appear to have evolved more dampened stress responses in blue holes with lower food availability. Moreover, females showed a lower ventilation frequency, and this sexual dimorphism was stronger in high-predation populations. This may reflect a greater premium placed on energy efficiency in live-bearing females, especially under high-predation risk where females show higher fecundities. Altogether, by demonstrating parallel adaptive divergence in stress reactivity, we highlight how energetic trade-offs may mould the evolution of the vertebrate stress response under varying predation risk and resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gustaf M O Ekelund Ugge
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hegg
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Anders Nilsson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ursula Ronja Zellmer
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lee
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Varpu Pärssinen
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yongcui Sha
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Björnerås
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Raphael Gollnisch
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simon D Herzog
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Škerlep
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nan Hu
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Johansson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Randall Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Preference and Motivation Tests for Body Tactile Stimulation in Fish. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072042. [PMID: 34359170 PMCID: PMC8300383 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Body tactile stimulation, such as human massage therapy, is a way to relieve stress in humans and other animals, therefore it could improve animal health and welfare. This physical stimulation can also be done through artificial devices, as a sensory enrichment. However, before using it in an artificial environment, it is imperative to test whether animals perceive such enrichment as positive (searching for it spontaneously) or negative (avoiding it). Here, we tested whether the Nile tilapia fish search for or avoid tactile stimulation. We used a rectangular PVC frame, filled with vertical plastic sticks sided with silicone bristles that provided tactile stimulation when fish passed through them. We carried out preference and motivation tests, in which fish could choose to cross through the device with and without tactile stimulus. The same procedure was repeated after fish were exposed to either isolation or social stress. We found that fish crossed less by tactile device than by open areas. However, as fish spontaneously crossed through the bristles, and overcame an aversive high-intensity lighted route to reach the device, we conclude that tactile stimulation is not a negative condition. Thus, further studies can be designed to test several effects of tactile stimulation on the welfare of fish. Abstract We tested whether territorial fish (Nile tilapia) perceive body tactile stimulation as a positive or negative resource. Individual male fish were placed for eight days in an aquarium containing a rectangular PVC frame, which was filled with vertical plastic sticks sided with silicone bristles in the middle of the tank. Fish passing this device received a tactile stimulus. The fish then underwent a preference test by choosing between areas half-with and half-without tactile bristles. Then, fish were submitted to a motivation test where they had to pass an aversive stimulus (bright light) to access the device. Fish were, then, paired to settle social rank, which occurs by way of fights (social stressor), and were assigned again to preference and motivation tests. A group without social stress was used as a control. Contrary to our expectations, fish preferred the area without tactile bristles, although subordinate fish reached tactile stimulation more than the dominant one. Social stress did not affect the preference and motivation, suggesting that fish do not perceive tactile stimulation as a stressor reliever. However, as fish did not avoid the stimulation, reached the device spontaneously, and faced an aversive stimulus to access it, we conclude that tactile stimulation is not a negative condition and, therefore, can be used in further studies regarding fish welfare.
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Colson V, Ferreira VHB, Luchiari AC, Valotaire C, Borel F, Bugeon J, Prigent S, Dickel L, Calandreau L, Guesdon V. Loss of light colour preference after chronic embryonic stress in rainbow trout fry: A novel and potential indicator of fish welfare? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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The pharmaceutical prednisone affects sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) metabolism and swimming performance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110851. [PMID: 33238196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High usage of the synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) has led to significant presence of this pharmaceutical group in surface waters where it can affect non-target organisms such as fish. Assessment of a fish's metabolism and swimming performance provide reliable sub-lethal measures of effects of GCs on oxygen-requiring processes and ability to swim. In this study, we determined time-dependent (7, 14 and 21 days) effects of the synthetic GC prednisone (1 μg L-1) on sheepshead minnow (SHM) (Cyprinodon variegatus). Standard (SMR), routine (RMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rate, metabolic scope (MS), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), cost of transport (COT) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were determined. Twenty-one days exposure to prednisone resulted in significantly higher SMR, RMR, MMR, MS, EPOC and COT compared with 7d and 14d prednisone fish. However, Ucrit was not significantly different between prednisone and solvent control exposed fish (within 7d, 14d, 21d groups). SMR, RMR and MMR were lower in the 7d and 14d prednisone exposed fish compared with their solvent control groups. In contrast, SMR, RMR and MMR were all significantly higher in the 21d prednisone exposed fish compared with solvent control. EPOC was significantly higher in 14d prednisone exposed fish and trending higher in 21d and 7d prednisone exposed fish compared with their solvent controls. EPOC was significantly higher in 21d compared with 7d prednisone exposed fish. A significantly higher COT was seen in the 21d compared with 7d and 14d prednisone fish. Collectively, this study showed time-dependent effects of prednisone on SHM metabolism and swimming performance.
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9
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Wassink L, Huerta B, Li W, Scribner K. Interaction of egg cortisol and offspring experience influences stress-related behaviour and physiology in lake sturgeon. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Harris BN. Stress hypothesis overload: 131 hypotheses exploring the role of stress in tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113355. [PMID: 31830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress is ubiquitous and thus, not surprisingly, many hypotheses and models have been created to better study the role stress plays in life. Stress spans fields and is found in the literature of biology, psychology, psychophysiology, sociology, economics, and medicine, just to name a few. Stress, and the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), are involved in a multitude of behaviors and physiological processes, including life-history and ecological tradeoffs, developmental transitions, health, and survival. The goal of this review is to highlight and summarize the large number of available hypotheses and models, to aid in comparative and interdisciplinary thinking, and to increase reproducibility by a) discouraging hypothesizing after results are known (HARKing) and b) encouraging a priori hypothesis testing. For this review I collected 214 published hypotheses or models dealing broadly with stress. In the main paper, I summarized and categorized 131 of those hypotheses and models which made direct connections among stress and/or HPA/I and SNS, tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Of those 131, the majority made predictions about reproduction (n = 43), the transition from health to disease (n = 38), development (n = 23), and stress coping (n = 18). Additional hypotheses were classified as stage-spanning or models (n = 37). The additional 83 hypotheses found during searches were tangentially related, or pertained to immune function or oxidative stress, and these are listed separately. Many of the hypotheses share underlying rationale and suggest similar, if not identical, predictions, and are thus not mutually exclusive; some hypotheses spanned classification categories. Some of the hypotheses have been tested multiple times, whereas others have only been examined a few times. It is the hope that multi-disciplinary stress researchers will begin to harmonize their naming of hypotheses in the literature so as to build a clearer picture of how stress impacts various outcomes across fields. The paper concludes with some considerations and recommendations for robust testing of stress hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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11
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Perry D, Staveley T, Deyanova D, Baden S, Dupont S, Hernroth B, Wood H, Björk M, Gullström M. Global environmental changes negatively impact temperate seagrass ecosystems. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Perry
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lysekil Sweden
| | - Thomas Staveley
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- AquaBiota Water Research Stockholm Sweden
| | - Diana Deyanova
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Susanne Baden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Bodil Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
- Department of Natural Science Kristianstad University Kristianstad Sweden
| | - Hannah Wood
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
| | - Mats Björk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Martin Gullström
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Kristineberg Fiskebäckskil Sweden
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12
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Lawrence MJ, Eliason EJ, Zolderdo AJ, Lapointe D, Best C, Gilmour KM, Cooke SJ. Cortisol modulates metabolism and energy mobilization in wild-caught pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1813-1828. [PMID: 31300974 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute elevation of cortisol via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis aids the fish in dealing with a stressor. However, chronic elevation of cortisol has detrimental effects and has been studied extensively in lab settings. However, data pertaining to wild teleosts are lacking. Here, we characterized the metabolic consequences of prolonged cortisol elevation (96 h) in wild-caught pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). Pumpkinseed were implanted with cocoa butter alone (sham) or containing cortisol (25 mg kg-1 body weight), and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, tissue samples were collected, whole-body ammonia excretion was determined, and whole-organism metabolism was assessed using intermittent flow respirometry. Cortisol-treated pumpkinseed exhibited the highest plasma cortisol concentration at 24 h post-implantation, with levels decreasing over the subsequent time points although remaining higher than in sham-treated fish. Cortisol-treated fish exhibited higher standard and maximal metabolic rates than sham-treated fish, but the effect of cortisol treatment on aerobic scope was negligible. Indices of energy synthesis/mobilization, including blood glucose concentrations, hepatosomatic index, hepatic glycogen concentrations, and ammonia excretion rates, were higher in cortisol-treated fish compared with controls. Our work suggests that although aerobic scope was not diminished by prolonged elevation of cortisol levels, higher metabolic expenditures may be of detriment to the animal's performance in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Aaron J Zolderdo
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Queen's University Biological Station, Queen's University, Elgin, ON, K0G 1E0, Canada
| | - Dominique Lapointe
- St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences, Cornwall, ON, K6H 4Z1, Canada
| | - Carol Best
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Xu JJ, Fu SJ, Fu C. Physiological and behavioral stress responses to predators are altered by prior predator experience in juvenile qingbo ( Spinibarbus sinensis). Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.041012. [PMID: 31097443 PMCID: PMC6550089 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to predator stress and these responses are the basis of appropriate behavioral adaptation. We aimed to identify the physiological and behavioral responses of juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) to its natural predator, the southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) and to test whether these responses could be altered by prior predator experience. We measured the routine metabolic rate (RMR), cortisol levels and spontaneous behavior of both predator-naive and predator-experienced qingbo under predator-absent, predator-present and non-predator-present (Hemibarbus maculatus) conditions. Predator-naive qingbo showed a typical stress response in the form of increased RMR and cortisol when exposed to predators. Spontaneous activity showed no difference between prior-experience groups or among stimulus conditions when tested alone; however, when tested with a companion, predator-naive qingbo showed increased activity and decreased distance to the stimulus arena under the predator-present condition than they did under the predator-absent condition. Both predator-naive and predator-experienced qingbo showed different physiological and behavioral responses between predatory and non-predatory fish, which suggested that predator-naive qingbo can instinctually discriminate between natural predators and non-predators. Predator-naive qingbo increase their inspection behavior when exposed to a predator compared with the predator-absent condition only when tested with a companion, which is possibly due to decreased predation risk and increased boldness. Summary: A predator-naive carp can recognize its natural predator, and this recognition can be intensified by prior experience with a predator or the presence of a conspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Xu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Leal MJ, Van Eenennaam JP, Schreier AD, Todgham AE. Triploidy in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): Effects of acute stress and warm acclimation on physiological performance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 229:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Behavioural and pathomorphological impacts of flash photography on benthic fishes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:748. [PMID: 30679714 PMCID: PMC6345839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people take animal pictures during wildlife interactions, yet the impacts of photographer behaviour and photographic flashes on animals are poorly understood. We investigated the pathomorphological and behavioural impacts of photographer behaviour and photographic flashes on 14 benthic fish species that are important for scuba diving tourism and aquarium displays. We ran a field study to test effects of photography on fish behaviour, and two laboratory studies that tested effects of photographic flashes on seahorse behaviour, and ocular and retinal anatomy. Our study showed that effects of photographic flashes are negligible and do not have stronger impacts than those caused solely by human presence. Photographic flashes did not cause changes in gross ocular and retinal anatomy of seahorses and did not alter feeding success. Physical manipulation of animals by photographing scuba divers, however, elicited strong stress responses. This study provides important new information to help develop efficient management strategies that reduce environmental impacts of wildlife tourism.
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Kern EMA, Langerhans RB. Urbanization Alters Swimming Performance of a Stream Fish. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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Goodchild CG, Simpson AM, Minghetti M, DuRant SE. Bioenergetics-adverse outcome pathway: Linking organismal and suborganismal energetic endpoints to adverse outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:27-45. [PMID: 30259559 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) link toxicity across levels of biological organization, and thereby facilitate the development of suborganismal responses predictive of whole-organism toxicity and provide the mechanistic information necessary for science-based extrapolation to population-level effects. Thus far AOPs have characterized various acute and chronic toxicity pathways; however, the potential for AOPs to explicitly characterize indirect, energy-mediated effects from toxicants has yet to be fully explored. Indeed, although exposure to contaminants can alter an organism's energy budget, energetic endpoints are rarely incorporated into ecological risk assessment because there is not an integrative framework for linking energetic effects to organismal endpoints relevant to risk assessment (e.g., survival, reproduction, growth). In the present analysis, we developed a generalized bioenergetics-AOP in an effort to make better use of energetic endpoints in risk assessment, specifically exposure scenarios that generate an energetic burden to organisms. To evaluate empirical support for a bioenergetics-AOP, we analyzed published data for links between energetic endpoints across levels of biological organization. We found correlations between 1) cellular energy allocation and whole-animal growth, and 2) metabolic rate and scope for growth. Moreover, we reviewed literature linking energy availability to nontraditional toxicological endpoints (e.g., locomotor performance), and found evidence that toxicants impair aerobic performance and activity. We conclude by highlighting current knowledge gaps that should be addressed to develop specific bioenergetics-AOPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:27-45. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Simpson
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah E DuRant
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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18
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LAWRENCE MJ, ELIASON EJ, BROWNSCOMBE JW, GILMOUR KM, MANDELMAN JW, GUTOWSKY LF, COOKE SJ. Influence of supraphysiological cortisol manipulation on predator avoidance behaviors and physiological responses to a predation threat in a wild marine teleost fish. Integr Zool 2018; 13:206-218. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. LAWRENCE
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Erika J. ELIASON
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | | | - John W. MANDELMAN
- School for the Environment; University of New England; Biddeford Maine USA
- John H. Prescott Marine Laboratory; New England Aquarium; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Lee F.G. GUTOWSKY
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Steven J. COOKE
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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19
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Training for Translocation: Predator Conditioning Induces Behavioral Plasticity and Physiological Changes in Captive Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) (Cryptobranchidae, Amphibia). DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translocations are stressful, especially when captive animals are naïve to natural stimuli. Captive eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) identify predatory fish as threats, but may be more vulnerable to predation and stress because of inexperience with them. We investigated the use of predator conditioning to prepare hellbenders, behaviorally and physiologically, for the presence of a common predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We reared hellbenders for 30 d with and without continuous exposure to largemouth bass kairomones and heterospecific alarm cues and found conditioned hellbenders became less active compared to unconditioned individuals (p = 0.017). After conditioning, we exposed hellbenders to water, a low concentration of kairomones, or a high concentration of kairomones in a closed respirometer system. We measured activity within respirometer chambers and routine metabolic rate. We found unconditioned hellbenders exposed to low and high concentrations of kairomones were 41% and 119% more active than conditioned animals (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001). Moreover, conditioned individuals had on average 6.5% lower metabolic rates across all three kairomone concentrations compared to unconditioned individuals (p = 0.017). Our data suggest that predator conditioning induces behavioral avoidance tactics and physiological changes that could improve future translocation efforts for hellbenders and other imperiled species.
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20
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Chadwick JG, McCormick SD. Upper thermal limits of growth in brook trout and their relationship to stress physiology. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3976-3987. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Despite the threat of climate change, the physiological mechanisms responsible for reduced performance at high temperatures remain unclear for most species. Elevated but sublethal temperatures may act via endocrine and cellular stress responses to limit performance in important life-history traits such as growth. Here, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) subjected to chronically elevated or daily oscillating temperatures were monitored for growth and physiological stress responses. Growth rate decreased at temperatures above 16°C and was negative at 24°C, with an estimated upper limit for positive growth of 23.4°C. Plasma cortisol increased with temperature and was 12- and 18-fold higher at 22 and 24°C, respectively, than at 16°C, whereas plasma glucose was unaffected by temperature. Abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the gill increased with temperature and was 11- and 56-fold higher at 22°C and 24°C, respectively, than at 16°C. There was no relationship between temperature and plasma Cl−, but there was a 53% and 80% decrease in gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and abundance at 24°C in comparison with 16°C. Daily temperature oscillations of 4°C or 8°C (19–23°C or 17–25°C) were compared with 21°C controls. Growth rate decreased with temperature and was 43% and 35% lower by length and mass, respectively, in the 8°C daily oscillation treatment than in the controls. There was no effect of temperature oscillation on plasma cortisol or glucose levels. In contrast, gill HSP70 abundance increased with increasing daily oscillation and was 40- and 700-fold greater at 4°C and 8°C daily oscillation, respectively, than in the constant temperature controls. In individuals exposed to 17–25°C diel oscillations for 4 days and then allowed to recover at 21°C, gill HSP70 abundance was still elevated after 4 days recovery, but not after 10 days. Our results demonstrate that elevated temperatures induce cellular and endocrine stress responses and provide a possible mechanism by which growth is limited at elevated temperatures. Temperature limitations on growth may play a role in driving brook trout distributions in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Chadwick
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
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21
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Lawrence MJ, Eliason EJ, Brownscombe JW, Gilmour KM, Mandelman JW, Cooke SJ. An experimental evaluation of the role of the stress axis in mediating predator-prey interactions in wild marine fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 207:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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DuRant SE, Arciniega ML, Bauer CM, Romero LM. A test of reactive scope: Reducing reactive scope causes delayed wound healing. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:115-120. [PMID: 27432814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive scope predicts that all animals have an adaptive ability to respond to stressors in their environment, termed reactive homeostasis, and that only when an animal's response to stressful stimuli exceeds a certain threshold (homeostatic overload) will stress have pathological effects. While this framework has successfully helped interpret effects of stressors on wildlife, no study has designed an experiment to directly test this framework. This study was designed to expose house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to treatments that would result in varying ranges of reactive homeostasis during chronic stress, which based on the reactive scope model should cause birds with the lowest reactive homeostasis range to exhibit signs of pathology during a subsequent challenge. To modulate the reactive homeostasis range, we altered allostatic load of birds by exposing them to chronic stress while either elevating, blocking, or not manipulating corticosterone. After concluding chronic stress treatments, birds were exposed to the subsequent challenge of a superficial wound. Individuals treated with corticosterone during chronic stress (high allostatic load) experienced the most pathology, including both weight loss and slower wound healing. Unmanipulated birds (medium allostatic load) also experienced weight loss but had normal healing rates, while birds with blocked corticosterone (low allostatic load) had minimal weight loss and normal healing rates. Our results indicate that increased allostatic load reduces the reactive homeostasis range, thereby causing individuals to cross the homeostatic overload threshold sooner, and thus support the reactive scope framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E DuRant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK, 74078, United States; Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02144, United States.
| | - M L Arciniega
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02144, United States
| | - C M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02144, United States
| | - L M Romero
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02144, United States
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Effects of different predator stress on vulnerability to predation and the underlying physiological and behavioral mechanisms of this vulnerability in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pleizier N, Wilson ADM, Shultz AD, Cooke SJ. Puffed and bothered: Personality, performance, and the effects of stress on checkered pufferfish. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:68-78. [PMID: 26375573 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although consistent individual-level differences in behaviour are widespread and potentially important in evolutionary and ecological processes, relatively few studies focus on the physiological mechanisms that might underlie and regulate these individual-level differences in wild populations. We conducted experiments to determine whether checkered pufferfish (Sphoeroides testudineus), which were collected from a dynamic (in terms of depth and water temperature) tidal mangrove creek environment in The Bahamas, have consistent individual-level differences in locomotor activity and the response to a simulated predator threat, as well as swimming performance and puffing in response to stressors. The relationships between personality and performance traits were evaluated to determine whether they represented stress-coping styles or syndromes. Subsequently, a displacement study was conducted to determine how personality and performance in the laboratory compared to movements in the field. In addition, we tested whether a physiological dose of the stress hormone cortisol would alter individual consistency in behavioural and performance traits. We found that pufferfish exhibited consistent individual differences in personality traits over time (e.g., activity and the duration of a response to a threat) and that performance was consistent between the lab and the natural enclosure. Locomotor activity and the duration of startled behaviour were not associated with swimming and puffing performance. Locomotor activity, puffing performance, and swimming performance were not related to whether fish returned to the tidal creek of capture after displacement. Similarly, a cortisol treatment did not modify behaviour or performance in the laboratory. The results reveal that consistent individual-level differences in behaviour and performance were present in a population from a fluctuating and physiologically challenging environment but that such traits are not necessarily correlated. We also determined that certain individual performance traits were repeatable between the lab and a natural enclosure. However, we found no evidence of a relationship between exogenous cortisol levels and behavioural traits or performance in these fish, which suggests that other internal and external mechanisms may underlie the behaviours and performance tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Pleizier
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Aaron D Shultz
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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25
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Svendsen JC, Genz J, Anderson WG, Stol JA, Watkinson DA, Enders EC. Evidence of circadian rhythm, oxygen regulation capacity, metabolic repeatability and positive correlations between forced and spontaneous maximal metabolic rates in lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94693. [PMID: 24718688 PMCID: PMC3981817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal metabolic rate is variable and may be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, but such relationships remain poorly understood in many primitive fishes, including members of the family Acipenseridae (sturgeons). Using juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), the objective of this study was to test four hypotheses: 1) A. fulvescens exhibits a circadian rhythm influencing metabolic rate and behaviour; 2) A. fulvescens has the capacity to regulate metabolic rate when exposed to environmental hypoxia; 3) measurements of forced maximum metabolic rate (MMRF) are repeatable in individual fish; and 4) MMRF correlates positively with spontaneous maximum metabolic rate (MMRS). Metabolic rates were measured using intermittent flow respirometry, and a standard chase protocol was employed to elicit MMRF. Trials lasting 24 h were used to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR) and MMRS. Repeatability and correlations between MMRF and MMRS were analyzed using residual body mass corrected values. Results revealed that A. fulvescens exhibit a circadian rhythm in metabolic rate, with metabolism peaking at dawn. SMR was unaffected by hypoxia (30% air saturation (O2sat)), demonstrating oxygen regulation. In contrast, MMRF was affected by hypoxia and decreased across the range from 100% O2sat to 70% O2sat. MMRF was repeatable in individual fish, and MMRF correlated positively with MMRS, but the relationships between MMRF and MMRS were only revealed in fish exposed to hypoxia or 24 h constant light (i.e. environmental stressor). Our study provides evidence that the physiology of A. fulvescens is influenced by a circadian rhythm and suggests that A. fulvescens is an oxygen regulator, like most teleost fish. Finally, metabolic repeatability and positive correlations between MMRF and MMRS support the conjecture that MMRF represents a measure of organism performance that could be a target of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C. Svendsen
- Environmental Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Janet Genz
- Biology Department, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - W. Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Stol
- Environmental Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Eva C. Enders
- Environmental Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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26
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Lattin CR, Romero LM. Chronic stress alters concentrations of corticosterone receptors in a tissue-specific manner in wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus). J Exp Biol 2014; 217:2601-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The physiological stress response results in release of glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT). Whereas short-term activation of this response helps animals cope with environmental stressors, chronic activation can result in negative effects including metabolic dysregulation and reproductive failure. However, there is no consensus hormonal profile of a chronically-stressed animal, suggesting researchers may need to look beyond hormone titers to interpret the impacts of chronic stress. In this study, we brought wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus) into captivity. We then compared glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor concentrations in sparrows exposed either to a standardized chronic stress protocol (n=26) or to standard husbandry conditions (controls; n=20). We used radioligand binding assays to quantify receptors in whole brain, liver, kidneys, spleen, gonads, gastrocnemius and pectoralis muscle, omental and subcutaneous fat, and bib and back skin. In most tissues, CORT receptors did not differ between controls and stressed animals, although we found marginal increases in receptor density in kidney and testis in stressed birds at some time points. Only in pectoralis muscle was there a robust effect of chronic stress, with both receptor types higher in stressed animals. Increased pectoralis sensitivity to CORT with chronic stress may be part of the underlying mechanism for muscle wasting in animals administered exogenous CORT. Furthermore, the change in pectoralis was not paralleled by gastrocnemius receptors. This difference may help explain previous reports of a greater effect of CORT on pectoralis than on other muscle types, and indicate that birds use this muscle as a protein reserve.
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27
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Nagrodski A, Murchie KJ, Stamplecoskie KM, Suski CD, Cooke SJ. Effects of an experimental short-term cortisol challenge on the behaviour of wild creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus in mesocosm and stream environments. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:1138-1158. [PMID: 23557296 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of stress on the behaviour of wild creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus outside the reproductive period were studied using a single intra-coelomic injection of cortisol, suspended in coconut butter, to experimentally raise plasma cortisol levels. Behaviour between cortisol-treated, sham-treated (injected with coconut butter) and control S. atromaculatus was compared in a mesocosm system, using a passive integrated transponder array, and in a natural stream system (excluding shams), using surgically implanted radio transmitters. While laboratory time-course studies revealed that the cortisol injection provided a physiologically relevant challenge, causing prolonged (c. 3 days) elevations of plasma cortisol similar to that achieved with a standardized chasing protocol, no differences in fine-scale movements were observed between cortisol-treated, sham-treated and control S. atromaculatus nor in the large-scale movements of cortisol-treated and control S. atromaculatus. Moreover, no differences were observed in diel activity patterns among treatments. Differential mortality, however, occurred starting 10 days after treatment where cortisol-treated S. atromaculatus exhibited nearly twice as many mortalities as shams and controls. These results suggest that, although the experimental manipulation of cortisol titres was sufficient to cause mortality in some individuals, there were compensatory mechanisms that maintained behaviours (i.e. including activity and movement) prior to death. This study is one of the first to use experimental cortisol implants outside a laboratory environment and during the non-reproductive period and yields insight into how wild animals respond to additional challenges (in this case elevated cortisol) using ecologically meaningful endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagrodski
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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28
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Breuner CW, Delehanty B, Boonstra R. Evaluating stress in natural populations of vertebrates: total CORT is not good enough. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Creagh W. Breuner
- Wildlife Biology and Organismal Biology and Ecology; University of Montana; Missoula; Montana; 59812; USA
| | - Brendan Delehanty
- Department of Biological Sciences; Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto; Ontario; M1C 1A4; Canada
| | - Rudy Boonstra
- Department of Biological Sciences; Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto; Ontario; M1C 1A4; Canada
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29
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Copeland DL, Levay B, Sivaraman B, Beebe-Fugloni C, Earley RL. Metabolic costs of fighting are driven by contest performance in male convict cichlid fish. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Piato ÂL, Capiotti KM, Tamborski AR, Oses JP, Barcellos LJG, Bogo MR, Lara DR, Vianna MR, Bonan CD. Unpredictable chronic stress model in zebrafish (Danio rerio): behavioral and physiological responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:561-7. [PMID: 21187119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a promising model organism to study development, toxicology, pharmacology, and neuroscience, among other areas. Despite the increasing number of studies using zebrafish, behavioral studies with this species are still elementary when compared to rodents. The aim of this study was to develop a model of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) in zebrafish. We evaluated the effects of UCS protocol during 7 or 14 days on behavioral and physiological parameters. The effects of stress were evaluated in relation to anxiety and exploratory behavior, memory, expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and cortisol levels. As expected, UCS protocol increased the anxiety levels, impaired cognitive function, and increased CRF while decreased GR expression. Moreover, zebrafish submitted to 7 or 14 days of UCS protocol presented increased cortisol levels. The protocol developed here is a complementary model for studying the neurobiology and the effects of chronic stress in behavioral and physiological parameters. In addition, this protocol is less time consuming than standard rodent models commonly used to study chronic stress. These results confirm UCS in zebrafish as an adequate model to preclinical studies of stress, although further studies are warranted to determine its predictive validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo L Piato
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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31
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Gravel MA, Suski CD, Cooke SJ. Behavioral and physiological consequences of nest predation pressure for larval fish. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Falahatkar B, Poursaeid S, Shakoorian M, Barton B. Responses to handling and confinement stressors in juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:784-796. [PMID: 20738579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acute stressors on physiological responses of juvenile great sturgeon or beluga Huso huso L. were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, fish were handled by placing them in containers at either low density (LD, one fish l(-1)) or high density (HD, four fish l(-1)) for 60 s. Concentrations of plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate were determined from blood collected at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after application of the stressor. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased after the disturbance in H. huso from both handling treatments, but changes were not significant. Plasma glucose rose significantly by 22.9 and 31.6% in LD and HD handling treatments, respectively, after 3 h. Significant increases in plasma lactate occurred within 1 h in both treatment groups, but that of the HD group was much higher. In the second experiment, fish were held at two different densities, LD (2 kg m(-2) tank bottom surface area) and HD (7 kg m(-2)), for 8 weeks and then subjected to an aerial emersion handling stressor in a net for 60 s; blood samples were taken before handling (resting, 0 h) and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 h after handling. Plasma cortisol increased significantly in fish from the HD treatment from 8.8 +/- 0.3 to 19.2 +/- 2.4 ng ml(-1) (mean +/-s.e.) by 1 h after stress, but post-handling changes in the LD group were not significant. Significant increases in both plasma glucose and lactate were observed by 1 h in both treatment groups, with peak levels of plasma glucose evident at 3 h [69.4 +/- 2.9 and 60.9 +/- 1.7 mg dl(-1) (mean +/-s.e.) in LD and HD groups, respectively]. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the LD group than in the HD group at 3 and 6 h. Post-handling haemoglobin content increased by 1 h and white blood cell numbers were reduced by 3 and 6 h in the HD treatment group compared with resting values, but changes in these blood features in the LD group were not significant. Acute handling did not affect haematocrit in either treatment. The results suggest that H. huso is relatively resistant to handling and confinement, and could tolerate normal hatchery practices associated with aquaculture. Because changes in cortisol concentrations were relatively low compared with those in most teleosts, glucose and lactate concentrations may be more useful as stress indicators in juvenile H. huso. This study also demonstrated that prior exposure to a chronic stressor, specifically high stocking density, could alter the physiological response to subsequent acute handling in H. huso.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, P. O. Box 1144, Guilan, Iran.
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33
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Allen PJ, Barth CC, Peake SJ, Abrahams MV, Anderson WG. Cohesive social behaviour shortens the stress response: the effects of conspecifics on the stress response in lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:90-104. [PMID: 20735526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An examination was made of whether social interactions can have a beneficial effect through the attenuation of the stress response in a social species. In the first experiment, one larger (mean +/-s.e. 194.0 +/- 12.5 g) and seven smaller (32.0 +/- 2.6 g) juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens were placed in tanks to determine whether a classic dominance effect would be established based on body size (n = 6). Large fish did not establish a territory or aggressively interact with smaller fish, as there were no significant differences in nearest-neighbour distances and an absence of aggressive behaviour (biting, chasing and pushing). In the second experiment, it was hypothesized that the presence of conspecifics would have a beneficial effect through an attenuation of the stress response. Fish in groups or isolation were stressed by a brief aerial exposure (30 s), and blood plasma was measured at regular time intervals (0, 20, 40, 60, 120 and 240 min) following the stressor via an implanted cannula (n = 9-11). The presence of conspecifics did not affect the peak cortisol response, however, the overall cortisol response was shorter in duration compared to fish in isolation. Furthermore, secondary stress variables (plasma ions and glucose) showed differences between fish in groups and isolation. The results of these experiments suggest that social interaction plays an important and beneficial role in regulating the stress response in cohesive social species such as A. fulvescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Allen
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1 Canada.
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Busch DS, Sperry TS, Peterson E, Do CT, Wingfield JC, Boyd EH. Impacts of frequent, acute pulses of corticosterone on condition and behavior of Gambel's white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:224-33. [PMID: 18713634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how frequent, acute stressors affect wild animals. We present two experiments conducted on captive, Gambel's white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) that explore how frequent, acute doses of corticosterone (CORT) affect condition and behavior. CORT was administered either once or three times a day to birds in pre-breeding, early-breeding, or late-breeding life-history stages. Two additional groups were included to control for the CORT delivery vehicle, DMSO, and the treatment process. Our results indicate that CORT treatment decreases condition, but that its effects are dependent on frequency and life stage. Specifically, CORT-treated birds delayed the onset of molt and had reduced body mass, flight muscle, and food consumption. CORT treatment did not affect fat stores, bile retention in the gallbladder, or the expression of migratory restlessness behavior. These results increase our understanding of the effects of frequent, acute stressors and the development of chronic stress states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shallin Busch
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Locomotion in Primitive Fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(07)26007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lankford SE, Adams BM, Adams TE, Cech JJ. Using specific antisera to neutralize ACTH in sturgeon: a method for manipulating the interrenal response during stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147:384-90. [PMID: 16630617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interrenal function and the magnitude of the stress response were assessed in green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) passively immunized with antisera directed against adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The nucleotide sequence encoding ACTH was determined using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We identified two isoforms of ACTH that differ at a single site (position 26) in the 39 AA peptide. Both forms of green sturgeon ACTH (gsACTH1-39) display 100% homology with both sequences of white sturgeon ACTH (wsACTH1-39). The N-terminal portion of gsACTH also shares absolute identity with the comparable portion of human ACTH (hACTH). However, we identified considerable sequence divergence in the C-terminal domain between gsACTH and hACTH. Species-specific anti-ACTH sera were generated by vaccinating sheep against the C-terminal portion of gsACTH (gsACTH26-39). The peptide was covalently linked to a carrier protein (keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin [KLH]) to further enhance its immunogenicity. The anti-gsACTH sera recognized gsACTH1-39 and the immunogenic peptide (gsACTH26-39), but did not interact with hACTH1-39. To assess the impact of the antisera, fish were passively immunized with anti-gsACTH26-39 sera or anti-KLH sera and challenged with a hACTH1-39 injection on day 1 followed by a 1-min air emersion stressor on day 2. The magnitude and duration of the secretory response induced by hACTH did not differ (P > .05) between groups. Conversely, the magnitude of cortisol secretion induced by air emersion was significantly attenuated (P < .05) in fish passively immunized against gsACTH26-39. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the targeted antisera used in this study can discriminate between mammalian and green sturgeon ACTH and moderate the in vivo response to a stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lankford
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Center for Aquatic Biology and Aquaculture, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Martin B.A. WH. IX.: SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE FREEZING AND THAWING OF LIVE FISH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1911. [DOI: 10.1139/f11-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
not available
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