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Li Y, Liu T, Zheng R, Lai J, Su J, Li J, Zhu B, Chen T. Translational selenium nanoparticles boost GPx1 activation to reverse HAdV-14 virus-induced oxidative damage. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:276-291. [PMID: 38745588 PMCID: PMC11091461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients, but its clinical treatment is seriously limited by side effects of drugs such as poor efficacy, low bioavailability and severe nephrotoxicity. Trace element selenium (Se) has been found will affect the disease progression of pneumonia, but its antivirus efficacy could be improved by speciation optimization. Therefore, herein we performed anti-HAdV effects of different Se speciation and found that lentinan (LNT)-decorated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibited low cytotoxicity and excellent anti-HAdV antiviral activity. Furthermore, SeNPs@LNT reduced the HAdV infection-induced mitochondrial damage and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was also involved in the repair of host cell DNA damage and inhibition of viral DNA replication. SeNPs@LNT inhibited HAdV-induced apoptosis mainly by modulating the p53/Bcl-2 apoptosis signaling pathway. In vivo, SeNPs@LNT replenished Se by targeting the infected site through the circulatory system and was involved in the synthesis of Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1). More importantly, GPx1 played an antioxidant and immunomodulatory role in alleviating HAdV-induced inflammatory cytokine storm and alleviating adenovirus pneumonia in Se-deficient mice. Collectively, this study provides a Se speciation of SeNPs@LNT with anti-HAdV activity, and demonstrate that SeNPs@LNT is a promising pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, China
| | - Ruilin Zheng
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Lai
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyao Su
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, China
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2
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Lynch JP, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Types, and Approach to Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:800-821. [PMID: 34918322 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The vast majority of cases are self-limited. However, the clinical spectrum is broad and fatalities may occur. Dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 100 genotypes and 52 serotypes of AdV have been identified and classified into seven species designated HAdV-A through -G. Different types display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant types circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been done. Cidofovir has been the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States but currently are not available to civilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lynch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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3
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Adenovirus 14p1 Immunopathogenesis during Lung Infection in the Syrian Hamster. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060595. [PMID: 32486177 PMCID: PMC7354616 DOI: 10.3390/v12060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) infections are usually mild and self-limited, with minimal inflammatory responses. During worldwide outbreaks, Ad14p1, an emerging Ad14 variant, has caused severe pulmonary disease, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This increased pathogenicity of Ad14p1 is not completely understood. In initial studies, we observed that infection of Syrian hamsters with Ad14p1 can cause a patchy bronchopneumonia, with an increased intensity of inflammation, compared to wild type Ad14 infection. The current study compared the dynamics of the immunopathogenesis of Ad14 and Ad14p1 infection of hamster lungs through the first two weeks after infection. Little difference was seen in infection-induced inflammation at day 1. Beginning at day 3, Ad14p1-infected hamsters showed marked inflammation that continued through to day 7. The inflammation began to resolve by day 10 but was still detectable at day 14. In contrast, Ad14-infected hamsters showed little inflammation during the 14-day period of observation. Inflammatory cell type analysis revealed that, at day 1, hamsters infected with either virus had predominantly neutrophil infiltration that began to resolve by day 3. However, at day 5, Ad14p1-infected hamsters had a second wave of neutrophil infiltration that was accompanied by edema which persisted to a variable extent through to day 10. These differences were not explained by an increased Ad14p1 replication rate, compared with Ad14 in vitro, but there was prolonged persistence of Ad14p1 in hamster lungs. There were differences in lung tissue cytokine and chemokine responses to Ad14p1 vs. Ad14 infection that might account for the increased leukocyte infiltrates in Ad14p1-infected hamsters. This animal model characterization provides the basis for future translational studies of the viral genetic mechanisms that control the increased immunopathogenesis of the emergent, Ad14p1 strain.
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Akello JO, Kamgang R, Barbani MT, Suter-Riniker F, Leib SL, Ramette A. Epidemiology of Human Adenoviruses: A 20-Year Retrospective Observational Study in Hospitalized Patients in Bern, Switzerland. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:353-366. [PMID: 32308491 PMCID: PMC7147615 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s246352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenovirus (HAdV) is an important pathogen seen in clinical practice. Long-term studies may help better understand epidemiological trends and changes in circulating genotypes over time. PURPOSE Using a large biobank of samples from hospitalized, adenovirus-positive patients over a 20-year period, we aimed to analyze long-term epidemiological trends and genotypic relatedness among circulating HAdV strains. METHODS Based on samples from hospitalized patients confirmed to be HAdV positive in Bern, Switzerland, from 1998 to 2017, and on their associated demographic and clinical data, we identified epidemiological trends and risk factors associated with HAdV infection. HAdV genotyping was performed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the hypervariable hexon gene. The obtained sequences were phylogenetically compared with sequences from international HAdV strains. RESULTS HAdV was identified in 1302 samples tested. Cases of HAdV infection were reported throughout the years with no clear seasonality. Upper respiratory tract samples, conjunctivitis swabs, and stool had the highest positivity rate (56.2%, 18.7%, and 14.2% of the cases, respectively). HAdV infection was highest among children ≤4 years old. Increased number of HAdV cases were observed in years 2009 (n = 110) and 2010 (n =112). HAdV8 was the predominant genotype among patients older than 20 years, and was mostly associated with ophthalmic infection. Predominant genotypes among children ≤4 years old were HAdV1, HAdV2, and HAdV3, which were mostly associated with respiratory tract infections. Recurring peaks of increased HAdV cases were evidenced every 4 years among children ≤4 years old. CONCLUSION Our study gives novel insights on long-term epidemiological trends and phylogenetic relatedness among circulating HAdV strains in Switzerland, country in which little data on HAdV prevalence and diversity was so far available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Odeke Akello
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Kamgang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Kumaki Y, Woolcott JD, Roth JP, Mclean TZ, Smee DF, Barnard DL, Valiaeva N, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY. Inhibition of adenovirus serotype 14 infection by octadecyloxyethyl esters of (S)-[(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]- nucleosides in vitro. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:122-126. [PMID: 30096340 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On September 22, 2008, a physician on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, notified the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services (ADHSS) of an unusually high number of adult patients with recently diagnosed pneumonia (n = 10), including three persons who required hospitalization and one who died. ADHSS and CDC conducted an investigation to determine the cause and distribution of the outbreak, identify risk factors for hospitalization, and implement control measures. This report summarizes the results of that investigation, which found that the outbreak was caused by adenovirus 14 (Ad14), an emerging adenovirus serotype in the United States that is associated with a higher rate of severe illness compared with other adenoviruses. Among the 46 cases identified in the outbreak from September 1 through October 27, 2008, the most frequently observed characteristics included the following: male (70%), Alaska Native (61%), underlying pulmonary disease (44%), aged > or = 65 years (26%), and current smoker (48%). Patients aged > or = 65 years had a fivefold increased risk for hospitalization. The most commonly reported symptoms were cough (100%), shortness of breath (87%), and fever (74%). Of the 11 hospitalized patients, three required intensive care, and one required mechanical ventilation. One death was reported. Ad14 isolates obtained during the outbreak were identical genetically to those in recent community-acquired outbreaks in the United States which suggests the emergence of a new, and possibly more virulent Ad14 variant. Clinicians should consider Ad14 infection in the differential diagnosis for patients with community-acquired pneumonia, particularly when unexplained clusters of severe respiratory infections are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohichi Kumaki
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA.
| | - John D Woolcott
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA
| | - Jason P Roth
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA
| | - Tyler Z Mclean
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA
| | - Dale L Barnard
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5600, USA
| | - Nadejda Valiaeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James R Beadle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karl Y Hostetler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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7
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Lamson DM, Kajon A, Shudt M, Girouard G, St George K. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Adenovirus Type 14 Strain in Students with Influenza-Like Illness, New York, USA, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1194-1197. [PMID: 28628451 PMCID: PMC5512483 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.161730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2014-15 influenza season, 13/168 respiratory samples from students with influenza-like illness (ILI) at a college in New York, USA, were positive for human adenovirus (HAdV); 4/13 samples were positive for HAdV-B14p1. During influenza season, HAdV should be included in the differential diagnostic panel used to determine the etiology of ILI.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/history
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- New York/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/history
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Symptom Assessment
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8
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Park JY, Kim BJ, Lee EJ, Park KS, Park HS, Jung SS, Kim JO. Clinical Features and Courses of Adenovirus Pneumonia in Healthy Young Adults during an Outbreak among Korean Military Personnel. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170592. [PMID: 28114362 PMCID: PMC5256920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of pneumonia patients increased suddenly in Korean military hospitals in late December 2014, indicating the urgent need for an epidemic outbreak investigation. Methods We conducted a prospective study of pneumonia etiology among immunocompetent young adults admitted to Daejeon Armed Forces hospital. Patient blood and sputum samples were subjected to conventional culture, serology, and polymerase chain reaction tests for respiratory viruses and atypical pathogens. Results From January to May 2015, we enrolled 191 (189 male) adults with pneumonia; the mean age was 20.1 ± 1.3 years. Five patients had severe pneumonia, and one died. Pathogenic human adenoviruses were most common (HAdV, 153/191 [80.1%]), indicating a HAdV pneumonia outbreak. Genotyping of 35 isolates indicated that 34 matched HAdV-55 and one matched HAdV-2. HAdV pneumonia infected recruit trainees most frequently. High and prolonged fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, and pharyngeal inflammation were significantly more common in the HAdV pneumonia group, compared to patients with other or unknown causes of pneumonia. Only 12% of HAdV pneumonia patients displayed leukocytosis, whereas febrile leukopenia (62.7%) and thrombocytopenia (41%) were commonly observed. HAdV pneumonia patient chest CT scans displayed ground glass opacity (with or without septal thickness) with consolidation in 50.0% of patients. Conclusions An outbreak of HAdV respiratory infection occurred at the Korean military training center. HAdV pneumonia exhibited specific laboratory and clinical features, and although most patients were cured without complication, some progressed to respiratory failure and fatality. Therefore, HAdV vaccine should be provided to military trainees in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Armed Forces Daejeon Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bong-Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Armed Forces Daejeon Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Armed Forces Daejeon Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwi Sung Park
- Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environment Research, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Jung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju Ock Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lynch JP, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:586-602. [PMID: 27486739 PMCID: PMC7171713 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe and dissemination is more likely in patients with impaired immunity (e.g., organ transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Fatality rates for untreated severe AdV pneumonia or disseminated disease may exceed 50%. More than 50 serotypes of AdV have been identified. Different serotypes display different tissue tropisms that correlate with clinical manifestations of infection. The predominant serotypes circulating at a given time differ among countries or regions, and change over time. Transmission of novel strains between countries or across continents and replacement of dominant viruses by new strains may occur. Treatment of AdV infections is controversial, as prospective, randomized therapeutic trials have not been conducted. Cidofovir is the drug of choice for severe AdV infections, but not all patients require treatment. Live oral vaccines are highly efficacious in reducing the risk of respiratory AdV infection and are in routine use in the military in the United States, but currently are not available to civilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Lynch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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10
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Outbreak of adenovirus type 55 infection in Israel. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:31-5. [PMID: 26971165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different types of adenoviruses are associated with diverse diseases and with varied disease severity. Adenovirus 55 could be associated with severe respiratory infections. OBJECTIVES Here, we report on an adenovirus 55 outbreak in two psychiatric institutions in Israel. The objective of this study was to investigate the adenovirus 55 outbreak. STUDY DESIGN We studied the clinical parameters of the patients and sequencing analysis of certain parts of the virus gene was performed. RESULTS We identified the first patient who developed symptoms (the index case) and we showed that while both patients and staff members of the institutions were infected, the disease in the psychiatric patients was more severe. We attributed these differences to their mental and underlying health conditions. CONCLUSIONS It is important to monitor for adenovirus infection in the community, especially in mental health institutions to allow appropriate medical care.
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Galván JM, Rajas O, Aspa J. Review of Non-Bacterial Infections in Respiratory Medicine: Viral Pneumonia. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:590-7. [PMID: 25957460 PMCID: PMC7105177 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although bacteria are the main pathogens involved in community-acquired pneumonia, a significant number of community-acquired pneumonia are caused by viruses, either directly or as part of a co-infection. The clinical picture of these different pneumonias can be very similar, but viral infection is more common in the pediatric and geriatric populations, leukocytes are not generally elevated, fever is variable, and upper respiratory tract symptoms often occur; procalcitonin levels are not generally affected. For years, the diagnosis of viral pneumonia was based on cell culture and antigen detection, but since the introduction of polymerase chain reaction techniques in the clinical setting, identification of these pathogens has increased and new microorganisms such as human bocavirus have been discovered. In general, influenza virus type A and syncytial respiratory virus are still the main pathogens involved in this entity. However, in recent years, outbreaks of deadly coronavirus and zoonotic influenza virus have demonstrated the need for constant alert in the face of new emerging pathogens. Neuraminidase inhibitors for viral pneumonia have been shown to reduce transmission in cases of exposure and to improve the clinical progress of patients in intensive care; their use in common infections is not recommended. Ribavirin has been used in children with syncytial respiratory virus, and in immunosuppressed subjects. Apart from these drugs, no antiviral has been shown to be effective. Prevention with anti-influenza virus vaccination and with monoclonal antibodies, in the case of syncytial respiratory virus, may reduce the incidence of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Galván
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España
| | - Olga Rajas
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España
| | - Javier Aspa
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España.
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12
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Intracellular Signaling and Desmoglein 2 Shedding Triggered by Human Adenoviruses Ad3, Ad14, and Ad14P1. J Virol 2015; 89:10841-59. [PMID: 26292319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01425-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently discovered that desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is a receptor for human adenovirus species B serotypes Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, and Ad14. Ad3 is considered to be a widely distributed human pathogen. Ad3 binding to DSG2 triggers the transient opening of epithelial junctions. Here, we further delineate the mechanism that leads to DSG2-mediated epithelial junction opening in cells exposed to Ad3 and recombinant Ad3 fiber proteins. We identified an Ad3 fiber knob-dependent pathway that involves the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases triggering the activation of the matrix-metalloproteinase ADAM17. ADAM17, in turn, cleaves the extracellular domain of DSG2 that links epithelial cells together. The shed DSG2 domain can be detected in cell culture supernatant and also in serum of mice with established human xenograft tumors. We then extended our studies to Ad14 and Ad14P1. Ad14 is an important research and clinical object because of the recent appearance of a new, more pathogenic strain (Ad14P1). In a human epithelial cancer xenograft model, Ad14P1 showed more efficient viral spread and oncolysis than Ad14. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a mutation in the Ad14P1 fiber knob could account for the differences between the two strains. While our X-ray crystallography studies suggested an altered three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Ad14P1 fiber knob in the F-G loop region, this did not significantly change the fiber knob affinity to DSG2 or the intracellular signaling and DSG2 shedding in epithelial cancer cells. IMPORTANCE A number of widely distributed adenoviruses use the epithelial junction protein DSG2 as a receptor for infection and lateral spread. Interaction with DSG2 allows the virus not only to enter cells but also to open epithelial junctions which form a physical barrier to virus spread. Our study elucidates the mechanism beyond virus-triggered junction opening with a focus on adenovirus serotype 3. Ad3 binds to DSG2 with its fiber knob domain and triggers intracellular signaling that culminates in the cleavage of the extracellular domain of DSG2, thereby disrupting DSG2 homodimers between epithelial cells. We confirmed this pathway with a second DSG2-interacting serotype, Ad14, and its recently emerged strain Ad14P1. These new insights in basic adenovirus biology can be employed to develop novel drugs to treat adenovirus infection as well as be used as tools for gene delivery into epithelial tissues or epithelial tumors.
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Abstract
Although bacteria are the main pathogens involved in community-acquired pneumonia, a significant number of community-acquired pneumonia are caused by viruses, either directly or as part of a co-infection. The clinical picture of these different pneumonias can be very similar, but viral infection is more common in the pediatric and geriatric populations, leukocytes are not generally elevated, fever is variable, and upper respiratory tract symptoms often occur; procalcitonin levels are not generally affected. For years, the diagnosis of viral pneumonia was based on cell culture and antigen detection, but since the introduction of polymerase chain reaction techniques in the clinical setting, identification of these pathogens has increased and new microorganisms such as human bocavirus have been discovered. In general, influenza virus type A and syncytial respiratory virus are still the main pathogens involved in this entity. However, in recent years, outbreaks of deadly coronavirus and zoonotic influenza virus have demonstrated the need for constant alert in the face of new emerging pathogens. Neuraminidase inhibitors for viral pneumonia have been shown to reduce transmission in cases of exposure and to improve the clinical progress of patients in intensive care; their use in common infections is not recommended. Ribavirin has been used in children with syncytial respiratory virus, and in immunosuppressed subjects. Apart from these drugs, no antiviral has been shown to be effective. Prevention with anti-influenza virus vaccination and with monoclonal antibodies, in the case of syncytial respiratory virus, may reduce the incidence of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Galván
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España
| | - Olga Rajas
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España
| | - Javier Aspa
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, España.
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Cao B, Huang GH, Pu ZH, Qu JX, Yu XM, Zhu Z, Dong JP, Gao Y, Zhang YX, Li XH, Liu JH, Wang H, Xu Q, Li H, Xu W, Wang C. Emergence of community-acquired adenovirus type 55 as a cause of community-onset pneumonia. Chest 2014; 145:79-86. [PMID: 24551881 PMCID: PMC7094559 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus (HAdV) type 55 (HAdV-55) were reported sporadically in China. But no comparative studies had been conducted to discern the differences in epidemiologic and clinical abnormalities between HAdV-55 and other types (HAdV-7, HAdV-3, HAdV-14, HAdV-50, and HAdV-C). METHODS A multicenter surveillance study for adult and adolescent community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was conducted prospectively in Beijing and Yan Tai between November 2010 and April 2012. A standardized data form was used to record clinical information. The viral DNA extracted from the clinical samples or adenovirus viral isolates was sequenced. RESULTS Among 969 cases, 48 (5%) were identified as adenovirus pneumonia. Six branches were clustered: HAdV-55 in 21, HAdV-7 in 11, HAdV-3 in nine, HAdV-14 in four, HAdV-50 in two, and HAdV-C in one. Most HAdV-55 cases were identified during February and March. All the hypervariable regions of the hexon genes of the 21 HAdV-55 strains were completely identical. Patients who had HAdV-55 were about 10 years older ( P = .027) and had higher pneumonia severity index scores ( P = .030) compared with those with other types (HAdV-7, HAdV-3, HAdV-14, HAdV-50, and HAdV-C). Systemic BP was also higher among patients in the HAdV-55 group ( P = .006). Unilateral or bilateral consolidations were the most common radiologic findings in both patients with HAdV-55 and those with other types (57.9% vs 36%). More than one-half of the patients were admitted to hospital; oxygen therapy was given to 29.2% of the 48 patients, and two needed mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS HAdV-55 has established itself as a major pneumonia pathogen in the Chinese population, and further surveillance and monitoring of this agent as a cause of CAP is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Guo-Hong Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing; Xinjiang Medical University, Urumuqi, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Pu
- YanTai Yu Huang-Ding Hospital, Yan Tai, Shan Dong Province
| | - Jiu-Xin Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Xiao-Min Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Zhen Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing
| | | | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Lu-He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Qian Xu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing.
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15
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Parcell BJ, McIntyre PG, Yirrell DL, Fraser A, Quinn M, Templeton K, Christie S, Romanes F. Prison and community outbreak of severe respiratory infection due to adenovirus type 14p1 in Tayside, UK. J Public Health (Oxf) 2014; 37:64-9. [PMID: 24573364 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report describes the investigation and public health management of a community-based outbreak of severe adenovirus serotype 14p1 respiratory infection affecting the Tayside area during 2011. It is the first report of an adenovirus outbreak involving prisons. METHODS An outbreak-based/incident management approach was carried out. Alerts were sent out to local doctors, general practitioners, prison healthcare staff and consultants so that cases could be identified prospectively. Sequencing of hexon, fibre and E1A regions of adenovirus were carried out to genotype the viruses. RESULTS Fifteen cases were identified in total, including 13 confirmed cases and 2 possible cases. There were 3 deaths amongst the 13 confirmed cases, with a case fatality rate of 23%. Eight of the cases had a direct association with one of the two prisons in the area. CONCLUSIONS We advise that surveillance measures for adenovirus infection and guidelines for the management of critically ill patients should be developed in order to identify outbreaks at an early stage and allow patients to receive appropriate treatment. Adenovirus infection should be borne in mind as a cause of severe pneumonia in closed settings such as prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Parcell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - P G McIntyre
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - D L Yirrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - A Fraser
- NHS Health Scotland, Lothian EH10 4SG, UK
| | - M Quinn
- Department of Public Health, Cameron House, NHS Fife, Leven KY8 5RG, UK
| | - K Templeton
- Edinburgh Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh,EH16 4SA, UK
| | - S Christie
- Intensive Care, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - F Romanes
- Directorate of Public Health, Kings Cross, Clepington Road, Dundee, DD3 8EA, UK
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16
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Structural and functional studies on the interaction of adenovirus fiber knobs and desmoglein 2. J Virol 2013; 87:11346-62. [PMID: 23946456 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01825-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (Ad) serotypes Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, and Ad14, as well as a recently emerged strain of Ad14 (Ad14p1), use the epithelial junction protein desmoglein 2 (DSG2) as a receptor for infection. Unlike Ad interaction with CAR and CD46, structural details for Ad binding to DSG2 are still elusive. Using an approach based on Escherichia coli expression libraries of random Ad3 and Ad14p1 fiber knob mutants, we identified amino acid residues that, when mutated individually, ablated or reduced Ad knob binding to DSG2. These residues formed three clusters inside one groove at the extreme distal end of the fiber knob. The Ad3 fiber knob mutant library was also used to identify variants with increased affinity to DSG2. We found a number of mutations within or near the EF loop of the Ad3 knob that resulted in affinities to DSG2 that were several orders of magnitude higher than those to the wild-type Ad3 knob. Crystal structure analysis of one of the mutants showed that the introduced mutations make the EF loop more flexible, which might facilitate the interaction with DSG2. Our findings have practical relevance for cancer therapy. We have recently reported that an Ad3 fiber knob-containing recombinant protein (JO-1) is able to trigger opening of junctions between epithelial cancer cells which, in turn, greatly improved the intratumoral penetration and efficacy of therapeutic agents (I. Beyer, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 18:3340-3351, 2012; I. Beyer, et al., Cancer Res. 71:7080-7090, 2011). Here, we show that affinity-enhanced versions of JO-1 are therapeutically more potent than the parental protein in a series of cancer models.
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17
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Caselli D, Tondo A, Tucci F, Casini T, Paolicchi O, Savelli S, Aricò M. Adenovirus pneumonia during induction therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1390-1. [PMID: 23630183 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Caselli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Annalisa Tondo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Fabio Tucci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Tommaso Casini
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Olivia Paolicchi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Sara Savelli
- Department of Radiology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
| | - Maurizio Aricò
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer Children Hospital; Firenze Italy
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18
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Girouard G, Garceau R, Thibault L, Oussedik Y, Bastien N, Li Y. Adenovirus serotype 14 infection, New Brunswick, Canada, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:119-22. [PMID: 23260201 PMCID: PMC3557982 DOI: 10.3201/eid1901.120423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe 3 culture-proven cases of adenovirus serotype 14 infection in New Brunswick, Canada, during the summer of 2011. Strains isolated from severely ill patients were closely related to strains of a genomic variant, adenovirus 14p1, circulating in the United States and Ireland. Physicians in Canada should be aware of this emerging adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Girouard
- Centre hospitalier universitaire Dr-Georges-L.-Dumont, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
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19
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Quantitative real-time PCR assay panel for detection and type-specific identification of epidemic respiratory human adenoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1089-93. [PMID: 23325827 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03297-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of human adenovirus (HAdV) acute respiratory illness (ARI) have been well documented among civilians and unvaccinated military recruits. Among the 7 recognized HAdV species (A to G), species B (particularly serotypes 3, 7, 11, 14, and 21) and E (serotype 4) have more often been associated with epidemic ARI. Rapid detection and type-specific identification of these viruses would enhance outbreak response and help guide prevention and control measures. To this end, we developed type-specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for HAdV types 3, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, and 21 targeting the HAdV hexon gene. All type-specific qPCR assays reproducibly detected as few as 10 copies/reaction of quantified hexon recombinant plasmids with a linear dynamic range of 8 log units (10(1) to 10(8) copies); in contrast, a generic qPCR assay that detects all HAdV types run concurrently detected between 10 and 100 copies/reaction, depending on the virus type. No nonspecific amplifications were observed with concentrated nucleic acid from 51 HAdV prototype strains or other common respiratory pathogens. All members of a panel of 137 previously typed HAdV field isolates and positive clinical specimens were correctly characterized by the type-specific qPCR assays; two different HAdV types were detected in three of the clinical specimens and confirmed by amplicon sequencing. The qPCR assays permit sensitive, specific, and quantitative detection and identification of seven clinically important respiratory HAdVs and should provide a convenient adjunct to classical typing methods for a rapid response to HAdV outbreaks.
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20
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21
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Planquette B, Ferré A, Bédos JP. [The role of atypical microorganisms and viruses in severe acute community-acquired pneumonia]. REANIMATION : JOURNAL DE LA SOCIETE DE REANIMATION DE LANGUE FRANCAISE 2013; 22:3-13. [PMID: 32288730 PMCID: PMC7117816 DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Usually, intensivists do not focus on atypical bacteria and viruses in severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Only Legionella pneumophila and influenza virus, following the recent H1N1 influenza pandemic, are routinely suggested as responsible agents. However, CAP due to atypical bacteria may represent up to 44% of all CAP. Viral CAP is considered less severe than the usual bacterial ones, although 25% of them warrant hospitalization and 15% result in severe sepsis. Even though L. pneumophila is the most frequently atypical pathogen involved in severe cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae may be responsible for multiorgan failure. To date, tools including detection of Legionella antigen in urine and Mycoplasma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow rapid and accurate diagnosis. The treatment is based on macrolides and fluoroquinolones that can be associated in severe Legionnaire diseases. The presence of virus in CAP, either alone or in association with bacteria, has been demonstrated using molecular biology tests. These techniques also allowed the identification of several new viruses in CAP. However, the exact role of these detected viruses in CAP as well as the efficiency of antiviral therapy still represent major unsolved concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Planquette
- Service de réanimation médicochirurgicale, centre hospitalier de Versailles, site Mignot, 177, rue de Versailles, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - A. Ferré
- Service de réanimation médicochirurgicale, centre hospitalier de Versailles, site Mignot, 177, rue de Versailles, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - J. -P. Bédos
- Service de réanimation médicochirurgicale, centre hospitalier de Versailles, site Mignot, 177, rue de Versailles, F-78150 Le Chesnay, France
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22
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Gern JE, Pappas T, Visness CM, Jaffee KF, Lemanske RF, Togias A, Bloomberg GR, Cruikshank WW, Lamm C, Tuzova M, Wood RA, Lee WM. Comparison of the etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in inner-city and suburban infants. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1342-9. [PMID: 23014674 PMCID: PMC3466995 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The risk of developing childhood asthma has been linked to the severity and etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in early childhood. Since inner-city infants have unique environmental exposures, we hypothesized that patterns of respiratory viral infections would also be distinct. Methods. We compared the viral etiology of respiratory illnesses in 2 groups: a cohort of 515 infants from 4 inner-city areas and a cohort of 285 infants from mainly suburban Madison, Wisconsin. Nasal secretions were sampled during periods of respiratory illness and at 1 year of age and were analyzed for viral pathogens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results. Overall, inner-city infants had lower rates of viral detection. Considering specific viruses, sick urban infants had lower rates of detectable rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus infection and higher rates of adenovirus infection. Every urban site had a higher proportion of adenovirus-positive samples associated with illnesses (10%–21%), compared with Madison (6%). Conclusions. These findings provide evidence that inner-city babies have different patterns of viral respiratory illnesses than babies who grow up in a more suburban location. These findings raise important questions about the etiology of virus-negative illnesses in urban infants and the possibility of long-term consequences of early life infections with adenovirus in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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23
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A molecular epidemiology survey of respiratory adenoviruses circulating in children residing in Southern Palestine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42732. [PMID: 22880092 PMCID: PMC3411832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular epidemiology survey was performed in order to establish and document the respiratory adenovirus pathogen profiles among children in Southern Palestine. Three hundred and thirty-eight hospitalized pediatric cases with adenovirus-associated respiratory tract infections were analyzed. Forty four cases out of the 338 were evaluated in more detail for the adenoviruses types present. All of the children resided in Southern Palestine, that is, in city, village and refugee camp environments within the districts of Hebron and Bethlehem. Human adenoviruses circulated throughout 2005–2010, with major outbreaks occurring in the spring months. A larger percent of the children diagnosed with adenoviral infections were male infants. DNA sequence analysis of the hexon genes from 44 samples revealed that several distinct adenovirus types circulated in the region; these were HAdV-C1, HAdV-C2, HAdV-B3 and HAdV-C5. However, not all of these types were detected within each year. This is the first study ever conducted in Palestine of the genetic epidemiology of respiratory adenovirus infections.
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24
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Cesario TC. Viruses associated with pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:107-13. [PMID: 22423119 PMCID: PMC7107903 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral pneumonia, which is typically associated with disease in childhood, is increasingly recognized as causing problems in adults. Certain viruses, such as influenza virus, can attack fully immunocompetent adults, but many viruses take advantage of more-vulnerable patients. The latter include patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and elderly subjects, particularly those residing in long-term care facilities. The range of viruses producing pneumonia in adults includes common agents, such as varicella-zoster virus and influenza virus, as well as respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, adenoviruses, picornaviruses, and coronaviruses. The roles played by other agents, such as rhinoviruses and human bocaviruses, in pneumonia are still under study. While therapy for most of theses agents, at least in adults, has not yet been fully clarified, it is reasonable to assume antivirals may work in certain situations if they are introduced early enough in the course of infection.
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25
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Anderson BD, Barr KL, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. A comparison of viral fitness and virulence between emergent adenovirus 14p1 and prototype adenovirus 14p strains. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:265-8. [PMID: 22484030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies from the last decade have suggested that the morbidity and mortality associated with a newly emergent strain of human adenovirus (HAdV-14p1) is greater than other, more prevalent, adenovirus strains. Recent molecular analysis identified very minor genetic differences in HAdV-14p1 compared to prototype HAdV-14p. No studies have evaluated how these differences may affect virulence. OBJECTIVE To compare HAdV-14p1 and HAdV-14p strains for competitive fitness and virulence. STUDY DESIGN We performed in vitro and molecular assays to evaluate growth kinetics, cellular infectivity, cytotoxicity, and plaque morphology of the two strains. RESULTS Growth kinetic data showed no viral replication at 30°C and minimal differences at 37°C for both strains. Cellular infectivity data showed propagation capabilities for both strains in a diverse array of cell lines, with human lung and kidney cells having the highest propagation potential. Cytotoxicity data indicated cellular distress differences induced by both strains of virus in the first 12h, but similar distress levels between 12 and 48 h. Plaque morphology assays showed some differences in average plaque diameter. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the increase in morbidity and mortality observed in recent HAdV-14p1 infections is not due to viral growth or cellular infectivity differences from the prototypic HAdV-14 strain. While there were some statistically important differences detected between strains in cytotoxicity and plaque morphology assays, it seems more likely that other factors, such as environmental stressors, co-infections, or individual host response are likely contributing to the increase in morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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26
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Carr MJ, Kajon AE, Lu X, Dunford L, O'Reilly P, Holder P, De Gascun CF, Coughlan S, Connell J, Erdman DD, Hall WW. Deaths associated with human adenovirus-14p1 infections, Europe, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1402-8. [PMID: 21801616 DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) serotype 14 is rarely identified. However, an emerging variant, termed HAdV-14p1, recently has been described in the United States in association with outbreaks of acute respiratory disease with high rates of illness and death. We retrospectively analyzed specimens confirmed positive for HAdV by immunofluorescence, virus culture, or real-time PCR during July 1, 2009-July 31, 2010, and describe 9 cases of HAdV-14p1 infection with characteristic mutations in the fiber and E1A genes that are phylogenetically indistinguishable from the viruses previously detected in the United States. Three patients died; 2 were immunocompromised, and 1 was an immunocompetent adult. We propose that surveillance should be increased for HAdV-14p1 and recommend that this virus be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden-onset acute respiratory disease, particularly fatal infections, for which an etiology is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory-University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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27
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Carr MJ, Kajon AE, Lu X, Dunford L, O'Reilly P, Holder P, De Gascun CF, Coughlan S, Connell J, Erdman DD, Hall WW. Deaths associated with human adenovirus-14p1 infections, Europe, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2011. [PMID: 21801616 PMCID: PMC3381588 DOI: 10.3201/1708.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory-University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Carr MJ, De Gascun CF, Hall WW. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of the Emerging Adenovirus 14p1, Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Vento TJ, Prakash V, Murray CK, Brosch LC, Tchandja JB, Cogburn C, Yun HC. Pneumonia in military trainees: a comparison study based on adenovirus serotype 14 infection. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1388-95. [PMID: 21502080 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus serotype 14 (Ad-14) recently emerged as a respiratory pathogen in the United States, with studies suggesting higher morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine whether Ad-14 is associated with clinical outcomes in otherwise healthy patients with pneumonia. METHODS Medical records of military trainees hospitalized with pneumonia during an outbreak of Ad-14 infection were reviewed. Clinical, radiographic, and laboratory parameters were compared on the basis of Ad-14 infection. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-four trainees received a diagnosis of pneumonia, and 83(35%) were hospitalized. Sixty-one percent of patients with pneumonia were Ad-14 positive; 43% of patients with Ad-14 pneumonia were hospitalized (83% of female patients and 40% of male patients; P = .04), compared with 40% of patients with Ad-14 negative cases. Ad-14 infection was associated with higher admission temperature (38.3°C [interquartile range, (IQR) 37.7, 39.4] vs 37.3°C [IQR (36.7, 38.5)]; P < .01) and lower white blood cell count (8.3 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 5.7, 12.4] vs 13 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 7.5, 12.9]; P = .01), neutrophil count (6.7 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 2.8, 9.7] vs 9.7 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 5.6, 12.1]; P = .02), lymphocyte count (0.9 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 0.8, 1.1] vs 1.3 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 1, 1.9]; P = .001), and platelet count (210 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 145, 285] vs 261 × 1000 cells/μL [IQR, 238, 343]; P < .01). Ad-14 pneumonia was not associated with specific radiographic findings, pneumonia severity score, intensive care unit admission, longer hospitalization, or 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS During an outbreak of Ad-14 infection, Ad-14 infection was not associated with excess overall morbidity or mortality. Ad-14 infection was associated with specific laboratory and clinical parameters and higher hospitalization rates in female trainees. These data provide new insight to the epidemiology of Ad-14 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Vento
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
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30
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Henaff D, Salinas S, Kremer EJ. An adenovirus traffic update: from receptor engagement to the nuclear pore. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:179-92. [PMID: 21366418 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have a bipolar nature: they are ubiquitous pathogens that occasionally cause life-threatening diseases or they can be engineered into powerful gene transfer vectors. The goal of this article is to summarize the most recent advances in adenovirus receptor engagement, internalization, endosomal maturation, endosomal escape and trafficking to the nuclear pore. A better understanding of this initial part of the adenovirus lifecycle may identify new mechanistic-based treatments for adenovirus-induced diseases and help in the engineering of more efficient vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henaff
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
About 200 million cases of viral community-acquired pneumonia occur every year-100 million in children and 100 million in adults. Molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our understanding of the role of viruses in pneumonia, and findings indicate that the incidence of viral pneumonia has been underestimated. In children, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, and parainfluenza viruses are the agents identified most frequently in both developed and developing countries. Dual viral infections are common, and a third of children have evidence of viral-bacterial co-infection. In adults, viruses are the putative causative agents in a third of cases of community-acquired pneumonia, in particular influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. Bacteria continue to have a predominant role in adults with pneumonia. Presence of viral epidemics in the community, patient's age, speed of onset of illness, symptoms, biomarkers, radiographic changes, and response to treatment can help differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia. However, no clinical algorithm exists that will distinguish clearly the cause of pneumonia. No clear consensus has been reached about whether patients with obvious viral community-acquired pneumonia need to be treated with antibiotics. Apart from neuraminidase inhibitors for pneumonia caused by influenza viruses, there is no clear role for use of specific antivirals to treat viral community-acquired pneumonia. Influenza vaccines are the only available specific preventive measures. Further studies are needed to better understand the cause and pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia. Furthermore, regional differences in cause of pneumonia should be investigated, in particular to obtain more data from developing countries.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Age Factors
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Child
- Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis
- Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology
- Community-Acquired Infections/virology
- Comorbidity
- Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Global Health
- Humans
- Immunocompetence
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/mortality
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Radiography
- Specimen Handling
- United States/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospitals, Turku, Finland.
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32
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Selvaraju SB, Kovac M, Dickson LM, Kajon AE, Selvarangan R. Molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation of human adenovirus infections in Kansas City children. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:126-31. [PMID: 21440492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant increase in adenovirus detection among patients at the Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City was observed between June 2007 and January 2008. OBJECTIVE To molecularly characterize the human adenoviruses and describe their association with clinical illness in children. STUDY DESIGN One hundred adenovirus-positive specimens from 79 children were typed by hexon gene sequence typing method. Restriction enzyme analysis (REA) was performed on isolates of HAdV-3, -7 and -14 to identify genomic variants. Medical records were reviewed to understand the clinical illnesses associated with adenovirus serotypes and genome types. RESULTS The most prevalent HAdV serotypes were HAdV-3 (37%), HAdV-7 (25%), HAdV-1 (16%), HAdV-2 (8%). HAdV infection was common in children ≤3 years of age (71%) versus children >3 years (29%). Majority of the HAdV-infected children were hospitalized (78%); 22/79 (28%) stayed >3 days and 8/79 (10%) required intensive care unit stay. Hospitalization rates for HAdV-3 (36%) and HAdV-7 (25%) were comparable. REA data indicated that HAdV-3a2 was the predominant HAdV-3 genome type. Two novel genomic variants of HAdV-3 exhibiting unique BglII or BstEII profiles were identified in isolates from patients with bronchiolitis. All HAdV-7 and -14 isolates were identified as corresponding to genome types 7d2 and 14p1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In Kansas City, we noticed an increase in the incidence of HAdV-7 (25%; n=24/98) infections compared to the previous two years (6%; n=6/107). Two new genomic variants of HAdV-3 appear to have emerged in our area and seem to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B Selvaraju
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri Kansas City-School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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33
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Gregory SM, Nazir SA, Metcalf JP. Implications of the innate immune response to adenovirus and adenoviral vectors. Future Virol 2011; 6:357-374. [PMID: 21738557 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) is a common cause of respiratory illness in both children and adults. Respiratory symptoms can range from those of the common cold to severe pneumonia. Infection can also cause significant disease in the immunocompromised and among immunocompetent subjects in close quarters. Fortunately, infection with AdV in the normal host is generally mild. This is one reason why its initial use as a gene-therapy vector appeared to be so promising. Unfortunately, both innate and adaptive responses to the virus have limited the development of AdV vectors as a tool of gene therapy by increasing toxicity and limiting duration of transgene expression. This article will focus on the innate immune response to infection with wild-type AdV and exposure to AdV gene-therapy vectors. As much of the known information relates to the pulmonary inflammatory response, this organ system will be emphasized. This article will also discuss how that understanding has led to the creation of new vectors for use in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Gregory
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine of the Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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