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Kapoor KS, Kong S, Sugimoto H, Guo W, Boominathan V, Chen YL, Biswal SL, Terlier T, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Single Extracellular Vesicle Imaging and Computational Analysis Identifies Inherent Architectural Heterogeneity. ACS Nano 2024; 18:11717-11731. [PMID: 38651873 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is crucial for unraveling their complex actions and biodistribution. Here, we identify consistent architectural heterogeneity of EVs using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), which has an inherent ability to image biological samples without harsh labeling methods while preserving their native conformation. Imaging EVs isolated using different methodologies from distinct sources, such as cancer cells, normal cells, immortalized cells, and body fluids, we identify a structural atlas of their dominantly consistent shapes. We identify EV architectural attributes by utilizing a segmentation neural network model. In total, 7,576 individual EVs were imaged and quantified by our computational pipeline. Across all 7,576 independent EVs, the average eccentricity was 0.5366 ± 0.2, and the average equivalent diameter was 132.43 ± 67 nm. The architectural heterogeneity was consistent across all sources of EVs, independent of purification techniques, and compromised of single spherical, rod-like or tubular, and double shapes. This study will serve as a reference foundation for high-resolution images of EVs and offer insights into their potential biological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra S Kapoor
- Department of Cancer Biology and Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seoyun Kong
- Department of Cancer Biology and Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Wenhua Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Vivek Boominathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Laboratory, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology and Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology and Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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McAndrews KM, Mahadevan KK, Kalluri R. Mouse Models to Evaluate the Functional Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression and Therapy Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024:a041411. [PMID: 38191175 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of both cellular and noncellular components that functions to impact the evolution of cancer. Various aspects of the TME have been targeted for the control of cancer; however, TME composition is dynamic, with the overall abundance of immune cells, endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as subsets of TME components changing at different stages of progression and in response to therapy. To effectively treat cancer, an understanding of the functional role of the TME is needed. Genetically engineered mouse models have enabled comprehensive insight into the complex interactions within the TME ecosystem that regulate disease progression. Here, we review recent advances in mouse models that have been employed to understand how the TME regulates cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Krishnan K Mahadevan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Kapoor KS, Kong S, Sugimoto H, Guo W, Boominathan V, Chen YL, Biswal SL, Terlier T, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Single extracellular vesicle imaging and computational analysis identifies inherent architectural heterogeneity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.11.571132. [PMID: 38168235 PMCID: PMC10760062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is crucial for unraveling their complex actions and biodistribution. Here, we identify consistent architectural heterogeneity of EVs using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) which has an inherent ability to image biological samples without harsh labeling methods and while preserving their native conformation. Imaging EVs isolated using different methodologies from distinct sources such as cancer cells, normal cells, and body fluids, we identify a structural atlas of their dominantly consistent shapes. We identify EV architectural attributes by utilizing a segmentation neural network model. In total, 7,576 individual EVs were imaged and quantified by our computational pipeline. Across all 7,576 independent EVs, the average eccentricity was 0.5366, and the average equivalent diameter was 132.43 nm. The architectural heterogeneity was consistent across all sources of EVs, independent of purification techniques, and compromised of single spherical (S. Spherical), rod-like or tubular, and double shapes. This study will serve as a reference foundation for high-resolution EV images and offer insights into their potential biological impact.
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4
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Kugeratski FG, LeBleu VS, Dowlatshahi DP, Sugimoto H, Arian KA, Fan Y, Huang L, Wells D, Lilla S, Hodge K, Zanivan S, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Engineered immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles derived from epithelial cells acquire capacity for positive and negative T cell co-stimulation in cancer and autoimmunity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.02.565371. [PMID: 37961535 PMCID: PMC10635085 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by all cells and systemic administration of allogenic EVs derived from epithelial and mesenchymal cells have been shown to be safe, despite carrying an array of functional molecules, including thousands of proteins. To address whether epithelial cells derived EVs can be modified to acquire the capacity to induce immune response, we engineered 293T EVs to harbor the immunomodulatory CD80, OX40L and PD-L1 molecules. We demonstrated abundant levels of these proteins on the engineered cells and EVs. Functionally, the engineered EVs efficiently elicit positive and negative co-stimulation in human and murine T cells. In the setting of cancer and auto-immune hepatitis, the engineered EVs modulate T cell functions and alter disease progression. Moreover, OX40L EVs provide additional benefit to anti-CTLA-4 treatment in melanoma-bearing mice. Our work provides evidence that epithelial cell derived EVs can be engineered to induce immune responses with translational potential to modulate T cell functions in distinct pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G. Kugeratski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Dara P. Dowlatshahi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kent A. Arian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Wells
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Kelly Hodge
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Ferreira D, Santos-Pereira C, Costa M, Afonso J, Yang S, Hensel J, McAndrews KM, Longatto-Filho A, Fernandes R, Melo JB, Baltazar F, Moreira JN, Kalluri R, Rodrigues LR. Exosomes modified with anti-MEK1 siRNA lead to an effective silencing of triple negative breast cancer cells. Biomater Adv 2023; 154:213643. [PMID: 37778291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogenous disease not sensitive to endocrine or HER2 therapy and standardized treatment regimens are still missing. Therefore, development of novel TNBC treatment approaches is of utmost relevance. Herein, the potential of MAPK/ERK downregulation by RNAi-based therapeutics in a panel of mesenchymal stem-like TNBC cell lines was uncovered. Our data revealed that suppression of one of the central nodes of this signaling pathway, MEK1, affects proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells, that may be explained by the reversion of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, which is facilitated by the MMP-2/MMP-9 downregulation. Moreover, an exosome-based system was successfully generated for the siRNA loading (iExoMEK1). Our data suggested absence of modification of the physical properties and general integrity of the iExoMEK1 comparatively to the unmodified counterparts. Such exosome-mediated downregulation of MEK1 led to a tumor regression accompanied by a decrease of angiogenesis using the chick chorioallantoic-membrane model. Our results highlight the potential of the targeting of MAPK/ERK cascade as a promising therapeutic approach against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Ferreira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Julieta Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Janine Hensel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 14), Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, S. Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Fernandes
- HEMS-Histology and Electron Microscopy Service, IBMC/I3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João N Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra-University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA; School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ligia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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6
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Mahadevan KK, McAndrews KM, LeBleu VS, Yang S, Lyu H, Li B, Sockwell AM, Kirtley ML, Morse SJ, Moreno Diaz BA, Kim MP, Feng N, Lopez AM, Guerrero PA, Paradiso F, Sugimoto H, Arian KA, Ying H, Barekatain Y, Sthanam LK, Kelly PJ, Maitra A, Heffernan TP, Kalluri R. KRAS G12D inhibition reprograms the microenvironment of early and advanced pancreatic cancer to promote FAS-mediated killing by CD8 + T cells. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1606-1620.e8. [PMID: 37625401 PMCID: PMC10785700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The KRASG12D mutation is present in nearly half of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAC). We investigated the effects of inhibiting the KRASG12D mutant protein with MRTX1133, a non-covalent small molecule inhibitor of KRASG12D, on early and advanced PDAC and its influence on the tumor microenvironment. Employing 16 different models of KRASG12D-driven PDAC, we demonstrate that MRTX1133 reverses early PDAC growth, increases intratumoral CD8+ effector T cells, decreases myeloid infiltration, and reprograms cancer-associated fibroblasts. MRTX1133 leads to regression of both established PanINs and advanced PDAC. Regression of advanced PDAC requires CD8+ T cells and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) synergizes with MRTX1133 to eradicate PDAC and prolong overall survival. Mechanistically, inhibition of KRASG12D in advanced PDAC and human patient derived organoids induces FAS expression in cancer cells and facilitates CD8+ T cell-mediated death. Collectively, this study provides a rationale for a synergistic combination of MRTX1133 with ICB in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan K Mahadevan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Feinberg School of Medicine and Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hengyu Lyu
- TRACTION Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amari M Sockwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sami J Morse
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara A Moreno Diaz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ningping Feng
- TRACTION Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anastasia M Lopez
- TRACTION Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paola A Guerrero
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Break Through Cancer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Paradiso
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kent A Arian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kavitha Sthanam
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patience J Kelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Sheikh Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- TRACTION Platform, Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Mahadevan KK, LeBleu VS, Ramirez EV, Chen Y, Li B, Sockwell AM, Gagea M, Sugimoto H, Sthanam LK, Tampe D, Zeisberg M, Ying H, Jain AK, DePinho RA, Maitra A, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Elimination of oncogenic KRAS in genetic mouse models eradicates pancreatic cancer by inducing FAS-dependent apoptosis by CD8 + T cells. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1562-1577.e8. [PMID: 37625403 PMCID: PMC10810082 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic KRASG12D (KRAS∗) is critical for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is a known repressor of tumor immunity. Conditional elimination of KRAS∗ in genetic mouse models of PDAC leads to the reactivation of FAS, CD8+ T cell-mediated apoptosis, and complete eradication of tumors. KRAS∗ elimination recruits activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promotes the activation of antigen-presenting cells. Mechanistically, KRAS∗-mediated immune evasion involves the epigenetic regulation of Fas death receptor in cancer cells, via methylation of its promoter region. Furthermore, analysis of human RNA sequencing identifies that high KRAS expression in PDAC tumors shows a lower proportion of CD8+ T cells and demonstrates shorter survival compared with tumors with low KRAS expression. This study highlights the role of CD8+ T cells in the eradication of PDAC following KRAS∗ elimination and provides a rationale for the combination of KRAS∗ targeting with immunotherapy to control PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan K Mahadevan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena V Ramirez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amari M Sockwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kavitha Sthanam
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Desiree Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abhinav K Jain
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Ahmad Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Intercellular communication is a key feature of cancer progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by all cells, including cancer cells, and recent studies have identified EVs as key mediators of cell-cell communication via packaging and transfer of bioactive constituents to impact the biology and function of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the functional contribution of EVs to cancer progression and metastasis, as cancer biomarkers, and the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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9
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Mahadevan KK, Dyevoich AM, Chen Y, Li B, Sugimoto H, Sockwell AM, McAndrews KM, Wang H, Shalapour S, Watowich SS, Kalluri R. Antigen-presenting type-I conventional dendritic cells facilitate curative checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.05.531191. [PMID: 36945457 PMCID: PMC10028824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.05.531191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and tissue damage associated with pancreatitis can precede or occur concurrently with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We demonstrate that in PDAC coupled with pancreatitis (ptPDAC), antigen-presenting type-I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are specifically activated. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (iCBT) leads to cytotoxic CD8 + T cell activation and eradication of ptPDAC with restoration of lifespan even upon PDAC re-challenge. Such eradication of ptPDAC was reversed following specific depletion of dendritic cells. Employing PDAC antigen-loaded cDC1s as a vaccine, immunotherapy-resistant PDAC was rendered sensitive to iCBT with a curative outcome. Analysis of the T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences in the tumor infiltrating CD8 + T cells following cDC1 vaccination coupled with iCBT identified unique CDR3 sequences with potential therapeutic significance. Our findings identify a fundamental difference in the immune microenvironment and adaptive immune response in PDAC concurrent with, or without pancreatitis, and provides a rationale for combining cDC1 vaccination with iCBT as a potential treatment option.
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10
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Mahadevan KK, McAndrews KM, LeBleu VS, Yang S, Lyu H, Li B, Sockwell AM, Kirtley ML, Morse SJ, Moreno Diaz BA, Kim MP, Feng N, Lopez AM, Guerrero PA, Sugimoto H, Arian KA, Ying H, Barekatain Y, Kelly PJ, Maitra A, Heffernan TP, Kalluri R. Oncogenic Kras G12D specific non-covalent inhibitor reprograms tumor microenvironment to prevent and reverse early pre-neoplastic pancreatic lesions and in combination with immunotherapy regresses advanced PDAC in a CD8 + T cells dependent manner. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.15.528757. [PMID: 36824971 PMCID: PMC9948969 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with mutations in Kras, a known oncogenic driver of PDAC; and the KRAS G12D mutation is present in nearly half of PDAC patients. Recently, a non-covalent small molecule inhibitor (MRTX1133) was identified with specificity to the Kras G12D mutant protein. Here we explore the impact of Kras G12D inhibition by MRTX1133 on advanced PDAC and its influence on the tumor microenvironment. Employing different orthotopic xenograft and syngeneic tumor models, eight different PDXs, and two different autochthonous genetic models, we demonstrate that MRTX1133 reverses early PDAC growth, increases intratumoral CD8 + effector T cells, decreases myeloid infiltration, and reprograms cancer associated fibroblasts. Autochthonous genetic mouse models treated with MRTX1133 leads to regression of both established PanINs and advanced PDAC. Regression of advanced PDAC requires CD8 + T cells and immune checkpoint blockade therapy (iCBT) synergizes with MRTX1133 to eradicate PDAC and prolong overall survival. Mechanistically, inhibition of mutant Kras in advanced PDAC and human patient derived organoids (PDOs) induces Fas expression in cancer cells and facilitates CD8 + T cell mediated death. These results demonstrate the efficacy of MRTX1133 in different mouse models of PDAC associated with reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts and a dependency on CD8 + T cell mediated tumor clearance. Collectively, this study provides a rationale for a synergistic combination of MRTX1133 with iCBT in clinical trials.
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11
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Haltom AR, Hassen WE, Hensel J, Kim J, Sugimoto H, Li B, McAndrews KM, Conner MR, Kirtley ML, Luo X, Xie B, Volpert OV, Olalekan S, Maltsev N, Basu A, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Engineered exosomes targeting MYC reverse the proneural-mesenchymal transition and extend survival of glioblastoma. Extracell Vesicle 2022; 1:100014. [PMID: 37503329 PMCID: PMC10373511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2022.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated Myc signaling is a key oncogenic pathway in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Yet, effective therapeutic targeting of Myc continues to be challenging. Here, we demonstrate that exosomes generated from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered to encapsulate siRNAs targeting Myc (iExo-Myc) localize to orthotopic GBM tumors in mice. Treatment of late stage GBM tumors with iExo-Myc inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis, suppresses tumor growth, and extends survival. Transcriptional profiling of tumors reveals that the mesenchymal transition and estrogen receptor signaling pathways are impacted by Myc inhibition. Single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) shows that iExo-Myc treatment induces transcriptional repression of multiple growth factor and interleukin signaling pathways, triggering a mesenchymal to proneural transition and shifting the cellular landscape of the tumor. These data confirm that Myc is an effective anti-glioma target and that iExo-Myc offers a feasible, readily translational strategy to inhibit challenging oncogene targets for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Haltom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wafa E. Hassen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Janine Hensel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jiha Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Meagan R. Conner
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michelle L. Kirtley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Olga V. Volpert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Susan Olalekan
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalia Maltsev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anindita Basu
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Feinberg School of Medicine & Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- James P. Allison Institute at MD Anderson, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
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12
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Lyu Y, Guan Y, Deliu L, Humphrey E, Frontera JK, Yang YJ, Zamler D, Kim KH, Mohanty V, Jin K, Mohanty V, Liu V, Dou J, Veillon LJ, Kumar SV, Lorenzi PL, Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Grivennikov S, Song X, Zhang J, Xi Y, Wang J, Chen K, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. KLF5 governs sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function of the skin. Genes Dev 2022; 36:gad.349662.122. [PMID: 36008138 PMCID: PMC9480852 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349662.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are fundamental units of tissue remodeling whose functions are dictated by lineage-specific transcription factors. Home to epidermal stem cells and their upward-stratifying progenies, skin relies on its secretory functions to form the outermost protective barrier, of which a transcriptional orchestrator has been elusive. KLF5 is a Krüppel-like transcription factor broadly involved in development and regeneration whose lineage specificity, if any, remains unclear. Here we report KLF5 specifically marks the epidermis, and its deletion leads to skin barrier dysfunction in vivo. Lipid envelopes and secretory lamellar bodies are defective in KLF5-deficient skin, accompanied by preferential loss of complex sphingolipids. KLF5 binds to and transcriptionally regulates genes encoding rate-limiting sphingolipid metabolism enzymes. Remarkably, skin barrier defects elicited by KLF5 ablation can be rescued by dietary interventions. Finally, we found that KLF5 is widely suppressed in human diseases with disrupted epidermal secretion, and its regulation of sphingolipid metabolism is conserved in human skin. Altogether, we established KLF5 as a disease-relevant transcription factor governing sphingolipid metabolism and barrier function in the skin, likely representing a long-sought secretory lineage-defining factor across tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lyu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Deliu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ericka Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joanna K Frontera
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Youn Joo Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kun Hee Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Virginia Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jinzhuang Dou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lucas J Veillon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha V Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sergei Grivennikov
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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13
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Chen Y, Yang S, Tavormina J, Tampe D, Zeisberg M, Wang H, Mahadevan KK, Wu CJ, Sugimoto H, Chang CC, Jenq RR, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Oncogenic collagen I homotrimers from cancer cells bind to α3β1 integrin and impact tumor microbiome and immunity to promote pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:818-834.e9. [PMID: 35868307 PMCID: PMC9831277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to normal type I collagen (Col1) heterotrimer (α1/α2/α1) produced by fibroblasts, pancreatic cancer cells specifically produce unique Col1 homotrimer (α1/α1/α1). Col1 homotrimer results from epigenetic suppression of the Col1a2 gene and promotes oncogenic signaling, cancer cell proliferation, tumor organoid formation, and growth via α3β1 integrin on cancer cells, associated with tumor microbiome enriched in anaerobic Bacteroidales in hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumors. Deletion of Col1 homotrimers increases overall survival of mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), associated with reprograming of the tumor microbiome with increased microaerophilic Campylobacterales, which can be reversed with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Deletion of Col1 homotrimers enhances T cell infiltration and enables efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. This study identifies the functional impact of Col1 homotrimers on tumor microbiome and tumor immunity, implicating Col1 homotrimer-α3β1 integrin signaling axis as a cancer-specific therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jena Tavormina
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Desiree Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krishnan K Mahadevan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chang-Jiun Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; James P. Allison Institute, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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McAndrews KM, Chen Y, Darpolor JK, Zheng X, Yang S, Carstens JL, Li B, Wang H, Miyake T, de Sampaio PC, Kirtley ML, Natale M, Wu CC, Sugimoto H, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Identification of Functional Heterogeneity of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts with Distinct IL6-Mediated Therapy Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1580-1597. [PMID: 35348629 PMCID: PMC9399904 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) involves a significant accumulation of fibroblasts as part of the host response to cancer. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, multiplex immunostaining, and several genetic mouse models, we identify carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) with opposing functions in PDAC progression. Depletion of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)+ CAFs results in increased survival, in contrast to depletion of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ CAFs, which leads to decreased survival. Tumor-promoting FAP+ CAFs (TP-CAF) and tumor-restraining αSMA+ CAFs (TR-CAF) differentially regulate cancer-associated pathways and accumulation of regulatory T cells. Improved efficacy of gemcitabine is observed when IL6 is deleted from αSMA+ CAFs but not from FAP+ CAFs using dual-recombinase genetic PDAC models. Improved gemcitabine efficacy due to lack of IL6 synergizes with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy to significantly improve survival of PDAC mice. Our study identifies functional heterogeneity of CAFs in PDAC progression and their different roles in therapy response. SIGNIFICANCE PDAC is associated with accumulation of dense stroma consisting of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix that regulate tumor progression. Here, we identify two distinct populations of fibroblasts with opposing roles in the progression and immune landscape of PDAC. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts are functionally diverse with therapeutic implications. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J. Kebbeh Darpolor
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julienne L. Carstens
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Toru Miyake
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pedro Correa de Sampaio
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L. Kirtley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariangela Natale
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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McAndrews KM, Miyake T, Ehsanipour EA, Kelly PJ, Becker LM, McGrail DJ, Sugimoto H, LeBleu VS, Ge Y, Kalluri R. Dermal αSMA + myofibroblasts orchestrate skin wound repair via β1 integrin and independent of type I collagen production. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109470. [PMID: 35212000 PMCID: PMC8982612 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound repair is essential for organismal survival and failure of which leads to non-healing wounds, a leading health issue worldwide. However, mechanistic understanding of chronic wounds remains a major challenge due to lack of appropriate genetic mouse models. αSMA+ myofibroblasts, a unique class of dermal fibroblasts, are associated with cutaneous wound healing but their precise function remains unknown. We demonstrate that genetic depletion of αSMA+ myofibroblasts leads to pleiotropic wound healing defects, including lack of reepithelialization and granulation, dampened angiogenesis, and heightened hypoxia, hallmarks of chronic non-healing wounds. Other wound-associated FAP+ and FSP1+ fibroblasts do not exhibit such dominant functions. While type I collagen (COL1) expressing cells play a role in the repair process, COL1 produced by αSMA+ myofibroblasts is surprisingly dispensable for wound repair. In contrast, we show that β1 integrin from αSMA+ myofibroblasts, but not TGFβRII, is essential for wound healing, facilitating contractility, reepithelization, and vascularization. Collectively, our study provides evidence for the functions of myofibroblasts in β1 integrin-mediated wound repair with potential implications for treating chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Toru Miyake
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ehsan A Ehsanipour
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patience J Kelly
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Lisa M Becker
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA,Kellogg School of ManagementNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA,Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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16
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Surana R, LeBleu VS, Lee JJ, Smaglo BG, Zhao D, Lee MS, Wolff RA, Overman MJ, Mendt MC, McAndrews KM, Yang S, Rezvani K, Kalluri R, Maitra A, Shpall EJ, Pant S. Phase I study of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes with KRAS G12D siRNA in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer harboring a KRAS G12D mutation. J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.tps633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS633 Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with few effective therapeutic options. Over 90% of patients with PDAC harbor activating mutations in KRAS, a known oncogenic driver of tumor growth, cancer cell survival and metastasis thus making for an attractive therapeutic target. However, targeting the most common KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer (KRASG12D and KRASG12V) remains a pharmacological challenge. Exosomes are extracellular nano-vesicles that are efficiently internalized by target cells and are under investigation as a drug-delivery vehicle for various therapeutic payloads, including nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA (siRNA). Previously published pre-clinical data demonstrate effective delivery of exosomes loaded with siRNA targeting KRASG12D leading to tumor control in various murine models of PDAC. Methods: This is a single arm, single institution, phase I trial evaluating treatment with KRASG12D-siRNA loaded exosomes. Large-scale production of KRASG12D-siRNA loaded exosomes from mesenchymal stromal cells will be performed at the MD Anderson Cancer Center using pre-specified GMP-compliant protocols. The primary endpoints of this study are to determine a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of KRASG12D-loaded exosomes and to identify dose-limiting toxicities (DLT). Key secondary endpoints include the pharmacokinetics of circulating exosomes, overall response rate, disease control rate (defined as partial responses and patients with stable disease), median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS). Key inclusion criteria include histologically confirmed metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, documented progression on one or more lines of systemic therapy, and documented presence of a KRASG12D mutation. Selected correlative studies include measurement of circulating siRNA and KRASG12D DNA using PCR. This trial will enroll up to 28 patients and will follow a 3+3 design for dose escalation. This trial is actively accruing and has enrolled six patients at the time of submission. Clinical trial information: NCT03608631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Surana
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brandon George Smaglo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Michael Sangmin Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Robert A. Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Mayela C. Mendt
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Katy Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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17
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El-Shennawy L, Hoffmann AD, Dashzeveg NK, McAndrews KM, Mehl PJ, Cornish D, Yu Z, Tokars VL, Nicolaescu V, Tomatsidou A, Mao C, Felicelli CJ, Tsai CF, Ostiguin C, Jia Y, Li L, Furlong K, Wysocki J, Luo X, Ruivo CF, Batlle D, Hope TJ, Shen Y, Chae YK, Zhang H, LeBleu VS, Shi T, Swaminathan S, Luo Y, Missiakas D, Randall GC, Demonbreun AR, Ison MG, Kalluri R, Fang D, Liu H. Circulating ACE2-expressing extracellular vesicles block broad strains of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:405. [PMID: 35058437 PMCID: PMC8776790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the pandemic of the coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) with evolving variants of concern. It remains urgent to identify novel approaches against broad strains of SARS-CoV-2, which infect host cells via the entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Herein, we report an increase in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) that express ACE2 (evACE2) in plasma of COVID-19 patients, which levels are associated with severe pathogenesis. Importantly, evACE2 isolated from human plasma or cells neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 infection by competing with cellular ACE2. Compared to vesicle-free recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2), evACE2 shows a 135-fold higher potency in blocking the binding of the viral spike protein RBD, and a 60- to 80-fold higher efficacy in preventing infections by both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2. Consistently, evACE2 protects the hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury and mortality. Furthermore, evACE2 inhibits the infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants (α, β, and δ) with equal or higher potency than for the wildtype strain, supporting a broad-spectrum antiviral mechanism of evACE2 for therapeutic development to block the infection of existing and future coronaviruses that use the ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa El-Shennawy
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Andrew D. Hoffmann
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Nurmaa Khund Dashzeveg
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Paul J. Mehl
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Daphne Cornish
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Zihao Yu
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Valerie L. Tokars
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- The University of Chicago Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory and Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Anastasia Tomatsidou
- The University of Chicago Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory and Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Chengsheng Mao
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Christopher J. Felicelli
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- grid.451303.00000 0001 2218 3491Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
| | - Carolina Ostiguin
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Lin Li
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Kevin Furlong
- The University of Chicago Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory and Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jan Wysocki
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Xin Luo
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Carolina F. Ruivo
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Yang Shen
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Young Kwang Chae
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- grid.451303.00000 0001 2218 3491Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
| | - Suchitra Swaminathan
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- The University of Chicago Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory and Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Glenn C. Randall
- The University of Chicago Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory and Department of Microbiology, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Alexis R. Demonbreun
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Michael G. Ison
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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18
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Chen Y, Yang S, Lovisa S, Ambrose CG, McAndrews KM, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R. Type-I collagen produced by distinct fibroblast lineages reveals specific function during embryogenesis and Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7199. [PMID: 34893625 PMCID: PMC8664945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen (Col1) is the most abundant protein in mammals. Col1 contributes to 90% of the total organic component of bone matrix. However, the precise cellular origin and functional contribution of Col1 in embryogenesis and bone formation remain unknown. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identifies Fap+ cells and Fsp1+ cells as the major contributors of Col1 in the bone. We generate transgenic mouse models to genetically delete Col1 in various cell lineages. Complete, whole-body Col1 deletion leads to failed gastrulation and early embryonic lethality. Specific Col1 deletion in Fap+ cells causes severe skeletal defects, with hemorrhage, edema, and prenatal lethality. Specific Col1 deletion in Fsp1+ cells results in Osteogenesis Imperfecta-like phenotypes in adult mice, with spontaneous fractures and compromised bone healing. This study demonstrates specific contributions of mesenchymal cell lineages to Col1 production in organogenesis, skeletal development, and bone formation/repair, with potential insights into cell-based therapy for patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Sara Lovisa
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Catherine G. Ambrose
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in primary and metastatic tumours are highly versatile, plastic and resilient cells that are actively involved in cancer progression through complex interactions with other cell types in the tumour microenvironment. As well as generating extracellular matrix components that contribute to the structure and function of the tumour stroma, CAFs undergo epigenetic changes to produce secreted factors, exosomes and metabolites that influence tumour angiogenesis, immunology and metabolism. Because of their putative pro-oncogenic functions, CAFs have long been considered an attractive therapeutic target; however, clinical trials of treatment strategies targeting CAFs have mostly ended in failure and, in some cases, accelerated cancer progression and resulted in inferior survival outcomes. Importantly, CAFs are heterogeneous cells and their characteristics and interactions with other cell types might change dynamically as cancers evolve. Studies involving single-cell RNA sequencing and novel mouse models have increased our understanding of CAF diversity, although the context-dependent roles of different CAF populations and their interchangeable plasticity remain largely unknown. Comprehensive characterization of the tumour-promoting and tumour-restraining activities of CAF subtypes, including how these complex bimodal functions evolve and are subjugated by neoplastic cells during cancer progression, might facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this Review, the clinical relevance of CAFs is summarized with an emphasis on their value as prognosis factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Zhou X, Kurywchak P, Wolf-Dennen K, Che SP, Sulakhe D, D’Souza M, Xie B, Maltsev N, Gilliam TC, Wu CC, McAndrews KM, LeBleu VS, McConkey DJ, Volpert OV, Pretzsch SM, Czerniak BA, Dinney CP, Kalluri R. Unique somatic variants in DNA from urine exosomes of individuals with bladder cancer. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:360-376. [PMID: 34514028 PMCID: PMC8408559 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), a heterogeneous disease characterized by high recurrence rates, is diagnosed and monitored by cystoscopy. Accurate clinical staging based on biopsy remains a challenge, and additional, objective diagnostic tools are needed urgently. We used exosomal DNA (exoDNA) as an analyte to examine cancer-associated mutations and compared the diagnostic utility of exoDNA from urine and serum of individuals with BC. In contrast to urine exosomes from healthy individuals, urine exosomes from individuals with BC contained significant amounts of DNA. Whole-exome sequencing of DNA from matched urine and serum exosomes, bladder tumors, and normal tissue (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) identified exonic and 3' UTR variants in frequently mutated genes in BC, detectable in urine exoDNA and matched tumor samples. Further analyses identified somatic variants in driver genes, unique to urine exoDNA, possibly because of the inherent intra-tumoral heterogeneity of BC, which is not fully represented in random small biopsies. Multiple variants were also found in untranslated portions of the genome, such as microRNA (miRNA)-binding regions of the KRAS gene. Gene network analyses revealed that exoDNA is associated with cancer, inflammation, and immunity in BC exosomes. Our findings show utility of exoDNA as an objective, non-invasive strategy to identify novel biomarkers and targets for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Kurywchak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kerri Wolf-Dennen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara P.Y. Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natalia Maltsev
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Conrad Gilliam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga V. Volpert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanna M. Pretzsch
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Colin P. Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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McAndrews KM, Xiao F, Chronopoulos A, LeBleu VS, Kugeratski FG, Kalluri R. Exosome-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for targeting of oncogenic Kras G12D in pancreatic cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/9/e202000875. [PMID: 34282051 PMCID: PMC8321670 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work identifies the use of exosomes to specifically deliver CRISPR/Cas9 to target oncogenic KrasG12D mutation in pancreatic cancer as a nonviral therapeutic strategy. CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising technology for gene editing. To date, intracellular delivery vehicles for CRISPR/Cas9 are limited by issues of immunogenicity, restricted packaging capacity, and low tolerance. Here, we report an alternative, nonviral delivery system for CRISPR/Cas9 based on engineered exosomes. We show that non-autologous exosomes can encapsulate CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid DNA via commonly available transfection reagents and can be delivered to recipient cancer cells to induce targeted gene deletion. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that exosomes loaded with CRISPR/Cas9 can target the mutant KrasG12D oncogenic allele in pancreatic cancer cells to suppress proliferation and inhibit tumor growth in syngeneic subcutaneous and orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. Exosomes may thus be a promising delivery platform for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonios Chronopoulos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernanda G Kugeratski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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McAndrews KM, Vázquez-Arreguín K, Kwak C, Sugimoto H, Zheng X, Li B, Kirtley ML, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. αSMA + fibroblasts suppress Lgr5 + cancer stem cells and restrain colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene 2021; 40:4440-4452. [PMID: 34108617 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development and progression of solid tumors is dependent on cancer cell autonomous drivers and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the TME possess both tumor-promoting and tumor-restraining functions. In the current study, we interrogated the role of αSMA+ CAFs in a genetic mouse model of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Selective depletion of αSMA+ CAFs resulted in increased tumor invasiveness, lymph node metastasis, and reduced overall survival. Depletion of αSMA+ CAFs reduced BMP4 and increased TGFβ1 secretion from stromal cells, and was associated with increased Lgr5+ cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and the generation of an immunosuppressive TME with increased frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and suppression of CD8+ T cells. This study demonstrates that αSMA+ CAFs in CRC exert tumor-restraining functions via BMP4/TGFβ1 paracrine signaling that serves to suppress Lgr5+ CSCs and promote anti-tumor immunity, ultimately limiting CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karina Vázquez-Arreguín
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changsoo Kwak
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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23
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Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R. Quantitative proteomics identifies the core proteome of exosomes with syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a putative universal biomarker. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:631-641. [PMID: 34108659 PMCID: PMC9290189 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal compartment that are potentially involved in intercellular communication. Here, we found that frequently used biomarkers of exosomes are heterogeneous, and do not exhibit universal utility across different cell types. To uncover ubiquitous and abundant proteins, we used an unbiased and quantitative proteomic approach based on super-stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (super-SILAC), coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. In total, 1,212 proteins were quantified in the proteome of exosomes, irrespective of the cellular source or isolation method. A cohort of 22 proteins was universally enriched. Fifteen proteins were consistently depleted in the proteome of exosomes compared to cells. Among the enriched proteins, we identified biogenesis-related proteins, GTPases and membrane proteins, such as CD47 and ITGB1. The cohort of depleted proteins in exosomes was predominantly composed of nuclear proteins. We identified syntenin-1 as a consistently abundant protein in exosomes from different cellular origins. Syntenin-1 is also present in exosomes across different species and biofluids, highlighting its potential use as a putative universal biomarker of exosomes. Our study provides a comprehensive quantitative atlas of core proteins ubiquitous to exosomes that can serve as a resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Kugeratski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Hodge
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xunian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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24
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Tang M, Chen Y, Li B, Sugimoto H, Yang S, Yang C, LeBleu VS, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Therapeutic targeting of STAT3 with small interference RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides embedded exosomes in liver fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21557. [PMID: 33855751 PMCID: PMC10851328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002777rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response that results in excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in response to chronic hepatic injury. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important transcription factor associated with the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Though a promising potential therapeutic target, there are no specific drug candidates for STAT3. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles generated by all cell types with a capacity to efficiently enter cells across different biological barriers. Here, we utilize exosomes as delivery conduit to specifically target STAT3 in liver fibrosis. Exosomes derived from clinical grade fibroblast-like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were engineered to carry siRNA or antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting STAT3 (iExosiRNA-STAT3 or iExomASO-STAT3 ). Compared to scrambled siRNA control, siRNA-STAT3, or ASO-STAT3, iExosiRNA-STAT3 or iExomASO-STAT3 showed enhanced STAT3 targeting efficiency. iExosiRNA-STAT3 or iExomASO-STAT3 treatments suppressed STAT3 levels and ECM deposition in established liver fibrosis in mice, and significantly improved liver function. iExomASO-Stat3 restored liver function more efficiently when compared to iExosiRNA-STAT3 . Our results identify a novel anti-fibrotic approach for direct targeting of STAT3 with exosomes with immediate translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Changqing Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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25
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Carstens JL, Yang S, Correa de Sampaio P, Zheng X, Barua S, McAndrews KM, Rao A, Burks JK, Rhim AD, Kalluri R. Stabilized epithelial phenotype of cancer cells in primary tumors leads to increased colonization of liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108990. [PMID: 33852841 PMCID: PMC8078733 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is therapeutically recalcitrant and metastatic. Partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with metastasis; however, a causal connection needs further unraveling. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic mouse models to identify the functional roles of partial EMT and epithelial stabilization in PDAC growth and metastasis. A global EMT expression signature identifies ∼50 cancer cell clusters spanning the epithelial-mesenchymal continuum in both human and murine PDACs. The combined genetic suppression of Snail and Twist results in PDAC epithelial stabilization and increased liver metastasis. Genetic deletion of Zeb1 in PDAC cells also leads to liver metastasis associated with cancer cell epithelial stabilization. We demonstrate that epithelial stabilization leads to the enhanced collective migration of cancer cells and modulation of the immune microenvironment, which likely contribute to efficient liver colonization. Our study provides insights into the diverse mechanisms of metastasis in pancreatic cancer and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne L Carstens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Pedro Correa de Sampaio
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Souptik Barua
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Andrew D Rhim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key players of intercellular communication in the physiological and pathological setting. In cancer, EVs mediate complex signaling mechanisms between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and can influence tumor progression and the response to existing therapies. Importantly, EVs can be loaded with therapeutic agents and modified to display tumor-targeting molecules. In the field of nanomedicine, EVs have been engineered to serve as therapeutic delivery vehicles for several anticancer agents, including antibodies, chemotherapy, compounds, CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated endonuclease 9), and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Notably, the engineered EVs were shown to suppress malignant features of cancer cells, to elicit antitumor immunity, and to decrease tumor angiogenesis. Here, we review the EV-based therapies designed to target cancer cells and to educate components of the TME to drive antitumor responses. These studies illustrate the multifunctional applications of EVs in the development of anticancer therapies and their translational potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Kugeratski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Correspondence: Raghu Kalluri, MD, PhD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Rd, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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27
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Zhou X, Xiao F, Sugimoto H, Li B, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Acute Kidney Injury Instigates Malignant Renal Cell Carcinoma via CXCR2 in Mice with Inactivated Trp53 and Pten in Proximal Tubular Kidney Epithelial Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2690-2702. [PMID: 33558337 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common urologic malignancies with the highest mortality rates worldwide. However, relevant mouse models that recapitulated the genetic alterations found in RCC have been lacking. In this study, we crossed Trp53 and Pten conditional knockout mice with Ggt1-Cre mice to generate a Ggt1-Cre; Trp53LoxP/LoxP ; PtenLoxP/LoxP ; YFPLoxP/LoxP (GPPY) mouse model, which resulted in the formation of dysplastic lesions involving kidney tubular epithelial cells (TEC), with only approximately 25% of mice developing RCC at an advanced age. Combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Vhl knockout in these mice increased the frequency of dysplasia, but failed to increase the incidence of RCC. Assessments of whether ischemic injury of TECs in the GPPY kidney without Vhl knockout influences the emergence of RCC revealed that advanced RCC predominantly emerged in the contralateral, noninjured kidney with 100% penetrance at a younger age, but rarely in the injured kidney due to severely damaged ischemic TEC. Injured TEC released CXCL1 into the microenvironment that traveled systemically to activate fibroblasts and recruit neutrophils to enable emergence of RCC in the contralateral kidney. Fibroblasts responded to CXCL1 via CXCR2 and recruited tumor-associated neutrophils, which in turn mediated tumor-promoting inflammation and angiogenesis. Treatment with anti-CXCR2 antibodies abolished the emergence of malignant RCC. Collectively, these results demonstrate a defining functional role of systemic inflammation and microenvironment in the emergence of malignant cancer from preestablished dysplastic precursor lesions. SIGNIFICANCE: These results identify a role for CXCL1/CXCR2 and the tumor microenvironment in the development of RCC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/10/2690/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Kusmartsev, p. 2584.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bingrui Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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28
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Abstract
Cells within the tumor microenvironment can influence tumor progression; however, genetic alterations in stromal cell populations remain largely unexplored. In this issue, Zhou et al. combine multiomics single-cell sequencing and identify prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancer stromal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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McAndrews KM, Dowlatshahi DP, Dai J, Becker LM, Hensel J, Snowden LM, Leveille JM, Brunner MR, Holden KW, Hopkins NS, Harris AM, Kumpati J, Whitt MA, Lee JJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner LL, Papanna R, LeBleu VS, Allison JP, Kalluri R. Heterogeneous antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid with implications for COVID-19 immunity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:142386. [PMID: 32796155 PMCID: PMC7526535 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of potential immunity against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged in 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for health, as well as social and economic recovery. Generation of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 (seroconversion) may inform on acquired immunity from prior exposure, and antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) are speculated to neutralize virus infection. Some serology assays rely solely on SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) as the antibody detection antigen; however, whether such immune responses correlate with S-RBD response and COVID-19 immunity remains unknown. Here, we generated a quantitative serological ELISA using recombinant S-RBD and N-protein for the detection of circulating antibodies in 138 serial serum samples from 30 reverse transcription PCR–confirmed, SARS-CoV-2–hospitalized patients, as well as 464 healthy and non–COVID-19 serum samples that were collected between June 2017 and June 2020. Quantitative detection of IgG antibodies against the 2 different viral proteins showed a moderate correlation. Antibodies against N-protein were detected at a rate of 3.6% in healthy and non–COVID-19 sera collected during the pandemic in 2020, whereas 1.9% of these sera were positive for S-RBD. Approximately 86% of individuals positive for S-RBD–binding antibodies exhibited neutralizing capacity, but only 74% of N-protein–positive individuals exhibited neutralizing capacity. Collectively, our studies show that detection of N-protein–binding antibodies does not always correlate with presence of S-RBD–neutralizing antibodies and caution against the extensive use of N-protein–based serology testing for determination of potential COVID-19 immunity. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein binding antibodies does not always correlate with the presence of spike protein receptor binding domain neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dara P Dowlatshahi
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianli Dai
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa M Becker
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janine Hensel
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura M Snowden
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer M Leveille
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael R Brunner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kylie W Holden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nikolas S Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexandria M Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jerusha Kumpati
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael A Whitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ramesha Papanna
- The Fetal Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Abstract
Prominent accumulation of mesenchymal cells within tumors has long been appreciated, and recent studies suggest molecular and functional diversity of stromal components. In this issue, Wu et al (2020) employed single-cell RNA sequencing of primary human breast tumors and identified new subsets of stromal mesenchymal cells with distinct transcriptional profiles, tissue localization, and associative immune microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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McGrail DJ, Dai J, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Enacting national social distancing policies corresponds with dramatic reduction in COVID19 infection rates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236619. [PMID: 32730356 PMCID: PMC7392246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak the SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) virus has resulted in over 6.5 million cases of COVID19, greatly stressing global healthcare infrastructure. Lacking medical prophylactic measures to combat disease spread, many nations have adopted social distancing policies in order to mitigate transmission of CoV-2. While mathematical models have suggested the efficacy of social distancing to curb the spread of CoV-2, there is a lack of systematic studies to quantify the real-world efficacy of these approaches. Here, we first demonstrate that implementation of social distancing policies in US states corresponded with a reduction in COVID19 spread rates, and that the reduction in spread rate is proportional to the average change in mobility. We validate this observation on a worldwide scale by analyzing COVID19 spread rate in 134 nations with varying social distancing policies. Globally, we find that social distancing policies significantly reduced the COVID19 spread rate, with resulting in an estimated 65% reduction (95% CI = 39-80%) in new COVID19 cases over a two week time period. These data suggest that social distancing policies may be a powerful tool to prevent spread of COVID19 in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. McGrail
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jianli Dai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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32
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Becker LM, O'Connell JT, Vo AP, Cain MP, Tampe D, Bizarro L, Sugimoto H, McGow AK, Asara JM, Lovisa S, McAndrews KM, Zielinski R, Lorenzi PL, Zeisberg M, Raza S, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Epigenetic Reprogramming of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Deregulates Glucose Metabolism and Facilitates Progression of Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107701. [PMID: 32492417 PMCID: PMC7339325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic contributions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in breast cancer progression remain to be fully understood. While altered glucose metabolism in CAFs could fuel cancer cells, how such metabolic reprogramming emerges and is sustained needs further investigation. Studying fibroblasts isolated from patients with benign breast tissues and breast cancer, in conjunction with multiple animal models, we demonstrate that CAFs exhibit a metabolic shift toward lactate and pyruvate production and fuel biosynthetic pathways of cancer cells. The depletion or suppression of the lactate production of CAFs alter the tumor metabolic profile and impede tumor growth. The glycolytic phenotype of the CAFs is in part sustained through epigenetic reprogramming of HIF-1α and glycolytic enzymes. Hypoxia induces epigenetic reprogramming of normal fibroblasts, resulting in a pro-glycolytic, CAF-like transcriptome. Our findings suggest that the glucose metabolism of CAFs evolves during tumor progression, and their breast cancer-promoting phenotype is partly mediated by oxygen-dependent epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Becker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Joyce T O'Connell
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annie P Vo
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Margo P Cain
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Desiree Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Lauren Bizarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna K McGow
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rafal Zielinski
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Sughra Raza
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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33
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Darpolor JK, Zheng X, Yang S, McAndrews KM, Carstens JL, Phillips PE, Sugimoto H, De Sampaio PC, Wu CC, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Abstract A108: Identification of distinct fibroblast populations with unique roles in PDAC progression and tumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm19-a108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) involves a significant accumulation of immune cells and fibroblasts. Although carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been associated with immune suppression and immunotherapy resistance in PDAC mouse models, some studies have shown immune-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles of CAFs. The functional diversity of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) remains largely unknown, and identification of immune-regulating subsets would have a substantial impact in augmentation of immunotherapy efficacy. Employing histology, FACs, multiplex immunohistochemistry, single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-seq), and genetically engineered mouse models, we demonstrate that SMA+ cells are a dominant CAF population in PDAC with tumor-restraining properties (TS-CAFs), as opposed those of the FAP+ CAFs, which demonstrate tumor-promoting activity (TP-CAFs). Analysis of bulk tumor depleted of either TS-CAFs or TP-CAFs showed that TS-CAFs predominantly modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) production, facilitate cell-ECM adhesion, and regulate adaptive immunity, while TP-CAFs exhibit a lineage that is skewed towards a proinflammatory, chemokine-secreting phenotype. Further, scRNA-Seq analyses demonstrate that CAFs share distinct gene expression profiles characteristic of lymphocytic and myeloid lineages. Together our data distinguish two populations of CAFs, one that is tumor suppressing with roles in ECM remodeling and another that is tumor promoting with roles in cytokine production, both with immune-modulating capabilities. Collectively, our study identifies a complex network of functionally heterogeneous fibroblasts during PDAC progression with significant immunotherapeutic implication.
Citation Format: J. Kebbeh Darpolor, Xiaofeng Zheng, Sujuan Yang, Kathleen M. McAndrews, Julienne L. Carstens, Patricia E. Phillips, Hikaru Sugimoto, Pedro Correa De Sampaio, Chia-Chin Wu, Valerie S. LeBleu, Raghu Kalluri. Identification of distinct fibroblast populations with unique roles in PDAC progression and tumor immunity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A108.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sujuan Yang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chia-Chin Wu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Raghu Kalluri
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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34
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Abstract
The NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, and DNA repair and acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Latifkar et al. show that SIRT1 controls lysosomal acidification and its loss enhances the secretion of pro-tumorigenic exosomes for breast cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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35
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McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Nischarin Regulates Secretion of Exosomes and Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2099-2101. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Intercellular communication between cellular compartments within the tumor and at distant sites is critical for the development and progression of cancer. Exosomes have emerged as potential regulators of intracellular communication in cancer. Exosomes are nanovesicles released by cells that contain biomolecules and are exchanged between cells. Exchange of exosomes between cells has been implicated in a number of processes critical for tumor progression and consequently altering exosome release is an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we review current understanding as well as gaps in knowledge regarding regulators of exosome release in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1906, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1906, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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37
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Mendt M, Kamerkar S, Sugimoto H, McAndrews KM, Wu CC, Gagea M, Yang S, Blanko EVR, Peng Q, Ma X, Marszalek JR, Maitra A, Yee C, Rezvani K, Shpall E, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. Generation and testing of clinical-grade exosomes for pancreatic cancer. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99263. [PMID: 29669940 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by all cells with a remarkable ability to efficiently transfer genetic material, including exogenously loaded siRNA, to cancer cells. Here, we report on a bioreactor-based, large-scale production of clinical-grade exosomes employing good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards. A standard operating procedure was established to generate engineered exosomes with the ability to target oncogenic Kras (iExosomes). The clinical-grade GMP iExosomes were tested in multiple in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm suppression of oncogenic Kras and an increase in the survival of several mouse models with pancreatic cancer. We perform studies to determine the shelf life, biodistribution, toxicology profile, and efficacy in combination with chemotherapy to inform future clinical testing of GMP iExosomes. Collectively, this report illustrates the process and feasibility of generating clinical-grade exosomes for various therapies of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayela Mendt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sujuan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center
| | | | - Qian Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials and Institute for Applied Cancer Science
| | | | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, Ahmad Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, and
| | - Cassian Yee
- Departments of Medical Melanoma and Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center
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38
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McGrail DJ, McAndrews KM, Brandenburg CP, Ravikumar N, Kieu QMN, Dawson MR. Osmotic Regulation Is Required for Cancer Cell Survival under Solid Stress. Biophys J 2016; 109:1334-7. [PMID: 26445434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For a solid tumor to grow, it must be able to support the compressive stress that is generated as it presses against the surrounding tissue. Although the literature suggests a role for the cytoskeleton in counteracting these stresses, there has been no systematic evaluation of which filaments are responsible or to what degree. Here, using a three-dimensional spheroid model, we show that cytoskeletal filaments do not actively support compressive loads in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. However, modulation of tonicity can induce alterations in spheroid size. We find that under compression, tumor cells actively efflux sodium to decrease their intracellular tonicity, and that this is reversible by blockade of sodium channel NHE1. Moreover, although polymerized actin does not actively support the compressive load, it is required for sodium efflux. Compression-induced cell death is increased by both sodium blockade and actin depolymerization, whereas increased actin polymerization offers protective effects and increases sodium efflux. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cancer cells modulate their tonicity to survive under compressive solid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McGrail
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nithin Ravikumar
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Quang Minh N Kieu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
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McAndrews KM, Kim MJ, Lam TY, McGrail DJ, Dawson MR. Architectural and mechanical cues direct mesenchymal stem cell interactions with crosslinked gelatin scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3252-60. [PMID: 24873687 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived biomaterials have emerged as modulators of cell function and tissue substitutes. Here, we developed crosslinked glutaraldehyde (GTA) scaffolds for the expansion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The mechanical and architectural properties of the scaffolds were altered by varying the concentration of gelatin and GTA. Higher GTA concentrations were associated with an increase in more confined pores and osteogenic differentiation. In addition, myogenic potential varied with crosslinking degree, although bulk mechanical properties were unaltered. Correlation analysis revealed that ALP activity of differentiated MSCs on higher gelatin concentration scaffolds was dependent on traditional effectors, including environment elasticity and spread area. In contrast, the differentiation capacity of cells cultured on lower gelatin concentration scaffolds did not correlate with these factors, instead it was dependent on the hydrated pore structure. These results suggest that scaffold composition can determine what factors direct differentiation and may have critical implications for biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- 1 School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to promote tumor growth and metastasis; however their differential accumulation in invasive and noninvasive tumors is not fully understood. We hypothesized that differences in cell adhesion may contribute to this phenomenon. To test this, we analyzed the adhesion of CAF-precursor fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells to invasive and noninvasive cancers originating from the the breast, ovaries, and prostate. In all cases, stromal cells preferentially adhered to more invasive cancer cells. Modulating integrin and cadherin binding affinities with calcium chelation revealed that adhesion was independent of integrin activity but required cadherin function. Invasive cancer cells had increased expression of mesenchymal markers cadherin 2 and 11 that localized with stromal cell cadherin 11, suggesting that these molecules are involved in stromal cell engraftment. Blockade of cadherin 11 on stromal cells inhibited adhesion and may serve as a target for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. McAndrews
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jaeyoon Yi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daniel J. McGrail
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michelle R. Dawson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The Petit Institute for Bioengineering
and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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McAndrews KM, McGrail DJ, Quach ND, Dawson MR. Spatially coordinated changes in intracellular rheology and extracellular force exertion during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Phys Biol 2014; 11:056004. [PMID: 25156989 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/5/056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties within the cell are regulated by the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is linked to the extracellular environment through focal adhesion proteins that transmit force. Chemical and mechanical stimuli alter the organization of cytoskeletal actin, which results in changes in cell shape, adhesion, and differentiation. By combining particle-tracking microrheology and traction force cytometry, we can monitor the mechanical properties of the actin meshwork and determine how changes in the intracellular network contribute to force generation. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemical (differentiation factors) and mechanical (substrate rigidity) stimuli important in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation on the intracellular mechanics and traction stress generation. We found the presence of adipogenic factors resulted in stiffening of the actin meshwork regardless of substrate rigidity. In contrast, these factors increased traction stresses on hard substrates, which was associated with increased expression of contractility genes. Furthermore, MSCs cultured on hard substrates expressed both adipogenic and osteogenic markers indicative of mixed differentiation. On hard substrates, heterogeneity in the local elastic modulus-traction stress correlation was also increased in response to adipogenic factors, indicating that these mechanical properties may be reflective of differences in the level of MSC differentiation. These results suggest intracellular rheology and traction stress generation are spatially regulated and contribute insight into how single cell mechanical forces contribute to MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Don-Salu-Hewage AS, Chan SY, McAndrews KM, Chetram MA, Dawson MR, Bethea DA, Hinton CV. Cysteine (C)-x-C receptor 4 undergoes transportin 1-dependent nuclear localization and remains functional at the nucleus of metastatic prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57194. [PMID: 23468933 PMCID: PMC3585330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Cysteine (C)-X-C Receptor 4 (CXCR4), plays an important role in prostate cancer metastasis. CXCR4 is generally regarded as a plasma membrane receptor where it transmits signals that support transformation, progression and eventual metastasis. Due to the central role of CXCR4 in tumorigenesis, therapeutics approaches such as antagonist and monoclonal antibodies have focused on receptors that exist on the plasma membrane. An emerging concept for G-protein coupled receptors is that they may localize to and associate with the nucleus where they retain function and mediate nuclear signaling. Herein, we demonstrate that CXCR4 associated with the nucleus of malignant prostate cancer tissues. Likewise, expression of CXCR4 was detected in nuclear fractions among several prostate cancer cell lines, compared to normal prostate epithelial cells. Our studies identified a nuclear pool of CXCR4 and we defined a nuclear transport pathway for CXCR4. We reveal a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS), ‘RPRK’, within CXCR4 that contributed to nuclear localization. Additionally, nuclear CXCR4 interacted with Transportinβ1 and Transportinβ1-binding to CXCR4 promoted its nuclear translocation. Importantly, Gαi immunoprecipitation and calcium mobilization studies indicated that nuclear CXCR4 was functional and participated in G-protein signaling, revealing that the nuclear pool of CXCR4 retained function. Given the suggestion that functional, nuclear CXCR4 may be a mechanism underlying prostate cancer recurrence, increased metastatic ability and poorer prognosis after tumors have been treated with therapy that targets plasma membrane CXCR4, these studies addresses a novel mechanism of nuclear signaling for CXCR4, a novel mechanism of clinical targeting, and demonstrate an active nuclear pool that provides important new information to illuminate what has been primarily clinical reports of nuclear CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha S. Don-Salu-Hewage
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Siu Yuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mahandranauth A. Chetram
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Dawson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Danaya A. Bethea
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cimona V. Hinton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McGrail DJ, McAndrews KM, Dawson MR. Biomechanical analysis predicts decreased human mesenchymal stem cell function before molecular differences. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:684-96. [PMID: 23228958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are uniquely suited for the growing field of regenerative medicine due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and transplantation. However, during ex vivo expansion necessary to obtain clinically relevant cell quantities, hMSCs undergo fundamental changes culminating in cellular senescence. The molecular changes as hMSCs transition into senescence have been well characterized, but few studies have focused on the mechanical properties that govern many processes necessary for therapeutic efficacy. We show that before detectable differences in classical senescence markers emerge, single-cell mechanical and cytoskeletal properties reveal a subpopulation of 'non-functioning' hMSCs that appears after even limited expansion. This subpopulation, characterized by a loss of dynamic cytoskeletal stiffening and morphological flexibility in response to chemotactic signals grows with extended culture resulting in overall decreased hMSC motility and ability to contract collagen gels. These changes were mitigated with cytoskeletal inhibition. Finally, a xenographic wound healing model was used to demonstrate that these in vitro differences correlate with decreased ability of hMSCs to aid in wound closure in vivo. These data illustrate the importance of analyzing not only the molecular markers, but also mechanical markers of hMSCs as they are investigated for potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McGrail
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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