1
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Peled A, Sprecher E. Proteolytic and Antiproteolytic Activity in the Skin: Gluing the Pieces Together. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:466-473. [PMID: 37865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation is ultimately aimed at the formation of a functional barrier capable of protecting the organism from the environment while preventing loss of biologically vital elements. Epidermal differentiation entails a delicately regulated process of cell-cell junction formation and dissolution to enable upward cell migration and desquamation. Over the past two decades, the deciphering of the genetic basis of a number of inherited conditions has delineated the pivotal role played in this process by a series of proteases and protease inhibitors, including serpins, cathepsins, and cystatins, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in both rare and common disorders of cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Mohamad J, Samuelov L, Malki L, Peled A, Pavlovsky M, Malovitski K, Taiber S, Adir N, Rabinowitz T, Shomron N, Milner JD, Lestringant G, Sarig O, Sprecher E. Palmoplantar keratoderma caused by a missense variant in CTSB encoding cathepsin B. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 46:103-108. [PMID: 32683719 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) refers to a large group of disorders characterized by extensive genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. PPK diagnosis therefore increasingly relies upon genetic analysis. AIM To delineate the genetic defect underlying a case of diffuse erythematous PPK associated with peeling of the skin. METHODS Whole exome and direct sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR, protein modelling and a cathepsin B enzymatic assay were used. RESULTS The patient studied had severe diffuse erythematous PPK transgrediens. Pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous missense mutation in the CTSB gene, encoding the cysteine protease cathepsin B. Genomic duplications in a noncoding region, which regulates the expression of CTSB, were recently found to cause erythrokeratolysis hiemalis, a rare autosomal dominant disorder of cornification. This mutation affects a highly conserved residue, and is predicted to be pathogenic. Protein modelling indicated that the mutation is likely to lead to increased endopeptidase cathepsin B activity. Accordingly, the CTSB variant was found to result in increased cathepsin B proteolytic activity. CONCLUSION In summary, we report the identification of the first gain-of-function missense mutation in CTSB, which was found to be associated in one individual with a dominant form of diffuse PPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Samuelov
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - K Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Taiber
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - T Rabinowitz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Lestringant
- Consultant Dermatologist (retired), British Ministry of Defence, London, UK
| | - O Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Ramsay M, Ngcungcu T, Grayson W. Keratolytic Winter Erythema: An Update. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2019; 6:126-132. [PMID: 31700853 PMCID: PMC6827446 DOI: 10.1159/000496338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratolytic winter erythema (KWE) is a rare autosomal dominant keratoderma affecting primarily the palms and soles, manifesting with recurrent waves of erythema followed by epidermal peeling. The condition is so named in view of its anecdotal worsening during the winter months. It is highly penetrant but shows considerable individual clinical variability, waning and reappearing throughout the life course. Histologically, early established lesions of KWE manifest with degenerative changes involving the Malpighian layer, with associated absence of the stratum granulosum. The damaged zone undergoes parakeratotic transformation and subsequent centrifugal ejection. Thick peeling occurs when the stratum corneum eventually separates off as a result of a keratolytic split occurring above, through or below the parakeratotic zone. Reconstitution of the stratum granulosum ensues. KWE is caused by a duplication of an intergenic enhancer element upstream of the cathepsin B gene on chromosome 8. This leads to the upregulation of cathepsin B in the stratum granulosum and subsequent peeling of the epidermis as the end result. With elucidation of the molecular pathology of KWE, new therapeutic approaches to KWE may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology and Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandiswa Ngcungcu
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology and Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wayne Grayson
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ampath National Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
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4
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Ajebo E, Wall WB, Davis LS. Chronic symmetrically distributed hyperpigmented plaques in a middle-age woman. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5:249-251. [PMID: 30859115 PMCID: PMC6396089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Weston B. Wall
- Correspondence to: Weston Wall, MD, 1004 Chafee Ave, Augusta, GA 30904.
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5
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Guerra L, Castori M, Didona B, Castiglia D, Zambruno G. Hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas. Part I. Non-syndromic palmoplantar keratodermas: classification, clinical and genetic features. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:704-719. [PMID: 29489036 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) indicates any form of persistent thickening of the epidermis of palms and soles and includes genetic as well as acquired conditions. We review the nosology of hereditary PPKs that comprise an increasing number of entities with different prognoses, and a multitude of associated cutaneous and extracutaneous features. On the basis of the phenotypic consequences of the underlying genetic defect, hereditary PPKs may be divided into the following: (i) non-syndromic, isolated PPKs, which are characterized by a unique or predominant palmoplantar involvement; (ii) non-syndromic PPKs with additional distinctive cutaneous and adnexal manifestations, here named complex PPKs; (iii) syndromic PPKs, in which PPK is associated with specific extracutaneous manifestations. To date, the diagnosis of the different hereditary PPKs is based mainly on clinical history and features combined with histopathological findings. In recent years, the exponentially increasing use of next-generation sequencing technologies has led to the identification of several novel disease genes, and thus substantially contributed to elucidate the molecular basis of such a heterogeneous group of disorders. Here, we focus on hereditary non-syndromic isolated and complex PPKs. Syndromic PPKs are reviewed in the second part of this 2-part article, where other well-defined genetic diseases, which may present PPK among their phenotypic manifestations, are also listed and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for PPKs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guerra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - B Didona
- Rare Skin Disease Center, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - D Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Zambruno
- Genetic and Rare Diseases Research Area and Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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6
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Ngcungcu T, Oti M, Sitek JC, Haukanes BI, Linghu B, Bruccoleri R, Stokowy T, Oakeley EJ, Yang F, Zhu J, Sultan M, Schalkwijk J, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, von der Lippe C, Brunner HG, Ersland KM, Grayson W, Buechmann-Moller S, Sundnes O, Nirmala N, Morgan TM, van Bokhoven H, Steen VM, Hull PR, Szustakowski J, Staedtler F, Zhou H, Fiskerstrand T, Ramsay M. Duplicated Enhancer Region Increases Expression of CTSB and Segregates with Keratolytic Winter Erythema in South African and Norwegian Families. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:737-750. [PMID: 28457472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratolytic winter erythema (KWE) is a rare autosomal-dominant skin disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of palmoplantar erythema and epidermal peeling. KWE was previously mapped to 8p23.1-p22 (KWE critical region) in South African families. Using targeted resequencing of the KWE critical region in five South African families and SNP array and whole-genome sequencing in two Norwegian families, we identified two overlapping tandem duplications of 7.67 kb (South Africans) and 15.93 kb (Norwegians). The duplications segregated with the disease and were located upstream of CTSB, a gene encoding cathepsin B, a cysteine protease involved in keratinocyte homeostasis. Included in the 2.62 kb overlapping region of these duplications is an enhancer element that is active in epidermal keratinocytes. The activity of this enhancer correlated with CTSB expression in normal differentiating keratinocytes and other cell lines, but not with FDFT1 or NEIL2 expression. Gene expression (qPCR) analysis and immunohistochemistry of the palmar epidermis demonstrated significantly increased expression of CTSB, as well as stronger staining of cathepsin B in the stratum granulosum of affected individuals than in that of control individuals. Analysis of higher-order chromatin structure data and RNA polymerase II ChIA-PET data from MCF-7 cells did not suggest remote effects of the enhancer. In conclusion, KWE in South African and Norwegian families is caused by tandem duplications in a non-coding genomic region containing an active enhancer element for CTSB, resulting in upregulation of this gene in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandiswa Ngcungcu
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology and the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Martin Oti
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jan C Sitek
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway; Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Bjørn I Haukanes
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Bolan Linghu
- Computational Biomedicine, WRD Genome Sciences & Technologies, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Bruccoleri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Congenomics, Glastonbury, CT 06033, USA
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Edward J Oakeley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Fan Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marc Sultan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Maastricht UMC, Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht 6202 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kari M Ersland
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Wayne Grayson
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Ampath National Laboratories, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Olav Sundnes
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway; Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Nanguneri Nirmala
- Institute for Clinical Research and Policy Studies, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Thomas M Morgan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Peter R Hull
- Division of Clinical Dermatology and Cutaneous Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Frank Staedtler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Torunn Fiskerstrand
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway.
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology and the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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7
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Exclusion of CTSB and FDFT1 as positional and functional candidate genes for keratolytic winter erythema (KWE). J Dermatol Sci 2012; 65:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a marker of severity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1087-92. [PMID: 21411045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is well-described in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It remains unclear, however, whether OCPD in OCD represents a distinct subtype of OCD or whether it is simply a marker of severity in OCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to compare a large sample of OCD subjects (n=403) with and without OCPD on a range of demographic, clinical and genetic characteristics to evaluate whether comorbid OCPD in OCD represents a distinct subtype of OCD, or is a marker of severity. RESULTS Our findings suggest that OCD with and without OCPD are similar in terms of gender distribution and age at onset of OC symptoms. Compared to OCD-OCPD (n=267, 66%), those with OCD+OCPD (n=136, 34%) are more likely to present with the OC symptom dimensions which reflect the diagnostic criteria for OCPD (e.g., hoarding), and have significantly greater OCD severity, comorbidity, functional impairment, and poorer insight. Furthermore there are no differences in distribution of gene variants, or response to treatment in the two groups. CONCLUSION The majority of our findings suggest that in OCD, patients with OCPD do not have a highly distinctive phenomenological or genetic profile, but rather that OCPD represents a marker of severity.
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9
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Degiovanni CV, Farrant PBJ, Howell S, Hull PR, Woollons A. Keratolytic winter erythema with facial involvement: a novel presentation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 34:206-8. [PMID: 19018790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a 23-year-old woman with a diagnosis of keratolytic winter erythema (erythrokeratolysis hiemalis), who developed facial lesions following a traumatic experience. This rare genodermatosis usually affects the palms and soles, and appears as mild erythema and annular scaling. The limbs and trunk can rarely be affected. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of facial involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Degiovanni
- Dermatology Department, Worthing and Southlands NHS Trust, UK.
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10
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Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Van der Merwe L, Lochner C, Corfield VA, Moolman-Smook JC, Stein DJ. Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met variant in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). World J Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9:126-34. [PMID: 17853300 DOI: 10.1080/15622970701245003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence from family studies suggest that genetic factors play an important role in mediating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), results from genetic case-control association analyses have been inconsistent. Discrepant findings may be attributed to the lack of phenotypic resolution, and population stratification. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role that the val66met variant within the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play in mediating the development of selected OCD subtypes accounting for the aforementioned confounding factors. One hundred and twelve OCD subjects and 140 controls were selected from the South African Afrikaner population. A significant association was observed in the male subgroup, with the met66 allele implicated as the risk allele in the development of OCD. This allele was also found to be associated with an earlier age at onset of OCD in males. On the other hand, the val66val genotype was associated with more severe OCD in the female population. No evidence of population stratification was observed in Afrikaner control subjects. These preliminary results point towards genetically distinct characteristics of OCD mediated by dysfunctions in BDNF. The present investigation forms part of ongoing research to elucidate the genetic components involved in the aetiology of OCD and OCD-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sîan M J Hemmings
- MRC/US Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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11
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Moolman-Smook JC, Corfield VA, Knowles JA, Niehaus DJH, Stein DJ. Corrigendum to "gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings" [Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14 (2004) 105-113]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:437-45. [PMID: 15468463 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40 +/- 13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the G allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT1Dbeta gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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12
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Zhang XJ, Li M, Gao TW, He PP, Wei SC, Liu JB, Li CR, Cui Y, Yang S, Yuan WT, Li CY, Liu YF, Xu SJ, Huang W. Identification of a locus for punctate palmoplantar keratodermas at chromosome 8q24.13-8q24.21. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1121-5. [PMID: 15140213 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Punctate palmoplantar keratodermas (PPK) is a rare autosomal dominant cutaneous disorder characterized by numerous hyperkeratotic papules that are irregularly distributed on the palms and soles. The genetic basis for this disease is unknown. We performed a genome-wide search in two Chinese families with punctate PPK to map the chromosome location of the responsible gene. We identified a locus at chromosome 8q24.13-8q24.21 with a cumulative maximum two-point LOD score of 5.41 at markers D8S1793 and D8S1774 (at recombination fraction theta=0.00). Haplotype analysis indicated that the disease gene is located within 9.20 cM region between markers D8S1804 and D8S1720. It is the first locus identified for the punctate PPK. This study provides a map location for isolation of a disease gene-causing punctate PPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology & Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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13
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Moolman-Smook JC, Corfield VA, Knowles JA, Niehaus DJH, Stein DJ. Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:105-13. [PMID: 15013025 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40+/-13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the C allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT(1D beta) gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Appel S, Filter M, Reis A, Hennies HC, Bergheim A, Ogilvie E, Arndt S, Simmons A, Lovett M, Hide W, Ramsay M, Reichwald K, Zimmermann W, Rosenthal A. Physical and transcriptional map of the critical region for keratolytic winter erythema (KWE) on chromosome 8p22-p23 between D8S550 and D8S1759. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:17-25. [PMID: 11896452 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2001] [Revised: 10/25/2001] [Accepted: 10/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratolytic winter erythema is an autosomal dominant skin disorder characterised by erythema, hyperkeratosis, and peeling of the skin of the palms and soles, especially during winter. The keratolytic winter erythema locus has been mapped to human chromosome 8p22-p23. This chromosomal region has also been associated with frequent loss of heterozygosity in different types of cancer. To identify positional candidate genes for keratolytic winter erythema, a BAC contig located between the markers at D8S550 and D8S1695 was constructed and sequenced. It could be extended to D8S1759 by a partially sequenced BAC clone identified by database searches. In the 634 404 bp contig 13 new polymorphic microsatellite loci and 46 single nucleotide and insertion/deletion polymorphisms were identified. Twelve transcripts were identified between D8S550 and D8S1759 by exon trapping, cDNA selection, and sequence analyses. They were localised on the genomic sequence, their exon/intron structure was determined, and their expression analysed by RT-PCR. Only one of the transcripts corresponds to a known gene, encoding B-lymphocyte specific tyrosine kinase, BLK. A putative novel myotubularin-related protein gene (MTMR8), a potential human homologue of the mouse acyl-malonyl condensing enzyme gene (Amac1), and two transcripts showing similarities to the mouse L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase gene and the human SEC oncogene, respectively, were identified. The remaining seven transcripts did not show similarities to known genes. There were no potentially pathogenic mutations identified in any of these transcripts in keratolytic winter erythema patients.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Contig Mapping
- DNA, Complementary
- Erythema/genetics
- Erythema/pathology
- Humans
- Keratosis/genetics
- Keratosis/pathology
- Mutation
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Seasons
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/genetics
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Appel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Mapping Center, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Appel S, Reichwald K, Zimmermann W, Reis A, Rosenthal A, Hennies HC. Identification and localization of a new human myotubularin-related protein gene, mtmr8, on 8p22-p23. Genomics 2001; 75:6-8. [PMID: 11472061 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myotubularin and myotubularin-related proteins are dual-specificity phosphatases. Several myotubularin-related proteins have been identified in humans and mice. The members of the myotubularin protein family are highly conserved, from humans to yeast. Mutations in the human myotubularin gene (MTM1) lead to X-linked myotubular myopathy. Here we isolate and localize a novel putative myotubularin-related protein gene (MTMR8) on chromosome 8p22--p23,between the markers D8S550 and D8S265, by exon-trapping experiments and RT-PCR. Genomic sequencing revealed that the gene consists of 10 exons and spans approximately 43 kb. The corresponding cDNA is 7081 bp. The open reading frame predicts a protein of 549 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 63 kDa. Like myotubularin-related protein-5, MTMR8 has no dual-specificity phosphatase domain. It contains a double-helical motif similar to the SET interaction domain, which is thought to have a role in the control of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Appel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Mapping Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Danielsen AG, Weismann K, Thomsen HK. Erythrokeratolysis hiemalis (keratolytic winter erythema): a case report from Denmark. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001; 15:255-6. [PMID: 11683293 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythrokeratolysis hiemalis is described as a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis as first reported from the Oudtshoorn district of Cape Provence in South Africa, among European immigrant families. Sporadic cases have since been identified in other countries, often with a familial link to the Oudtshoorn cluster. We describe the first case observed in Denmark, presumably the result of a spontaneous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Danielsen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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18
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Hu P, Yu L, Zhang M, Zheng L, Lan F, Fu Q, Zhao S. Cloning, tissue expression pattern characterization and chromosome localization of human peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase cDNA. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02886363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Gordon D, Simonic I, Ott J. Significant evidence for linkage disequilibrium over a 5-cM region among Afrikaners. Genomics 2000; 66:87-92. [PMID: 10843808 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We explore the extent of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at a marker locus and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of marker loci in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. DNA samples were used for genotyping of 23 loci on six chromosomes. The samples were collected from 91 healthy unrelated Afrikaner adults. Exact tests were used to determine evidence for deviations from HWE at a single marker locus or LD between pairs of marker loci. At the 0.05 level of significance, evidence was found for deviation from HWE at only one of the 23 loci. At the same level of significance, LD was found among 8 of the 34 intrachromosomal pairs of loci. On chromosome 21, there was evidence for LD (P = 0.02) between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.51 cM. On chromosome 2, there was evidence for LD between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.28 cM (P = 0.002) and a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 3.68 cM (P = 0.0004). Detailed analysis of LD for one locus pair indicated that only a few of all alleles participated in the LD and that strong LD was most often positive. Our findings indicate that Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaners represent one of those special populations deemed particularly suitable for disequilibrium mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gordon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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20
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Kelsell DP, Stevens HP. The palmoplantar keratodermas: much more than palms and soles. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1999; 5:107-13. [PMID: 10203734 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(98)01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inherited palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) are a diverse and often clinically confusing branch of the genetic skin diseases. As the name suggests, the lesions of PPK primarily affect the palms and soles of the feet, although a number of the PPKs are also associated with a genetic predisposition to other conditions, including cancer, hearing loss and heart failure. The mapping and identification of genes that underlie the PPKs reveal new insights into the biological interactions of the structural components of the palmoplantar epidermis and further our understanding of epidermal disease. More significantly, by genetically characterizing the PPKs, genes that have a role in life-threatening disorders might also be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Kelsell
- Centre for Cutaneous Biology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospital, 2 Newark Street, London, UK E1 2AT.
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21
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Ishida-Yamamoto A, Tanaka H, Nakane H, Takahashi H, Iizuka H. Inherited disorders of epidermal keratinization. J Dermatol Sci 1998; 18:139-54. [PMID: 9865446 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(98)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There have been a number of major discoveries recently in the field of dermatological science which have enabled us to determine the causes of inherited skin diseases of previously unknown etiology. In this paper we will review some important aspects of the biology of epidermal differentiation and the recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying genetic diseases of keratinization.
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22
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Simonic I, Gericke GS, Ott J, Weber JL. Identification of genetic markers associated with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an Afrikaner population. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:839-46. [PMID: 9718333 PMCID: PMC1377391 DOI: 10.1086/302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because gene-mapping efforts, using large kindreds and parametric methods of analysis, for the neurologic disorder Tourette syndrome have failed, efforts are being redirected toward association studies in young, genetically isolated populations. The availability of dense marker maps makes it feasible to search for association throughout the entire genome. We report the results of such a genome scan using DNA samples from Tourette patients and unaffected control subjects from the South African Afrikaner population. To optimize mapping efficiency, we chose a two-step strategy. First, we screened pools of DNA samples from both affected and control individuals, using a dense collection of 1,167 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms distributed throughout the genome. Second, we typed those markers displaying evidence of allele frequency-distribution shifts, along with additional tightly linked markers, using DNA from each affected and unaffected individual. To reduce false positives, we tested two independent groups of case and control subjects. Strongest evidence for association (P values 10-2 to 10-5) were obtained for markers within chromosomal regions encompassing D2S1790 near the chromosome 2 centromere, D6S477 on distal 6p, D8S257 on 8q, D11S933 on 11q, D14S1003 on proximal 14q, D20S1085 on distal 20q, and D21S1252 on 21q.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- False Positive Reactions
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Netherlands/ethnology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Reference Values
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- South Africa
- Tourette Syndrome/genetics
- White People/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- MRC Neurogenetics Research Laboratory, Arcadia, South Africa
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23
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Groenewald JZ, Liebenberg J, Groenewald IM, Warnich L. Linkage disequilibrium analysis in a recently founded population: evaluation of the variegate porphyria founder in South African Afrikaners. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:1254-8. [PMID: 9545403 PMCID: PMC1377090 DOI: 10.1086/301833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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