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Eliason CM, Cooper JC, Hackett SJ, Zahnle E, Pequeño Saco TZ, Maddox JD, Hains T, Hauber ME, Bates JM. Interspecific hybridization explains rapid gorget colour divergence in Heliodoxa hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221603. [PMID: 36866078 PMCID: PMC9974296 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a known source of morphological, functional and communicative signal novelty in many organisms. Although diverse mechanisms of established novel ornamentation have been identified in natural populations, we lack an understanding of hybridization effects across levels of biological scales and upon phylogenies. Hummingbirds display diverse structural colours resulting from coherent light scattering by feather nanostructures. Given the complex relationship between feather nanostructures and the colours they produce, intermediate coloration does not necessarily imply intermediate nanostructures. Here, we characterize nanostructural, ecological and genetic inputs in a distinctive Heliodoxa hummingbird from the foothills of eastern Peru. Genetically, this individual is closely allied with Heliodoxa branickii and Heliodoxa gularis, but it is not identical to either when nuclear data are assessed. Elevated interspecific heterozygosity further suggests it is a hybrid backcross to H. branickii. Electron microscopy and spectrophotometry of this unique individual reveal key nanostructural differences underlying its distinct gorget colour, confirmed by optical modelling. Phylogenetic comparative analysis suggests that the observed gorget coloration divergence from both parentals to this individual would take 6.6-10 My to evolve at the current rate within a single hummingbird lineage. These results emphasize the mosaic nature of hybridization and suggest that hybridization may contribute to the structural colour diversity found across hummingbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Eliason
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Jacob C. Cooper
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
- Directora de Monitoreo y Evaluacion de Recursos Naturales del Territorio, Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Shannon J. Hackett
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Erica Zahnle
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
| | - Tatiana Z. Pequeño Saco
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Joseph Dylan Maddox
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Taylor Hains
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, School at Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - John M. Bates
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
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2
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Ueda T. Reproducibility of the repose angle, porosity, and coordination number of particles generated by spherical harmonic-based principal component analysis using discrete element simulation. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Wang Z, Yang W, Ryan K, Garai S, Auerbach BM, Shen L. Using Optimal Transport to Improve Spherical Harmonic Quantification of Complex Biological Shapes. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE 2022; 2022:1255-1261. [PMID: 38013951 PMCID: PMC10676763 DOI: 10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the anatomical shape of both gross and microscopic structures is the key to understanding the effects of disease processes on cellular structure. Geometric morphometric methods, such as Procrustes superimposition, and Spherical Harmonics (SPHARM), have been used to capture the biological shape variation and group differences in morphology. Previous SPHARM-MAT techniques use the CALD algorithm to parameterize the mesh surface. It starts from initial mapping and performs local and global smoothing methods alternately to control the area and length distortions simultaneously. However, this parameterization may not be sufficient in complex morphological cases. To bridge this gap, we propose SPHARM-OT, an enhanced SPHARM surface modeling method using optimal transport (OT) for spherical parameterization. First, the genus 0 3D objects are conformally mapped onto a sphere. Then the optimal transport theory via spherical power diagram is introduced to minimize the area distortion. This new algorithm can effectively reduce the area distortion and lead to a better reconstruction result. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by applying it to the human sphenoidal paranasal sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Wang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Wenxi Yang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Katharine Ryan
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumita Garai
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Benjamin M Auerbach
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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4
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Burress ED, Muñoz MM. Functional Trade-offs Asymmetrically Promote Phenotypic Evolution. Syst Biol 2022; 72:150-160. [PMID: 35961046 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade-offs are thought to bias evolution and are core features of many anatomical systems. Therefore, trade-offs may have far-reaching macroevolutionary consequences, including patterns of morphological, functional, and ecological diversity. Jaws, like many complex anatomical systems, are comprised of elements involved in biomechanical trade-offs. We test the impact of a core mechanical trade-off, transmission of velocity versus force (i.e., mechanical advantage), on rates of jaw evolution in Neotropical cichlids. Across 130 species representing a wide array of feeding ecologies, we find that the velocity-force trade-off impacts evolution of the surrounding jaw system. Specifically, rates of jaw evolution are faster at functional extremes than in more functionally intermediate or unspecialized jaws. Yet, surprisingly, the effect on jaw evolution is uneven across the extremes of the velocity-force continuum. Rates of jaw evolution are 4 to 10-fold faster in velocity-modified jaws, whereas force-modified jaws are 7 to 18-fold faster, compared to unspecialized jaws, depending on the extent of specialization. Further, we find that a more extreme mechanical trade-off resulted in faster rates of jaw evolution. The velocity-force trade-off reflects a gradient from specialization on capture-intensive (e.g., evasive or buried) to processing-intensive prey (e.g., attached or shelled), respectively. The velocity extreme of the trade-off is characterized by large magnitudes of trait change leading to functionally divergent specialists and ecological stasis. By contrast, the force extreme of the trade-off is characterized by enhanced ecological lability made possible by phenotypes more readily co-opted for different feeding ecologies. This asymmetry of macroevolutionary outcomes along each extreme is likely the result of an enhanced utility of the pharyngeal jaw system as force-modified oral jaws are adapted for prey that require intensive processing (e.g., algae, detritus, and molluscs). The velocity-force trade-off, a fundamental feature of many anatomical systems, promotes rapid phenotypic evolution of the surrounding jaw system in a canonical continental adaptive radiation. Considering that the velocity-force trade-off is an inherent feature of all jaw systems that involve a lower element that rotates at a joint, spanning the vast majority of vertebrates, our results may be widely applicable across the tree of life. [adaptive radiation; constraint; decoupling; jaws; macroevolution; specialization].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Ueda T. Applicable scope of estimation of three-dimensional particle size distribution by the Goldsmith-Cruz-Orive and improved methods. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Ueda T. Estimation of three-dimensional particle size and shape characteristics using a modified 2D 3D conversion method employing spherical harmonic-based principal component analysis. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Barrios-Leal DY, Menezes RST, Ribeiro JV, Bizzo L, Melo de Sene F, Neves-da-Rocha J, Manfrin MH. A holocenic and dynamic hybrid zone between two cactophilic Drosophila species in a coastal lowland plain of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1737-1751. [PMID: 34538008 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization and introgression are processes that contribute to shaping biological diversity. The factors promoting the formation of these processes are multiples but poorly explored in a biogeographical and ecological context. In the southeast coastal plain of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a hybrid zone was described between two closely related cactophilic species, Drosophila antonietae and D. serido. Here, we revisited and analysed specimens from this hybrid zone to evaluate its temporal and spatial dynamic. We examined allopatric and sympatric populations of the flies using independent sources of data such as mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, microsatellite loci, morphometrics of wings and male genitalia, and climatic niche models. We also verified the emergence of the flies from necrotic tissues of collected cacti to verify the role of host association for the population dynamics. Our results support the existence of a hybrid zone due to secondary contact and limited to the localities where the two species are currently in contact. Furthermore, we detected asymmetric bidirectional introgression and the maintenance of the species integrity, ecological association and morphological characters, suggesting selection and limited introgression. Considering our paleomodels, probably this hybrid zone is recent and the contact occurred during the Holocene to the present day, favoured by range expansion of their populations due to expansion of open and dry areas in eastern South America during palaeoclimatic and geomorphological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Yovana Barrios-Leal
- Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho S T Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Victor Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Bizzo
- UNIVALI - Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Centro Universitário - Católica de Santa Catarina, Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabio Melo de Sene
- Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Neves-da-Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maura Helena Manfrin
- Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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8
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Stefanini MI, Gottschalk MS, Calvo NS, Soto IM. Evolution of male genitalia in the Drosophila repleta species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1488-1502. [PMID: 34378262 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila repleta group comprises more than one hundred species that inhabit several environments in the Neotropics and use different hosts as rearing and feeding resources. Rather homogeneous in their external morphology, they are generally distinguished by the male genitalia, seemingly their fastest evolving morphological trait, constituting an excellent model to study patterns of genital evolution in the context of a continental adaptive radiation. Although much is known about the evolution of animal genitalia at population level, surveys on macroevolutionary scale of this phenomenon are scarce. This study used a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods to elucidate the macroevolutionary patterns of genital evolution through deep time and large continental scales. Our results indicate that male genital size and some aspects of shape have been evolving by speciational evolution, probably due to the microevolutionary processes involved in species mate recognition. In contrast, several features of the aedeagus shape seemed to have evolved in a gradual fashion, with heterogeneous evolutionary phenotypic rates among clades. In general, the tempo of the evolution of aedeagus morphology was constant from the origin of the group until the Pliocene, when it accelerated in some clades that diversified mainly in this period. The incidence of novel ecological conditions in the tempo of aedeagus evolution and the relationship between species mate recognition and speciation in the Drosophila repleta group are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I Stefanini
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marco S Gottschalk
- Departamento de Ecología, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biología, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Natalia S Calvo
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Soto
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Arbour JH, Curtis AA, Santana SE. Sensory adaptations reshaped intrinsic factors underlying morphological diversification in bats. BMC Biol 2021; 19:88. [PMID: 33931060 PMCID: PMC8086122 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphological evolution may be impacted by both intrinsic (developmental, constructional, physiological) and extrinsic (ecological opportunity and release) factors, but can intrinsic factors be altered by adaptive evolution and, if so, do they constrain or facilitate the subsequent diversification of biological form? Bats underwent deep adaptive divergences in skull shape as they evolved different sensory modes; here we investigate the potential impact of this process on two intrinsic factors that underlie morphological variation across organisms, allometry, and modularity. Results We use comparative phylogenetic and morphometric approaches to examine patterns of evolutionary allometry and modularity across a 3D geometric morphometric dataset spanning all major bat clades. We show that allometric relationships diverge between echolocators and visually oriented non-echolocators and that the evolution of nasal echolocation reshaped the modularity of the bat cranium. Conclusions Shifts in allometry and modularity may have significant consequences on the diversification of anatomical structures, as observed in the bat skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Arbour
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - A A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - S E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA. .,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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10
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Lürig MD, Donoughe S, Svensson EI, Porto A, Tsuboi M. Computer Vision, Machine Learning, and the Promise of Phenomics in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.642774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have used images such as drawings, paintings and photographs to record and quantify the shapes and patterns of life. With the advent of digital imaging, biologists continue to collect image data at an ever-increasing rate. This immense body of data provides insight into a wide range of biological phenomena, including phenotypic diversity, population dynamics, mechanisms of divergence and adaptation, and evolutionary change. However, the rate of image acquisition frequently outpaces our capacity to manually extract meaningful information from images. Moreover, manual image analysis is low-throughput, difficult to reproduce, and typically measures only a few traits at a time. This has proven to be an impediment to the growing field of phenomics – the study of many phenotypic dimensions together. Computer vision (CV), the automated extraction and processing of information from digital images, provides the opportunity to alleviate this longstanding analytical bottleneck. In this review, we illustrate the capabilities of CV as an efficient and comprehensive method to collect phenomic data in ecological and evolutionary research. First, we briefly review phenomics, arguing that ecologists and evolutionary biologists can effectively capture phenomic-level data by taking pictures and analyzing them using CV. Next we describe the primary types of image-based data, review CV approaches for extracting them (including techniques that entail machine learning and others that do not), and identify the most common hurdles and pitfalls. Finally, we highlight recent successful implementations and promising future applications of CV in the study of phenotypes. In anticipation that CV will become a basic component of the biologist’s toolkit, our review is intended as an entry point for ecologists and evolutionary biologists that are interested in extracting phenotypic information from digital images.
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11
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Orbach DN, Brassey CA, Gardiner JD, Brennan PLR. 3D genital shape complexity in female marine mammals. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3210-3218. [PMID: 33841778 PMCID: PMC8019040 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of 3D shapes have recently been applied to diverse anatomical structures using landmarking techniques. However, discerning evolutionary patterns can be challenging for structures lacking homologous landmarks. We used alpha shape analyses to quantify vaginal shape complexity in 40 marine mammal specimens including cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians. We explored phylogenetic signal and the potential roles of natural and sexual selection on vaginal shape evolution. Complexity scores were consistent with qualitative observations. Cetaceans had a broad range of alpha complexities, while pinnipeds were comparatively simple and sirenians were complex. Intraspecific variation was found. Three-dimensional surface heat maps revealed that shape complexity was driven by invaginations and protrusions of the vaginal wall. Phylogenetic signal was weak and metrics of natural selection (relative neonate size) and sexual selection (relative testes size, sexual size dimorphism, and penis morphology) did not explain vaginal complexity patterns. Additional metrics, such as penile shape complexity, may yield interesting insights into marine mammal genital coevolution. We advocate for the use of alpha shapes to discern patterns of evolution that would otherwise not be possible in 3D anatomical structures lacking homologous landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara N. Orbach
- Department of Life SciencesTexas A&M University‐ Corpus ChristiCorpus ChristiTXUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesMount Holyoke CollegeSouth HadleyMAUSA
| | - Charlotte A. Brassey
- School of Science and the EnvironmentManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - James D. Gardiner
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing ScienceInstitute of Lifecourse and Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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12
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Gómez-Llano M, Germain RM, Kyogoku D, McPeek MA, Siepielski AM. When Ecology Fails: How Reproductive Interactions Promote Species Coexistence. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:610-622. [PMID: 33785182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
That species must differ ecologically is often viewed as a fundamental condition for their stable coexistence in biological communities. Yet, recent work has shown that ecologically equivalent species can coexist when reproductive interactions and sexual selection regulate population growth. Here, we review theoretical models and highlight empirical studies supporting a role for reproductive interactions in maintaining species diversity. We place reproductive interactions research within a burgeoning conceptual framework of coexistence theory, identify four key mechanisms in intra- and interspecific interactions within and between sexes, speculate on novel mechanisms, and suggest future research. Given the preponderance of sexual reproduction in nature, our review suggests that this is a neglected path towards explaining species diversity when traditional ecological explanations have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gómez-Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Rachel M Germain
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daisuke Kyogoku
- The Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo 669-1546, Japan
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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13
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Eliason CM, McCullough JM, Andersen MJ, Hackett SJ. Accelerated Brain Shape Evolution Is Associated with Rapid Diversification in an Avian Radiation. Am Nat 2021; 197:576-591. [PMID: 33908824 DOI: 10.1086/713664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNiche expansion is a critical step in the speciation process. Large brains linked to improved cognitive ability may enable species to expand their niches and forage in new ways, thereby promoting speciation. Despite considerable work on ecological divergence in brain size and its importance in speciation, relatively little is known about how brain shape relates to behavioral, ecological, and taxonomic diversity at macroevolutionary scales. This is due in part to inherent challenges with quantifying brain shape across many species. Here we present a novel, semiautomated approach for rapidly phenotyping brain shape using semilandmarks derived from X-ray computed microtomography scans. We then test its utility by parsing evolutionary trends within a diverse radiation of birds: kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). Multivariate comparative analyses reveal that rates of brain shape evolution (but not beak shape) are positively correlated with lineage diversification rates. Distinct brain shapes are further associated with changes in body size and foraging behavior, suggesting both allometric and ecological constraints on brain shape evolution. These results are in line with the idea of brains acting as a "master regulator" of critical processes governing speciation, such as dispersal, foraging behavior, and dietary niche.
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14
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Lencioni V, Rodriguez‐Prieto A, Allegrucci G. Congruence between molecular and morphological systematics of Alpine non‐biting midges (Chironomidae, Diamesinae). ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lencioni
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology MUSE‐Museo delle Scienze Trento Italy
| | - Ana Rodriguez‐Prieto
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology MUSE‐Museo delle Scienze Trento Italy
- WonderGene S.r.l Trento Italy
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15
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Burress ED, Martinez CM, Wainwright PC. Decoupled jaws promote trophic diversity in cichlid fishes. Evolution 2020; 74:950-961. [PMID: 32246835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional decoupling of oral and pharyngeal jaws is widely considered to have expanded the ecological repertoire of cichlid fishes. But, the degree to which the evolution of these jaw systems is decoupled and whether decoupling has impacted trophic diversification remains unknown. Focusing on the large Neotropical radiation of cichlids, we ask whether oral and pharyngeal jaw evolution is correlated and how their evolutionary rates respond to feeding ecology. In support of decoupling, we find relaxed evolutionary integration between the two jaw systems, resulting in novel trait combinations that potentially facilitate feeding mode diversification. These outcomes are made possible by escaping the mechanical trade-off between force transmission and mobility, which characterizes a single jaw system that functions in isolation. In spite of the structural independence of the two jaw systems, results using a Bayesian, state-dependent, relaxed-clock model of multivariate Brownian motion indicate strongly aligned evolutionary responses to feeding ecology. So, although decoupling of prey capture and processing functions released constraints on jaw evolution and promoted trophic diversity in cichlids, the natural diversity of consumed prey has also induced a moderate degree of evolutionary integration between the jaw systems, reminiscent of the original mechanical trade-off between force and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Christopher M Martinez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Peter C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616
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16
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Semple TL, Peakall R, Tatarnic NJ. A comprehensive and user-friendly framework for 3D-data visualisation in invertebrates and other organisms. J Morphol 2020; 280:223-231. [PMID: 30653713 PMCID: PMC6590182 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methods for 3D‐imaging of biological samples are experiencing unprecedented development, with tools such as X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (μCT) becoming more accessible to biologists. These techniques are inherently suited to small subjects and can simultaneously image both external and internal morphology, thus offering considerable benefits for invertebrate research. However, methods for visualising 3D‐data are trailing behind the development of tools for generating such data. Our aim in this article is to make the processing, visualisation and presentation of 3D‐data easier, thereby encouraging more researchers to utilise 3D‐imaging. Here, we present a comprehensive workflow for manipulating and visualising 3D‐data, including basic and advanced options for producing images, videos and interactive 3D‐PDFs, from both volume and surface‐mesh renderings. We discuss the importance of visualisation for quantitative analysis of invertebrate morphology from 3D‐data, and provide example figures illustrating the different options for generating 3D‐figures for publication. As more biology journals adopt 3D‐PDFs as a standard option, research on microscopic invertebrates and other organisms can be presented in high‐resolution 3D‐figures, enhancing the way we communicate science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Semple
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Nikolai J Tatarnic
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Adams DC, Collyer ML. Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and the Evolution of Multivariate Phenotypes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary biology is multivariate, and advances in phylogenetic comparative methods for multivariate phenotypes have surged to accommodate this fact. Evolutionary trends in multivariate phenotypes are derived from distances and directions between species in a multivariate phenotype space. For these patterns to be interpretable, phenotypes should be characterized by traits in commensurate units and scale. Visualizing such trends, as is achieved with phylomorphospaces, should continue to play a prominent role in macroevolutionary analyses. Evaluating phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models (e.g., phylogenetic analysis of variance and regression) is valuable, but using parametric procedures is limited to only a few phenotypic variables. In contrast, nonparametric, permutation-based PGLS methods provide a flexible alternative and are thus preferred for high-dimensional multivariate phenotypes. Permutation-based methods for evaluating covariation within multivariate phenotypes are also well established and can test evolutionary trends in phenotypic integration. However, comparing evolutionary rates and modes in multivariate phenotypes remains an important area of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Michael L. Collyer
- Department of Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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18
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Vander Linden A, Campbell KM, Bryar EK, Santana SE. Head‐turning morphologies: Evolution of shape diversity in the mammalian atlas–axis complex. Evolution 2019; 73:2060-2071. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Vander Linden
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts
| | | | - Erin K. Bryar
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture Seattle Washington
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19
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Sloan NS, Simmons LW. The evolution of female genitalia. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:882-899. [PMID: 31267594 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Female genitalia have been largely neglected in studies of genital evolution, perhaps due to the long-standing belief that they are relatively invariable and therefore taxonomically and evolutionarily uninformative in comparison with male genitalia. Contemporary studies of genital evolution have begun to dispute this view, and to demonstrate that female genitalia can be highly diverse and covary with the genitalia of males. Here, we examine evidence for three mechanisms of genital evolution in females: species isolating 'lock-and-key' evolution, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Lock-and-key genital evolution has been thought to be relatively unimportant; however, we present cases that show how species isolation may well play a role in the evolution of female genitalia. Much support for female genital evolution via sexual conflict comes from studies of both invertebrate and vertebrate species; however, the effects of sexual conflict can be difficult to distinguish from models of cryptic female choice that focus on putative benefits of choice for females. We offer potential solutions to alleviate this issue. Finally, we offer directions for future studies in order to expand and refine our knowledge surrounding female genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Sloan
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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20
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Cheng Z, Yoshizawa K. Functional morphology of Trichadenotecnum male and female genitalia analyzed using μCT (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha). J Morphol 2019; 280:555-567. [PMID: 30775799 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the great genital diversity of the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum has been described in previous studies, the specific function of the genital structures during the copulation process has received less investigative attention. We reconstructed 3D-models of each structure of the male and female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum incognitum in copula and those of uncopulated male and female of Trichadenotecnum pseudomedium. By comparing the changes in male and female genital structures and related muscles in copulated and uncopulated states, the function of each genital structure can be described. During the copulation, we found that the female subgenital plate was hooked into the male body by the distal process on the male paraproct and was fixed by the male epiproct, hypandrium and phallosome. In addition, sexual coevolution was suggested by tightly contacting structures, that is, thorny male hypandrium and thickened membrane around the female spermapore plate. These results not only give us a new understanding copulation process of Trichadenotecnum, but also explain the reasons why genital structures are so divers in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Cheng
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Burress ED, Wainwright PC. Adaptive radiation in labrid fishes: A central role for functional innovations during 65 My of relentless diversification. Evolution 2019; 73:346-359. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Burress
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616
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22
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Eliason CM, Clarke JA. Metabolic physiology explains macroevolutionary trends in the melanic colour system across amniotes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20182014. [PMID: 30963907 PMCID: PMC6304050 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism links organisms to their environment through its effects on thermoregulation, feeding behaviour and energetics. Genes involved in metabolic processes have known pleiotropic effects on some melanic colour traits. Understanding links between physiology and melanic colour is critical for understanding the role of, and potential constraints on, colour production. Despite considerable variation in metabolic rates and presumed ancestral melanic coloration in vertebrates, few studies have looked at a potential relationship between these two systems in a comparative framework. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in melanosome shape in integumentary structures track metabolic rate variation across amniotes. Using multivariate comparative analyses and incorporating both extant and fossil taxa, we find significantly faster rates of melanosome shape evolution in taxa with high metabolic rates, as well as both colour- and clade-specific differences in the relationship between metabolic rate and melanosome shape. Phylogenetic tests recover an expansion in melanosome morphospace in maniraptoran dinosaurs, as well as rate shifts within birds (in songbirds) and mammals. These findings indicate another core phenotype influenced by metabolic changes in vertebrates. They also provide a framework for testing clade-specific gene expression patterns in the melanocortin system and may improve colour reconstructions in extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Eliason
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Julia A. Clarke
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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23
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Alpha shapes: determining 3D shape complexity across morphologically diverse structures. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:184. [PMID: 30518326 PMCID: PMC6282314 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following recent advances in bioimaging, high-resolution 3D models of biological structures are now generated rapidly and at low-cost. To use this data to address evolutionary and ecological questions, an array of tools has been developed to conduct shape analysis and quantify topographic complexity. Here we focus particularly on shape techniques applied to irregular-shaped objects lacking clear homologous landmarks, and propose a new ‘alpha-shapes’ method for quantifying 3D shape complexity. Methods We apply alpha-shapes to quantify shape complexity in the mammalian baculum as an example of a morphologically disparate structure. Micro- computed-tomography (μCT) scans of bacula were conducted. Bacula were binarised and converted into point clouds. Following application of a scaling factor to account for absolute size differences, a suite of alpha-shapes was fitted per specimen. An alpha shape is formed from a subcomplex of the Delaunay triangulation of a given set of points, and ranges in refinement from a very coarse mesh (approximating convex hulls) to a very fine fit. ‘Optimal’ alpha was defined as the refinement necessary in order for alpha-shape volume to equal CT voxel volume, and was taken as a metric of overall ‘complexity’. Results Our results show that alpha-shapes can be used to quantify interspecific variation in shape ‘complexity’ within biological structures of disparate geometry. The ‘stepped’ nature of alpha curves is informative with regards to the contribution of specific morphological features to overall ‘complexity’. Alpha-shapes agrees with other measures of complexity (dissection index, Dirichlet normal energy) in identifying ursid bacula as having low shape complexity. However, alpha-shapes estimates mustelid bacula as being most complex, contrasting with other shape metrics. 3D fractal dimension is identified as an inappropriate metric of complexity when applied to bacula. Conclusions Alpha-shapes is used to calculate ‘optimal’ alpha refinement as a proxy for shape ‘complexity’ without identifying landmarks. The implementation of alpha-shapes is straightforward, and is automated to process large datasets quickly. We interpret alpha-shapes as being particularly sensitive to concavities in surface topology, potentially distinguishing it from other shape complexity metrics. Beyond genital shape, the alpha-shapes technique holds considerable promise for new applications across evolutionary, ecological and palaeoecological disciplines.
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24
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Barnard AA, Masly JP. Divergence in female damselfly sensory structures is consistent with a species recognition function but shows no evidence of reproductive character displacement. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12101-12114. [PMID: 30598803 PMCID: PMC6303706 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females transmit and receive signals prior to mating that convey information such as sex, species identity, or individual condition. In some animals, tactile signals relayed during physical contact between males and females before and during mating appear to be important for mate choice or reproductive isolation. This is common among odonates, when a male grasps a female's thorax with his terminal appendages prior to copulation, and the female subsequently controls whether copulation occurs by bending her abdomen to complete intromission. It has been hypothesized that mechanosensory sensilla on the female thoracic plates mediate mating decisions, but is has been difficult to test this idea. Here, we use North American damselflies in the genus Enallagma (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) to test the hypothesis that variation in female sensilla traits is important for species recognition. Enallagma anna and E. carunculatum hybridize in nature, but experience strong reproductive isolation as a consequence of divergence in male terminal appendage morphology. We quantified several mechanosensory sensilla phenotypes on the female thorax among multiple populations of both species and compared divergence in these traits in sympatry versus allopatry. Although these species differed in features of sensilla distribution within the thoracic plates, we found no strong evidence of reproductive character displacement among the sensilla traits we measured in regions of sympatry. Our results suggest that species-specific placement of female mechanoreceptors may be sufficient for species recognition, although other female sensory phenotypes might have diverged in sympatry to reduce interspecific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Barnard
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma
| | - John P. Masly
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma
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25
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Perry JC, Rowe L. Sexual conflict in its ecological setting. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170418. [PMID: 30150217 PMCID: PMC6125725 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict can lead to rapid and continuous coevolution between females and males, without any inputs from varying ecology. Yet both the degree of conflict and selection on antagonistic traits are known to be sensitive to local ecological conditions. This leads to the longstanding question: to what extent does variation in ecological context drive sexually antagonistic coevolution? In water striders, there is much information about the impacts of ecological factors on conflict, and about patterns of antagonistic coevolution. However, the connection between the two is poorly understood. Here, we first review the multiple ways in which ecological context might affect the coevolutionary trajectory of the sexes. We then review ecological and coevolutionary patterns in water striders, and connections between them, in light of theory and new data. Our analysis suggests that ecological variation does impact observed patterns of antagonistic coevolution, but highlights significant uncertainty due to the multiple pathways by which ecological factors can influence conflict and its evolutionary outcome. To the extent that water striders are a reasonable reflection of other systems, this observation serves as both an opportunity and a warning: there is much to learn, but gaining insight may be a daunting process in many systems.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3XZ, UK
- Jesus College, Oxford OX1 3DW, UK
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 3B2
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26
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Solano E, Hardersen S, Audisio P, Amorosi V, Senczuk G, Antonini G. Asymmetric hybridization in Cordulegaster (Odonata: Cordulegastridae): Secondary postglacial contact and the possible role of mechanical constraints. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9657-9671. [PMID: 30386565 PMCID: PMC6202705 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Cordulegaster dragonflies present in Italy, the Palaearctic and northern distributed Cordulegaster boltonii and the endemic to the south of the peninsula Cordulegaster trinacriae, meet in central Italy and give rise to individuals of intermediate morphology. By means of mitochondrial and nuclear markers and of Geometric Morphometrics applied to sexual appendages, we defined i) the geographical boundaries between the two species in Italy and ii) we determined the presence, the extent, and the genetic characteristics of the hybridization. Genetic data evidenced asymmetric hybridization with the males of C. trinacriae able to mate both interspecifically and intraspecifically. The results contrast with expectations under neutral gene introgression and sexual selection. This data, along with the morphological evidence of significant differences in size and shape of sexual appendages between the males of the two species, seem indicative of the role of mechanical constraints in intraspecific matings. The origin of the two species is dated about to 1.32 Mya and the hybridization resulted related to range expansion of the two species after Last Glacial Maximum and this led to the secondary contact between the two taxa in central Italy. At last, our results indicate that the range of C. trinacriae, a threatened and protected species, has been moving northward probably driven by climate changes. As a result, the latter species is currently intruding into the range of C. boltonii. The hybrid area is quite extended and the hybrids seem well adapted to the environment. From a conservation point of view, even if C. trinacriae has a strong genetic identity, the discovery of hybridization between the two species should be considered in a future species management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Solano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Sönke Hardersen
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale “Bosco Fontana” CarabinieriMarmiroloMantuaItaly
| | - Paolo Audisio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Valentina Amorosi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
| | - Gloria Antonini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘‘Charles Darwin’’University of Rome “La Sapienza”RomeItaly
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27
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Iglesias PP, Soto IM, Soto EM, Calderón L, Hurtado J, Hasson E. Rapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral genetic homogeneity in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Iglesias
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Soto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M Soto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Calderón
- CONICET-Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hasson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Siepielski AM, McPeek SJ, McPeek MA. Female mate preferences on high-dimensional shape variation for male species recognition traits. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1239-1250. [PMID: 29876989 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Females in many animal species must discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific males when choosing mates. Such mating preferences that discriminate against heterospecifics may inadvertently also affect the mating success of conspecific males, particularly those with more extreme phenotypes. From this expectation, we hypothesized that female mate choice should cause Enallagma females (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) to discriminate against conspecific males with more extreme phenotypes of the claspers males use to grasp females while mating - the main feature of species mate recognition in these species. To test this, we compared cerci sizes and shapes between males that were captured while mating with females to males that were captured at the same time but not mating in three Enallagma species. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found only one of forty comparisons of shape variation that was consistent with females discriminating against males with more extreme cerci shapes. Instead, differences in cerci shape between mating and single males suggested that females displayed directional preferences on 1-4 aspects of cerci shape in two of the species in our samples. These results suggest that whereas some directional biases in mating based on cerci shape occur, the intraspecific phenotypic variation in male cerci size and shape is likely not large enough for females to express any significant incidental discrimination among conspecifics with more extreme shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sarah J McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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29
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Svensson EI, Gómez-Llano MA, Torres AR, Bensch HM. Frequency Dependence and Ecological Drift Shape Coexistence of Species with Similar Niches. Am Nat 2018; 191:691-703. [PMID: 29750557 DOI: 10.1086/697201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of ecologically similar species might be counteracted by ecological drift and demographic stochasticity, both of which erode local diversity. With niche differentiation, species can be maintained through performance trade-offs between environments, but trade-offs are difficult to invoke for species with similar ecological niches. Such similar species might then go locally extinct due to stochastic ecological drift, but there is little empirical evidence for such processes. Previous studies have relied on biogeographical surveys and inferred process from pattern, while experimental field investigations of ecological drift are rare. Mechanisms preserving local species diversity, such as frequency dependence (e.g., rare-species advantages), can oppose local ecological drift, but the combined effects of ecological drift and such counteracting forces have seldom been investigated. Here, we investigate mechanisms between coexistence of ecologically similar but strongly sexually differentiated damselfly species (Calopteryx virgo and Calopteryx splendens). Combining field surveys, behavioral observations, experimental manipulations of species frequencies and densities, and simulation modeling, we demonstrate that species coexistence is shaped by the opposing forces of ecological drift and negative frequency dependence (rare-species advantage), generated by interference competition. Stochastic and deterministic processes therefore jointly shape coexistence. The role of negative frequency dependence in delaying the loss of ecologically similar species, such as those formed by sexual selection, should therefore be considered in community assembly, macroecology, macroevolution, and biogeography.
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30
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Spatial and temporal variation in three call traits and preferences of the tree cricket Oecanthus forbesi. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Parzer HF, David Polly P, Moczek AP. The evolution of relative trait size and shape: insights from the genitalia of dung beetles. Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:83-93. [PMID: 29423654 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects show relatively little genital variation within species compared to extraordinary and often rapid diversification among species. It has been suggested that selection for reproductive isolation through differences in genital shape might explain this phenomenon. This hypothesis predicts that populations diverge faster in genital shape than in genital size. We tested this prediction in males from 10 dung beetle species with known phylogenetic relationships from the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), including four species for which we were able to sample multiple populations. Specifically, we compared intra- and interspecific differentiation in shape and relative sizes of genitalia and calculated their respective evolutionary rates. We compared these rates to two similarly sized non-genital traits, the head and the fore-tibia. We found significant intraspecific variation in genital shape in all four species for which multiple populations were sampled, but for three of them we also identified significant relative size variation. We also found that genital shape evolved at higher rates than relative genital size. Genital shape evolved faster than head shape, but not fore-tibia shape. However, shapes of all measured structures evolved faster than their relative size. We discuss the functional constraints that may bias the developmental evolution of relative size and shape of genitalia and other morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald F Parzer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. .,Department of Biology and Allied Health Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA.
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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32
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Zanini R, Müller MJ, Vieira GC, Valiati VH, Deprá M, Valente VLDS. Combining morphology and molecular data to improve Drosophila paulistorum (Diptera, Drosophilidae) taxonomic status. Fly (Austin) 2018; 12:81-94. [PMID: 29355090 PMCID: PMC6150627 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2018.1429859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The willistoni species subgroup has been the subject of several studies since the latter half of the past century and is considered a Neotropical model for evolutionary studies, given the many levels of reproductive isolation and different evolutionary stages occurring within them. Here we present for the first time a phylogenetic reconstruction combining morphological characters and molecular data obtained from 8 gene fragments (COI, COII, Cytb, Adh, Ddc, Hb, kl-3 and per). Some relationships were incongruent when comparing morphological and molecular data. Also, morphological data presented some unresolved polytomies, which could reflect the very recent divergence of the subgroup. The total evidence phylogenetic reconstruction presented well-supported relationships and summarized the results of all analyses. The diversification of the willistoni subgroup began about 7.3 Ma with the split of D. insularis while D.paulistorum complex has a much more recent diversification history, which began about 2.1 Ma and apparently has not completed the speciation process, since the average time to sister species separation is one million years, and some entities of the D. paulistorum complex diverge between 0.3 and 1 Ma. Based on the obtained data, we propose the categorization of the former "semispecies" of D. paulistorum as a subspecies and describe the subspecies D. paulistorum amazonian, D. paulistorum andeanbrazilian, D. paulistorum centroamerican, D. paulistorum interior, D. paulistorum orinocan and D. paulistorum transitional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Zanini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Josias Müller
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Cavalheiro Vieira
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Valiati
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Maríndia Deprá
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBAN), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Drosophila, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Stefanini MI, Milla Carmona P, Iglesias PP, Soto EM, Soto IM. Differential Rates of Male Genital Evolution in Sibling Species of Drosophila. Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-018-9444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Castiglione S, Tesone G, Piccolo M, Melchionna M, Mondanaro A, Serio C, Di Febbraro M, Raia P. A new method for testing evolutionary rate variation and shifts in phenotypic evolution. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castiglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Gianmarco Tesone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Martina Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Marina Melchionna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Alessandro Mondanaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Carmela Serio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Mirko Di Febbraro
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e TerritorioUniversità degli Studi del Molise Pesche, Isernia Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terradell'Ambiente e delle RisorseUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
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35
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Convergent and unidirectional evolution of extremely long aedeagi in the largest feather mite genus, Proctophyllodes (Acari: Proctophyllodidae): Evidence from comparative molecular and morphological phylogenetics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Wilson L, Humphrey L. Voyaging into the third dimension: A perspective on virtual methods and their application to studies of juvenile sex estimation and the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Barnard AA, Fincke OM, McPeek MA, Masly JP. Mechanical and tactile incompatibilities cause reproductive isolation between two young damselfly species. Evolution 2017; 71:2410-2427. [PMID: 28744900 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
External male reproductive structures have received considerable attention as a cause of reproductive isolation (RI), because the morphology of these structures often evolves rapidly between populations. This rapid evolution presents the potential for mechanical incompatibilities with heterospecific female structures during mating and could thus prevent interbreeding between nascent species. Although such mechanical incompatibilities have received little empirical support as a common cause of RI, the potential for mismatch of reproductive structures to cause RI due to incompatible species-specific tactile cues has not been tested. We tested the importance of mechanical and tactile incompatibilities in RI between Enallagma anna and E. carunculatum, two damselfly species that diverged within the past ∼250,000 years and currently hybridize in a sympatric region. We quantified 19 prezygotic and postzygotic RI barriers using both naturally occurring and laboratory-reared damselflies. We found incomplete mechanical isolation between the two pure species and between hybrid males and pure species females. Interestingly, in mating pairs for which mechanical isolation was incomplete, females showed greater resistance and refusal to mate with hybrid or heterospecific males compared to conspecific males. This observation suggests that tactile incompatibilities involving male reproductive structures can influence female mating decisions and form a strong barrier to gene flow in early stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Barnard
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Ola M Fincke
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Mark A McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - John P Masly
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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38
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Rampasso AS, Markow TA, Richmond MP. Genetic and phenotypic differentiation suggests incipient speciation within Drosophila arizonae (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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39
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McPeek MA. The Ecological Dynamics of Natural Selection: Traits and the Coevolution of Community Structure. Am Nat 2017; 189:E91-E117. [DOI: 10.1086/691101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Richmond MP, Park J, Henry CS. The function and evolution of male and female genitalia in
Phyllophaga
Harris scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2276-2288. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Richmond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Division of Biological Sciences UC San Diego La Jolla New York CA USA
| | - J. Park
- Division of Biological Sciences UC San Diego La Jolla New York CA USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - C. S. Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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41
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Male genital claspers influence female mate acceptance in the stick insect Clitarchus hookeri. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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42
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Svensson EI, Nordén A, Waller JT, Runemark A. Linking intra- and interspecific assortative mating: Consequences for asymmetric sexual isolation. Evolution 2016; 70:1165-79. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik I. Svensson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Anna Nordén
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - John T. Waller
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; SE-223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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43
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Price SL, Etienne RS, Powell S. Tightly congruent bursts of lineage and phenotypic diversification identified in a continental ant radiation. Evolution 2016; 70:903-12. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences; George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia 20052
| | - Rampal S. Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences; George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia 20052
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44
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Montagna M, Mereghetti V, Lencioni V, Rossaro B. Integrated Taxonomy and DNA Barcoding of Alpine Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149673. [PMID: 26938660 PMCID: PMC4777558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient DNA-based tools are recommended for the evaluation of the insect biodiversity of high-altitude streams. In the present study, focused principally on larvae of the genus Diamesa Meigen 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae), the congruence between morphological/molecular delimitation of species as well as performances in taxonomic assignments were evaluated. A fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gene was obtained from 112 larvae, pupae and adults (Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae) that were collected in different mountain regions of the Alps and Apennines. On the basis of morphological characters 102 specimens were attributed to 16 species, and the remaining ten specimens were identified to the genus level. Molecular species delimitation was performed using: i) distance-based Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), with no a priori assumptions on species identification; and ii) coalescent tree-based approaches as the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model, its Bayesian implementation and Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes. The ABGD analysis, estimating an optimal intra/interspecific nucleotide distance threshold of 0.7%-1.4%, identified 23 putative species; the tree-based approaches, identified between 25-26 entities, provided nearly identical results. All species belonging to zernyi, steinboecki, latitarsis, bertrami, dampfi and incallida groups, as well as outgroup species, are recovered as separate entities, perfectly matching the identified morphospecies. In contrast, within the cinerella group, cases of discrepancy arose: i) the two morphologically separate species D. cinerella and D. tonsa are neither monophyletic nor diagnosable exhibiting low values of between-taxa nucleotide mean divergence (0.94%); ii) few cases of larvae morphological misidentification were observed. Head capsule color is confirmed to be a valid character able to discriminate larvae of D. zernyi, D. tonsa and D. cinerella, but it is here better defined as a color gradient between the setae submenti and genal setae. DNA barcodes performances were high: average accuracy was ~89% and precision of ~99%. On the basis of the present data, we can thus conclude that molecular identification represents a promising tool that could be effectively adopted in evaluating biodiversity of high-altitude streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Mereghetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Rossaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente—Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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45
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Asymmetry in genitalia does not increase the rate of their evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 93:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Burns M, Shultz JW. Biomechanical Diversity of Mating Structures among Harvestmen Species Is Consistent with a Spectrum of Precopulatory Strategies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137181. [PMID: 26352413 PMCID: PMC4564142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity in reproductive structures is frequently explained by selection acting at individual to generational timescales, but interspecific differences predicted by such models (e.g., female choice or sexual conflict) are often untestable in a phylogenetic framework. An alternative approach focuses on clade- or function-specific hypotheses that predict evolutionary patterns in terms neutral to specific modes of sexual selection. Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening). Predictions of sexual coevolution and fidelity to precopulatory categories were tested using 10 continuously varying functional traits from 28 species. Multivariate analyses corroborated sexual coevolution but failed to partition species by precopulatory strategy, with multiple methods placing species along a spectrum of mechanical antagonistic potential. These findings suggest that precopulatory features within species reflect different co-occurring levels of solicitation and antagonism, and that gradualistic evolutionary pathways exist between extreme strategies. The ability to quantify antagonistic potential of precopulatory structures invites comparison with ecological variables that may promote evolutionary shifts in precopulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Burns
- BEES Program and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey W. Shultz
- BEES Program and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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47
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Drury JP, Grether GF. Interspecific aggression, not interspecific mating, drives character displacement in the wing coloration of male rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141737. [PMID: 25339724 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traits that mediate intraspecific social interactions may overlap in closely related sympatric species, resulting in costly between-species interactions. Such interactions have principally interested investigators studying the evolution of reproductive isolation via reproductive character displacement (RCD) or reinforcement, yet in addition to reproductive interference, interspecific trait overlap can lead to costly between-species aggression. Previous research on rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.) demonstrated that sympatric shifts in male wing colour patterns and competitor recognition reduce interspecific aggression, supporting the hypothesis that agonistic character displacement (ACD) drove trait shifts. However, a recent theoretical model shows that RCD overshadows ACD if the same male trait is used for both female mate recognition and male competitor recognition. To determine whether female mate recognition is based on male wing coloration in Hetaerina, we conducted a phenotype manipulation experiment. Compared to control males, male H. americana with wings manipulated to resemble a sympatric congener (H. titia) suffered no reduction in mating success. Thus, female mate recognition is not based on species differences in male wing coloration. Experimental males did, however, experience higher interspecific fighting rates and reduced survival compared to controls. These results greatly strengthen the case for ACD and highlight the mechanistic distinction between ACD and RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Drury
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - G F Grether
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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48
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Svensson EI, Runemark A, Verzijden MN, Wellenreuther M. Sex differences in developmental plasticity and canalization shape population divergence in mate preferences. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1636. [PMID: 25377451 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection of high-quality mates can conflict with species recognition if traits that govern intraspecific mate preferences also influence interspecific recognition. This conflict might be resolved by developmental plasticity and learned mate preferences, which could drive preference divergence in populations that differ in local species composition. We integrate field and laboratory experiments on two calopterygid damselfly species with population genetic data to investigate how sex differences in developmental plasticity affect population divergence in the face of gene flow. Whereas male species recognition is fixed at emergence, females instead learn to recognize heterospecifics. Females are therefore more plastic in their mate preferences than males. We suggest that this results from sex differences in the balance between sexual selection for high-quality mates and selection for species recognition. As a result of these sex differences, females develop more pronounced population divergence in their mate preferences compared with males. Local ecological community context and presence of heterospecifics in combination with sex differences in plasticity and canalization therefore shape population divergence in mate preferences. As ongoing environmental change and habitat fragmentation bring formerly allopatric species into secondary contact, developmental plasticity of mate preferences in either or both sexes might facilitate coexistence and prevent local species extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik I Svensson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Machteld N Verzijden
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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49
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Holwell GI, Kazakova O, Evans F, O’Hanlon JC, Barry KL. The Functional Significance of Chiral Genitalia: Patterns of Asymmetry, Functional Morphology and Mating Success in the Praying Mantis Ciulfina baldersoni. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128755. [PMID: 26107629 PMCID: PMC4479579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital asymmetry is relatively common and widespread throughout the animal kingdom. The functional significance of genital asymmetry is however, poorly understood for most species. Male praying mantids of the genus Ciulfina are remarkable in possessing complex and directionally asymmetric genital phallomeres in some species, and chirally dimorphic/antisymmetric genitalia in others. Here we explore the chiral dimorphism in male genitalia of Ciulfina baldersoni which appear to exhibit genital antisymmetry. We test whether genital orientation influences mating success, copulation duration and the attachment duration of spermatophores. Additionally we investigate genital interactions between male and females using x-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lastly we assess whether genital asymmetry is associated with non-genital morphological asymmetry of a range of traits. Our results highlight the complex functional morphology of genitalia in this praying mantis species and yet demonstrate no functional difference between dextral and sinistral morphs other than the direction of attachment with both morphs enjoying equal levels of mating success. Chiral morphs also did not strongly associate with any other forms of asymmetry. We therefore conclude that genital chirality in Ciulfina baldersoni is a likely case of antisymmetry with no functional significance to genital orientation, and is likely to be selectively neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Holwell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Olga Kazakova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Felicity Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - James C. O’Hanlon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Barry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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50
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Wellenreuther M, Sánchez-Guillén RA. Nonadaptive radiation in damselflies. Evol Appl 2015; 9:103-18. [PMID: 27087842 PMCID: PMC4780385 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiations have long served as living libraries to study the build‐up of species richness; however, they do not provide good models for radiations that exhibit negligible adaptive disparity. Here, we review work on damselflies to argue that nonadaptive mechanisms were predominant in the radiation of this group and have driven species divergence through sexual selection arising from male–female mating interactions. Three damselfly genera (Calopteryx,Enallagma and Ischnura) are highlighted and the extent of (i) adaptive ecological divergence in niche use and (ii) nonadaptive differentiation in characters associated with reproduction (e.g. sexual morphology and behaviours) was evaluated. We demonstrate that species diversification in the genus Calopteryx is caused by nonadaptive divergence in coloration and behaviour affecting premating isolation, and structural differentiation in reproductive morphology affecting postmating isolation. Similarly, the vast majority of diversification events in the sister genera Enallagma and Ischnura are entirely driven by differentiation in genital structures used in species recognition. The finding that closely related species can show negligible ecological differences yet are completely reproductively isolated suggests that the evolution of reproductive isolation can be uncoupled from niche‐based divergent natural selection, challenging traditional niche models of species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wellenreuther
- Evolutionary Ecology, Biology Department Lund University Lund Sweden; Plant and Food Research Limited Nelson New Zealand
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