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Pfenning-Butterworth A, Buckley LB, Drake JM, Farner JE, Farrell MJ, Gehman ALM, Mordecai EA, Stephens PR, Gittleman JL, Davies TJ. Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e270-e283. [PMID: 38580428 PMCID: PMC11090248 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence of species decline, and emergence of infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate and biodiversity crises and the connections between them, but interactions among all three pressures have been largely overlooked. Non-linearities and dampening and reinforcing interactions among pressures make considering interconnections essential to anticipating planetary challenges. In this Review, we define and exemplify the causal pathways that link the three global pressures of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious disease. A literature assessment and case studies show that the mechanisms between certain pairs of pressures are better understood than others and that the full triad of interactions is rarely considered. Although challenges to evaluating these interactions-including a mismatch in scales, data availability, and methods-are substantial, current approaches would benefit from expanding scientific cultures to embrace interdisciplinarity and from integrating animal, human, and environmental perspectives. Considering the full suite of connections would be transformative for planetary health by identifying potential for co-benefits and mutually beneficial scenarios, and highlighting where a narrow focus on solutions to one pressure might aggravate another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John M Drake
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert, BC, Canada
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - John L Gittleman
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Nicholas School for the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Chen L, Tan Z, Kong P, Zhou Y, Zhou L. Impact of vector richness on the risk of vector-borne disease: The role of vector competence. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11082. [PMID: 38435018 PMCID: PMC10905232 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A central goal of disease ecology is to identify the factors that drive the spread of infectious diseases. Changes in vector richness can have complex effects on disease risk, but little is known about the role of vector competence in the relationship between vector richness and disease risk. In this study, we firstly investigated the combined effects of vector competence, interspecific competition, and feeding interference on disease risk through a two-vector, one-host SIR-SI model, and obtained threshold conditions for the occurrence of dilution and amplification effects. Secondly, we extended the above model to the case of N vectors and assumed that all vectors were homogeneous to obtain analytic expressions for disease risk. It was found that in the two-vector model, disease risk declined more rapidly as interspecific competition of the high-competence vector increased. When vector richness increases, the positive effects of adding a high-competence vector species on disease transmission may outweigh the negative effects of feeding interference due to increased vector richness, making an amplification effect more likely to occur. While the addition of a highly competitive vector species may exacerbate the negative effects of feeding interference, making a dilution effect more likely to occur. In the N-vector model, the effect of increased vector richness on disease risk was fully driven by the strength of feeding interference and interspecific competition, and changes in vector competence only quantitatively but not qualitatively altered the vector richness-disease risk relationship. This work clarifies the role of vector competence in the relationship between vector richness and disease risk and provides a new perspective for studying the diversity-disease relationship. It also provides theoretical guidance for vector management and disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Chen
- School of Arts and SciencesShanghai University of Medicine and Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiying Tan
- School of Health Science and EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Kong
- School of Arts and SciencesShanghai University of Medicine and Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yanli Zhou
- School of Arts and SciencesShanghai University of Medicine and Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Liang Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for BiomedicineShanghai University of Medicine and Health SciencesShanghaiChina
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Pagenkopp Lohan KM, Gignoux-Wolfsohn SA, Ruiz GM. Biodiversity differentially impacts disease dynamics across marine and terrestrial habitats. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:106-117. [PMID: 38212198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease, where increased biodiversity leads to decreased disease risk, originated from research in terrestrial disease systems and remains relatively underexplored in marine systems. Understanding the impacts of biodiversity on disease in marine versus terrestrial systems is key to continued marine ecosystem functioning, sustainable aquaculture, and restoration projects. We compare the biodiversity-disease relationship across terrestrial and marine systems, considering biodiversity at six levels: intraspecific host diversity, host microbiomes, interspecific host diversity, biotic vectors and reservoirs, parasite consumers, and parasites. We highlight gaps in knowledge regarding how these six levels of biodiversity impact diseases in marine systems and propose two model systems, the Perkinsus-oyster and Labyrinthula-seagrass systems, to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Pagenkopp Lohan
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.
| | - Sarah A Gignoux-Wolfsohn
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; Current address: Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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Fenton A, Withenshaw SM, Devevey G, Morris A, Erazo D, Pedersen AB. Experimental assessment of cross-species transmission in a natural multihost-multivector-multipathogen community. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231900. [PMID: 37964529 PMCID: PMC10646469 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens, many of which cause major suffering worldwide, often circulate in diverse wildlife communities comprising multiple reservoir host and/or vector species. However, the complexities of these systems make it challenging to determine the contributions these different species make to transmission. We experimentally manipulated transmission within a natural multihost-multipathogen-multivector system, by blocking flea-borne pathogen transmission from either of two co-occurring host species (bank voles and wood mice). Through genetic analysis of the resulting infections in the hosts and vectors, we show that both host species likely act together to maintain the overall flea community, but cross-species pathogen transmission is relatively rare-most pathogens were predominantly found in only one host species, and there were few cases where targeted treatment affected pathogens in the other host species. However, we do provide experimental evidence of some reservoir-spillover dynamics whereby reductions of some infections in one host species are achieved by blocking transmission from the other host species. Overall, despite the apparent complexity of such systems, we show there can be 'covert simplicity', whereby pathogen transmission is primarily dominated by single host species, potentially facilitating the targeting of key hosts for control, even in diverse ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Fenton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Susan M. Withenshaw
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Godefroy Devevey
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Alexandra Morris
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Diana Erazo
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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Singh US, Amdep FL, Kshiar A, Acharya P, Karumuthil T, Kale S, Mishra S, Khan N, Kharbisnop B, Kessler A, Carlton JM, Das A, Walton C, Albert S. Characterisation of Anopheles species composition and genetic diversity in Meghalaya, northeast India, using molecular identification tools. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105450. [PMID: 37230159 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Malaria in India is declining, in part due to the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and vector control. Historically, the north-eastern region of India has contributed ~10%-12% of the nation's malaria burden. The important mosquito vectors in northeast India have long been considered to be Anopheles baimaii and An. minimus, both associated with forest habitats. Local deforestation and increased rice cultivation, along with widespread LLIN use, may be changing vector species composition. Understanding if and how vector species composition is changing is critical to successful malaria control. In Meghalaya state, malaria is now at a low level of endemicity with occasional seasonal outbreaks. In a biodiverse setting like Meghalaya, where >24 Anopheles mosquito species have been recorded, accurate morphological identification of all species is logistically challenging. To accurately determine Anopheles species richness in the West Khasi Hills (WKH) and West Jaintia Hills (WJH) districts, adult and larval mosquitoes were collected and identified using molecular methods of allele-specific PCR and cytochrome oxidase I DNA barcoding. In 14 villages across both districts, we identified high species richness, 19 species in total. Molecular findings indicated that An. minimus and An. baimaii were rare, while four other species (An. maculatus, An. pseudowillmori, An. jeyporiensis and An. nitidus) were abundant. Anopheles maculatus was highly prevalent in WKH (39% of light trap collections) and An. pseudowillmori in WJH (45%). Larvae of these four species were found in rice fields, suggesting that land cover change is influencing species composition change. Our results suggest that rice fields might be contributing to the observed abundance of An. maculatus and An. pseudowillmori, which could be playing a role in malaria transmission, either independently due to their high abundance, or in combination with An. baimaii and/or An. minimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shyamsunder Singh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Alman Kshiar
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Preeti Acharya
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Tulasi Karumuthil
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Nikhat Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Bankerdonbor Kharbisnop
- Meghalaya State Programme Management Unit (Malaria), National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control, Department of Health, Government of Meghalaya, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Anne Kessler
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India; National Lutheran Health and Medical Board, MLCU, Meghalaya, India
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Cleveland CA, Dallas TA, Vigil S, Mead DG, Corn JL, Park AW. Vector communities under global change may exacerbate and redistribute infectious disease risk. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:963-972. [PMID: 36847842 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne parasites may be transmitted by multiple vector species, resulting in an increased risk of transmission, potentially at larger spatial scales compared to any single vector species. Additionally, the different abilities of patchily distributed vector species to acquire and transmit parasites will lead to varying degrees of transmission risk. Investigation of how vector community composition and parasite transmission change over space due to variation in environmental conditions may help to explain current patterns in diseases but also informs our understanding of how patterns will change under climate and land-use change. We developed a novel statistical approach using a multi-year, spatially extensive case study involving a vector-borne virus affecting white-tailed deer transmitted by Culicoides midges. We characterized the structure of vector communities, established the ecological gradient controlling change in structure, and related the ecology and structure to the amount of disease reporting observed in host populations. We found that vector species largely occur and replace each other as groups, rather than individual species. Moreover, community structure is primarily controlled by temperature ranges, with certain communities being consistently associated with high levels of disease reporting. These communities are essentially composed of species previously undocumented as potential vectors, whereas communities containing putative vector species were largely associated with low levels, or even absence, of disease reporting. We contend that the application of metacommunity ecology to vector-borne infectious disease ecology can greatly aid the identification of transmission hotspots and an understanding of the ecological drivers of parasite transmission risk both now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Tad A Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29205, USA.
| | - Stacey Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph L Corn
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS), Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew W Park
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Romero-Vega LM, Piche-Ovares M, Soto-Garita C, Barantes Murillo DF, Chaverri LG, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Troyo A. Seasonal changes in the diversity, host preferences and infectivity of mosquitoes in two arbovirus-endemic regions of Costa Rica. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 36703148 PMCID: PMC9881273 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are vectors of various arboviruses belonging to the genera Alphavirus and Flavivirus, and Costa Rica is endemic to several of them. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the community structure of such vectors in Costa Rica. METHODS Sampling was performed in two different coastal locations of Costa Rica with evidence of arboviral activity during rainy and dry seasons. Encephalitis vector surveillance traps, CDC female gravid traps and ovitraps were used. Detection of several arboviruses by Pan-Alpha and Pan-Flavi PCR was attempted. Blood meals were also identified. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was estimated for each area during the rainy and dry seasons. The Chao2 values for abundance and Shannon index for species diversity were also estimated. RESULTS A total of 1802 adult mosquitoes belonging to 55 species were captured, among which Culex quinquefasciatus was the most caught species. The differences in NDVI were higher between seasons and between regions, yielding lower Chao-Sørensen similarity index values. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Madariaga virus were not detected at all, and dengue virus and Zika virus were detected in two separate Cx. quinquefasciatus specimens. The primary blood-meal sources were chickens (60%) and humans (27.5%). Both sampled areas were found to have different seasonal dynamics and population turnover, as reflected in the Chao2 species richness estimation values and Shannon diversity index. CONCLUSION Seasonal patterns in mosquito community dynamics in coastal areas of Costa Rica have strong differences despite a geographical proximity. The NDVI influences mosquito diversity at the regional scale more than at the local scale. However, year-long continuous sampling is required to better understand local dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Romero-Vega
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica ,grid.10729.3d0000 0001 2166 3813Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Marta Piche-Ovares
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica ,grid.10729.3d0000 0001 2166 3813Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Felipe Barantes Murillo
- grid.10729.3d0000 0001 2166 3813Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama USA
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Troyo
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Effects of predator modulation and vector preference on pathogen transmission in plant populations. Biosystems 2022; 222:104794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trivellone V, Cao Y, Blackshear M, Kim CH, Stone C. Landscape Composition Affects Elements of Metacommunity Structure for Culicidae Across South-Eastern Illinois. Front Public Health 2022; 10:872812. [PMID: 35592085 PMCID: PMC9110776 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.872812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay among invasive alien vectors and the species assemblage of native potential vectors in areas of range expansion may affect the dynamics of pathogen transmission. In this study we investigate how Aedes albopictus, an invasive mosquito of considerable public health concern fits within mosquito communities at the edge of its range of distribution. This was addressed using a 2-year field survey of mosquitoes in south-eastern Illinois. We found that Ae. albopictus was more broadly distributed in this region than previously realized, with new occurrence records for nine counties. Abundance of this species varied strongly and peaked in locations of low-intermediate overall mosquito species richness. This differed from overall mosquito abundance, as well as abundance of another important vector, Cx. pipiens, for which the abundance-richness relationships were best described with power functions. Metacommunity analyses revealed that mosquito communities showed a non-random distribution with a Clementsian gradient, which suggests a pattern whereby distinct species assemblages are associated with specific habitats or environmental conditions. Land use was a significant underlying factor shaping mosquito community structure and species assemblages. Multivariate analyses showed that while Ae. canadensis and Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes were associated with high and low proportions of wetlands in the environment, respectively, Ae. albopictus was most strongly associated with urban settlements. This work sheds light on landscape-level processes, such as niche differentiation driven by urban and agricultural development, structuring mosquito communities. We suggest that mosquito community assessments across habitats be incorporated as part of a One Health vector surveillance approach to aid in the goal of prediction and prevention of new and (re-)emerging vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yanghui Cao
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Millon Blackshear
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Christopher Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Su M, Jiang Z, Hui C. How Multiple Interaction Types Affect Disease Spread and Dilution in Ecological Networks. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.862986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities are composed of different functional guilds that are engaging in multiple types of biotic interactions. We explore how ecological networks fare when confronting infectious diseases according to density-dependent (DD) and frequency-dependent (FD) transmission modes. Our model shows that network compositions can dictate both disease spreading and the relationship between disease and community diversity (including species richness and Shannon’s diversity) as depicted in the dilution effect. The disease becomes more prevalent within communities harboring more mutualistic interactions, generating a positive relationship between disease prevalence and community diversity (i.e., an amplification effect). By contrast, in communities with a fixed proportion of mutualistic interactions, higher diversity from the balance of competition and predation can impede disease prevalence (i.e., the dilution effect). Within-species disease prevalence increases linearly with a species’ degree centrality. These patterns of disease transmission and the diversity-disease relationship hold for both transmission modes. Our analyses highlight the complex effects of interaction compositions in ecological networks on infectious disease dynamics and further advance the debate on the dilution effect of host diversity on disease prevalence.
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Takimoto G, Shirakawa H, Sato T. The relationship between vector species richness and the risk of vector-borne infectious diseases. Am Nat 2022; 200:330-344. [DOI: 10.1086/720403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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van de Straat B, Sebayang B, Grigg MJ, Staunton K, Garjito TA, Vythilingam I, Russell TL, Burkot TR. Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors. Malar J 2022; 21:109. [PMID: 35361218 PMCID: PMC8974233 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic Plasmodium infections in humans in many Southeast Asian countries have been increasing, including in countries approaching elimination of human-only malaria transmission. Most simian malarias in humans are caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, but recent research shows that humans are at risk of many different simian Plasmodium species. In Southeast Asia, simian Plasmodium species are mainly transmitted by mosquitoes in the Anopheles leucosphyrus and Anopheles dirus complexes. Although there is some evidence of species outside the Leucosphyrus Group transmitting simian Plasmodium species, these await confirmation of transmission to humans. The vectors of monkey malarias are mostly found in forests and forest fringes, where they readily bite long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (the natural reservoir hosts) and humans. How changing land-uses influence zoonotic malaria vectors is still poorly understood. Fragmentation of forests from logging, agriculture and other human activities is associated with increased zoonotic Plasmodium vector exposure. This is thought to occur through altered macaque and mosquito distributions and behaviours, and importantly, increased proximity of humans, macaques, and mosquito vectors. Underlying the increase in vector densities is the issue that the land-use change and human activities create more oviposition sites and, in correlation, increases availably of human blood hosts. The current understanding of zoonotic malaria vector species is largely based on a small number of studies in geographically restricted areas. What is known about the vectors is limited: the data is strongest for distribution and density with only weak evidence for a limited number of species in the Leucosphyrus Group for resting habits, insecticide resistance, blood feeding habits and larval habitats. More data are needed on vector diversity and bionomics in additional geographic areas to understand both the impacts on transmission of anthropogenic land-use change and how this significant disease in humans might be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van de Straat
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
| | - Boni Sebayang
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research & Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Kyran Staunton
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Triwibowo Ambar Garjito
- Institute for Vector and Reservoir Control Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), The Ministry of Health of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Stone CM. Highlights of Medical Entomology, 2020. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2006-2011. [PMID: 34342359 PMCID: PMC8385844 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Medical Entomology as a field is inherently global - thriving on international and interdisciplinary collaborations and affected dramatically by arthropod and pathogen invasions and introductions. This past year also will be remembered as the year in which the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic affected every part of our lives and professional activities and impacted (or changed, sometimes in good ways) our ability to collaborate and detect or respond to invasions. This incredible year is the backdrop for the 2020 Highlights in Medical Entomology. This article highlights the broad scope of approaches and disciplines represented in the 2020 published literature, ranging from sensory and chemical ecology, population genetics, impacts of human-mediated environmental change on vector ecology, life history and the evolution of vector behaviors, to the latest developments in vector surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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