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Dickson K, Scott C, White H, Zhou J, Kelly M, Lehmann C. Antibacterial and Analgesic Properties of Beta-Caryophyllene in a Murine Urinary Tract Infection Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104144. [PMID: 37241885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-caryophyllene has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of conditions, including interstitial cystitis. These effects are mediated primarily via the activation of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor. Additional antibacterial properties have recently been suggested, leading to our investigation of the effects of beta-caryophyllene in a murine model of urinary tract infection (UTI). Female BALB/c mice were intravesically inoculated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. The mice received either beta-caryophyllene, antibiotic treatment using fosfomycin, or combination therapy. After 6, 24, or 72 h, the mice were evaluated for bacterial burden in the bladder and changes in pain and behavioral responses using von Frey esthesiometry. In the 24 h model, the anti-inflammatory effects of beta-caryophyllene were also assessed using intravital microscopy. The mice established a robust UTI by 24 h. Altered behavioral responses persisted 72 h post infection. Treatment with beta-caryophyllene resulted in a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in urine and bladder tissues 24 h post UTI induction and significant improvements in behavioral responses and intravital microscopy parameters, representing reduced inflammation in the bladder. This study demonstrates the utility of beta-caryophyllene as a new adjunct therapy for the management of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Cassidy Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hannah White
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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2
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Schrepf A, Kaplan C, Harris RE, Williams DA, Clauw DJ, As-Sanie S, Till S, Clemens JQ, Rodriguez LV, Van Bokhoven A, Landis R, Gallop R, Bradley C, Naliboff B, Pontari M, O’Donnell M, Luo Y, Kreder K, Lutgendorf SK, Harte SE. Stimulated whole-blood cytokine/chemokine responses are associated with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome phenotypes and features of nociplastic pain: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain research network study. Pain 2023; 164:1148-1157. [PMID: 36279178 PMCID: PMC10106356 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a common and debilitating disease with poor treatment outcomes. Studies from the multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain research network established that IC/BPS patients with chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) experience poorer quality of life and more severe symptoms, yet the neurobiological correlates of this subtype are largely unknown. We previously showed that ex vivo toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cytokine/chemokine release is associated with the presence of COPCs, as well as widespread pain and experimental pain sensitivity women with IC/BPS. Here, we attempt to confirm these findings in the multisite multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain Symptom Patterns Study using TLR4-stimulated whole blood (female IC/BPS patients with COPC n = 99; without n = 36). Samples were collected in tubes preloaded with TLR4 agonist, incubated for 24 hours, and resulting supernatant assayed for 7 cytokines/chemokines. These were subject to a principal components analysis and the resulting components used as dependent variables in general linear models. Controlling for patient age, body mass index, and site of collection, we found that greater ex vivo TLR4-stimulated cytokine/chemokine release was associated with the presence of COPCs ( P < 0.01), extent of widespread pain ( P < 0.05), but not experimental pain sensitivity ( P > 0.05). However, a second component of anti-inflammatory, regulatory, and chemotactic activity was associated with reduced pain sensitivity ( P < 0.01). These results confirm that the IC/BPS + COPCs subtype show higher levels of ex vivo TLR4 cytokine/chemokine release and support a link between immune priming and nociplastic pain in IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schrepf
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chelsea Kaplan
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard E. Harris
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A. Williams
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Clauw
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sawsan As-Sanie
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Till
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Larissa V. Rodriguez
- Departments of Urology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Adrie Van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard Landis
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Gallop
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Bradley
- Departments of Urology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Mike Pontari
- Department of Urology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karl Kreder
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Susan K Lutgendorf
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven E. Harte
- Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Shionone Relieves Urinary Tract Infections by Removing Bacteria from Bladder Epithelial Cells. Cell Microbiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3201540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are second only to respiratory infections in terms of infectious diseases. In recent years, drug resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) has increased significantly. The therapeutic effects of Shionone on UTI were assessed by modelling UTI in SD rats and SV-HUC-1 cells with E. coli solution. After treatment of Shionone, the UTI rat model showed a decrease in wet weight/body weight of bladder, as well as a reduction in cellular inflammatory infiltration of bladder tissue and a decrease in urinary levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In addition, the levels of proinflammatory factors were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner in UTI cell model treated with different doses of Shionone (5, 10, and 20 μg/kg). The results of immunofluorescence analysis in both in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that Shionone reduced bacterial load and the number of E. coli colonies growing on the plates was greatly reduced. These results suggested that Shionone has a good therapeutic effect on UTI, achieved by reducing bacterial load in bladder epithelial cells. The data presented here provide a basis for further research into the treatment of UTI.
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Staurengo-Ferrari L, Deng L, Chiu IM. Interactions between nociceptor sensory neurons and microbial pathogens in pain. Pain 2022; 163:S57-S68. [PMID: 36252233 PMCID: PMC9586460 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liwen Deng
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac M. Chiu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Zhang X, Yan Y, Lv Y, Li X, Chen L, Huang Z, Zhou J, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Gu H. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides attenuate uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced pyroptosis in macrophage cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113098. [PMID: 35594714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are recognized as one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main causative agent of UTI. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOPs), the main effective ingredient in Dendrobium officinale, have been reported to possess an anti-inflammatory role. Whether DOPs can attenuate the inflammatory injury (pyroptosis) induced by UPEC remains unknown. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect and potential mechanism of DOPs in UPEC-induced pyroptosis. Cell viability of THP-1 differentiated macrophage cells with DOPs was determined using MTT assay. Pyroptosis by UPEC in macrophage cells with or not DOPs pre-treatment was evaluated with flow cytometry analysis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and proinflammatory cytokines secretion. Expression level of key proteins in the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptotic pathway was analyzed with western blot. Furthermore the effect of DOPs on ROS activation was investigated. Results indicated that DOPs attenuated UPEC-induced cell damage in macrophage cells, inhibited the activation of NLRP3 mediated inflammasome, subsequently decreased induction and activation of caspase-1/GSDMD, and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β et al.). Moreover, pretreatment with DOPs significantly reduces ROS production, an important/putative pyroptosis stimulus signal. These results suggested that DOPs successfully mitigate UPEC-promoted pyroptosis in macrophage cells. The protective effects of DOPs are associated with the inhibition of the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway and ROS signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunxia Lv
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Li
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Leiyao Chen
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zihui Huang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junbo Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210014, China
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Butler D, Ambite I, Wan MLY, Tran TH, Wullt B, Svanborg C. Immunomodulation therapy offers new molecular strategies to treat UTI. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:419-437. [PMID: 35732832 PMCID: PMC9214477 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are needed for the treatment of bacterial infections, and a range of antibacterial molecules have been explored as alternatives to antibiotics. A different approach is to investigate the immune system of the host for new ways of making the antibacterial defence more efficient. However, the immune system has a dual role as protector and cause of disease: in addition to being protective, increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses can become excessive and cause acute symptoms and tissue pathology during infection. This role of innate immunity in disease suggests that the immune system should be targeted therapeutically, to inhibit over-reactivity. The ultimate goal is to develop therapies that selectively attenuate destructive immune response cascades, while augmenting the protective antimicrobial defence but such treatment options have remained underexplored, owing to the molecular proximity of the protective and destructive effects of the immune response. The concept of innate immunomodulation therapy has been developed successfully in urinary tract infections, based on detailed studies of innate immune activation and disease pathogenesis. Effective, disease-specific, immunomodulatory strategies have been developed by targeting specific immune response regulators including key transcription factors. In acute pyelonephritis, targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 using small interfering RNA or treatment with antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin was protective and, in acute cystitis, targeting overactive effector molecules such as IL-1β, MMP7, COX2, cAMP and the pain-sensing receptor NK1R has been successful in vivo. Furthermore, other UTI treatment strategies, such as inhibiting bacterial adhesion and vaccination, have also shown promise. Hyperactivation of innate immunity is a disease determinant in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Modulation of innate immunity has promise as a therapy for UTIs. In this Review, the authors discuss potential mechanisms and immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in UTIs. Excessive innate immune responses to infection cause symptoms and pathology in acute pyelonephritis and acute cystitis. Innate immunomodulation therapy is, therefore, a realistic option for treating these conditions. Targeting excessive innate immune responses at the level of transcription has been successful in animal models. Innate immunomodulation therapy reduces excessive inflammation and tissue pathology and accelerates bacterial clearance from infected kidneys and bladders in mice. Innate immunomodulation therapy also accelerates the clearance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Ambite
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Wullt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Urinary Tract Infections Impair Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060891. [PMID: 35741412 PMCID: PMC9220213 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Urinary tract infections are associated with features of cognitive decline and memory deficits, where the underlying correlation or mechanism is still not clear. In this study, we investigate the effect of urinary tract infections on cognitive functions in rodents and whether it is associated with adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process that is detrimental for memory formation. We have shown that urinary tract infection affects the time spent exploring a novel arm in the Y-maze test. This was accompanied with a decrease in the proliferation of neural stem cells at an early time point post infection and a persistent decrease in neurogenesis at a later time point (34 days). We also detected decreased levels of neurotrophic factors important for neurogenesis and an elevated expression of interleukin 1β in the hippocampus. Treatment with either anti-inflammatory drugs or anti-biotics does not recover proliferation of neural stem cells. Here, we present hippocampal neurogenesis as a possible contributor to cognitive changes associated with urinary tract infections. Given the significant increase in urinary tract infection occurrence, it is important to address some of the detrimental effects that such an infection can have at the level of the brain. Abstract Previous studies have suggested a link between urinary tract infections (UTIs) and cognitive impairment. One possible contributing factor for UTI-induced cognitive changes that has not yet been investigated is a potential alteration in hippocampal neurogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of UTI on brain plasticity by specifically examining alterations in neurogenesis. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received an intra-urethral injection of an Escherichia coli (E. coli) clinical isolate (108 CFU/mL). We found that rats with a UTI (CFU/mL ≥ 105) had reduced proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) at an early time point post infection (day 4) and neurogenesis at a later time point (day 34). This was associated with the decreased expression in mRNA of BDNF, NGF, and FGF2, and elevated expression of IL-1β in the hippocampus at 6 h post infection, but with no changes in optical intensity of the microglia and astrocytes. In addition, infected rats spent less time exploring a novel arm in the Y-maze test. Treatment with an anti-inflammatory drug did not revert the effect on NSCs, while treatment with antibiotics further decreased the basal level of their proliferation. This study presents novel findings on the impact of urinary tract infections on hippocampal neurogenesis that could be correlated with cognitive impairment.
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Montalbetti N, Dalghi MG, Bastacky SI, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Apodaca G, Carattino MD. Bladder infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli increases the excitability of afferent neurons. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F1-F13. [PMID: 34779263 PMCID: PMC8698541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00167.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain, but the underlying causes of these symptoms remain unknown. We investigated whether afferent sensitization contributes to the bladder overactivity and pain observed in mice suffering from experimentally induced bacterial cystitis. Inoculation of mouse bladders with the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain UTI89 caused pelvic allodynia, increased voiding frequency, and prompted an acute inflammatory process marked by leukocytic infiltration and edema of the mucosa. Compared with controls, isolated bladder sensory neurons from UTI-treated mice exhibited a depolarized resting membrane potential, lower action potential threshold and rheobase, and increased firing in response to suprathreshold stimulation. To determine whether bacterial virulence factors can contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents, neurons isolated from naïve mice were incubated with supernatants collected from bacterial cultures with or depleted of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants containing LPS prompted the sensitization of bladder sensory neurons with both tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant and TTX-sensitive action potentials. However, bladder sensory neurons with TTX-sensitive action potentials were not affected by bacterial supernatants depleted of LPS. Unexpectedly, ultrapure LPS increased the excitability only of bladder sensory neurons with TTX-resistant action potentials, but the supplementation of supernatants depleted of LPS with ultrapure LPS resulted in the sensitization of both population of bladder sensory neurons. In summary, the results of our study indicate that multiple virulence factors released from UTI89 act on bladder sensory neurons to prompt their sensitization. These sensitized bladder sensory neurons mediate, at least in part, the bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain seen in mice inoculated with UTI89.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Urinary tract infection (UTI) produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) promotes sensitization of bladder afferent sensory neurons with tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive action potentials. Lipopolysaccharide and other virulence factors produced by UPEC contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents in UTI. In conclusion, sensitized afferents contribute to the voiding symptoms and pelvic pain present in mice bladder inoculated with UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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9
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Hiroki CH, Sarden N, Hassanabad MF, Yipp BG. Innate Receptors Expression by Lung Nociceptors: Impact on COVID-19 and Aging. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785355. [PMID: 34975876 PMCID: PMC8716370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to non-sterile air which carries harmful threats, such as particles and pathogens. Nonetheless, this organ is equipped with fast and efficient mechanisms to eliminate these threats from the airways as well as prevent pathogen invasion. The respiratory tract is densely innervated by sensory neurons, also known as nociceptors, which are responsible for the detection of external stimuli and initiation of physiological and immunological responses. Furthermore, expression of functional innate receptors by nociceptors have been reported; however, the influence of these receptors to the lung function and local immune response is poorly described. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of coordinated and competent pulmonary immunity for the prevention of pathogen spread as well as prevention of excessive tissue injury. New findings suggest that lung nociceptors can be a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection; what remains unclear is whether innate receptor trigger sensory neuron activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and what is the relevance for the outcomes. Moreover, elderly individuals often present with respiratory, neurological and immunological dysfunction. Whether aging in the context of sensory nerve function and innate receptors contributes to the disorders of these systems is currently unknown. Here we discuss the expression of innate receptors by nociceptors, particularly in the lungs, and the possible impact of their activation on pulmonary immunity. We then demonstrate recent evidence that suggests lung sensory neurons as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and possible viral recognition via innate receptors. Lastly, we explore the mechanisms by which lung nociceptors might contribute to disturbance in respiratory and immunological responses during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H. Hiroki
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Sarden
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mortaza F. Hassanabad
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G. Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Steiner SE, Choong FX, Antypas H, Morado-Urbina CE, Schulz A, Bersellini Farinotti A, Bas DB, Svensson CI, Richter-Dahlfors A, Melican K. UPEC kidney infection triggers neuro-immune communication leading to modulation of local renal inflammation by splenic IFNγ. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009553. [PMID: 34015044 PMCID: PMC8136731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection results in a veritable cascade of host responses, both local and systemic. To study the initial stages of host-pathogen interaction in living tissue we use spatially-temporally controlled in vivo models. Using this approach, we show here that within 4 h of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection in the kidney, an IFNγ response is triggered in the spleen. This rapid infection-mediated inter-organ communication was found to be transmitted via nerve signalling. Bacterial expression of the toxin α-hemolysin directly and indirectly activated sensory neurons, which were identified in the basement membrane of renal tubules. Nerve activation was transmitted via the splenic nerve, inducing upregulation of IFNγ in the marginal zones of the spleen that led to increasing concentrations of IFNγ in the circulation. We found that IFNγ modulated the inflammatory signalling generated by renal epithelia cells in response to UPEC infection. This demonstrates a new concept in the host response to kidney infection; the role of nerves in sensing infection and rapidly triggering a systemic response which can modulate inflammation at the site of infection. The interplay between the nervous and immune systems is an exciting, developing field with the appealing prospect of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Our study identifies an important role for systemic neuro-immune communication in modulating inflammation during the very first hours of a local bacterial infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svava E. Steiner
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand X. Choong
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haris Antypas
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos E. Morado-Urbina
- Department for Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anette Schulz
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Bersellini Farinotti
- Department for Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duygu B. Bas
- Department for Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department for Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AR-D); (KM)
| | - Keira Melican
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AR-D); (KM)
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Deng
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac M. Chiu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome: insights from the MAPP Research Network. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 16:187-200. [PMID: 30560936 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS), which encompasses interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, is characterized by chronic pain in the pelvic region or genitalia that is often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency. Despite considerable research, no definite aetiological risk factors or effective treatments have been identified. The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network uses a novel integrated strategy to characterize UCPPS as a systemic disorder that potentially involves multiple aetiologies. The first phase, MAPP I, included >1,000 participants who completed an intensive baseline assessment followed by a 12-month observational follow-up period. MAPP I studies showed that UCPPS pain and urinary symptoms co-vary, with only moderate correlation, and should be evaluated separately and that symptom flares are common and can differ considerably in intensity, duration and influence on quality of life. Longitudinal clinical changes in UCPPS correlated with structural and functional brain changes, and many patients experienced global multisensory hypersensitivity. Additionally, UCPPS symptom profiles were distinguishable by biological correlates, such as immune factors. These findings indicate that patients with UCPPS have objective phenotypic abnormalities and distinct biological characteristics, providing a new foundation for the study and clinical management of UCPPS.
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13
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Li XQ, Zhu JY, Pan RR, Shen YL, Rahman K, Zhang CY, Zhang LJ, Luan X, Zhang H. Therapeutic effect of Dongbai-Tonglin-Fang, a Chinese herbal formula, on urinary tract infection in rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112028. [PMID: 31195030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has many obvious advantages in the treatment of chronic conditions such as urinary tract infection (UTI). Dongbai-Tonglin-Fang (DBTL), a Chinese herbal formula, has been used for the treatment of UTI for more than 40 years with proven efficacy. However, its mechanism of action is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of DBTL and its mechanism of action in a rat UTI model. MATERIALS AND METHODS E. coli solution induced UTI rat model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of DBTL on UTI. Biochemical indicators related to UTI were measured. The kidney tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to observe pathological changes whilst the ear swelling, feet swelling, hot plate and body torsion tests were used to estimate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of DBTL. RESULTS After treatment with different doses of DBTL (1, 2, 4 g/kg), a decrease in weight of the kidney in the UTI rat model was observed. The contents of white blood cell, nitrite, urinary albumin, ketone body, bilirubin and occult blood in the urine were also reduced whilst an increase in the pH of urine was observed. HE staining showed that the pathological changes in the kidney tissue were alleviated. At the same time, ear swelling assay showed that the weight and the degree of swelling of the ear of the mice in DBTL groups were decreased remarkably. DBTL also reduced the degree of feet swelling of the rats caused by the adjuvant. Furthermore, with the DBTL treatment, the latency period of foot licking induced by thermal stimulation was increased while the number of twists was lessened. CONCLUSION These results show that DBTL has an excellent therapeutic effect on UTI rats accompanying with anti-inflammation and analgesia. The data presented here lays the foundations for further investigations in the treatment of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong Pan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yu-Li Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Xin Luan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
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14
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Abstract
Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints, bones, muscles and mucosal tissues and protects organisms from noxious stimuli. Nociceptors are sensitized by inflammatory mediators produced by the immune system, including cytokines, lipid mediators and growth factors, and can also directly detect pathogens and their secreted products to produce pain during infection. Upon activation, nociceptors release neuropeptides from their terminals that potently shape the function of innate and adaptive immune cells. For some pathogens, neuron-immune interactions enhance host protection from infection, but for other pathogens, neuron-immune signalling pathways can be exploited to facilitate pathogen survival. Here, we discuss the role of nociceptor interactions with the immune system in pain and infection and how understanding these pathways could produce new approaches to treat infectious diseases and chronic pain.
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15
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Klarström Engström K, Zhang B, Demirel I. Human renal fibroblasts are strong immunomobilizers during a urinary tract infection mediated by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2296. [PMID: 30783129 PMCID: PMC6381130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the onset of urosepsis and reduce mortality, a better understanding of how uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) manages to infiltrate the bloodstream through the kidneys is needed. The present study elucidates if human renal interstitial fibroblasts are part of the immune response limiting a UPEC infection, or if UPEC has the ability to modulate the fibroblasts for their own gain. Microarray results showed that upregulated genes were associated with an activated immune response. We also found that chemokines released from renal fibroblasts upon a UPEC infection could be mediated by LPS and triacylated lipoproteins activating the TLR2/1, TLR4, MAPK, NF-κB and PKC signaling pathways. Furthermore, UPEC was also shown to be able to adhere and invade renal fibroblasts, mediated by the P-fimbriae. Furthermore, it was found that renal fibroblasts were more immunoreactive than renal epithelial cells upon a UPEC infection. However, both renal fibroblasts and epithelial cells were equally efficient at inducing neutrophil migration. In conclusion, we have found that human renal fibroblasts can sense UPEC and mobilize a host response with neutrophil migration. This suggests that renal fibroblasts are not only structural cells that produce and regulate the extracellular matrix, but also highly immunoreactive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boxi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. .,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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16
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Lee JH, Jang SJ, Rhie S. Antinatriuretic phenomena seen in children with acute pyelonephritis may be related to the activation of intrarenal RAAS. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12152. [PMID: 30200111 PMCID: PMC6133464 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether antinatriuretic phenomena [decreases in urinary sodium (uNa) and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa)] seen in children with acute pyelonephritis (APN) are associated with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).We examined 114 children experiencing their first episode of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) consecutively admitted to our hospital from July 2012 to June 2014. Blood tests [C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and aldosterone (Aldo)] and urine tests [uNa, urine potassium (uK) and FENa] were performed upon admission. All enrolled children underwent a 99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning (DMSA) at admission. Areas with cortical defects (AreaCD) and uptake counts (UptakeCD) on their DMSA scans were calculated. Data were compared between children with positive DMSA results (APN), lower urinary tract infection (L-UTI), and controls; and between children with high and low Aldo levels.uNa, uNa/K, and FENa negatively correlated with AreaCD%, UptakeCD, and Aldo; were significantly lower in APN patients than in LUTIs and controls regardless of Aldo level; were lower in the high Aldo group than in the low Aldo group. However, there is no difference in AreaCD% and UptakeCD between APN children with the high and low Aldo level.Decreases in uNa, uNa/K, and FENa in children with APN may result from an antinatriuretic effect of RAAS and be related to the activation of the intrarenal RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su Jin Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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17
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Rosen JM, Yaggie RE, Woida PJ, Miller RJ, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. TRPV1 and the MCP-1/CCR2 Axis Modulate Post-UTI Chronic Pain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7188. [PMID: 29739958 PMCID: PMC5940763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of chronic pelvic pain syndromes remains unknown. In a murine urinary tract infection (UTI) model, lipopolysaccharide of uropathogenic E. coli and its receptor TLR4 are required for post-UTI chronic pain development. However, downstream mechanisms of post-UTI chronic pelvic pain remain unclear. Because the TRPV1 and MCP-1/CCR2 pathways are implicated in chronic neuropathic pain, we explored their role in post-UTI chronic pain. Mice were infected with the E. coli strain SΦ874, known to produce chronic allodynia, and treated with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. Mice treated with capsazepine at the time of SΦ874 infection failed to develop chronic allodynia, whereas capsazepine treatment of mice at two weeks following SΦ874 infection did not reduce chronic allodynia. TRPV1-deficient mice did not develop chronic allodynia either. Similar results were found using novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) to assess depressive behavior associated with neuropathic pain. Imaging of reporter mice also revealed induction of MCP-1 and CCR2 expression in sacral dorsal root ganglia following SΦ874 infection. Treatment with a CCR2 receptor antagonist at two weeks post-infection reduced chronic allodynia. Taken together, these results suggest that TRPV1 has a role in the establishment of post-UTI chronic pain, and CCR2 has a role in maintenance of post-UTI chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Rosen
- Departments of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ryan E Yaggie
- Departments of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Patrick J Woida
- Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Departments of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - David J Klumpp
- Departments of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
- Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
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18
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Commensal bacterial modulation of the host immune response to ameliorate pain in a murine model of chronic prostatitis. Pain 2018; 158:1517-1527. [PMID: 28715352 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human commensal microflora plays an essential role in modulating the immune response to control homeostasis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal bacterium most commonly associated with the skin exerts such effects locally, modulating local immune responses during inflammation and preventing superinfection by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Although the prostate is considered by many to be sterile, multiple investigations have shown that small numbers of gram-positive bacterial species such as S. epidermidis can be isolated from the expressed prostatic secretions of both healthy and diseased men. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a complex syndrome with symptoms including pain and lower urinary tract dysfunction. It has an unknown etiology and limited effective treatments but is associated with modulation of prostate immune responses. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome can be modeled using murine experimental prostatitis (EAP), where CD4+ve IL17A+ve T cells have been shown to play a critical role in disease orchestration and development of pelvic tactile allodynia. Here, we report that intraurethral instillation of a specific S. epidermidis strain (designated NPI [non-pain inducing]), isolated from the expressed prostatic secretion of a healthy human male, into EAP-treated mice reduced the pelvic tactile allodynia responses and increased CD4+ve IL17A+ve T-cell numbers associated with EAP. Furthermore, a cell wall constituent of NPI, lipoteichoic acid, specifically recapitulates these effects and mediates increased expression of CTLA4-like ligands PDL1 and PDL2 on prostatic CD11b+ve antigen-presenting cells. These results identify a new potential therapeutic role for commensal S. epidermidis NPI lipoteichoic acid in the treatment of prostatitis-associated pain.
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19
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Sub-noxious Intravesical Lipopolysaccharide Triggers Bladder Inflammation and Symptom Onset in A Transgenic Autoimmune Cystitis Model: A MAPP Network Animal Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6573. [PMID: 29700406 PMCID: PMC5919907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) can potentially develop symptom flares after exposure to minor bladder irritants such as subclinical bacterial infection. To reproduce this symptom onset, we intravesically instilled a sub-noxious dose of uropathogenic E. coli component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in young URO-OVA/OT-I mice, a transgenic autoimmune cystitis model that spontaneously develops bladder inflammation at ≥10 weeks of age. Female URO-OVA/OT-I mice (6-weeks old) were treated intravesically with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS containing a sub-noxious dose (1 μg) of LPS. Mice were evaluated for bladder inflammation, pelvic pain, and voiding dysfunction at days 1, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Mice treated with LPS but not PBS developed early bladder inflammation with increased macrophage infiltration. Accordingly, the inflamed bladders expressed increased levels of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and pain mediator (substance P precursor). In addition, LPS-treated mice exhibited pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction such as increased urinary frequency and reduced bladder capacity. These functional changes sustained up to day 14 tested. Our results indicate that a single sub-noxious dose of intravesical LPS triggers early bladder inflammation and symptom onset in URO-OVA/OT-I mice, providing a useful model for IC/BPS symptom flare study.
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20
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Distinct Signature of Oxylipid Mediators of Inflammation during Infection and Asymptomatic Colonization by E. coli in the Urinary Bladder. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4207928. [PMID: 29445256 PMCID: PMC5763092 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4207928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an extremely common infectious disease. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the predominant etiological agent of UTI. Asymptomatic bacteriuric E. coli (ABEC) strains successfully colonize the urinary tract resulting in asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) and do not induce symptoms associated with UTI. Oxylipids are key signaling molecules involved in inflammation. Based on the distinct clinical outcomes of E. coli colonization, we hypothesized that UPEC triggers the production of predominantly proinflammatory oxylipids and ABEC leads to production of primarily anti-inflammatory or proresolving oxylipids in the urinary tract. We performed quantitative detection of 39 oxylipid mediators with proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and proresolving properties, during UTI and ABU caused by genetically distinct E. coli strains in the murine urinary bladder. Our results reveal that infection with UPEC causes an increased accumulation of proinflammatory oxylipids as early as 6 h postinoculation, compared to controls. To the contrary, ABEC colonization leads to decreased accumulation of proinflammatory oxylipids at the early time point compared to UPEC infection but does not affect the level of proresolving oxylipids. This report represents the first comprehensive investigation on the oxylipidome during benign ABEC colonization observed in ABU and acute inflammation triggered by UPEC leading to UTI.
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21
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Sarshar S, Brandt S, Asadi Karam MR, Habibi M, Bouzari S, Lechtenberg M, Dobrindt U, Qin X, Goycoolea FM, Hensel A. Aqueous extract from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves prevents bladder and kidney infection in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 28:1-9. [PMID: 28478807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts from the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus are used in phytotherapy for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. PURPOSES Evaluation of an aqueous extract against infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli in vivo; investigation of underlying microbiological mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN In vivo studies in mice and in vitro investigations on cytotoxicity, antiadhesive potential, influence on bacterial gene expression and quorum sensing. METHODS Extract OWE was prepared by hot water extraction. For in vivo studies BALB/c mice were used in an UPEC infection model. The effect of OWE on bacterial load in bladder/kidney tissue was monitored in pre- and posttreatment. Cytotoxicity of OWE against different UPEC strains, T24 bladder/A498 kidney cells, gene expression analysis, monitoring of phenotypic motility and quorum sensing was investigated by standard methods of microbiology. RESULTS OWE was quantified (UHPLC) according to the content of rosmarinic acid, cichoric acid, caffeic acid. Three- and 5-day treatment of animals with OWE (750mg/kg) after transurethral infection with UPEC CFT073 reduced the bacterial load in bladder and kidney, similar to norfloxacin. Four- and 7-day pretreatment of mice prior to the infection with UPEC NU14 reduced bacterial bladder colonization. In vitro investigations indicated that OWE (≤2mg/ml) has no cytotoxic or proliferation-inhibiting activity against different UPEC strains as well as against T24 bladder and A498 kidney cells. OWE exerts a dose dependent antiadhesive activity against UPEC strains NU14 and UTI89. OWE reduced gene expression of fimH, but evoked increase of the expression of motility/fitness gene fliC. Increase of bacterial motility on gene level was confirmed by a changed bacterial phenotype by an increased bacterial motility in soft agar assay. OWE inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner bacterial quorum sensing. CONCLUSION OWE is assessed as a strong antiadhesive plant extract for which the traditional use in phytotherapy for UTI might be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarshar
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Brandt
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M R Asadi Karam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Teheran 13164, Iran
| | - M Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Teheran 13164, Iran
| | - S Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Teheran 13164, Iran
| | - M Lechtenberg
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - U Dobrindt
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Hygiene, Mendelstraße 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - X Qin
- University of Münster, Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F M Goycoolea
- University of Münster, Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Pain and itch are unpleasant sensations that often accompany infections caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Recent studies show that sensory neurons are able to directly detect pathogens to mediate pain and itch. Nociceptor and pruriceptor neurons respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including Toll-like receptor ligands, N-formyl peptides, and bacterial toxins. Other pathogens are able to silence neuronal activity to produce analgesia during infection. Pain and itch could lead to neuronal modulation of the immune system or behavioral avoidance of future pathogen exposure. Conversely, pathogens could modulate neuronal signaling to potentiate their pathogenesis and facilitate their spread to other hosts. Defining how pathogens modulate pain and itch has critical implications for sensory neurobiology and our understanding of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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23
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Host Responses to Urinary Tract Infections and Emerging Therapeutics: Sensation and Pain within the Urinary Tract. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0023-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis is understood increasingly at the level of the uropathogens and the cellular and molecular mediators of host inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the mediators of symptoms during UTI and what distinguishes symptomatic events from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Here, we review bladder physiology and sensory pathways in the context of an emerging literature from murine models dissecting the host and pathogen factors mediating pain responses during UTI. The bladder urothelium is considered a mediator of sensory responses and appears to play a role in UTI pain responses. Virulence factors of uropathogens induce urothelial damage that could trigger pain due to compromised bladder-barrier function. Instead, bacterial glycolipids are the major determinants of UTI pain independent of urothelial damage, and the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide modulates pain responses. The extent of pain modulation by O-antigen can have profound effects, from abolishing pain responses to inducing chronic pain that results in central nervous system features reminiscent of neuropathic pain. Although these effects are largely dependent upon Toll-like receptors, pain is independent of inflammation. Surprisingly, some bacteria even possess analgesic properties, suggesting that bacteria exhibit a wide range of pain phenotypes in the bladder. In summary, UTI pain is a complex form of visceral pain that has significant potential to inform our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and raises the specter of chronic pain resulting from transient infection, as well as novel approaches to treating pain.
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Li Y, Lu M, Alvarez-Lugo L, Chen G, Chai TC. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is released by female mouse bladder urothelial cells and expressed by the urothelium as an early response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Neurourol Urodyn 2016; 36:1020-1025. [PMID: 27337494 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We studied in vitro and in vivo response of primary mouse bladder urothelial cells (mBUC) and bladder urothelium to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), focusing on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mBUC were exposed for 12 hr to differing concentrations of LPS (100 ng/ml to 10 µg/ml). mBUC were also exposed to a single dose of LPS (1 µg/ml) for 3, 6, 12 hr. Neutralizing GM-CSF antibody (0.1 μg/ml) was used block GM-CSF activity in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed, whereby, LPS (1 mg/ml) was instilled intravesically and left to dwell for 30 min followed by harvest of bladder urothelium 3 to 18 hr later. ELISA measured GM-CSF. qPCR quantitated mRNA for GM-CSF, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA for GM-CSF, GM-CSFRα, and β in bladder tissues. Immunohistofluorescence and Western blots for GM-CSFRα were performed on bladder tissues. RESULTS LPS induced a dose-dependent release of GM-CSF by mBUC. Mouse bladder urothelium did not express GM-CSF mRNA at baseline, but expressed GM-CSF mRNA 3 hr after in vivo LPS exposure, with GM-CSF mRNA expression disappearing 18 hr later. GM-CSFRα expression was confirmed in bladder urothelium. GM-CSF neutralizing antibody significantly diminished LPS-induced increases of VEGF and COX-2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Urothelium and mBUC secreted GM-CSF as an early response to LPS. GM-CSF mediated downstream expression of VEGF and COX-2. Urothelial GM-CSF may function as a signaling mediator for both inflammation and pain transduction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1020-1025, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lery Alvarez-Lugo
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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25
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Braundmeier-Fleming A, Russell NT, Yang W, Nas MY, Yaggie RE, Berry M, Bachrach L, Flury SC, Marko DS, Bushell CB, Welge ME, White BA, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. Stool-based biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26083. [PMID: 27188581 PMCID: PMC4870565 DOI: 10.1038/srep26083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC) is associated with significant morbidity, yet underlying mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers remain unknown. Pelvic organs exhibit neural crosstalk by convergence of visceral sensory pathways, and rodent studies demonstrate distinct bacterial pain phenotypes, suggesting that the microbiome modulates pelvic pain in IC. Stool samples were obtained from female IC patients and healthy controls, and symptom severity was determined by questionnaire. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by16S rDNA sequence analysis. Machine learning by Extended Random Forest (ERF) identified OTUs associated with symptom scores. Quantitative PCR of stool DNA with species-specific primer pairs demonstrated significantly reduced levels of E. sinensis, C. aerofaciens, F. prausnitzii, O. splanchnicus, and L. longoviformis in microbiota of IC patients. These species, deficient in IC pelvic pain (DIPP), were further evaluated by Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analyses, and DIPP species emerged as potential IC biomarkers. Stool metabolomic studies identified glyceraldehyde as significantly elevated in IC. Metabolomic pathway analysis identified lipid pathways, consistent with predicted metagenome functionality. Together, these findings suggest that DIPP species and metabolites may serve as candidates for novel IC biomarkers in stool. Functional changes in the IC microbiome may also serve as therapeutic targets for treating chronic pelvic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braundmeier-Fleming
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan T Russell
- Applied Research Institute at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan Y Nas
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan E Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Berry
- Applied Research Institute at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Laurie Bachrach
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah C Flury
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Darlene S Marko
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colleen B Bushell
- Applied Research Institute at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Welge
- Applied Research Institute at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue Chicago, IL, USA
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Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Induces Bladder Pain through High Mobility Group Box-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152055. [PMID: 27010488 PMCID: PMC4806866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is the significant presenting symptom in Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (IC/PBS). Activation of urothelial protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) causes pain through release of urothelial macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1), a chromatin-binding protein, mediates bladder pain (but not inflammation) in an experimental model (cyclophosphamide) of cystitis. To determine if PAR4-induced bladder hypersensitivity depends on HMGB1 downstream, we tested whether: 1) bladder PAR4 stimulation affected urothelial HMGB1 release; 2) blocking MIF inhibited urothelial HMGB1 release; and 3) blocking HMGB1 prevented PAR4-induced bladder hypersensitivity. HMGB1 release was examined in immortalized human urothelial cultures (UROtsa) exposed to PAR4-activating peptide (PAR4-AP; 100 μM; 2 hours) or scrambled control peptide. Female C57BL/6 mice, pretreated with a HMGB1 inhibitor (glycyrrhizin: 50 mg/kg; ip) or vehicle, received intravesical PAR4-AP or a control peptide (100 μM; 1 hour) to determine 1) HMGB1 levels at 1 hour in the intravesical fluid (released HMGB1) and urothelium, and 2) abdominal hypersensitivity to von Frey filament stimulation 24 hours later. We also tested mice pretreated with a MIF blocker (ISO-1: 20 mg/kg; ip) to determine whether MIF mediated PAR4-induced urothelial HMGB1 release. PAR4-AP triggered HMGB1 release from human (in vitro) and mice (in vivo) urothelial cells. Intravesical PAR4 activation elicited abdominal hypersensitivity in mice that was prevented by blocking HMGB1. MIF inhibition prevented PAR4-mediated HMGB1 release from mouse urothelium. Urothelial MIF and HGMB1 represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention in bladder pain conditions.
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Ting K, Aitken KJ, Penna F, Samiei AN, Sidler M, Jiang JX, Ibrahim F, Tolg C, Delgado-Olguin P, Rosenblum N, Bägli DJ. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) Infection Induces Proliferation through Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149118. [PMID: 26964089 PMCID: PMC4786126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions can induce epigenetic changes in the host directly, as well as indirectly through secreted factors. Previously, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) was shown to increase DNA methyltransferase activity and expression, which was associated with methylation-dependent alterations in the urothelial expression of CDKN2A. Here, we showed that paracrine factors from infected cells alter expression of another epigenetic writer, EZH2, coordinate with proliferation. Urothelial cells were inoculated with UPEC, UPEC derivatives, or vehicle (mock infection) at low moi, washed, then maintained in media with Gentamycin. Urothelial conditioned media (CM) and extracellular vesicles (EV) were isolated after the inoculations and used to treat naïve urothelial cells. EZH2 increased with UPEC infection, inoculation-induced CM, and inoculation-induced EV vs. parallel stimulation derived from mock-inoculated urothelial cells. We found that infection also increased proliferation at one day post-infection, which was blocked by the EZH2 inhibitor UNC1999. Inhibition of demethylation at H3K27me3 had the opposite effect and augmented proliferation. CONCLUSION: Uropathogen-induced paracrine factors act epigenetically by altering expression of EZH2, which plays a key role in early host cell proliferative responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ting
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen J. Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Penna
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alaleh Najdi Samiei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Sidler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi Ibrahim
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia Tolg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguin
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norman Rosenblum
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Nephrology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius J. Bägli
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Lim JY, Choi SI, Choi G, Hwang SW. Atypical sensors for direct and rapid neuronal detection of bacterial pathogens. Mol Brain 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 26960533 PMCID: PMC4784462 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection can threaten the normal biological functions of a host, often leading to a disease. Hosts have developed complex immune systems to cope with the danger. Preceding the elimination of pathogens, selective recognition of the non-self invaders is necessary. At the forefront of the body’s defenses are the innate immune cells, which are equipped with particular sensor molecules that can detect common exterior patterns of invading pathogens and their secreting toxins as well as with phagocytic machinery. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines released from these innate immune cells and infected tissues can boost the inflammatory cascade and further recruit adaptive immune cells to maximize the elimination and resolution. The nervous system also seems to interact with this process, mostly known to be affected by the inflammatory mediators through the binding of neuronal receptors, consequently activating neural circuits that tune the local and systemic inflammatory states. Recent research has suggested new contact points: direct interactions of sensory neurons with pathogens. Latest findings demonstrated that the sensory neurons not only share pattern recognition mechanisms with innate immune cells, but also utilize endogenous and exogenous electrogenic components for bacterial pathogen detection, by which the electrical firing prompts faster information flow than what could be achieved when the immune system is solely involved. As a result, rapid pain generation and active accommodation of the immune status occur. Here we introduced the sensory neuron-specific detector molecules for directly responding to bacterial pathogens and their signaling mechanisms. We also discussed extended issues that need to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Seung-In Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Geunyeol Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
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29
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Ipe DS, Horton E, Ulett GC. The Basics of Bacteriuria: Strategies of Microbes for Persistence in Urine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 26904513 PMCID: PMC4744864 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in urine, is associated with asymptomatic, as well as symptomatic, urinary tract infection (UTI). Bacteriuria underpins some of the dynamics of microbial colonization of the urinary tract, and probably impacts the progression and persistence of infection in some individuals. Recent molecular discoveries in vitro have elucidated how some key bacterial traits can enable organisms to survive and grow in human urine as a means of microbial fitness adaptation for UTI. Several microbial characteristics that confer bacteruric potential have been identified including de novo synthesis of guanine, relative resistance to D-serine, and catabolism of malic acid. Microbial characteristics such as these are increasingly being defined through the use of synthetic human urine (SHU) in vitro as a model to mimic the in vivo environment that bacteria encounter in the bladder. There is considerable variation in the SHU model systems that have been used to study bacteriuria to date, and this influences the utility of these models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of bacteruric potential with a focus on the specific mechanisms underlying traits that promote the growth of bacteria in urine. We also review the application of SHU in research studies modeling UTI and discuss the chemical makeup, and benefits and limitations that are encountered in utilizing SHU to study bacterial growth in urine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
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30
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Schrepf A, Bradley CS, O'Donnell M, Luo Y, Harte SE, Kreder K, Lutgendorf S. Toll-like receptor 4 and comorbid pain in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain research network study. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:66-74. [PMID: 25771510 PMCID: PMC4567436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) is a condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary symptoms. Some IC/BPS patients have pain confined to the pelvic region, while others suffer widespread pain. Inflammatory processes have previously been linked to pelvic pain in IC/BPS, but their association with widespread pain in IC/BPS has not been characterized. METHODS Sixty-six women meeting criteria for IC/BPS completed self-report measures of pain as part of the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP), collected 3days of saliva for cortisol assays, and provided blood samples. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 agonists and cytokines were measured in supernatant; IL-6 was also measured in plasma. Associations between inflammatory variables and the likelihood of endorsing extra-pelvic pain, or the presence of a comorbid syndrome, were tested by logistic regression and General Linear Models, respectively. A subset of patients (n=32) completed Quantitative Sensory Testing. RESULTS A one standard deviation increase in TLR-4 inflammatory response was associated with a 1.59 greater likelihood of endorsing extra-pelvic pain (p=.019). Participants with comorbid syndromes also had higher inflammatory responses to TLR-4 stimulation in PBMCs (p=.016). Lower pressure pain thresholds were marginally associated with higher TLR-4 inflammatory responses (p=.062), and significantly associated with higher IL-6 in plasma (p=.031). CONCLUSIONS TLR-4 inflammatory responses in PBMCs are a marker of widespread pain in IC/BPS, and should be explored in other conditions characterized by medically unexplained pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schrepf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, United States
| | - Catherine S Bradley
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, United States
| | | | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, United States
| | - Steven E Harte
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Karl Kreder
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, United States
| | - Susan Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, United States; Department of Urology, University of Iowa, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, United States.
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31
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Lai H, Gereau RW, Luo Y, O'Donnell M, Rudick CN, Pontari M, Mullins C, Klumpp DJ. Animal Models of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes: Findings From the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network. Urology 2015; 85:1454-65. [PMID: 26099889 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the approach taken by the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network investigators to advance the utility of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes (UCPPS) animal models. METHODS A multidisciplinary team of investigators representing basic science and clinical expertise defined key phenotypic criteria for rodent models of UCPPS. UCPPS symptoms were prioritized based on their clinical significance. Methods for quantifying animal correlates to patient symptoms were developed. The methods were implemented across proposed rodent models for evaluation and comparison of animals for phenotypic characteristics relevant to human symptomatology. RESULTS Pelvic pain and urinary frequency were deemed primary features of human UCPPS and were prioritized for assessment in animals. Nociception was quantified using visceromotor response to bladder distention and by applying von Frey filaments to the lower abdomen (referred tactile allodynia). Micturition activity was assessed as free voiding using micturition cages or blotting pad assays and in response to bladder filling by cystometry. Models varied in both depth of characterization and degree of recapitulating pelvic pain and urinary frequency characteristics of UCPPS. CONCLUSION Rodent models that reflect multiple key characteristics of human UCPPS may be identified and provide enhanced clinical significance to mechanistic studies. We have developed a strategy for evaluating current and future animal models of UCPPS based on human symptomatology. This approach provides a foundation for improved translation between mechanistic studies in animals and clinical research and serves as a validation strategy for assessing validity of models for symptom-driven disorders of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Charles N Rudick
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michel Pontari
- Department of Urology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chris Mullins
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, & Hematologic Diseases (KUH), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David J Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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32
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Abstract
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common finding and frequently detected in premenopausal nonpregnant women, institutionalized patients, patients with diabetes mellitus, and the ambulatory elderly population. Despite clear recommendations regarding diagnosis and management of ASB in these populations from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), there remains an alarming rate of antimicrobial overuse. This article reviews definitions of ASB, epidemiology of ASB, literature surrounding ASB in diabetic patients, risk factors of ASB, microbiologic data regarding bacterial virulence, use of ASB strains for treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection, and approaches to addressing translational barriers to implementing IDSA recommendations regarding diagnosis and management of ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ferroni
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 300 Halket Street, Suite 4710, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aisha Khalali Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 300 Halket Street, Suite 4710, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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33
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Kouzoukas DE, Meyer-Siegler KL, Ma F, Westlund KN, Hunt DE, Vera PL. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Mediates PAR-Induced Bladder Pain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127628. [PMID: 26020638 PMCID: PMC4447427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is constitutively expressed in urothelial cells that also express protease-activated receptors (PAR). Urothelial PAR1 receptors were shown to mediate bladder inflammation. We showed that PAR1 and PAR4 activator, thrombin, also mediates urothelial MIF release. We hypothesized that stimulation of urothelial PAR1 or PAR4 receptors elicits release of urothelial MIF that acts on MIF receptors in the urothelium to mediate bladder inflammation and pain. Thus, we examined the effect of activation of specific bladder PAR receptors on MIF release, bladder pain, micturition and histological changes. Methods MIF release was measured in vitro after exposing immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa) to PAR1 or PAR4 activating peptides (AP). Female C57BL/6 mice received intravesical PAR1- or PAR4-AP for one hour to determine: 1) bladder MIF release in vivo within one hour; 2) abdominal hypersensitivity (allodynia) to von Frey filament stimulation 24 hours after treatment; 3) micturition parameters 24 hours after treatment; 4) histological changes in the bladder as a result of treatment; 5) changes in expression of bladder MIF and MIF receptors using real-time RT-PCR; 6) changes in urothelial MIF and MIF receptor, CXCR4, protein levels using quantitative immunofluorescence; 7) effect of MIF or CXCR4 antagonism. Results PAR1- or PAR4-AP triggered MIF release from both human urothelial cells in vitro and mouse urothelium in vivo. Twenty-four hours after intravesical PAR1- or PAR4-AP, we observed abdominal hypersensitivity in mice without changes in micturition or bladder histology. PAR4-AP was more effective and also increased expression of bladder MIF and urothelium MIF receptor, CXCR4. Bladder CXCR4 localized to the urothelium. Antagonizing MIF with ISO-1 eliminated PAR4- and reduced PAR1-induced hypersensitivity, while antagonizing CXCR4 with AMD3100 only partially prevented PAR4-induced hypersensitivity. Conclusions Bladder PAR activation elicits urothelial MIF release and urothelial MIF receptor signaling at least partly through CXCR4 to result in abdominal hypersensitivity without overt bladder inflammation. PAR-induced bladder pain may represent an interesting pre-clinical model of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (IC/PBS) where pain occurs without apparent bladder injury or pathology. MIF is potentially a novel therapeutic target for bladder pain in IC/PBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas
- Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine L. Meyer-Siegler
- Department of Natural Sciences, St. Petersburg College, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fei Ma
- Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Karin N. Westlund
- Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David E. Hunt
- Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Pedro L. Vera
- Research and Development, Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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34
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Carey AJ, Tan CK, Ipe DS, Sullivan MJ, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Urinary tract infection of mice to model human disease: Practicalities, implications and limitations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:780-99. [PMID: 26006172 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1028885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. Murine models of human UTI are vital experimental tools that have helped to elucidate UTI pathogenesis and advance knowledge of potential treatment and infection prevention strategies. Fundamentally, several variables are inherent in different murine models, and understanding the limitations of these variables provides an opportunity to understand how models may be best applied to research aimed at mimicking human disease. In this review, we discuss variables inherent in murine UTI model studies and how these affect model usage, data analysis and data interpretation. We examine recent studies that have elucidated UTI host-pathogen interactions from the perspective of gene expression, and review new studies of biofilm and UTI preventative approaches. We also consider potential standards for variables inherent in murine UTI models and discuss how these might expand the utility of models for mimicking human disease and uncovering new aspects of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Chee K Tan
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- b Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia , and
| | - Mark A Schembri
- c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
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35
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Rosen JM, Klumpp DJ. Mechanisms of pain from urinary tract infection. Int J Urol 2015; 21 Suppl 1:26-32. [PMID: 24807489 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pain response to urinary tract infection is largely uncharacterized, but the symptomatic response to urinary tract infection contrasts with the lack of pain response among individuals with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Quantifying pelvic pain in a murine urinary tract infection model, uropathogenic Escerichia coli induces transient pelvic pain, whereas an asymptomatic bacteriuria E. coli isolate causes no pain, thus recapitulating the spectrum of clinical responses to intravesical E. coli. These differential pain responses are not correlated with bladder colonization or inflammation, but instead are intrinsic to E. coli lipopolysaccharide and dependent on the lipopolysaccharide receptor, TLR4. Epidemiological data suggest a link between interstitial cystitis and a history of urinary tract infection, so it was evaluated whether repetitive uropathogenic E. coli instillation would result in chronic pain through central sensitization. Although repeated infection with wild type uropathogenic E. coli results in only transient episodes of acute pain, a uropathogenic E. coli mutant lacking O-antigen causes chronic, post-urinary tract infection pelvic pain. Similarly, a K-12 E. coli strain lacking O-antigen induces chronic pain that persisted long after bacterial clearance, and expressing O-antigen nullified the pain phenotype. Spinal cords isolated from mice with post-urinary tract infection chronic pain showed deficits in short-term depression consistent with central sensitization. Deleting O-antigen gene complex from a uropathogenic E. coli strain and subsequent heterologous expression of O-antigen gene clusters shows that a single bacterial isolate can exhibit pain phenotypes ranging from a null phenotype, an acute pain phenotype, to a chronic pain phenotype. Post-urinary tract infection chronic pain is also associated with voiding dysfunction and anxious/depressive behavior. These effects are also mediated by TRPV1 at the level of pain establishment and CCR2 at the level of pain maintenance. Together, these findings show that transient infection with E. coli might result in chronic visceral pain with the hallmarks of neuropathic pain. This pattern of behaviors mimics the spectrum of interstitial cystitis symptoms, thus supporting the possibility of an infectious etiology of interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Rosen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Schwartz DJ, Conover MS, Hannan TJ, Hultgren SJ. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli superinfection enhances the severity of mouse bladder infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004599. [PMID: 25569799 PMCID: PMC4287616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) afflict over 9 million women in America every year, often necessitating long-term prophylactic antibiotics. One risk factor for UTI is frequent sexual intercourse, which dramatically increases the risk of UTI. The mechanism behind this increased risk is unknown; however, bacteriuria increases immediately after sexual intercourse episodes, suggesting that physical manipulation introduces periurethral flora into the urinary tract. In this paper, we investigated whether superinfection (repeat introduction of bacteria) resulted in increased risk of severe UTI, manifesting as persistent bacteriuria, high titer bladder bacterial burdens and chronic inflammation, an outcome referred to as chronic cystitis. Chronic cystitis represents unchecked luminal bacterial replication and is defined histologically by urothelial hyperplasia and submucosal lymphoid aggregates, a histological pattern similar to that seen in humans suffering chronic UTI. C57BL/6J mice are resistant to chronic cystitis after a single infection; however, they developed persistent bacteriuria and chronic cystitis when superinfected 24 hours apart. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), keratinocyte cytokine (KC/CXCL1), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the serum of C57BL/6J mice prior to the second infection predicted the development of chronic cystitis. These same cytokines have been found to precede chronic cystitis in singly infected C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, inoculating C3H/HeN mice twice within a six-hour period doubled the proportion of mice that developed chronic cystitis. Intracellular bacterial replication, regulated hemolysin (HlyA) expression, and caspase 1/11 activation were essential for this increase. Microarrays conducted at four weeks post inoculation in both mouse strains revealed upregulation of IL-1 and antimicrobial peptides during chronic cystitis. These data suggest a mechanism by which caspase-1/11 activation and IL-1 secretion could predispose certain women to recurrent UTI after frequent intercourse, a predisposition predictable by several serum biomarkers in two murine models. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect millions of women each year resulting in substantial morbidity and lost wages. Approximately 1.5 million women are referred to urology clinics suffering from chronic recurrent UTI on a yearly basis necessitating the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Frequent and recent sexual intercourse correlates with the development of UTI, a phenomenon referred to clinically as “honeymoon cystitis.” Here, using superinfection mouse models, we identified bacterial and host factors that influence the likelihood of developing chronic UTI. We discovered that superinfection leads to a higher rate of chronic UTI, which depended on bacterial replication within bladder cells combined with an immune response including inflammasome activation and cytokine release. These data suggest that bacterial inoculation into an acutely inflamed urinary tract is more likely to lead to severe UTI than bacterial presence in the absence of inflammation. Modification of these risk factors could lead to new therapeutics that prevent the development of recurrent UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew J. Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matt S. Conover
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hannan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli are live biotherapeutics for UTI. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109321. [PMID: 25405579 PMCID: PMC4236008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) account for approximately 8 million clinic visits annually with symptoms that include acute pelvic pain, dysuria, and irritative voiding. Empiric UTI management with antimicrobials is complicated by increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens, but live biotherapeutics products (LBPs), such as asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) strains of E. coli, offer the potential to circumvent antimicrobial resistance. Here we evaluated ASB E. coli as LBPs, relative to ciprofloxacin, for efficacy against infection and visceral pain in a murine UTI model. Visceral pain was quantified as tactile allodynia of the pelvic region in response to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments. Whereas ciprofloxacin promoted clearance of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), it did not reduce pelvic tactile allodynia, a measure of visceral pain. In contrast, ASB E. coli administered intravesically or intravaginally provided comparable reduction of allodynia similar to intravesical lidocaine. Moreover, ASB E. coli were similarly effective against UTI allodynia induced by Proteus mirabilis, Enterococccus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Therefore, ASB E. coli have anti-infective activity comparable to the current standard of care yet also provide superior analgesia. These studies suggest that ASB E. coli represent novel LBPs for UTI symptoms.
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Abstract
The cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) has yet to be established. Since the late 1980s, cytokine, chemokine, and immunological classification studies using human samples have focused on identifying biomarkers for CPPS, but no diagnostically beneficial biomarkers have been identified, and these studies have done little to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic prostatic pain. Given the large number of men thought to be affected by this condition and the ineffective nature of current treatments, there is a pressing need to elucidate these mechanisms. Prostatitis types IIIa and IIIb are classified according to the presence of pain without concurrent presence of bacteria; however, it is becoming more evident that, although levels of bacteria are not directly associated with levels of pain, the presence of bacteria might act as the initiating factor that drives primary activation of mast-cell-mediated inflammation in the prostate. Mast cell activation is also known to suppress regulatory T cell (Treg) control of self-tolerance and also activate neural sensitization. This combination of established autoimmunity coupled with peripheral and central neural sensitization can result in the development of multiple symptoms, including pelvic pain and bladder irritation. Identifying these mechanisms as central mediators in CPPS offers new insight into the prospective treatment of the disease.
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Seed PC. Anger management: bacteria soothe the savage host. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2348-9. [PMID: 23728167 DOI: 10.1172/jci69647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old girl has come to you a week after completing a course of antibiotics for a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). She now seems well and energetic. A urinalysis is now clear without traces of inflammation, including an absence of protein, blood, leukocyte esterase, and nitrites. Her urine is submitted for a test of cure and comes back positive, with over 100,000 colonies per milliliter of E. coli, the same kind of bacteria that was cultured from her urine when she was symptomatic with the UTI. Perplexed, her mother asks how her child can have bacteria once again in her bladder but not be symptomatic and asks if antibiotics are again necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Seed
- Department of Pediatrics-Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and pathogens, but also functions as an integral part of a sensory web which receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external milieu. Urothelial cells have the ability to sense changes in their extracellular environment, and respond to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli by releasing various factors such as ATP, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine. They express a variety of receptors and ion channels, including P2X3 purinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and TRP channels, which all have been implicated in urothelial-neuronal interactions, and involved in signals that via components in the underlying lamina propria, such as interstitial cells, can be amplified and conveyed to nerves, detrusor muscle cells, and ultimately the central nervous system. The specialized anatomy of the urothelium and underlying structures, and the possible communication mechanisms from urothelial cells to various cell types within the bladder wall are described. Changes in the urothelium/lamina propria ("mucosa") produced by different bladder disorders are discussed, as well as the mucosa as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Birder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Ulett GC, Totsika M, Schaale K, Carey AJ, Sweet MJ, Schembri MA. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence and innate immune responses during urinary tract infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stemler KM, Crock LW, Lai HH, Mills JC, Gereau RW, Mysorekar IU. Protamine sulfate induced bladder injury protects from distention induced bladder pain. J Urol 2013; 189:343-51. [PMID: 23174261 PMCID: PMC3662487 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bladder pain is a debilitating symptom of many urological conditions. There is no generally effective treatment. Abnormal urothelial turnover is common to multiple disease states but the specific components of urothelial injury and the resulting molecular signals that lead to bladder pain are unknown. We examined mouse models of bladder injury induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, protamine sulfate (Sigma®) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide to identify cellular and molecular correlates underlying pain sensitization in response to the stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 female mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine) were given intravesicular protamine sulfate, lipopolysaccharide or uropathogenic E. coli. The impact of each on nociception was determined by measuring the evoked visceromotor response to bladder distention 24 hours after inoculation. Levels of pyuria and tissue inflammation were examined by urinary cytology and tissue histology. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and gene expression analysis were used to identify injury profiles associated with nociception. RESULTS Protamine sulfate treatment was significantly analgesic upon bladder distention. Protamine treated bladders did not show pyuria or extensive tissue damage. Protamine injury was associated with a global decrease in the expression of inflammation associated genes. In contrast, uropathogenic E. coli injury significantly increased the nociceptive response to bladder distention. Lipopolysaccharide treatment did not affect nociception. Finally, injury induced expression of inflammation associated genes correlated with nociceptive responses. CONCLUSIONS Protamine treatment of the bladder is analgesic and tissue protective, and it suppresses the inflammatory cytokine expression normally associated with nociception. Also, the injury modalities that result in differential tissue response patterns provide an innovative method for identifying mediators of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Stemler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Lara W. Crock
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - H. Henry Lai
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Robert W. Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110
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Birder LA. Nervous network for lower urinary tract function. Int J Urol 2012; 20:4-12. [PMID: 23088378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, sensory signaling in the urinary bladder has been largely attributed to direct activation of bladder afferents. There is substantive evidence that sensory systems can be influenced by non-neuronal cells, such as the urothelium, which are able to respond to various types of stimuli that can include physiological, psychological and disease-related factors. The corresponding release of chemical mediators (through activation of a number of receptors/ion channels) can initiate signaling mechanisms between and within urothelial cells, as well as other cell types within the bladder wall including bladder nerves. However, the mechanisms underlying how various cell types in the bladder wall respond to normal filling and emptying, and are challenged by a variety of stressors (physical and chemical) are still not well understood. Alterations or defects in signaling mechanisms are likely to contribute to the pathophysiology of bladder disease with symptoms including urinary urgency, increased voiding frequency and pain. This review will discuss some of the components involved in control of lower urinary tract function, with an emphasis on the sensor and transducer roles of the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Birder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Rudick CN, Jiang M, Yaggie RE, Pavlov VI, Done J, Heckman CJ, Whitfield C, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ. O-antigen modulates infection-induced pain states. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41273. [PMID: 22899994 PMCID: PMC3416823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular initiators of infection-associated pain are not understood. We recently found that uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) elicited acute pelvic pain in murine urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI pain was due to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its receptor, TLR4, but pain was not correlated with inflammation. LPS is known to drive inflammation by interactions between the acylated lipid A component and TLR4, but the function of the O-antigen polysaccharide in host responses is unknown. Here, we examined the role of O-antigen in pain using cutaneous hypersensitivity (allodynia) to quantify pelvic pain behavior and using sacral spinal cord excitability to quantify central nervous system manifestations in murine UTI. A UPEC mutant defective for O-antigen biosynthesis induced chronic allodynia that persisted long after clearance of transient infections, but wild type UPEC evoked only acute pain. E. coli strains lacking O-antigen gene clusters had a chronic pain phenotype, and expressing cloned O-antigen gene clusters altered the pain phenotype in a predictable manner. Chronic allodynia was abrogated in TLR4-deficient mice, but inflammatory responses in wild type mice were similar among E. coli strains spanning a wide range of pain phenotypes, suggesting that O-antigen modulates pain independent of inflammation. Spinal cords of mice with chronic allodynia exhibited increased spontaneous firing and compromised short-term depression, consistent with centralized pain. Taken together, these findings suggest that O-antigen functions as a rheostat to modulate LPS-associated pain. These observations have implications for an infectious etiology of chronic pain and evolutionary modification of pathogens to alter host behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Rudick
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mingchen Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Yaggie
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vladimir I. Pavlov
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Done
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Klumpp
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Crock LW, Stemler KM, Song DG, Abbosh P, Vogt SK, Qiu CS, Lai HH, Mysorekar IU, Gereau RW. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) regulates bladder nociception. Mol Pain 2012; 8:20. [PMID: 22449017 PMCID: PMC3369204 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), is a severely debilitating chronic condition that is frequently unresponsive to conventional pain medications. The etiology is unknown, however evidence suggests that nervous system sensitization contributes to enhanced pain in IC/PBS. In particular, central nervous system plasticity of glutamatergic signaling involving NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has been implicated in a variety of chronic pain conditions. Here, we test the hypothesis that mGluR5 mediates both non-inflammatory and inflammatory bladder pain or nociception in a mouse model by monitoring the visceromotor response (VMR) during graded bladder distention. RESULTS Using a combination of genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we provide evidence indicating that mGluR5 is necessary for the full expression of VMR in response to bladder distention in the absence of inflammation. Furthermore, we observed that mice infected with a uropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (UPEC) develop inflammatory hyperalgesia to bladder distention, and that the selective mGluR5 antagonist fenobam [N-(3-chlorophenyl)-N'-(4,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4-oxo-1H-imidazole-2-yl) urea], reduces the VMR to bladder distention in UPEC-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that mGluR5 modulates both inflammatory and non-inflammatory bladder nociception, and highlight the therapeutic potential for mGluR5 antagonists in the alleviation of bladder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara W Crock
- Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a debilitating syndrome of unknown etiology often postulated, but not proven, to be associated with microbial infection of the prostate gland. We hypothesized that infection of the prostate by clinically relevant uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) can initiate and establish chronic pain. We utilized an E. coli strain newly isolated from a patient with CP/CPPS (strain CP1) and examined its molecular pathogenesis in cell culture and in a murine model of bacterial prostatitis. We found that CP1 is an atypical isolate distinct from most UPEC in its phylotype and virulence factor profile. CP1 adhered to, invaded, and proliferated within prostate epithelia and colonized the prostate and bladder of NOD and C57BL/6J mice. Using behavioral measures of pelvic pain, we showed that CP1 induced and sustained chronic pelvic pain in NOD mice, an attribute not exhibited by a clinical cystitis strain. Furthermore, pain was observed to persist even after bacterial clearance from genitourinary tissues. CP1 induced pelvic pain behavior exclusively in NOD mice and not in C57BL/6J mice, despite comparable levels of colonization and inflammation. Microbial infections can thus serve as initiating agents for chronic pelvic pain through mechanisms that are dependent on both the virulence of the bacterial strain and the genetic background of the host.
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