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Ward C, Banfield JC, Brousseau P. A survey of Canadian respiratory therapists working in the COVID-19 pandemic: The RRT perspective. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY : CJRT = REVUE CANADIENNE DE LA THERAPIE RESPIRATOIRE : RCTR 2022; 58:57-63. [PMID: 35721003 PMCID: PMC9170232 DOI: 10.29390/cjrt-2020-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Registered respiratory therapists (RRTs) are heavily involved in the care of individuals infected with COVID-19. The experiences and challenges specific to the RRT profession during the pandemic have not been qualified and the aim of this study is to bridge that gap. Methods With institutional ethics approval, a cross-sectional survey was created through the survey software Redcap and made available online from 29 May to 6 July 2020. Any RRT working in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic was eligible to participate. Responses to yes/no questions were calculated as frequencies and percentages, and free-text responses were summarized. Results In total, 345 RRTs working in 11/13 of the provinces and territories, with varying years of experience completed the survey. The results reflected impacts of the pandemic that affected RRTs in a variety of ways at work, from being reassigned (30.7%) to caring for COVID-19 positive patients (57.4%) and intubated COVID-19 positive patients (50.7%). RRTs experienced communication issues around guidelines (66.7%) and some departments had run out of personal protective equipment (PPE; 19%). RRTs were personally impacted, including feeling overwhelmed by new and frequently changing guidelines (89.6%) and feeling concerned for themselves or their family members becoming infected because of their proximity to COVID-19 positive patients (89%). Discussion RRTs reported being required to work more during the pandemic. The unpredictability and constantly changing schedules were sources of stress and anxiety. RRTs were faced with issues of overwhelming amounts of new information and had difficulty in disseminating it in a timely manner. Lack of guidance and lack of confidence in the current protocols added to the confusion, anxiety, and stress. RRTs were at the center of many high-risk moments for contracting the virus (intubation, extubation), and PPE shortages were a major challenge reported. RRTs working during the pandemic have been concerned for their own health and the health of their family members. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic adds another layer of stress for RRT professionals who are working in high-risk situations and feel anxious, overwhelmed, and concerned about their personal safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ward
- Department of Women’s & Obstetric Anesthesia, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Jillian C. Banfield
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Paul Brousseau
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
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Magill SS, O'Leary E, Ray SM, Kainer MA, Evans C, Bamberg WM, Johnston H, Janelle SJ, Oyewumi T, Lynfield R, Rainbow J, Warnke L, Nadle J, Thompson DL, Sharmin S, Pierce R, Zhang AY, Ocampo V, Maloney M, Greissman S, Wilson LE, Dumyati G, Edwards JR. Antimicrobial Use in US Hospitals: Comparison of Results From Emerging Infections Program Prevalence Surveys, 2015 and 2011. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1784-1792. [PMID: 32519751 PMCID: PMC7976440 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 2011 US hospital prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use 50% of patients received antimicrobial medications on the survey date or day before. More hospitals have since established antimicrobial stewardship programs. We repeated the survey in 2015 to determine antimicrobial use prevalence and describe changes since 2011. METHODS The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program sites in 10 states each recruited ≤25 general and women's and children's hospitals. Hospitals selected a survey date from May-September 2015. Medical records for a random patient sample on the survey date were reviewed to collect data on antimicrobial medications administered on the survey date or day before. Percentages of patients on antimicrobial medications were compared; multivariable log-binomial regression modeling was used to evaluate factors associated with antimicrobial use. RESULTS Of 12 299 patients in 199 hospitals, 6084 (49.5%; 95% CI, 48.6-50.4%) received antimicrobials. Among 148 hospitals in both surveys, overall antimicrobial use prevalence was similar in 2011 and 2015, although the percentage of neonatal critical care patients on antimicrobials was lower in 2015 (22.8% vs 32.0% [2011]; P = .006). Fluoroquinolone use was lower in 2015 (10.1% of patients vs 11.9% [2011]; P < .001). Third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin use was higher (12.2% vs 10.7% [2011]; P = .002), as was carbapenem use (3.7% vs 2.7% [2011]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Overall hospital antimicrobial use prevalence was not different in 2011 and 2015; however, differences observed in selected patient or antimicrobial groups may provide evidence of stewardship impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley S Magill
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin O'Leary
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lantana Consulting Group, Thetford, Vermont, USA
| | - Susan M Ray
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy M Bamberg
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Helen Johnston
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah J Janelle
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tolulope Oyewumi
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jean Rainbow
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Linn Warnke
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joelle Nadle
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Maloney
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Greissman
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Hartford and New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lucy E Wilson
- Maryland Department of Health and University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ghinwa Dumyati
- New York Emerging Infections Program and University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan R Edwards
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Graber CJ, Jones MM, Goetz MB, Madaras-Kelly K, Zhang Y, Butler JM, Weir C, Chou AF, Youn SY, Samore MH, Glassman PA. Decreases in Antimicrobial Use Associated With Multihospital Implementation of Electronic Antimicrobial Stewardship Tools. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1168-1176. [PMID: 31673709 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewards may benefit from comparative data to inform interventions that promote optimal inpatient antimicrobial use. METHODS Antimicrobial stewards from 8 geographically dispersed Veterans Affairs (VA) inpatient facilities participated in the development of antimicrobial use visualization tools that allowed for comparison to facilities of similar complexity. The visualization tools consisted of an interactive web-based antimicrobial dashboard and, later, a standardized antimicrobial usage report updated at user-selected intervals. Stewards participated in monthly learning collaboratives. The percent change in average monthly antimicrobial use (all antimicrobial agents, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [anti-MRSA] agents, and antipseudomonal agents) was analyzed using a pre-post (January 2014-January 2016 vs July 2016-January 2018) design with segmented regression and external comparison with uninvolved control facilities (n = 118). RESULTS Intervention sites demonstrated a 2.1% decrease (95% confidence interval [CI], -5.7% to 1.6%) in total antimicrobial use pre-post intervention vs a 2.5% increase (95% CI, 0.8% to 4.1%) in nonintervention sites (absolute difference, 4.6%; P = .025). Anti-MRSA antimicrobial use decreased 11.3% (95% CI, -16.0% to -6.3%) at intervention sites vs a 6.6% decrease (95% CI, -9.1% to -3.9%) at nonintervention sites (absolute difference, 4.7%; P = .092). Antipseudomonal antimicrobial use decreased 3.4% (95% CI, -8.2% to 1.7%) at intervention sites vs a 3.6% increase (95% CI, 0.8% to 6.5%) at nonintervention sites (absolute difference, 7.0%; P = .018). CONCLUSIONS Comparative data visualization tool use by stewards at 8 VA facilities was associated with significant reductions in overall antimicrobial and antipseudomonal use relative to uninvolved facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Graber
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Infectious Diseases Section, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Makoto M Jones
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew Bidwell Goetz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Infectious Diseases Section, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karl Madaras-Kelly
- Department of Pharmacy Boise VA Medical Center, Boise, Idaho.,College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Meridian, Idaho
| | - Yue Zhang
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jorie M Butler
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Charlene Weir
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ann F Chou
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sarah Y Youn
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Samore
- IDEAS Center, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Peter A Glassman
- Center for Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, D.C., USA
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4
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Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship improves patient care and reduces antimicrobial resistance, inappropriate use, and adverse outcomes. Despite high-profile mandates for antimicrobial stewardship programs across the healthcare continuum, descriptive data, and recommendations for dedicated resources, including appropriate physician, pharmacist, data analytics, and administrative staffing support, are not robust. This review summarizes the current literature on antimicrobial stewardship staffing and calls for the development of minimum staffing recommendations.
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5
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Hota SS, Doll M, Bearman G. Preventing Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitals: what is the endgame? BMJ Qual Saf 2019; 29:157-160. [PMID: 31582570 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2019-009953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susy S Hota
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Doll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Gonzalo Bearman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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6
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Vickers RJ, Bassetti M, Clancy CJ, Garey KW, Greenberg DE, Nguyen MH, Roblin D, Tillotson GS, Wilcox MH. Combating resistance while maintaining innovation: the future of antimicrobial stewardship. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1331-1341. [PMID: 31526186 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a significant global health threat. However, a commercial model that does not offer a return on investment resulting in a lack of investment in antibiotic R&D, means that the current pipeline of antibiotics lacks sufficient innovation to meet this challenge. Those responsible for defining, promoting and monitoring the rationale use of antibiotics (the antimicrobial stewardship programme) are key to addressing current shortcomings. In this personal perspective, we discuss the future role stewardship can play in stimulating innovation, a need to move away from a pharmacy budget dominated view of antibiotic use, and the impact of the ever-increasing sophistication and interdisciplinary nature of antimicrobial control programs. Changes are needed to optimize clinical outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa & Hospital Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cornelius J Clancy
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David E Greenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Minh-Hong Nguyen
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark H Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals & University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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7
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Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship is a bundle of integrated interventions employed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in health care settings. While infectious-disease-trained physicians, with clinical pharmacists, are considered the main leaders of antimicrobial stewardship programs, clinical microbiologists can play a key role in these programs. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive discussion of the different components of antimicrobial stewardship in which microbiology laboratories and clinical microbiologists can make significant contributions, including cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility reports, enhanced culture and susceptibility reports, guidance in the preanalytic phase, rapid diagnostic test availability, provider education, and alert and surveillance systems. In reviewing this material, we emphasize how the rapid, and especially the recent, evolution of clinical microbiology has reinforced the importance of clinical microbiologists' collaboration with antimicrobial stewardship programs.
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8
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Pollack LA, Plachouras D, Sinkowitz-Cochran R, Gruhler H, Monnet DL, Weber JT. A Concise Set of Structure and Process Indicators to Assess and Compare Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs Among EU and US Hospitals: Results From a Multinational Expert Panel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:1201-11. [PMID: 27418168 PMCID: PMC6533629 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop common indicators, relevant to both EU member states and the United States, that characterize and allow for meaningful comparison of antimicrobial stewardship programs among different countries and healthcare systems. DESIGN Modified Delphi process. PARTICIPANTS A multinational panel of 20 experts in antimicrobial stewardship. METHODS Potential indicators were rated on the perceived feasibility to implement and measure each indicator and clinical importance for optimizing appropriate antimicrobial prescribing. RESULTS The outcome was a set of 33 indicators developed to characterize the infrastructure and activities of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs. Among them 17 indicators were considered essential to characterize an antimicrobial stewardship program and therefore were included in a core set of indicators. The remaining 16 indicators were considered optional indicators and included in a supplemental set. CONCLUSIONS The integration of these indicators in public health surveillance and special studies will lead to a better understanding of best practices in antimicrobial stewardship. Additionally, future studies can explore the association of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs to antimicrobial use and resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016:1-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Pollack
- 1Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta,Georgia
| | | | - Ronda Sinkowitz-Cochran
- 1Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta,Georgia
| | - Heidi Gruhler
- 1Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta,Georgia
| | | | - J Todd Weber
- 1Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta,Georgia
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9
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Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology: Survey and Qualitative Research. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:1272-1277. [PMID: 27514583 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surveys are one of the most frequently employed study designs in healthcare epidemiology research. Generally easier to undertake and less costly than many other study designs, surveys can be invaluable to gain insights into opinions and practices in large samples and may be descriptive and/or be used to test associations. In this context, qualitative research methods may complement this study design either at the survey development phase and/or at the interpretation/extension of results stage. This methods article focuses on key considerations for designing and deploying surveys in healthcare epidemiology and antibiotic stewardship, including identification of whether or not de novo survey development is necessary, ways to optimally lay out and display a survey, denominator measurement, discussion of biases to keep in mind particularly in research using surveys, and the role of qualitative research methods to complement surveys. We review examples of surveys in healthcare epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship and review the pros and cons of methods used. A checklist is provided to help aid design and deployment of surveys in healthcare epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1-6.
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10
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Pollack LA, van Santen KL, Weiner LM, Dudeck MA, Edwards JR, Srinivasan A. Antibiotic Stewardship Programs in U.S. Acute Care Hospitals: Findings From the 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Hospital Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:443-9. [PMID: 27199462 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Action Plan to Combat Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria calls for all US hospitals to improve antibiotic prescribing as a key prevention strategy for resistance and Clostridium difficile Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) will be important in this effort but implementation is not well understood. METHODS We analyzed the 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Hospital Survey to describe ASPs in US acute care hospitals as defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Core Elements for Hospital ASPs. Univariate analyses were used to assess stewardship infrastructure and practices by facility characteristics and a multivariate model determined factors associated with meeting all ASP core elements. RESULTS Among 4184 US hospitals, 39% reported having an ASP that met all 7 core elements. Although hospitals with greater than 200 beds (59%) were more likely to have ASPs, 1 in 4 (25%) of hospitals with less than 50 beds reported achieving all 7 CDC-defined core elements of a comprehensive ASP. The percent of hospitals in each state that reported all seven elements ranged from 7% to 58%. In the multivariate model, written support (adjusted relative risk [RR] 7.2 [95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2-8.4]; P < .0001) or salary support (adjusted RR 1.5 [95% CI, 1.4-1.6]; P < .0001) were significantly associated with having a comprehensive ASP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that ASP implementation varies across the United States and provide a baseline to monitor progress toward national goals. Comprehensive ASPs can be established in facilities of any size and hospital leadership support for antibiotic stewardship appears to drive the establishment of ASPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Pollack
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katharina L van Santen
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey M Weiner
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret A Dudeck
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan R Edwards
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arjun Srinivasan
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Indications and Types of Antibiotic Agents Used in 6 Acute Care Hospitals, 2009-2010: A Pragmatic Retrospective Observational Study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 37:70-9. [PMID: 26456803 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To design better antimicrobial stewardship programs, detailed data on the primary drivers and patterns of antibiotic use are needed. OBJECTIVE To characterize the indications for antibiotic therapy, agents used, duration, combinations, and microbiological justification in 6 acute-care US facilities with varied location, size, and type of antimicrobial stewardship programs. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING Retrospective medical chart review was performed on a random cross-sectional sample of 1,200 adult inpatients, hospitalized (>24 hrs) in 6 hospitals, and receiving at least 1 antibiotic dose on 4 index dates chosen at equal intervals through a 1-year study period (October 1, 2009-September 30, 2010). METHODS Infectious disease specialists recorded patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, microbiological and radiological testing, and agents used, dose, duration, and indication for antibiotic prescriptions. RESULTS On the index dates 4,119 (60.5%) of 6,812 inpatients were receiving antibiotics. The random sample of 1,200 case patients was receiving 2,527 antibiotics (average: 2.1 per patient); 540 (21.4%) were prophylactic and 1,987 (78.6%) were therapeutic, of which 372 (18.7%) were pathogen-directed at start. Of the 1,615 empirical starts, 382 (23.7%) were subsequently pathogen-directed and 1,231 (76.2%) remained empirical. Use was primarily for respiratory (27.6% of prescriptions) followed by gastrointestinal (13.1%) infections. Fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and antipseudomonal penicillins together accounted for 47.1% of therapy-days. CONCLUSIONS Use of broad-spectrum empirical therapy was prevalent in 6 US acute care facilities and in most instances was not subsequently pathogen directed. Fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and antipseudomonal penicillins were the most frequently used antibiotics, particularly for respiratory indications. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):70-79.
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12
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Dodds Ashley ES, Kaye KS, DePestel DD, Hermsen ED. Antimicrobial stewardship: philosophy versus practice. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 59 Suppl 3:S112-21. [PMID: 25261538 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To promote the judicious use of antimicrobials and preserve their usefulness in the setting of growing resistance, a number of policy-making bodies and professional societies have advocated the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Although these programs have been implemented at many institutions in the United States, their impact has been difficult to measure. Current recommendations advocate the use of both outcome and process measures as metrics for antimicrobial stewardship. Although patient outcome metrics have the greatest impact on the quality of care, the literature shows that antimicrobial use and costs are the indicators measured most frequently by institutions to justify the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs. The measurement of more meaningful outcomes has been constrained by difficulties inherent to these measures, lack of funding and resources, and inadequate study designs. Antimicrobial stewardship can be made more credible by refocusing the antimicrobial review process to target specific disease states, reassessing the usefulness of current metrics, and integrating antimicrobial stewardship program initiatives into institutional quality and safety efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Michigan
| | - Daryl D DePestel
- Global Medical Affairs, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth D Hermsen
- Global Medical Affairs, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, Massachusetts Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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13
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Jacobs DM, Kuper K, Septimus E, Arafat R, Garey KW. Assessment of Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in a Large Metropolitan Area. J Pharm Pract 2014; 29:188-93. [PMID: 25312262 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014549842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) of acute and long-term acute care (LTAC) hospitals in Houston, Texas. METHODS Two-part survey to clinical pharmacists and pharmacy directors. All acute care and LTAC facilities from the Harris County Medical Society database were invited to participate. RESULTS In part 1 of the telephone survey, 82 facilities within Houston, Harris county, were contacted by telephone of which 51 responded (response rate: 62%). Of respondents, 55% (n = 28) reported having an active ASP and 8% (n = 4) planned implementation within 12 months. Acute care and LTAC hospitals reported ASPs in 57% and 67% of facilities, respectively. Physician champions were involved in 71% (n = 20) of active ASPs; clinical pharmacists were involved in 75% (n = 21) of programs. In part II, 22 (43%) facilities completed the online survey; postprescription review with feedback was used in facilities with an ASP and medical training program (5 of 5) while formulary restriction was in facilities without stewardship or medical training (6 of 8). CONCLUSION This is the first major survey of ASP in a major metropolitan area. The stewardship effort in the city of Houston is encouraging; we expect the number of stewardship programs in all facilities will continue to rise as focus on antimicrobial resistance grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Jacobs
- CPL Associates, LLC, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Pharmacy Practice, University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Edward Septimus
- Clinical Service Group, HCA Nashville, Nashville, TN, USA and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raouf Arafat
- Houston Department of Health and Human Services, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston TX, USA
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14
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Amer MR, Akhras NS, Mahmood WA, Al-Jazairi AS. Antimicrobial stewardship program implementation in a medical intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2013; 33:547-54. [PMID: 24413857 PMCID: PMC6074906 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have shown to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance associated with an inappropriate antimicrobial use. The primary objective of this study was to compare the prescribing appropriateness rate of the empirical antibiotic therapy before and after the ASP implementation in a tertiary care hospital. Secondary objectives include the rate of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), physicians' acceptance rate, patient's intensive care unit (ICU) course, total utilization using defined daily dose, and total direct cost of antibiotics. DESIGN AND SETTINGS This is a comparative, historically controlled study. Adult medical ICU patients were enrolled in a prospective fashion under the active ASP arm and compared with historical patients who were admitted to the same unit before the ASP implementation. This study was approved by the institutional review board, and the need for informed consent was waived because the interventions and recommendations were evidence based and considered the standard of care. The study was conducted at KFSHRC, Riyadh. METHODS Adult medical ICU patients were enrolled under the active ASP arm if they were on any of the 5 targeted antibiotics (piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, vancomycin, tigecycline), and had no official infectious disease consultation. The interventions were conducted via prospective audit and feedback. RESULTS A total of 73 subjects were recruited, 49 in historical control and 24 in the active arm. The appropriateness of empirical antibiotics was improved from 30.6% (15/49) in the historical control arm to 100% (24/24) in the proactive ASP arm (P value < .05). For the ASP group, initially 79.1% (19/24) of the antibiotic uses were inappropriate and diminished by ASPs to 0% on the recommendations implementation. A total of 27 interventions were made with an acceptance rate of 96.3%. The rate of CDAD did not differ between the groups. A reduction in antibiotics utilization and direct cost were also noticed in the ASP arm. CONCLUSION A proactive ASP is a vital approach in optimizing the appropriate empirical antibiotics utilization in an ICU setting in tertiary care hospitals. This study highlights the importance of such a program and may serve as a foundation for further ASP initiatives particularly in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdulrazaq S Al-Jazairi
- Dr. Abdulrazaq S. Al-Jazairi, Head, Medical/Critical Pharmacy Department,, Division of Pharmacy Services,, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre,, PO Box 3354, MBC-11, Riyadh 11211,, Saudi Arabia, T: +966-11-4427603, F: +966-11-4427608,
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