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Li Y, Dong T, Wan S, Xiong R, Jin S, Dai Y, Guan C. Application of multi-omics techniques to androgenetic alopecia: Current status and perspectives. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2623-2636. [PMID: 39021583 PMCID: PMC11253216 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of sequencing technologies has enabled the generation of vast datasets, allowing for the in-depth analysis of sequencing data. This analysis has facilitated the validation of novel pathogenesis hypotheses for understanding and treating diseases through ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a common hair loss disorder, has been a key focus of investigators attempting to uncover its underlying mechanisms. Abnormal changes in mRNA, proteins, and metabolites have been identified in individuals with AGA, and future developments in sequencing technologies may reveal new biomarkers for AGA. By integrating multiple omics analysis datasets such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-along with clinical phenotype data-we can achieve a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AGA. This review summarizes the data-mining studies conducted on various omics analysis datasets as related to AGA that have been adopted to interpret the biological data obtained from different omics layers. We herein discuss the challenges of integrative omics analyses, and suggest that collaborative multi-omics studies can enhance the understanding of the complete pathomechanism(s) of AGA by focusing on the interaction networks comprising DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Tingru Dong
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Renxue Xiong
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Shiyu Jin
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yeqin Dai
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Cuiping Guan
- Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310009, China
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2
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Rosenthal A, Conde G, Greco JF, Gharavi NM. Management of androgenic alopecia: a systematic review of the literature. J COSMET LASER THER 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38852607 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2024.2362126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the efficacy of the various available oral, topical, and procedural treatment options for hair loss in individuals with androgenic alopecia. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic review of the National Library of Medicine was performed. Overall, 141 unique studies met our inclusion criteria. We demonstrate that many over the counter (e.g. topical minoxidil, supplements, low-level light treatment), prescription (e.g. oral minoxidil, finasteride, dutasteride), and procedural (e.g. platelet-rich plasma, fractionated lasers, hair transplantation) treatments successfully promote hair growth, highlighting the superiority of a multifaceted and individualized approach to management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosenthal
- Department of Dermatology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Geena Conde
- Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph F Greco
- Department of Research, Greco Hair Restoration, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Nima M Gharavi
- Department of Dermatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Tan CT, Lim CY, Lay K. Modelling Human Hair Follicles-Lessons from Animal Models and Beyond. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:312. [PMID: 38785794 PMCID: PMC11117913 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a specialized appendage of the skin that is critical for multiple functions, including thermoregulation, immune surveillance, and sebum production. Mammals are born with a fixed number of hair follicles that develop embryonically. Postnatally, these hair follicles undergo regenerative cycles of regression and growth that recapitulate many of the embryonic signaling pathways. Furthermore, hair cycles have a direct impact on skin regeneration in homeostasis, cutaneous wound healing, and disease conditions such as alopecia. Here, we review the current knowledge of hair follicle formation during embryonic development and the post-natal hair cycle, with an emphasis on the molecular signaling pathways underlying these processes. We then discuss efforts to capitalize on the field's understanding of in vivo mechanisms to bioengineer hair follicles or hair-bearing skin in vitro and how such models may be further improved to develop strategies for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Teng Tan
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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4
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Jean-Pierre P, Pulumati A, Kasheri E, Hirsch M, Nouri K. Lasers in the management of alopecia: a review of established therapies and advances in treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:102. [PMID: 38630348 PMCID: PMC11023987 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alopecia, also known as hair loss, is a highly prevalent condition affecting millions of men and women in the United States and worldwide, making it one of the most common complaints by patients presenting to a dermatologist. The symptomology on the presentation of alopecia can be highly variable, ranging from diffuse thinning of hair, discrete and localized patches completely absent of hair, or noticing significant shedding when brushing and showering. Although alopecia does not have a direct negative health impact on patients, it is nonetheless a debilitating disease as it can profoundly impact an individual's self-image and psychosocial well-being. There are multiple treatment options available to patients with alopecia, and they are typically tailored to the patient's needs and preferences. The most common of these is the Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for alopecia, minoxidil, and finasteride. However, both of these are known to be partially efficacious for all patients, so clinicians often use different modalities in conjunction with them, in particular laser-based therapies. This review article will provide a comprehensive assessment of lasers and other light therapies that may be used to manage the two most common types of alopecia: androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jean-Pierre
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, 33136, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Anika Pulumati
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Eli Kasheri
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Hirsch
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Ave, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
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Liu LP, Wariboko MA, Hu X, Wang ZH, Wu Q, Li YM. Factors associated with early-onset androgenetic alopecia: A scoping review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299212. [PMID: 38451966 PMCID: PMC10919688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been associated with various chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Gaining a deep understanding of early-onset AGA may enable earlier intervention in individuals at high risks. This scoping review aims to explore the risk factors and etiology, associated conditions, and adverse effects on wellbeing in early-onset AGA. METHODS Electronic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRIAL. Eligible studies included case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, and meta-analysis studies. Selected studies needed to clearly define early-onset AGA cases or include only cases starting before the age of 40 and compare them with appropriate controls. The exclusion criteria comprised editorials, commentaries, case series, and non-systematic reviews, among others. Data extraction involved collecting study characteristics, methodologies, main outcomes, and findings. Descriptive tables were used to summarize key information and relevant variables when necessary. RESULTS Among the 65 eligible articles, 67.69% were case-control studies and 78.46% evaluated only male patients. "Early-onset" was defined as cases developing before the age of 30 years in 43.08% of the studies. The Hamilton-Norwood scale was the most frequently used method for evaluating the severity of alopecia in men (69.23%). Reported risk factors for early-onset AGA included a family history of AGA, cigarette smoking, unhealthy dietary habits, and a high body mass index. Early-onset AGA may also be associated with hormonal profiles, 5α-reductase enzyme activity, androgen receptor genes, and some susceptibility loci. Comorbidities investigated included MetS, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and Parkinson's disease. Men with early-onset AGA may have reduced treatment efficacy with drug like rosuvastatin, metformin or lisinopril for dyslipidemia, prediabetes, or hypertension. Additionally, young men with AGA tended to suffer from psychological issues such as anxiety and low self-esteem compared to those without hair loss. CONCLUSION Early-onset AGA is a complex condition with various risk factors and etiology, associated comorbidities, and potential implications for treatment response and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mary Adumo Wariboko
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Martinez-Ledesma E, Garcia-Garcia M, Bajo Gauzin D, Sarro-Ramírez A, Gonzalez-Carrillo C, Rodríguez-Sardin D, Fuentes A, Cardenas-Lopez A. The Biology and Genomics of Human Hair Follicles: A Focus on Androgenetic Alopecia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2542. [PMID: 38473791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- CapilarFix®, Monterrey 66220, NL, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Martinez-Ledesma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, NL, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
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7
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Tawfik C, Tejeda CI, Haughton AM. Case series evaluating the efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma for androgenetic alopecia in pediatric patients. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 37:8-12. [PMID: 37332360 PMCID: PMC10275738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tawfik
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - Christina I. Tejeda
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Adrienne M. Haughton
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York
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8
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Henne SK, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S. Male-pattern hair loss: Comprehensive identification of the associated genes as a basis for understanding pathophysiology. MED GENET-BERLIN 2023; 35:3-14. [PMID: 38835416 PMCID: PMC10842561 DOI: 10.1515/medgen-2023-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Male-pattern hair loss (MPHL) is a highly heritable and prevalent condition that is characterized by progressive hair loss from the frontotemporal and vertex scalp. This androgen-dependent hair loss may commence during puberty, and up to 80 % of European men experience some degree of MPHL during their lifetime. Current treatment options for MPHL have limited efficacy, and improved understanding of the underlying biological causes is required to facilitate novel therapeutic approaches. To date, molecular genetic studies have identified 389 associated genomic regions, have implicated numerous genes in these regions, and suggested pathways that are likely to contribute to key pathophysiological mechanisms in MPHL. This review provides an overview of the current status of MPHL genetic research. We discuss the most significant achievements, current challenges, and anticipated developments in the field, as well as their potential to advance our understanding of hair (loss) biology, and to improve hair loss prediction and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K. Henne
- University Hospital of Bonn & University of BonnInstitute of Human GeneticsBonnGermany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- University Hospital of Bonn & University of BonnInstitute of Human GeneticsBonnGermany
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9
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Chen Y, Hysi P, Maj C, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Spector TD, Liu F, Kayser M. Genetic prediction of male pattern baldness based on large independent datasets. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:321-328. [PMID: 36336714 PMCID: PMC9995341 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic prediction of male pattern baldness (MPB) is important in science and society. Previous genetic MPB prediction models were limited by sparse marker coverage, small sample size, and/or data dependency in the different analytical steps. Here, we present novel models for genetic prediction of MPB based on a large set of markers and large independent subsample sets drawn among 187,435 European subjects. We selected 117 SNP predictors within 85 distinct loci from a list of 270 previously MPB-associated SNPs in 55,573 males of the UK Biobank Study (UKBB). Based on these 117 SNPs with and without age as additional predictor, we trained, by use of different methods, prediction models in a non-overlapping subset of 104,694 UKBB males and tested them in a non-overlapping subset of 26,177 UKBB males. Estimates of prediction accuracy were similar between methods with AUC ranges of 0.725-0.728 for severe, 0.631-0.635 for moderate, 0.598-0.602 for slight, and 0.708-0.711 for no hair loss with age, and slightly lower without, while prediction of any versus no hair loss gave 0.690-0.711 with age and slightly lower without. External validation in an early-onset enriched MPB dataset from the Bonn Study (N = 991) showed improved prediction accuracy without considering age such as AUC of 0.830 for no vs. any hair loss. Because of the large number of markers and the large independent datasets used for the different analytical steps, the newly presented genetic prediction models are the most reliable ones currently available for MPB or any other human appearance trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Maj
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics (IGSB), University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Yilmaz DN, Onluturk Aydogan O, Kori M, Aydin B, Rahman MR, Moni MA, Turanli B. Prospects of integrated multi-omics-driven biomarkers for efficient hair loss therapy from systems biology perspective. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lyu Y, Guan Y, Deliu L, Humphrey E, Frontera JK, Yang YJ, Zamler D, Kim KH, Mohanty V, Jin K, Mohanty V, Liu V, Dou J, Veillon LJ, Kumar SV, Lorenzi PL, Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Grivennikov S, Song X, Zhang J, Xi Y, Wang J, Chen K, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. KLF5 governs sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function of the skin. Genes Dev 2022; 36:gad.349662.122. [PMID: 36008138 PMCID: PMC9480852 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349662.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are fundamental units of tissue remodeling whose functions are dictated by lineage-specific transcription factors. Home to epidermal stem cells and their upward-stratifying progenies, skin relies on its secretory functions to form the outermost protective barrier, of which a transcriptional orchestrator has been elusive. KLF5 is a Krüppel-like transcription factor broadly involved in development and regeneration whose lineage specificity, if any, remains unclear. Here we report KLF5 specifically marks the epidermis, and its deletion leads to skin barrier dysfunction in vivo. Lipid envelopes and secretory lamellar bodies are defective in KLF5-deficient skin, accompanied by preferential loss of complex sphingolipids. KLF5 binds to and transcriptionally regulates genes encoding rate-limiting sphingolipid metabolism enzymes. Remarkably, skin barrier defects elicited by KLF5 ablation can be rescued by dietary interventions. Finally, we found that KLF5 is widely suppressed in human diseases with disrupted epidermal secretion, and its regulation of sphingolipid metabolism is conserved in human skin. Altogether, we established KLF5 as a disease-relevant transcription factor governing sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function in the skin, likely representing a long-sought secretory lineage-defining factor across tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lyu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Deliu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ericka Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joanna K Frontera
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Youn Joo Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kun Hee Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Virginia Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jinzhuang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lucas J Veillon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha V Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sergei Grivennikov
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information exists on the long-term risks to individuals undergoing procedures in hair restoration surgery. The short-term risks are well known and similar to other procedures in dermatologic surgery. The long-term risks of hair restoration surgery are seldom discussed between the physician and patient. OBJECTIVE The author sought to describe a classification system that can be used as a communication tool between physicians and patients to define the long-term risk involved with hair restoration surgery. METHODS The Progressive Loss (PL) Scale is an attempt at assessing the cosmesis because of future hair loss following a hair transplant procedure. The PL Risk Scale has designated 5 levels, 1 to 5, with each ascending level representing a higher level of risk. The PL Risk Scale can be assigned to an individual at the time of the assessment for hair restoration surgery. RESULTS Each patient can be assigned a risk level based on how future hair loss may affect the overall cosmetic result of their hair transplant. This risk is dependent on age, and specific for the area to be transplanted. The younger the age of the patient, the higher the risk. The larger the area to be transplanted, the higher the risk. It is not a static scale, because it will be affected by age, donor area, location of transplantation, and other mitigating factors. CONCLUSION Pattern baldness in men and women is progressive and unrelenting. The dichotomy of hair restoration surgery is that a satisfactory short-term outcome can evolve to disappointing results because of progressive hair loss. The PL Risk Scale can be assigned to every individual undergoing a hair restoration procedure. This scale assignment will convey to the patient their lifetime risk associated with any given surgical hair restoration procedure for that age and the specific area to be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dow B Stough
- Burke Pharmaceutical Research, Hot Springs, Arkansas
- Department of Dermatology, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas
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13
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Chew EGY, Lim TC, Leong MF, Liu X, Sia YY, Leong ST, Yan-Jiang BC, Stoecklin C, Borhan R, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Nöthen MM, Viasnoff V, Shyh-Chang N, Wan ACA, Philpott MP, Hillmer AM. Observations that suggest a contribution of altered dermal papilla mitochondrial function to androgenetic alopecia. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:906-917. [PMID: 35119146 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent hair loss condition in males that develops due to the influence of androgens and genetic predisposition. With the aim of elucidating genes involved in AGA pathogenesis, we modelled AGA with three-dimensional culture of keratinocyte-surrounded dermal papilla (DP) cells. We co-cultured immortalised balding and non-balding human DP cells (DPC) derived from male AGA patients with epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) using multi-interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation technique. We observed up-regulated mitochondria-related gene expression in balding compared to non-balding DP aggregates which indicated altered mitochondria metabolism. Further observation of significantly reduced electron transport chain complex activity (complex I, IV and V), ATP levels and ability to uptake metabolites for ATP generation demonstrated compromised mitochondria function in balding DPC. Balding DP was also found to be under significantly higher oxidative stress than non-balding DP. Our experiments suggest that application of antioxidants lowers oxidative stress levels and improve metabolite uptake in balding DPC. We postulate that the observed up-regulation of mitochondria-related genes in balding DP aggregates resulted from an over-compensatory effort to rescue decreased mitochondrial function in balding DP through the attempted production of new functional mitochondria. In all, our three-dimensional co-culturing revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in balding DPC, suggesting a metabolic component in the etiology of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine G Y Chew
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tze Chiun Lim
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
| | - Meng Fatt Leong
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.,School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Liu
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Yen Sia
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - See Ting Leong
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C Yan-Jiang
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Celine Stoecklin
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rosa Borhan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine &, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine &, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Institute of Zoology, Institute of Stem Cell & Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew C A Wan
- Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.,Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Singapore
| | - M P Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, London, UK
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Kinoshita-Ise M, Fukuyama M, Ohyama M. Distinctive age distribution and hair loss pattern putatively highlighting uniqueness of Japanese cases of fibrosing alopecia in a pattern distribution. J Dermatol 2021; 49:106-117. [PMID: 34536235 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosing alopecia in a pattern distribution (FAPD) is a unique entity which presents clinicopathological characteristics of both male/female pattern androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP). This entity was first reported in 2000 and its criteria was recently proposed. Etiopathogenesis of FAPD has been speculated to be immunological destruction involving miniaturized hair follicles but still remains elusive. To date, few Asian FAPD cases have been reported in the literature. In this study, Japanese FAPD cases were identified based on the aforementioned criteria and analyzed to delineate clinicopathological characteristics. By retrospectively revisiting medical records and clinical photographs, 24 Japanese cases comprising 17 women and seven men were diagnosed as FAPD. All male patients had disease onset by their early 30s, whereas most female patients had developed the condition in middle age or later. Their initial diagnoses prior to the diagnostic confirmation of FAPD were mostly LPP. Based on the clinical phenotypes, the cases were categorized into AGA and LPP types. These subtypes were characterized by foremost trichoscopic and histopathological findings of AGA or LPP, respectively. Unlike previously reported cases, our patients tended to manifest hair loss in both vertex and frontal to mid-scalp with minimal regression of anterior hairline, manifesting unique "parachute" pattern, which has been reported as a representative characteristic of East Asian AGA in the literature. Anti-inflammatory therapies seemed to be effective to deter hair loss but insufficient to achieve improvement. Further accumulation of the cases is necessary; however, these findings may provide additional pathophysiological insights into FAPD and highlight uniqueness of the etiology and clinical phenotype of Japanese FAPD putatively influenced by racial predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiro Fukuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
This article introduces the reader to the key components of hair transplantation, including evaluating the surgical patient, deciding whether to perform follicular unit transplantation (FUT) or follicular unit extraction (FUE), understanding the key components of these procedures, and establishing practical preoperative and postoperative protocols.
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16
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Wray S, Arrowsmith S. The Physiological Mechanisms of the Sex-Based Difference in Outcomes of COVID19 Infection. Front Physiol 2021; 12:627260. [PMID: 33633588 PMCID: PMC7900431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.627260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has thrust a spotlight on the sex-based differences in response to viral diseases; morbidity and mortality are greater in men than women. We outline the mechanisms by which being female offers a degree of protection from COVID19, that persists even when confounders such as comorbidities are considered. The physiological and immunological mechanisms are fascinating and range from incomplete X chromosome inactivation of immune genes, a crucial role for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and regulation of both immune activity and ACE2 by sex steroids. From this flows understanding of why lung and other organs are more susceptible to COVID19 damage in men, and how their distinct immunological landscapes need to be acknowledged to guide prognosis and treatment. Pregnancy, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy bring changed hormonal environments and the need for better stratification in COVID19 studies. We end by noting clinical trials based on increasing estrogens or progesterone or anti-testosterone drugs; excellent examples of translational physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wray
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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17
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OSTATNÍKOVÁ D, LAKATOŠOVÁ S, BABKOVÁ J, HODOSY J, CELEC P. Testosterone and the Brain: From Cognition to Autism. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549/10.33549/physiolres.934592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex and gender matter in all aspects of life. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in anatomy, physiology, but also pathology. Many of the differences are due to sex chromosomes and, thus, genetics, other due to endocrine factors such as sex hormones, some are of social origin. Over the past decades, huge number of scientific studies have revealed striking sex differences of the human brain with remarkable behavioral and cognitive consequences. Prenatal and postnatal testosterone influence brain structures and functions, respectively. Cognitive sex differences include especially certain spatial and language tasks, but they also affect many other aspects of the neurotypical brain. Sex differences of the brain are also relevant for the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, which are much more prevalent in the male population. Structural dimorphism in the human brain was well-described, but recent controversies now question its importance. On the other hand, solid evidence exists regarding gender differences in several brain functions. This review tries to summarize the current understanding of the complexity of the effects of testosterone on brain with special focus on their role in the known sex differences in healthy individuals and people in the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D OSTATNÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - S LAKATOŠOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J BABKOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - J HODOSY
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - P CELEC
- Institute of Physiology, Academic Research Centre for Autism, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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18
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Mohamed MS, Moulin TC, Schiöth HB. Sex differences in COVID-19: the role of androgens in disease severity and progression. Endocrine 2021; 71:3-8. [PMID: 33179220 PMCID: PMC7657570 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Throughout the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, multiple reports show higher percentages of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality among men than women, indicating that men are more affected by COVID-19. The pathophysiology of this difference is yet not established, but recent studies suggest that sex hormones may influence the viral infectivity process. Here, we review the current evidence of androgen sensitivity as a decisive factor for COVID-19 disease severity. METHODS Relevant literature investigating the role of androgens in COVID-19 was assessed. Further, we describe several drugs suggested as beneficial for COVID-19 treatment related to androgen pathways. Lastly, we looked at androgen sensitivity as a predictor for COVID-19 progression and ongoing clinical trials on androgen suppression therapies as a line of treatment. RESULTS SARS-COV2 virus spike proteins utilize Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for host entry. Androgen receptors are transcription promoters for TMPRSS2 and can, therefore, facilitate SARS-COV2 entry. Variants in the androgen receptor gene correlate with androgen sensitivity and are implicated in diseases like androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer, conditions that have been associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes and hospitalization. CONCLUSION Androgen's TMPRSS2-mediated actions might explain both the low fatalities observed in prepubertal children and the differences between sexes regarding SARS-COV2 infection. Androgen sensitivity may be a critical factor in determining COVID-19 disease severity, and sensitivity tests can, therefore, help in predicting patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Mohamed
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago C Moulin
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Ding Q, Xu YX, Sun WL, Liu JJ, Deng YY, Wu QF, Cao CY, Zhou LB, Lu Y, Fan WX. Early-onset androgenetic alopecia in China: a descriptive study of a large outpatient cohort. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519897190. [PMID: 32188323 PMCID: PMC7105740 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519897190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Ling Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Yu Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiao-Fang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Yu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lan-Bo Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Xin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Alessandrini A, Starace M, D'''''Ovidio R, Villa L, Rossi A, Stan TR, Calzavara-Pinton P, Piraccini BM. Androgenetic alopecia in women and men: Italian guidelines adapted from European Dermatology Forum/European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology guidelines. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2020; 155:622-631. [PMID: 33295740 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.19.06399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of alopecia, affecting up to 80% of men and 50% of women in the course of their life. AGA is caused by a progressive reduction in the diameter, length and pigmentation of the hair, resulting from the effects of the testosterone metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on androgen-sensitive hair follicles. Clinical presentation is different in men and women. Trichoscopy is used routinely in patients with androgenetic alopecia, for diagnosis and differential diagnosis with other diseases, allowing staging of severity and monitoring the progress of the disease and the response to treatment. Medical treatment of AGA includes topical minoxidil, antiandrogen agents, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and many other options. This guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia has been developed by an Italian group of experts taking into account the Italian pharmacological governance. The article is adapted from the original of the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in collaboration with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). It summarizes evidence-based and expert-based recommendations (S3 level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Alessandrini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Starace
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Villa
- Private Practitioner, San Benedetto del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bianca M Piraccini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy -
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21
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Marie R Davis
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Megha M Tollefson
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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22
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Ectodysplasin-A2 induces dickkopf 1 expression in human balding dermal papilla cells overexpressing the ectodysplasin A2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:766-772. [PMID: 32736705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common genetic disorder, and a X-chromosomal locus that contains the androgen receptor (AR) and ectodysplasin A2 receptor (EDA2R) genes represents a major susceptibility locus for AGA. In our previous study, we reported that ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2) induces apoptosis in cultured human hair follicle (HF) cells and promotes the regression of HFs in mice. However, the role of the EDA-A2/EDA2R in AGA remains unknown, as the causative gene in this pathway has not yet been identified and potential functional connections between EDA-A2 signaling and the androgen pathway remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of EDA2R in balding HFs and matched with non-balding HFs. The EDA2R level was upregulated in the balding dermal papilla (DP) cells compared with non-balding DP cells derived from patients with AGA. However, EDA2R was strongly expressed in both balding and non-balding outer root sheath (ORS) cells. We screened EDA-A2-regulated genes in balding DP cells and identified dickkopf 1 (DKK-1) as catagen inducer during the hair cycle. The mRNA and protein expression levels of DKK-1 were both upregulated by EDA-A2. In addition, DKK-1 expression was induced by EDA-A2 both in cultured human HFs and in mouse HFs. Moreover, the EDA-A2-induced apoptosis of DP and ORS cells was reversed by the antibody-mediated neutralization of DKK-1. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that EDA-A2 induces DKK-1 secretion and causes apoptosis in HFs by binding EDA2R, which is overexpressed in the bald scalp. EDA-A2/EDA2R signaling could inhibit hair growth through DKK-1 induction, and an inhibitor of EDA-A2/EDA2R signaling may be a promising agent for the treatment and prevention of AGA.
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23
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Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hochfeld LM, Henne SK, Nöthen MM. Hormonal regulation in male androgenetic alopecia-Sex hormones and beyond: Evidence from recent genetic studies. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:814-827. [PMID: 32946134 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Male-pattern hair loss, also termed androgenetic alopecia (AGA), is a highly prevalent age-related condition that is characterized by a distinct pattern of hair loss from the frontotemporal and vertex regions of the scalp. The phenotype is highly heritable and hormone dependent, with androgens being the recognized critical hormonal factor. Numerous molecular genetic studies have focused on genetic variation in and around the gene that encodes the androgen receptor. More recently, however, the availability of high-throughput molecular genetic methods, novel methods of data analysis and sufficiently large sample sizes have rendered possible the systematic investigation of the contribution of other components of the androgen receptor pathway or hormonal pathways beyond the androgen receptor signalling pathways. Over the past decade, genome-wide association studies of increasingly large cohorts have enabled the genome-wide identification of genetic risk factors for AGA, and yielded unprecedented insights into the underlying pathobiology. The present review discusses some of the most intriguing genetic findings on the relevance of (sex)hormonal signalling in AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara M Hochfeld
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina K Henne
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Kim D, Park S. Pharmacological therapeutics in androgenetic alopecia. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2020.63.5.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss and affects both men and women. Male pattern hair loss shows characteristic frontal recession and vertex baldness, whereas female pattern hair loss produces diffuse alopecia over the mid-frontal scalp. AGA is mediated by increased androgen susceptibility in affected scalp hairs. 5α-Reductase converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen, in the scalp. Both androgen receptors and 5α-reductase have higher expression levels in the balding scalp than in non-affected regions. Increased androgen susceptibility induces hair follicle miniaturization, which leads to the progressive loss of thicker terminal hairs in the balding scalp. Currently, topical minoxidil and oral 5α-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride and dutasteride, are approved options for the pharmacological treatment of AGA. Topical minoxidil remains the mainstay of therapy for mild to moderate AGA in both men and women. The daily intake of 1-mg finasteride or 0.5-mg dutasteride shows better efficacy than topical minoxidil in regard to hair regrowth in male AGA. Anti-androgens can be used in female AGA wit clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. Patients may be overwhelmed and confused by the variety of treatment options for AGA management, including over-the-count drugs with low evidence quality. Therefore, physicians must be aware of the current guidelines for the management of AGA based on evidence-based approaches to select better options for patients.
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25
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Bak DH, Lee E, Choi MJ, Lee BC, Kwon TR, Kim JH, Jeon ES, Oh W, Mun SK, Park BC, Na J, Kim BJ. Protective effects of human umbilical cord blood‑derived mesenchymal stem cells against dexamethasone‑induced apoptotic cell death in hair follicles. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:556-568. [PMID: 31894311 PMCID: PMC6984800 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common and distressing condition, and developing new therapeutic agents to prevent hair loss is important. Human umbilical cord blood‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB‑MSCs) have been studied intensively in regenerative medicine. However, the therapeutic potential of these cells against hair loss and hair organ damage remains unclear, and the effects of hUCB‑MSC transplantation on hair loss require evaluation. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of hUCB‑MSCs on hair regression in vivo and restoration of anagen conduction on hair growth in vitro. The effects of hUCB‑MSCs were explored in mouse catagen induction models using a topical treatment of 0.1% dexamethasone to induce hair regression. Dexamethasone was also used to simulate a stress environment in vitro. The results demonstrated that hUCB‑MSCs significantly prevented hair regression induced by dexamethasone topical stimulation in vivo. Additionally, hUCB‑MSCs significantly increased the proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and HaCaT cells, which are key constituent cells of the hair follicle. Stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion and decreased expression of DKK‑1 by hUCB‑MSCs were also observed in hDPCs. Restoration of cell viability by hUCB‑MSCs suggested that these cells exerted a protective effect on glucocorticoid stress‑associated hair loss. In addition, anti‑apoptotic effects and regulation of the autophagic flux recovery were observed in HaCaT cells. The results of the present study indicated that hUCB‑MSCs may have the capacity to protect hair follicular dermal papilla cells and keratinocytes, thus preventing hair loss. Additionally, the protective effects of hUCB‑MSCs may be resistant to dysregulation of autophagy under harmful stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Bak
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, North Jeolla 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Esther Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ji Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Su Jeon
- Biomedical Research Institute, R&D Center, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13494, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, R&D Center, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13494, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Park
- Department of
Dermatology, Dankook Medical College, Cheonan, South Chungcheong 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtae Na
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kwack MH, Kim JC, Kim MK. Ectodysplasin-A2 induces apoptosis in cultured human hair follicle cells and promotes regression of hair follicles in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:428-433. [PMID: 31607478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ectodysplasin is a ligand of the TNF family that plays a key role in ectodermal differentiation. EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are two isoforms of ectodysplasin that differ only by the insertion of two amino acids and bind to two different receptors, ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) and ectodysplasin A2 receptor (EDA2R), respectively. Mutations of EDA-A1 and its receptor EDAR have been associated with hypohidrotic ecodermal dysplasia (HED). However, the role of EDA-A2 and the expression pattern of EDA2R in human hair follicles and in the mouse hair growth cycle have not been reported. In this study, we first investigated the expression of EDA2R in human hair follicles and in cultured follicular cells. EDA2R was strongly expressed in outer root sheath (ORS) cells and weakly expressed in dermal papilla (DP) cells. EDA-A2 induced the apoptosis of both ORS cells and DP cells via the activation of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, EDA2R was highly expressed in the late anagen phase compared with other phases in the hair growth cycle. Moreover, EDA-A2 induced apoptosis in cultured human hair follicle cells and in the mouse hair growth cycle, causing the premature onset of the catagen phase. Collectively, our results suggest that EDA-A2/EDA2R signaling could inhibit hair growth, and an inhibitor of EDA-A2/EDA2R signaling may be a promising agent for the treatment and prevention of hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Jung Chul Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Rhie A, Son HY, Kwak SJ, Lee S, Kim DY, Lew BL, Sim WY, Seo JS, Kwon O, Kim JI, Jo SJ. Genetic variations associated with response to dutasteride in the treatment of male subjects with androgenetic alopecia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222533. [PMID: 31525235 PMCID: PMC6746394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dutasteride, a dual inhibitor of both type I and II 5α-reductases, is used to treat male pattern hair loss (MPHL). However, patient response to dutasteride varies in each individual, the cause of which is yet to be identified. To identify genetic variants associated with response to dutasteride treatment for MPHL, a total of 42 men with moderate MPHL who had been treated with dutasteride for 6 months were genotyped and analysed by quantitative linear regression, case-control association tests, and Fisher’s exact test. The synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs72623193 in DHRS9 was most significantly associated with response to dutasteride, followed by the non-synonymous SNP rs2241057 in CYP26B1. Additionally, variants in ESR1, SRD5A1, CYP19A1, and RXRG are suggested to be associated with response to dutasteride. Cumulative effect and interaction among these SNPs were presented in both additive and non-additive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arang Rhie
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ho-Young Son
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Kwak
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungbok Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bark-Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Sim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ohsang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environmental Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Huang J, Ran Y, Pradhan S, Yan W, Dai Y. Investigation on Microecology of Hair Root Fungi in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:505-515. [PMID: 31240449 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focused on the differences in hairy root fungal microecology between androgenetic alopecia patients and healthy individuals. METHODS Light microscopy was used to observe the morphology of hairy roots. Morphological observations were also performed in the positive specimens using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The high-throughput sequencing method was used to detect the fungal microecology of hairy roots at different sites. Moreover, the comparison of fungal loads of Malassezia in different group and scalp area were tested by PCR. RESULTS The fungi in the hair root observed by optical microscopy are mainly Malassezia yeast. The positive rate of Malassezia in the hair loss group (60%) was higher than that in the control group (40%). The detection efficiency of Malassezia examined by scanning electron microscopy was higher than that by light microscopy. Results acquired from high-throughput molecular sequencing of fungi suggested that Ascomycota was the dominant species, whereas in the occipital hair roots of the control group Basidiomycota was the dominant species in the hair loss group. Malassezia followed by Trichosporon were the most abundant fungal genera. The changes in abundance at the top and occipital region of the control group were more significant than those of the genus Fusarium, followed by Epicoccum and Malassezia. The load of Malassezia located on calvaria in the alopecia group was significantly higher than that in the control group. In the alopecia group, the load of Malassezia on the scalp was higher than that on the occipital region. The load of Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta in the hair loss group was higher on calvaria and occipital areas. CONCLUSION Malassezia had a positive correlation with the incidence of androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Huang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Dermatovenereology, Medical Center of Dujiang yan, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuping Ran
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Sushmita Pradhan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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29
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SNP variation in male pattern hair loss in Russians with different dihydrotestosterone levels. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Dissection of genetic variation and evidence for pleiotropy in male pattern baldness. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5407. [PMID: 30573740 PMCID: PMC6302097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a sex-limited, age-related, complex trait. We study MPB genetics in 205,327 European males from the UK Biobank. Here we show that MPB is strongly heritable and polygenic, with pedigree-heritability of 0.62 (SE = 0.03) estimated from close relatives, and SNP-heritability of 0.39 (SE = 0.01) from conventionally-unrelated males. We detect 624 near-independent genome-wide loci, contributing SNP-heritability of 0.25 (SE = 0.01), of which 26 X-chromosome loci explain 11.6%. Autosomal genetic variance is enriched for common variants and regions of lower linkage disequilibrium. We identify plausible genetic correlations between MPB and multiple sex-limited markers of earlier puberty, increased bone mineral density (rg = 0.15) and pancreatic β-cell function (rg = 0.12). Correlations with reproductive traits imply an effect on fitness, consistent with an estimated linear selection gradient of -0.018 per MPB standard deviation. Overall, we provide genetic insights into MPB: a phenotype of interest in its own right, with value as a model sex-limited, complex trait. Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a polygenic trait that affects the majority of European men. Here, Yap et al. estimate heritability, partitioned by autosomes and the X-chromosome, of MPB in the UK Biobank cohort, perform GWAS for MPB and find genetic correlation with other sex-specific traits.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between male pattern baldness and incidence of prostate cancer remains inconclusive. Hence, we performed the present meta-analysis based on all eligible cohort and case-control studies. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in October 2017 based on PubMed and Web of Science databases. Pooled relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated with a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, no statistically significant association between baldness (any pattern) and prostate cancer risk was identified (RR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.11). There was obvious heterogeneity across included studies (P < .078 for heterogeneity, I = 36.4%). When subgroup analysis by types of baldness, a statistically significant association was observed for vertex baldness (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.46) but not for other types of baldness. CONCLUSION Individuals with vertex baldness may have an increased risk of prostate cancer. Given the obvious heterogeneity and null results in overall analysis and most of subgroup analyses, further large well-designed prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
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Pantelireis N, Higgins CA. A bald statement - Current approaches to manipulate miniaturisation focus only on promoting hair growth. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:959-965. [PMID: 29787625 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair plays a large part in communication and society with its role changing through time and across cultures. Most people do not leave the house before combing their hair or shaving their beard and for many hair loss or irregular hair growth can have a significant impact on their psychological health. Somewhat unsurprisingly, according to GMR Data, today's global hair care industry is worth an estimated $87 Billion, with hair loss estimated at $2.8 Billion. Considering that no current hair loss-related products can completely reverse hair loss, it is reasonable to believe this market could expand significantly with the discovery of a comprehensive therapy. As such, a great deal of research focuses on overcoming hair loss, and in particular, a common form of hair loss known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or male pattern baldness. In AGA, hair follicles miniaturise in a large step change from a terminal to a vellus state. Within this viewpoint article, we discuss how influx and efflux of cells into and out from the dermal papilla (DP) can modulate DP size during the hair cycle. As DP size is positively correlated with the size of the hair fibre produced by a follicle, we argue here that therapies for treating AGA should be developed which can alter DP size, rather than just promote hair growth. We also discuss current therapeutics for AGA and emphasise the importance of using the right model systems to analyse miniaturisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire A Higgins
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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33
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Ceruti JM, Leirós GJ, Balañá ME. Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:122-133. [PMID: 28912032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Beyond sexual functions, androgens exert their action in skin physiology and pathophysiology. Skin cells are able to synthesize most active androgens from gonadal or adrenal precursors and the enzymes involved in skin steroidogenesis are implicated both in normal or pathological processes. Even when the role of androgens and androgen receptor (AR) in skin pathologies has been studied for decades, their molecular mechanisms in skin disorders remain largely unknown. Here, we analyze recent studies of androgens and AR roles in several skin-related disorders, focusing in the current understanding of their molecular mechanisms in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). We review the molecular pathophysiology of type 2 5α-reductase, AR coactivators, the paracrine factors deregulated in dermal papillae (such as TGF-β, IGF 1, WNTs and DKK-1) and the crosstalk between AR and Wnt signaling in order to shed some light on new promising treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta María Ceruti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo José Leirós
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Balañá
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo, 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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34
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Androgen modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:391-399. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Rojas-Martínez A, Martinez-Jacobo L, Villarreal-Villarreal C, Ortiz-López R, Ocampo-Candiani J. Genetic and molecular aspects of androgenetic alopecia. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:263-268. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_262_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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Bertolin C, Querin G, Da Re E, Sagnelli A, Bello L, Cao M, Muscas M, Pennuto M, Ermani M, Pegoraro E, Mariotti C, Gellera C, Hanna MG, Pareyson D, Fratta P, Sorarù G. No effect of AR polyG polymorphism on spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy phenotype. Eur J Neurol 2017; 23:1134-6. [PMID: 27141859 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Disease severity varies considerably among patients with Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA). Our aim was to investigate the role of androgen receptor (AR) polymorphic repeats in SBMA phenotype. METHODS We analyzed the length of AR polyQ and polyG tracts in 159 SBMA patients. RESULTS No relationship between polyG size or polyG/polyQ haplotypes and clinical phenotype was found. An independent negative correlation between polyQ-length and onset of weakness was confirmed (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The negative results of our study prompt to continue the search for potential disease modifiers in SBMA outside the AR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertolin
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Querin
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Da Re
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Sagnelli
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, 'C. Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L Bello
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Cao
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Muscas
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Pennuto
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - M Ermani
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Pegoraro
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Mariotti
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, 'C. Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C Gellera
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, 'C. Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M G Hanna
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - D Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, 'C. Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - P Fratta
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - G Sorarù
- Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Zhou CK, Stanczyk FZ, Hafi M, Veneroso CC, Lynch B, Falk RT, Niwa S, Emanuel E, Gao YT, Hemstreet GP, Zolfghari L, Carroll PR, Manyak MJ, Sesterhenn IA, Levine PH, Hsing AW, Cook MB. Circulating and intraprostatic sex steroid hormonal profiles in relation to male pattern baldness and chest hair density among men diagnosed with localized prostate cancers. Prostate 2017; 77:1573-1582. [PMID: 28971497 PMCID: PMC5683095 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies of circulating sex steroid hormones and prostate cancer risk have not provided a consistent association, despite evidence from animal and clinical studies. However, studies using male pattern baldness as a proxy of early-life or cumulative androgen exposure have reported significant associations with aggressive and fatal prostate cancer risk. Given that androgens underlie the development of patterned hair loss and chest hair, we assessed whether these two dermatological characteristics were associated with circulating and intraprostatic concentrations of sex steroid hormones among men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. METHODS We included 248 prostate cancer patients from the NCI Prostate Tissue Study, who answered surveys and provided a pre-treatment blood sample as well as fresh frozen adjacent normal prostate tissue. Male pattern baldness and chest hair density were assessed by trained nurses before surgery. General linear models estimated geometric means and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of each hormone variable by dermatological phenotype with adjustment for potential confounding variables. Subgroup analyses were performed by Gleason score (<7 vs ≥7) and race (European American vs. African American). RESULTS We found strong positive associations of balding status with serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and a weak association with elevated intraprostatic testosterone. Conversely, neither circulating nor intraprostatic sex hormones were statistically significantly associated with chest hair density. Age-adjusted correlation between binary balding status and three-level chest hair density was weak (r = 0.05). There was little evidence to suggest that Gleason score or race modified these associations. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that balding status assessed at a mean age of 60 years may serve as a clinical marker for circulating sex hormone concentrations. The weak-to-null associations between balding status and intraprostatic sex hormones reaffirm differences in organ-specific sex hormone metabolism, implying that other sex steroid hormone-related factors (eg, androgen receptor) play important roles in organ-specific androgenic actions, and that other overlapping pathways may be involved in associations between the two complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA
| | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Reproductive Endocrine Research Laboratory, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Muhannad Hafi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Carmela C Veneroso
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | | | - Roni T. Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute/Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ladan Zolfghari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Manyak
- George Washington University, Washington D.D., USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK
| | | | - Paul H. Levine
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ann W. Hsing
- Stanford Prevention Research Center/Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Michael B. Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA
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GWAS for male-pattern baldness identifies 71 susceptibility loci explaining 38% of the risk. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1584. [PMID: 29146897 PMCID: PMC5691155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Male pattern baldness (MPB) or androgenetic alopecia is one of the most common conditions affecting men, reaching a prevalence of ~50% by the age of 50; however, the known genes explain little of the heritability. Here, we present the results of a genome-wide association study including more than 70,000 men, identifying 71 independently replicated loci, of which 30 are novel. These loci explain 38% of the risk, suggesting that MPB is less genetically complex than other complex traits. We show that many of these loci contain genes that are relevant to the pathology and highlight pathways and functions underlying baldness. Finally, despite only showing genome-wide genetic correlation with height, pathway-specific genetic correlations are significant for traits including lifespan and cancer. Our study not only greatly increases the number of MPB loci, illuminating the genetic architecture, but also provides a new approach to disentangling the shared biological pathways underlying complex diseases.
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39
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Papa NP, MacInnis RJ, English DR, Bolton D, Davis ID, Lawrentschuk N, Millar JL, Severi G, Hopper JL, Giles GG. Early-onset baldness and the risk of aggressive prostate cancer: findings from a case–control study. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 29:93-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Michel L, Reygagne P, Benech P, Jean-Louis F, Scalvino S, Ly Ka So S, Hamidou Z, Bianovici S, Pouch J, Ducos B, Bonnet M, Bensussan A, Patatian A, Lati E, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Choulot JC, Loing E, Hocquaux M. Study of gene expression alteration in male androgenetic alopecia: evidence of predominant molecular signalling pathways. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1322-1336. [PMID: 28403520 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss in men. It is characterized by a distinct pattern of progressive hair loss starting from the frontal area and the vertex of the scalp. Although several genetic risk loci have been identified, relevant genes for AGA remain to be defined. OBJECTIVES To identify biomarkers associated with AGA. METHODS Molecular biomarkers associated with premature AGA were identified through gene expression analysis using cDNA generated from scalp vertex biopsies of hairless or bald men with premature AGA, and healthy volunteers. RESULTS This monocentric study reveals that genes encoding mast cell granule enzymes, inflammatory mediators and immunoglobulin-associated immune mediators were significantly overexpressed in AGA. In contrast, underexpressed genes appear to be associated with the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein/transforming growth factor-β signalling pathways. Although involvement of these pathways in hair follicle regeneration is well described, functional interpretation of the transcriptomic data highlights different events that account for their inhibition. In particular, one of these events depends on the dysregulated expression of proopiomelanocortin, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In addition, lower expression of CYP27B1 in patients with AGA supports the notion that changes in vitamin D metabolism contributes to hair loss. CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence for distinct molecular events contributing to alopecia that may pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michel
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - P Reygagne
- Centre Sabouraud, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - P Benech
- NICN UMR 7259 CNRS Faculté de Médecine, 13344, Marseille, France.,GENEX, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | - F Jean-Louis
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - S Scalvino
- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | - S Ly Ka So
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - Z Hamidou
- Centre Sabouraud, F-75475, Paris, France
| | | | - J Pouch
- Plateforme de qPCR à Haut Débit Genomic Paris Centre, IBENS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - B Ducos
- Plateforme de qPCR à Haut Débit Genomic Paris Centre, IBENS, 75005, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M Bonnet
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - A Bensussan
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | | | - E Lati
- GENEX, 91160, Longjumeau, France.,Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | | | | | - E Loing
- IEB-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31520, Ramonville, France
| | - M Hocquaux
- IEB-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31520, Ramonville, France
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41
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Abstract
Hair loss affects millions of people worldwide and can have devastating effects on an individual's psychoemotional well-being. Today hair restoration technologies through hair transplantation have advanced with the use of robots and follicular unit extraction/grafting that can offer patients excellent clinical results. Adjuvant modalities, such as platelet-rich plasma injections, lasers, and stem cells, can further enhance durability, health, and appearance of hair transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Sadick
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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42
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Xu L, Liu KX, Senna MM. A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Hair Loss in Children and Adolescents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:112. [PMID: 28791288 PMCID: PMC5522886 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss or alopecia is a common and distressing clinical complaint in the primary care setting and can arise from heterogeneous etiologies. In the pediatric population, hair loss often presents with patterns that are different from that of their adult counterparts. Given the psychosocial complications that may arise from pediatric alopecia, prompt diagnosis and management is particularly important. Common causes of alopecia in children and adolescents include alopecia areata, tinea capitis, androgenetic alopecia, traction alopecia, trichotillomania, hair cycle disturbances, and congenital alopecia conditions. Diagnostic tools for hair loss in children include a detailed history, physical examination with a focused evaluation of the child’s hair and scalp, fungal screens, hair pull and tug test, and if possible, light microscopy and/or trichoscopy. Management of alopecia requires a holistic approach including psychosocial support because treatments are only available for some hair loss conditions, and even the available treatments are not always effective. This review outlines the clinical presentations, presents a diagnostic algorithm, and discusses management of these various hair loss disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin X Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryanne M Senna
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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43
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Lolli F, Pallotti F, Rossi A, Fortuna MC, Caro G, Lenzi A, Sansone A, Lombardo F. Androgenetic alopecia: a review. Endocrine 2017; 57:9-17. [PMID: 28349362 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. The aim of this paper is to review recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and molecular mechanism of androgenetic alopecia. METHODS Using the PubMed database, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies published from 1916 to 2016. RESULTS The occurrence and development of androgenetic alopecia depends on the interaction of endocrine factors and genetic predisposition. Androgenetic alopecia is characterized by progressive hair follicular miniaturization, caused by the actions of androgens on the epithelial cells of genetically susceptible hair follicles in androgen-dependent areas. Although the exact pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia remains to be clarified, research has shown that it is a polygenetic condition. Numerous studies have unequivocally identified two major genetic risk loci for androgenetic alopecia, on the X-chromosome AR⁄EDA2R locus and the chromosome 20p11 locus. CONCLUSIONS Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms at different genomic loci are associated with androgenetic alopecia development. A number of genes determine the predisposition for androgenetic alopecia in a polygenic fashion. However, further studies are needed before the specific genetic factors of this polygenic condition can be fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lolli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Fortuna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Caro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
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44
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A genomic approach to susceptibility and pathogenesis leads to identifying potential novel therapeutic targets in androgenetic alopecia. Genomics 2017; 109:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Redler S, Messenger AG, Betz RC. Genetics and other factors in the aetiology of female pattern hair loss. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:510-517. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Redler
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Clinic Düsseldorf; Heinrich-Heine-University; Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Regina C. Betz
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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46
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Swerdloff RS, Dudley RE, Page ST, Wang C, Salameh WA. Dihydrotestosterone: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Implications of Elevated Blood Levels. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:220-254. [PMID: 28472278 PMCID: PMC6459338 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benefits associated with lowered serum DHT levels after 5α-reductase inhibitor (5AR-I) therapy in men have contributed to a misconception that circulating DHT levels are an important stimulus for androgenic action in target tissues (e.g., prostate). Yet evidence from clinical studies indicates that intracellular concentrations of androgens (particularly in androgen-sensitive tissues) are essentially independent of circulating levels. To assess the clinical significance of modest elevations in serum DHT and the DHT/testosterone (T) ratio observed in response to common T replacement therapy, a comprehensive review of the published literature was performed to identify relevant data. Although the primary focus of this review is about DHT in men, we also provide a brief overview of DHT in women. The available published data are limited by the lack of large, well-controlled studies of long duration that are sufficiently powered to expose subtle safety signals. Nonetheless, the preponderance of available clinical data indicates that modest elevations in circulating levels of DHT in response to androgen therapy should not be of concern in clinical practice. Elevated DHT has not been associated with increased risk of prostate disease (e.g., cancer or benign hyperplasia) nor does it appear to have any systemic effects on cardiovascular disease safety parameters (including increased risk of polycythemia) beyond those commonly observed with available T preparations. Well-controlled, long-term studies of transdermal DHT preparations have failed to identify safety signals unique to markedly elevated circulating DHT concentrations or signals materially different from T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California 90502
| | | | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California 90502
- UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California 90509
| | - Wael A Salameh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California 90502
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47
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Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Mannooranparampil TJ, Ribuffo M. The combination of overweight and smoking increases the severity of androgenetic alopecia. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:862-867. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fortes
- Epidemiology Unit; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM); Rome Italy
| | - Simona Mastroeni
- Epidemiology Unit; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM); Rome Italy
| | | | - Marcella Ribuffo
- Dermatology Unit; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM); Rome Italy
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48
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Meta-analysis identifies novel risk loci and yields systematic insights into the biology of male-pattern baldness. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14694. [PMID: 28272467 PMCID: PMC5344973 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Male-pattern baldness (MPB) is a common and highly heritable trait characterized by androgen-dependent, progressive hair loss from the scalp. Here, we carry out the largest GWAS meta-analysis of MPB to date, comprising 10,846 early-onset cases and 11,672 controls from eight independent cohorts. We identify 63 MPB-associated loci (P<5 × 10-8, METAL) of which 23 have not been reported previously. The 63 loci explain ∼39% of the phenotypic variance in MPB and highlight several plausible candidate genes (FGF5, IRF4, DKK2) and pathways (melatonin signalling, adipogenesis) that are likely to be implicated in the key-pathophysiological features of MPB and may represent promising targets for the development of novel therapeutic options. The data provide molecular evidence that rather than being an isolated trait, MPB shares a substantial biological basis with numerous other human phenotypes and may deserve evaluation as an early prognostic marker, for example, for prostate cancer, sudden cardiac arrest and neurodegenerative disorders.
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49
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Bentmar Holgersson M, Ruhayel Y, Karlsson M, Giwercman A, Bjartell A, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Ljunggren Ö, Haghsheno MA, Damber JE, Lundberg Giwercman Y. Lower prostate cancer risk in Swedish men with the androgen receptor E213 A-allele. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:227-233. [PMID: 28176139 PMCID: PMC5325831 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background In a previous population-based study on 3369 European men with self-reported prostate cancer (PCa), it was shown that androgen receptor (AR) haplotype designated H2 was associated with high levels of serum PSA (prostate-specific antigen) concentration, and, at the same time, with low risk for PCa. The aim of this study was to replicate this finding in other cohorts, with registry-based cancer diagnosis. Methods Using data from two population-based cohorts; the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS, n = 12,121) and the Swedish Osteoporotic fractures in men study (MrOS, n = 1,120), 628 men with PCa and 1,374 controls were identified and genotyped. PCa data were collected from the Swedish national cancer registry. PCa odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for carriers of the particular AR haplotype, tagged by the rs6624304 T-allele. Results The 15% of men who were carriers of the AR haplotype H2 had approximately one-third lower risk for PCa diagnosis compared to those with the most common H1 variant (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.45–0.94; p = 0.021). The same trend, although not statistically significant (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.47–1.24; p = 0.275), was observed in MrOS Sweden. When both cohorts were merged, an even more significant result was observed (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51–0.90; p = 0.008). Conclusions Swedish men with the variant AR haplotype H2, tagged by rs6624304, have significantly lower risk of PCa compared to those with the more common variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bentmar Holgersson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Building 91, Plan 10, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Yasir Ruhayel
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Building 91, Plan 10, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Building 91, Plan 10, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition and Geriatrics at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dan Mellström
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition and Geriatrics at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohammad-Ali Haghsheno
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Damber
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Lundberg Giwercman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Building 91, Plan 10, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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50
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Hagenaars SP, Hill WD, Harris SE, Ritchie SJ, Davies G, Liewald DC, Gale CR, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, Marioni RE. Genetic prediction of male pattern baldness. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006594. [PMID: 28196072 PMCID: PMC5308812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Male pattern baldness can have substantial psychosocial effects, and it has been phenotypically linked to adverse health outcomes such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. We explored the genetic architecture of the trait using data from over 52,000 male participants of UK Biobank, aged 40-69 years. We identified over 250 independent genetic loci associated with severe hair loss (P<5x10-8). By splitting the cohort into a discovery sample of 40,000 and target sample of 12,000, we developed a prediction algorithm based entirely on common genetic variants that discriminated (AUC = 0.78, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.69, PPV = 59%, NPV = 82%) those with no hair loss from those with severe hair loss. The results of this study might help identify those at greatest risk of hair loss, and also potential genetic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia P. Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W. David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine R. Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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