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Sgambelluri LR, Jarvis JC, Kamel SJ. Multiple paternity, fertilization success, and male quality: Mating system variation in the eelgrass, Zostera marina. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11608. [PMID: 38919644 PMCID: PMC11197038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity can modulate a population's response to a changing environment and plays a critical role in its ecological function. While multiple processes act to maintain genetic diversity, sexual reproduction remains the primary driving force. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is an important habitat-forming species found in temperate coastal ecosystems across the globe. Recent increases in sea surface temperatures have resulted in shifts to a mixed-annual life-history strategy (i.e., displaying characteristics of both annual and perennial meadows) at its southern edge-of-range. Given that mating systems are intimately linked to standing levels of genetic variation, understanding the scope of sexual reproduction can illuminate the processes that shape genetic diversity. To characterize edge-of-range eelgrass mating systems, developing seeds on flowering Z. marina shoots were genotyped from three meadows in Topsail, North Carolina. In all meadows, levels of multiple mating were high, with shoots pollinated by an average of eight sires (range: 3-16). The number of fertilized seeds (i.e., reproductive success) varied significantly across sires (range: 1-25) and was positively correlated with both individual heterozygosity and self-fertilization. Outcrossing rates were high (approx. 70%) and varied across spathes. No clones were detected, and kinship among sampled flowering shoots was low, supporting observed patterns of reproductive output. Given the role that genetic diversity plays in enhancing resistance to and resilience from ecological disturbance, disentangling the links between life history, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation will aid in informing the management and conservation of this key foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Sgambelluri
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jessie C. Jarvis
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stephanie J. Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
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2
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Haghighatnia M, Machac A, Schmickl R, Lafon Placette C. Darwin's 'mystery of mysteries': the role of sexual selection in plant speciation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1928-1944. [PMID: 37337476 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection is considered one of the key processes that contribute to the emergence of new species. While the connection between sexual selection and speciation has been supported by comparative studies, the mechanisms that mediate this connection remain unresolved, especially in plants. Similarly, it is not clear how speciation processes within plant populations translate into large-scale speciation dynamics. Here, we review the mechanisms through which sexual selection, pollination, and mate choice unfold and interact, and how they may ultimately produce reproductive isolation in plants. We also overview reproductive strategies that might influence sexual selection in plants and illustrate how functional traits might connect speciation at the population level (population differentiation, evolution of reproductive barriers; i.e. microevolution) with evolution above the species level (macroevolution). We also identify outstanding questions in the field, and suitable data and tools for their resolution. Altogether, this effort motivates further research focused on plants, which might potentially broaden our general understanding of speciation by sexual selection, a major concept in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Haghighatnia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Roswitha Schmickl
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Clément Lafon Placette
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
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3
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Wizenberg SB, Muir-Guarnaccia J, Campbell LG. Cosexuality Reduces Pollen Production and Fitness in Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3731. [PMID: 37960087 PMCID: PMC10648298 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated globally for its cannabinoid-dense inflorescences. Commercial preference for sinsemilla has led to the development of methods for producing feminized seeds through cross-pollination of cosexual (masculinized) female plants. Although the induction of cosexuality in Cannabis plants is common, to date, no work has empirically tested how masculinization of female Cannabis plants impacts male flowering, pollen production, pollen fitness, and related life-history trade-offs. Here, we cultivated a population of Cannabis plants (CFX-2) and explored how the route to cosexuality (drought vs. chemical induction) impacted flowering phenology, pollen production, and pollen fitness, relative to unsexual male plants. Unisexual males flowered earlier and longer than cosexual plants and produced 223% more total pollen (F2,28 = 74.41, p < 0.001), but per-flower pollen production did not differ across reproductive phenotypes (F2,21 = 0.887, p = 0.427). Pollen viability was 200% higher in unisexual males and drought-induced cosexuals (F2,36 = 189.70, p < 0.001). Pollen non-abortion rates only differed in a marginally significant way across reproductive phenotypes (F2,36 = 3.00, p = 0.06). Here, we demonstrate that masculinization of female plants impacts whole-plant pollen production and pollen fitness in Cannabis sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney B. Wizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada; (S.B.W.)
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jillian Muir-Guarnaccia
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada; (S.B.W.)
| | - Lesley G. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada; (S.B.W.)
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Nepal S, Trunschke J, Ren ZX, Burgess KS, Wang H. Community-wide patterns in pollen and ovule production, their ratio (P/O), and other floral traits along an elevation gradient in southwestern China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:425. [PMID: 37710175 PMCID: PMC10500814 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants, pollen and ovules largely determine the upper and lower boundaries of plant reproductive success. It is commonly predicted that pollen and ovule number per flower should increase, and pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) per flower should decrease with increasing elevation in response to a more stochastic pollination environment. Here, we aimed to determine the response of pollen number, ovule number, and P/O to other floral traits and elevation gradients for 84 insect-pollinated herbaceous flowering plant species in five sub-alpine and alpine communities (2709 to 3896 m a.s.l.) on Yulong Snow Mountain, southwestern China. RESULTS Six floral traits, including P/O, floral display area, flower number, tube depth, flower shape, and pollen presentation, were highly correlated with pollen and ovule number per flower. With increasing elevation, pollen number and P/O per flower increased marginally and significantly, respectively; ovule number per individual, flower number per individual, stigma stamen separation, and inflorescence height decreased significantly. However, ovule number per flower and other floral traits (i.e., floral display area, tube depth, stigma height, stamen height, and pollen and P/O per individual) did not change with elevation. We detected significant phylogenetic signals for pollen number, ovule number, and P/O, suggesting that these traits may be highly conserved and with limited response to changing environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed patterns of plant reproductive character evolution along elevation gradients and the potential factors governing their spatial variation in high-elevation environments. Plant species at high elevations are more likely adapted to cross-pollination, indicated by increased P/O per flower at high elevations on Yulong Mountain. Combined effects of phylogenetic history and plant-pollinator interactions should determine plant trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristhi Nepal
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Judith Trunschke
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Department of Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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Abrahamczyk S, Struck JH, Weigend M. The best of two worlds: ecology and evolution of ambophilous plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:391-420. [PMID: 36270973 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambophily, the mixed mode of wind and insect pollination is still poorly understood, even though it has been known to science for over 130 years. While its presence has been repeatedly inferred, experimental data remain regrettably rare. No specific suite of morphological or ecological characteristics has yet been identified for ambophilous plants and their ecology and evolution remain uncertain. In this review we summarise and evaluate our current understanding of ambophily, primarily based on experimental studies. A total of 128 ambophilous species - including several agriculturally important crops - have been reported from most major habitat types worldwide, but this probably represents only a small subset of ambophilous species. Ambophilous species have evolved both from wind- and insect-pollinated ancestors, with insect-pollinated ancestors mostly representing pollination by small, generalist flower visitors. We compiled floral and reproductive traits for known ambophilous species and compared our results to traits of species pollinated either by wind or by small generalist insects only. Floral traits were found to be heterogeneous and strongly overlap especially with those of species pollinated by small generalist insects, which are also the prominent pollinator group for ambophilous plants. A few ambophilous species are only pollinated by specialised bees or beetles in addition to pollination by wind. The heterogeneity of floral traits and high similarity to generalist small insect-pollinated species lead us to conclude that ambophily is not a separate pollination syndrome but includes species belonging to different insect- as well as wind-pollination syndromes. Ambophily therefore should be regarded as a pollination mode. We found that a number of ecological factors promoted the evolution of ambophily, including avoidance of pollen limitation and self-pollination, spatial flower interference and population density. However, the individual ecological factors favouring the transition to ambophily vary among species depending on species distribution, habitat, population structure and reproductive system. Finally, a number of experimental studies in combination with observations of floral traits of living and fossil species and dated phylogenies may indicate evolutionary stability. In some clades ambophily has likely prevailed for millions of years, for example in the castanoid clade of the Fagaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Struck
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Qadir M, Wang X, Shah SRU, Zhou XR, Shi J, Wang H. Molecular Network for Regulation of Ovule Number in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312965. [PMID: 34884791 PMCID: PMC8657818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In seed-bearing plants, the ovule ("small egg") is the organ within the gynoecium that develops into a seed after fertilization. The gynoecium located in the inner compartment of the flower turns into a fruit. The number of ovules in the ovary determines the upper limit or the potential of seed number per fruit in plants, greatly affecting the final seed yield. Ovule number is an important adaptive characteristic for plant evolution and an agronomic trait for crop improvement. Therefore, understanding the mechanism and pathways of ovule number regulation becomes a significant research aspect in plant science. This review summarizes the ovule number regulators and their regulatory mechanisms and pathways. Specially, an integrated molecular network for ovule number regulation is constructed, in which phytohormones played a central role, followed by transcription factors, enzymes, other protein and micro-RNA. Of them, AUX, BR and CK are positive regulator of ovule number, whereas GA acts negatively on it. Interestingly, many ovule number regulators have conserved functions across several plant taxa, which should be the targets of genetic improvement via breeding or gene editing. Many ovule number regulators identified to date are involved in the diverse biological process, such as ovule primordia formation, ovule initiation, patterning, and morphogenesis. The relations between ovule number and related characteristics/traits especially of gynoecium/fruit size, ovule fertility, and final seed number, as well as upcoming research questions, are also discussed. In summary, this review provides a general overview of the present finding in ovule number regulation, which represents a more comprehensive and in-depth cognition on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslim Qadir
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Lasbela 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Xinfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Syed Rehmat Ullah Shah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Lasbela 74200, Pakistan;
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Jiaqin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chines Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (M.Q.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (H.W.)
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7
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Givnish TJ, Kriebel R, Zaborsky JG, Rose JP, Spalink D, Waller DM, Cameron KM, Sytsma KJ. Adaptive associations among life history, reproductive traits, environment, and origin in the Wisconsin angiosperm flora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1677-1692. [PMID: 33315246 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE We tested 25 classic and novel hypotheses regarding trait-origin, trait-trait, and trait-environment relationships to account for flora-wide variation in life history, habit, and especially reproductive traits using a plastid DNA phylogeny of most native (96.6%, or 1494/1547 species) and introduced (87.5%, or 690/789 species) angiosperms in Wisconsin, USA. METHODS We assembled data on life history, habit, flowering, dispersal, mating system, and occurrence across open/closed/mixed habitats across species in the state phylogeny. We used phylogenetically structured analyses to assess the strength and statistical significance of associations predicted by our models. RESULTS Introduced species are more likely to be annual herbs, occupy open habitats, have large, visually conspicuous, hermaphroditic flowers, and bear passively dispersed seeds. Among native species, hermaphroditism is associated with larger, more conspicuous flowers; monoecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and passive seed dispersal; and dioecy is associated with small, inconspicuous flowers and fleshy fruits. Larger flowers with more conspicuous colors are more common in open habitats, and in understory species flowering under open (spring) canopies; fleshy fruits are more common in closed habitats. Wind pollination may help favor dioecy in open habitats. CONCLUSIONS These findings support predictions regarding how breeding systems depend on flower size, flower color, and fruit type, and how those traits depend on habitat. This study is the first to combine flora-wide phylogenies with complete trait databases and phylogenetically structured analyses to provide powerful tests of evolutionary hypotheses about reproductive traits and their variation with geographic source, each other, and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - John G Zaborsky
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rose
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Donald M Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Kenneth M Cameron
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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8
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Beaudry FE, Rifkin JL, Barrett SC, Wright SI. Evolutionary Genomics of Plant Gametophytic Selection. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100115. [PMID: 33367268 PMCID: PMC7748008 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that natural selection during the haploid gametophytic phase of the plant life cycle may have widespread importance for rates of evolution and the maintenance of genetic variation. Recent theoretical advances have further highlighted the significance of gametophytic selection for diverse evolutionary processes. Genomic approaches offer exciting opportunities to address key questions about the extent and effects of gametophytic selection on plant evolution and adaptation. Here, we review the progress and prospects for integrating functional and evolutionary genomics to test theoretical predictions, and to examine the importance of gametophytic selection on genetic diversity and rates of evolution. There is growing evidence that selection during the gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle has important effects on both gene and genome evolution and is likely to have important pleiotropic effects on the sporophyte. We discuss the opportunities to integrate comparative population genomics, genome-wide association studies, and experimental approaches to further distinguish how differential selection in the two phases of the plant life cycle contributes to genetic diversity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E.G. Beaudry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Joanna L. Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I. Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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9
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Pellmyr O, Kjellberg F, Herre EA, Kawakita A, Hembry DH, Holland JN, Terrazas T, Clement W, Segraves KA, Althoff DM. Active pollination drives selection for reduced pollen-ovule ratios. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:164-170. [PMID: 31889299 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Variation in pollen-ovule ratios is thought to reflect the degree of pollen transfer efficiency-the more efficient the process, the fewer pollen grains needed. Few studies have directly examined the relationship between pollen-ovule ratio and pollen transfer efficiency. For active pollination in the pollination brood mutualisms of yuccas and yucca moths, figs and fig wasps, senita and senita moths, and leafflowers and leafflower moths, pollinators purposefully collect pollen and place it directly on the stigmatic surface of conspecific flowers. The tight coupling of insect reproductive interests with pollination of the flowers in which larvae develop ensures that pollination is highly efficient. METHODS We used the multiple evolutionary transitions between passive pollination and more efficient active pollination to test if increased pollen transfer efficiency leads to reduced pollen-ovule ratios. We collected pollen and ovule data from a suite of plant species from each of the pollination brood mutualisms and used phylogenetically controlled tests and sister-group comparisons to examine whether the shift to active pollination resulted in reduced pollen-ovule ratios. RESULTS Across all transitions between passive and active pollination in plants, actively pollinated plants had significantly lower pollen-ovule ratios than closely related passively pollinated taxa. Phylogenetically corrected comparisons demonstrated that actively pollinated plant species had an average 76% reduction in the pollen-ovule ratio. CONCLUSIONS The results for active pollination systems support the general utility of pollen-ovule ratios as indicators of pollination efficiency and the central importance of pollen transfer efficiency in the evolution of pollen-ovule ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Pellmyr
- Department of Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- CEFE, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, Cédex 5, France
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Atsushi Kawakita
- The Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bonkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David H Hembry
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2130 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - J Nathaniel Holland
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Wendy Clement
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, New Jersey, 08628, USA
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA
| | - David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA
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10
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Puixeu G, Pickup M, Field DL, Barrett SCH. Variation in sexual dimorphism in a wind-pollinated plant: the influence of geographical context and life-cycle dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1108-1120. [PMID: 31291691 PMCID: PMC6851585 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms causing phenotypic differences between females and males has long fascinated evolutionary biologists. An extensive literature exists on animal sexual dimorphism but less information is known about sex differences in plants, particularly the extent of geographical variation in sexual dimorphism and its life-cycle dynamics. Here, we investigated patterns of genetically based sexual dimorphism in vegetative and reproductive traits of a wind-pollinated dioecious plant, Rumex hastatulus, across three life-cycle stages using open-pollinated families from 30 populations spanning the geographic range and chromosomal variation (XY and XY1 Y2 ) of the species. The direction and degree of sexual dimorphism was highly variable among populations and life-cycle stages. Sex-specific differences in reproductive function explained a significant amount of temporal change in sexual dimorphism. For several traits, geographical variation in sexual dimorphism was associated with bioclimatic parameters, likely due to the differential responses of the sexes to climate. We found no systematic differences in sexual dimorphism between chromosome races. Sex-specific trait differences in dioecious plants largely result from a balance between sexual and natural selection on resource allocation. Our results indicate that abiotic factors associated with geographical context also play a role in modifying sexual dimorphism during the plant life-cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Puixeu
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Melinda Pickup
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - David L. Field
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
- School of ScienceEdith Cowan University270 Joondalup DriveJoondalupWA6027Australia
| | - Spencer C. H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
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Burns JH, Bennett JM, Li J, Xia J, Arceo-Gómez G, Burd M, Burkle LA, Durka W, Ellis AG, Freitas L, Rodger JG, Vamosi JC, Wolowski M, Ashman TL, Knight TM, Steets JA. Plant traits moderate pollen limitation of introduced and native plants: a phylogenetic meta-analysis of global scale. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:2063-2075. [PMID: 31116447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of pollination in the success of invasive plants needs to be understood because invasives have substantial effects on species interactions and ecosystem functions. Previous research has shown both that reproduction of invasive plants is often pollen limited and that invasive plants can have high seed production, motivating the questions: How do invasive populations maintain reproductive success in spite of pollen limitation? What species traits moderate pollen limitation for invaders? We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis with 68 invasive, 50 introduced noninvasive and 1931 native plant populations, across 1249 species. We found that invasive populations with generalist pollination or pollinator dependence were less pollen limited than natives, but invasives and introduced noninvasives did not differ. Invasive species produced 3× fewer ovules/flower and >250× more flowers per plant, compared with their native relatives. While these traits were negatively correlated, consistent with a tradeoff, this did not differ with invasion status. Invasive plants that produce many flowers and have floral generalisation are able to compensate for or avoid pollen limitation, potentially helping to explain the invaders' reproductive successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7080, USA
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou City, 318000, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614,, USA
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - James G Rodger
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Janette A Steets
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Bawa KS, Ingty T, Revell LJ, Shivaprakash KN. Correlated evolution of flower size and seed number in flowering plants (monocotyledons). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:181-190. [PMID: 30165602 PMCID: PMC6344089 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Kin selection theory predicts that a parent may minimize deleterious effects of competition among seeds developing within ovaries by increasing the genetic relatedness of seeds within an ovary. Alternatively, the number of developing seeds could be reduced to one or a few. It has also been suggested that single or few seeded fruits may be correlated with small flowers, and multi-ovulate ovaries or many seeded fruits may be associated with large flowers with specialized pollination mechanisms. We examined the correlation between flower size and seed number in 69 families of monocotyledons to assess if correlations are significant and independent of phylogeny. Methods We first examined the effect of phylogenetic history on the evolution of these two traits, flower size and seed number, and then mapped correlations between them on the latest phylogenetic tree of monocotyledons. Results The results provide phylogenetically robust evidence of strong correlated evolution between flower size and seed number and show that correlated evolution of traits is not constrained by phylogenetic history of taxa. Moreover, the two character combinations, small flowers and a single or few seeds per fruit, and large flowers and many seeded fruits, have persisted in monocotyledons longer than other trait combinations. Conclusions The analyses support the suggestion that most angiosperms may fall into two categories, one with large flowers and many seeded fruits and the other with small flowers and single or few seeded fruits, and kin selection within ovaries may explain the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit S Bawa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
| | - Tenzing Ingty
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - K N Shivaprakash
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Losada JM, Leslie AB. Why are the seed cones of conifers so diverse at pollination? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1319-1331. [PMID: 29528365 PMCID: PMC6007286 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Form and function relationships in plant reproductive structures have long fascinated biologists. Although the intricate associations between specific pollinators and reproductive morphology have been widely explored among animal-pollinated plants, the evolutionary processes underlying the diverse morphologies of wind-pollinated plants remain less well understood. Here we study how this diversity may have arisen by focusing on two conifer species in the pine family that have divergent reproductive cone morphologies at pollination. METHODS Standard histology methods, artificial wind pollination assays and phylogenetic analyses were used in this study. KEY RESULTS A detailed study of cone ontogeny in these species reveals that variation in the rate at which their cone scales mature means that pollination occurs at different stages in their development, and thus in association with different specific morphologies. Pollination experiments nevertheless indicate that both species effectively capture pollen. CONCLUSIONS In wind-pollinated plants, morphological diversity may result from simple variation in development among lineages rather than selective pressures for any major differences in function or performance. This work also illustrates the broader importance of developmental context in understanding plant form and function relationships; because plant reproductive structures perform many different functions over their lifetime, subtle differences in development may dramatically alter the specific morphologies that they use to meet these demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Leslie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Bawa KS. Kin selection and the evolution of plant reproductive traits. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0789. [PMID: 27852800 PMCID: PMC5124086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition among developing seeds and sibling rivalry within multiovulated ovaries can be deleterious for both the maternal parent and the siblings. Increased genetic relatedness of seeds within the ovary may foster kin selection and reduce the deleterious consequences of sibling competition. The pollen parent may also be selected for siring all progeny within a fruit. I propose a series of hypotheses to explain the evolution of a number of reproductive traits in angiosperms in the context of kin selection and sibling rivalry within the ovaries of angiosperms. I present evidence to show that a single-pollen parent, indeed, often sires seeds within multiovulated ovaries. Various types of pollen aggregations and transfer of such pollen masses to the stigmas of flowers by specialized pollinators make this increased genetic relatedness possible. An alternative mode to reduce sibling rivalry may be the reduction of ovule number to one, an evolutionary trend that has independently occurred many times in flowering plants. Finally, I build on previously established correlations to predict two sets of correlations among reproductive traits. In the first case, large showy flowers, transfer of pollen en masse by specialized pollinators, and multiovulated ovaries and multisided fruits seem to be correlated. In the second case, the previously established correlations among small and inconspicuous flowers, pollination by wind, water or generalist insects, flowers and fruits with few or single ovules and seeds, respectively, may also include monoecy or dioecy. Although correlations among many of these traits have been established in the past, I invoke kin selection and sibling competition to explain the evolution of correlated traits as two distinct evolutionary pathways in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit S Bawa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA .,Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
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15
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Brito VLG, Fendrich TG, Smidt EC, Varassin IG, Goldenberg R. Shifts from specialised to generalised pollination systems in Miconieae (Melastomataceae) and their relation with anther morphology and seed number. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:585-593. [PMID: 26789333 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most species in Melastomataceae have poricidal anthers related to specialised bee buzz-pollination, while some have anthers with large openings associated to non-bee pollination systems. We tracked the evolution of anther morphology and seed number on the Miconieae phylogenetic tree to understand the evolutionary shifts in such pollination systems. Anther morphometric data and seed number were recorded for 54 taxa. Pollinators (bees, flies, wasps) were recorded for 20 available species. Ancestral state reconstruction was made using Maximum Likelihood from nrITS sequences. We used phylogenetic eigenvector regressions to estimate phylogenetic signal and the adaptive component for these traits. Species pollinated by bees or bees and wasps tend to have smaller pores and fruits with more seeds. Species pollinated by flies or flies and bees and/or wasps tend to have larger pores and fruits with less seeds. Independent evolution occurred three times for anthers with large pores and twice for fruits with few seeds. We detected a phylogenetic signal in both traits, and negative correlated evolution between them. In actinomorphic small-flowered Miconieae, changes in anther morphology can be related to generalisation in the pollination system incorporating flies and wasps as pollinators and lessening the importance of buzzing bees in such process. Differences in pollen removal and deposition may explain differences in anther morphology and seed number in Miconieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L G Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T G Fendrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E C Smidt
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - I G Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Goldenberg
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Rosenheim JA, Schreiber SJ, Williams NM. Does an 'oversupply' of ovules cause pollen limitation? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:324-332. [PMID: 26574903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime seed production can be constrained by shortfalls of pollen receipt ('pollen limitation'). The ovule oversupply hypothesis states that, in response to unpredictable pollen availability, plants evolve to produce more ovules than they expect to be fertilized, and that this results in pollen limitation of seed production. Here, we present a cartoon model and a model of optimal plant reproductive allocations under stochastic pollen receipt to evaluate the hypothesis that an oversupply of ovules leads to increased pollen limitation. We show that an oversupply of ovules has two opposing influences on pollen limitation of whole-plant seed production. First, ovule oversupply increases the likelihood that pollen receipt limits the number of ovules that can be fertilized ('prezygotic pollen limitation'). Second, ovule oversupply increases the proportion of pollen grains received that are used to fertilize ovules ('pollen use efficiency'). As a result of these opposing influences, ovule oversupply has only a modest effect on the degree to which lifetime seed production is constrained by pollen receipt, producing a small decrease in the incidence of pollen limitation. Ovule oversupply is not the cause of the pollen limitation problem, but rather is part of the evolutionary solution to that problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Neal M Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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17
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Hogue CM, Andrade AD, Ruiz JG, Gibson G. Core Competencies in Geriatric Dentistry Fellowship Programs: a Delphi Study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 36:217-22. [DOI: 10.1111/scd.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christie M. Hogue
- Staff Dentist and Investigator, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami Florida
| | - Allen D. Andrade
- Assistant Professor, Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Staff Physician & Investigator, Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veteran Affairs Medical Center; New York, New York
| | - Jorge G. Ruiz
- Staff Dentist and Investigator, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center; Miami Florida
- Associate Director for Education/Evaluation, Geriatric Research and Clinical Center (GRECC); Director, E-learning and Multimedia Research, Bruce W. Carter Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Director, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Geriatric Medicine Fellowship Program; Associate Professor, Clinical Medicine, University of the Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Gretchen Gibson
- Director, Oral Health Quality Group, Veterans Affairs Office of Dentistry; Fayetteville Arkansas
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18
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Vallejo-Marín M, Walker C, Friston-Reilly P, Solís-Montero L, Igic B. Recurrent modification of floral morphology in heterantherous Solanum reveals a parallel shift in reproductive strategy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130256. [PMID: 25002701 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Floral morphology determines the pattern of pollen transfer within and between individuals. In hermaphroditic species, the spatial arrangement of sexual organs influences the rate of self-pollination as well as the placement of pollen in different areas of the pollinator's body. Studying the evolutionary modification of floral morphology in closely related species offers an opportunity to investigate the causes and consequences of floral variation. Here, we investigate the recurrent modification of flower morphology in three closely related pairs of taxa in Solanum section Androceras (Solanaceae), a group characterized by the presence of two morphologically distinct types of anthers in the same flower (heteranthery). We use morphometric analyses of plants grown in a common garden to characterize and compare the changes in floral morphology observed in parallel evolutionary transitions from relatively larger to smaller flowers. Our results indicate that the transition to smaller flowers is associated with a reduction in the spatial separation of anthers and stigma, changes in the allometric relationships among floral traits, shifts in pollen allocation to the two anther morphs and reduced pollen : ovule ratios. We suggest that floral modification in this group reflects parallel evolution towards increased self-fertilization and discuss potential selective scenarios that may favour this recurrent shift in floral morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marín
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Catriona Walker
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Philip Friston-Reilly
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lislie Solís-Montero
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Boris Igic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Schreiber SJ, Rosenheim JA, Williams NW, Harder LD. Evolutionary and Ecological Consequences of Multiscale Variation in Pollen Receipt for Seed Production. Am Nat 2015; 185:E14-29. [DOI: 10.1086/678982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Rosenheim JA, Williams NM, Schreiber SJ. Parental Optimism versus Parental Pessimism in Plants: How Common Should We Expect Pollen Limitation to Be? Am Nat 2014; 184:75-90. [DOI: 10.1086/676503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Pannell JR, Labouche AM. The incidence and selection of multiple mating in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120051. [PMID: 23339242 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among the fruits of a single individual, or when pollen from more than one donor is deposited on the same stigma. Because polyandry typically leads to multiple paternity among or within fruits, it can be indirectly inferred on the basis of paternity analysis using molecular markers. A review of the literature indicates that polyandry is probably ubiquitous in plants except those that habitually self-fertilize, or that disperse their pollen in pollen packages, such as polyads or pollinia. Multiple mating may increase plants' female component by alleviating pollen limitation or by promoting competition among pollen grains from different potential sires. Accordingly, a number of traits have evolved that should promote polyandry at the flower level from the female's point of view, e.g. the prolongation of stigma receptivity or increases in stigma size. However, many floral traits, such as attractiveness, the physical manipulation of pollinators and pollen-dispensing mechanisms that lead to polyandrous pollination, have probably evolved in response to selection to promote male siring success in general, so that polyandry might often best be seen as a by-product of selection to enhance outcross siring success. In this sense, polyandry in plants is similar to geitonogamy (selfing caused by pollen transfer among flowers of the same plant), because both polyandry and geitonogamy probably result from selection to promote outcross siring success, although geitonogamy is almost always deleterious while polyandry in plants will seldom be so.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Etcheverry AV, Alemán MM, Figueroa-Fleming T, López-Spahr D, Gómez CA, Yáñez C, Figueroa-Castro DM, Ortega-Baes P. Pollen:ovule ratio and its relationship with other floral traits in Papilionoideae (Leguminosae): an evaluation with Argentine species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:171-178. [PMID: 21972837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pollen:ovule ratio (P/O) has traditionally been used as a rough estimator of plant breeding systems. It has been shown that plant breeding systems are associated with particular floral traits. In this study, we determined the P/O in 21 Leguminosae species from Argentina and explored relationships between P/O and taxonomic position, flower size, floral rewards, pollen presentation and pollination mechanisms. According to the results, 15 out of the 21 species classified were obligate xenogamous, although some of them have been recorded as facultative xenogamous in previous studies. There was a significant effect of taxonomic position (genus), reward type and pollination mechanism on P/O. Species offering only nectar as a floral reward (which were species with a brush mechanism) had a significantly lower P/O than species offering pollen or pollen and nectar. Species with the brush pollination mechanism had the lowest P/O, while species with valvular and pump mechanism had the highest P/O. However, pollen presentation (primary and secondary) and flower size did not have a significant effect on P/O. Our results demonstrate that P/O variability is determined by taxonomic position and pollination mechanism in this plant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Etcheverry
- Cátedra de Botánica, Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.
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