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Liu W, Feng H, Taylor PA, Kang M, Shen J, Saini J, Zhou J, Giap HB, Yu NY, Sio TS, Mohindra P, Chang JY, Bradley JD, Xiao Y, Simone CB, Lin L. NRG Oncology and Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group Patterns of Practice Survey and Consensus Recommendations on Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Thoracic Malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:1208-1221. [PMID: 38395086 PMCID: PMC11209785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and hypofractionation using pencil-beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy (PBSPT) is an attractive option for thoracic malignancies. Combining the advantages of target coverage conformity and critical organ sparing from both PBSPT and SBRT, this new delivery technique has great potential to improve the therapeutic ratio, particularly for tumors near critical organs. Safe and effective implementation of PBSPT SBRT/hypofractionation to treat thoracic malignancies is more challenging than the conventionally fractionated PBSPT because of concerns of amplified uncertainties at the larger dose per fraction. The NRG Oncology and Particle Therapy Cooperative Group Thoracic Subcommittee surveyed proton centers in the United States to identify practice patterns of thoracic PBSPT SBRT/hypofractionation. From these patterns, we present recommendations for future technical development of proton SBRT/hypofractionation for thoracic treatment. Among other points, the recommendations highlight the need for volumetric image guidance and multiple computed tomography-based robust optimization and robustness tools to minimize further the effect of uncertainties associated with respiratory motion. Advances in direct motion analysis techniques are urgently needed to supplement current motion management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
| | - Hongying Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona; College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Paige A Taylor
- Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Houston Quality Assurance Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jatinder Saini
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Proton Therapy Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Huan B Giap
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nathan Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Terence S Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Pranshu Mohindra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey D Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Liu CW, Kolano AM, Gray T, Stephans KL, Videtic GMM, Farr JB, Xia P. Cyclotron and linear accelerator generated scanning proton beams for lung cancer SBRT: Interplay effects and mitigations. Med Phys 2024; 51:3985-3994. [PMID: 38683935 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy for moving targets is known to be impacted by interplay effects between the scanning beam and organ motion. While respiratory motion in the thoracic region is the major cause for organ motion, interplay effects depend on the delivery characteristics of proton accelerators. PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of different types of PBS proton accelerators and spot sizes on interplay effects, mitigations, and plan quality for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Twenty NSCLC patients treated with photon SBRT were selected to represent varying tumor volumes and respiratory motion amplitudes (median: 0.6 cm with abdominal compression) for this retrospective study. For each patient, plans were created using: (1) cyclotron-generated proton beams (CPB) with spot sizes of σ = 2.7-7.0 mm; (2) linear accelerator proton beams (LPB) (σ = 2.9-5.5 mm); and (3) linear accelerator proton minibeams (LPMB) (σ = 0.9-3.9 mm). The energy switching time is one second for CPB, and 0.005 s for LPMB and LPB. Plans were robustly optimized on the gross tumor volume (GTV) using each individual phase of four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans. Initially, single-field optimization (SFO) plans were evaluated; if the plan quality did not meet the dosimetric requirement, multi-field optimization (MFO) was used. MFO plans were created for all patients for comparisons. For each patient, all plans were normalized to have the same dose received by 99% of the GTV. Interplay effects were evaluated by computing the dose on 10 breathing phases, based on the spot distribution. Volumetric repainting (VR) was performed 2-6 times for each plan. We compared volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose (V100%RX) of the GTV, and normal lung V20Gy. RESULTS Twelve of 20 plans can be optimized sufficiently with SFO. SFO plans were less sensitive to the interplay effect compared to MFO plans in terms of target coverage for both LPB and LPMB. The following comparisons showed results utilizing the MFO technique. In the interplay evaluation without repainting, the mean V100%RX of the GTV were 99.42 ± 0.6%, 97.52 ± 3.9%, and 94.49 ± 7.3% for CPB, LPB, and LPMB plans, respectively. Following VR (2 × for CPB; 3 × for LPB; 5 × for LPMB), V100%RX of the GTV were improved (on average) by 0.13%, 1.84%, and 4.63%, respectively, achieving the acceptance criteria of V100%RX > 95%. Because of fast energy switch in linear accelerator proton machines, the delivery time for VR plans was the lowest for LPB plans, while delivery time for LPMB was on average 1 min longer than CPB plans. The advantage of small spot machines was better sparing in normal lung V20Gy, even when VR was applied. CONCLUSION In the absence of repainting, proton machines with large spot sizes generated more robust plans against interplay effects. The number of VR increased with decreasing spot sizes to achieve the acceptance criteria. VR improved the plan robustness against interplay effects for modalities with small spot sizes and fast energy changes, preserving the low dose sparing aspect of the LPMB, even when motion is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Wen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna M Kolano
- Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine (ADAM) SA, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Advanced Oncotherapy (AVO) plc, London, UK
| | - Tara Gray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin L Stephans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory M M Videtic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan B Farr
- Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine (ADAM) SA, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Advanced Oncotherapy (AVO) plc, London, UK
| | - Ping Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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3
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Belikhin M, Shemyakov A, Chernyaev A, Pryanichnikov A. Dosimetric Evaluation of Target Motion Effects in Spot-Scanning Proton Therapy: A Phantom Study. Int J Part Ther 2024; 11:100013. [PMID: 38757083 PMCID: PMC11095096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpt.2024.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate intrafractional motion effects as a function of peak-to-peak motion and period during single-field, single-fraction and single-field, multifraction irradiation of the moving target in spot-scanning proton therapy. Materials and Methods An in-house dynamic phantom was used to simulate peak-to-peak motion of 5, 10, and 20 mm with periods of 2, 4, and 8 seconds. The dose distribution in the moving target was measured using radiochromic films. During the perpendicular motion, the film was fixed and moved perpendicular to the beam direction without changing the water equivalent thickness (WET). During longitudinal motion, the film was fixed and moved along the beam direction, causing a change in WET. Gamma index analysis was used with criteria of 3%/3 mm and 3%/2 mm to analyze the dose distributions. Results For single-fraction irradiation, varying the period did not result in a significant difference in any of the metrics used (P > .05), except for the local dose within the planning target volume (P < .001). In contrast, varying peak-to-peak motion was significant (P < .001) for all metrics except for the mean planning target volume dose (P ≈ .88) and the local dose (P ≈ .47). The perpendicular motion caused a greater decrease in gamma passing rate (3%/3 mm) than WET variations (65% ± 5% vs 85% ± 4%) at 20 mm peak-to-peak motion. Conclusion The implementation of multifraction irradiation allowed to reduce hot and cold spots but did not reduce dose blurring. The motion threshold varied from 7 to 11 mm and depended on the number of fractions, the type of motion, the acceptance criteria, and the calculation method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Belikhin
- JSC Protom, Protvino, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Alexander Pryanichnikov
- Division of Biomedical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Caron J, Gonzalez G, Pandey PK, Wang S, Prather K, Ahmad S, Xiang L, Chen Y. Single pulse protoacoustic range verification using a clinical synchrocyclotron. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae. [PMID: 36634371 PMCID: PMC10567060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb2ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Proton therapy as the next generation radiation-based cancer therapy offers dominant advantages over conventional radiation therapy due to the utilization of the Bragg peak; however, range uncertainty in beam delivery substantially mitigates the advantages of proton therapy. This work reports using protoacoustic measurements to determine the location of proton Bragg peak deposition within a water phantom in real time during beam delivery.Approach.In protoacoustics, proton beams have a definitive range, depositing a majority of the dose at the Bragg peak; this dose is then converted to heat. The resulting thermoelastic expansion generates a 3D acoustic wave, which can be detected by acoustic detectors to localize the Bragg peak.Main results.Protoacoustic measurements were performed with a synchrocyclotron proton machine over the exhaustive energy range from 45.5 to 227.15 MeV in clinic. It was found that the amplitude of the acoustic waves is proportional to proton dose deposition, and therefore encodes dosimetric information. With the guidance of protoacoustics, each individual proton beam (7 pC/pulse) can be directly visualized with sub-millimeter (<0.7 mm) resolution using single beam pulse for the first time.Significance.The ability to localize the Bragg peak in real-time and obtain acoustic signals proportional to dose within tumors could enable precision proton therapy and hope to progress towardsin vivomeasurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Caron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Prabodh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Siqi Wang
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Kiana Prather
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Liangzhong Xiang
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
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5
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Gulamhussene G, Meyer A, Rak M, Bashkanov O, Omari J, Pech M, Hansen C. Predicting 4D liver MRI for MR-guided interventions. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2022; 101:102122. [PMID: 36122484 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organ motion poses an unresolved challenge in image-guided interventions like radiation therapy, biopsies or tumor ablation. In the pursuit of solving this problem, the research field of time-resolved volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (4D MRI) has evolved. However, current techniques are unsuitable for most interventional settings because they lack sufficient temporal and/or spatial resolution or have long acquisition times. In this work, we propose a novel approach for real-time, high-resolution 4D MRI with large fields of view for MR-guided interventions. To this end, we propose a network-agnostic, end-to-end trainable, deep learning formulation that enables the prediction of a 4D liver MRI with respiratory states from a live 2D navigator MRI. Our method can be used in two ways: First, it can reconstruct high quality fast (near real-time) 4D MRI with high resolution (209×128×128 matrix size with isotropic 1.8mm voxel size and 0.6s/volume) given a dynamic interventional 2D navigator slice for guidance during an intervention. Second, it can be used for retrospective 4D reconstruction with a temporal resolution of below 0.2s/volume for motion analysis and use in radiation therapy. We report a mean target registration error (TRE) of 1.19±0.74mm, which is below voxel size. We compare our results with a state-of-the-art retrospective 4D MRI reconstruction. Visual evaluation shows comparable quality. We compare different network architectures within our formulation. We show that small training sizes with short acquisition times down to 2 min can already achieve promising results and 24 min are sufficient for high quality results. Because our method can be readily combined with earlier time reducing methods, acquisition time can be further decreased while also limiting quality loss. We show that an end-to-end, deep learning formulation is highly promising for 4D MRI reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Gulamhussene
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
| | - Anneke Meyer
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Marko Rak
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Oleksii Bashkanov
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Jazan Omari
- University Hospital Magdeburg, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Maciej Pech
- University Hospital Magdeburg, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Christian Hansen
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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Simeonov Y, Weber U, Schuy C, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Penchev P, Flatten V, Zink K. Development, Monte Carlo simulations and experimental evaluation of a 3D range-modulator for a complex target in scanned proton therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35226887 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop and manufacture a 3D range-modulator (3D RM) for a complex target contour for scanned proton therapy. The 3D RM is considered to be a viable technique for the very fast dose application in patient-specific tumors with only one fixed energy. The RM was developed based on a tumor from a patient CT and manufactured with high-quality 3D printing techniques with both polymer resin and aluminum. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to investigate its modulating properties and the resulting dose distribution. Additionally, the simulation results were validated with measurements at the Marburg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre. For this purpose, a previously developed water phantom was used to conduct fast, automated high-resolution dose measurements. The results show a very good agreement between simulations and measurements and indicate that highly homogeneous dose distributions are possible. The delivered dose is conformed to the distal as well as to the proximal edge of the target. The 3D range-modulator concept combines a high degree of dose homogeneity and conformity, comparable to standard IMPT with very short irradiation times, promising clinically applicable dose distributions for lung and/or FLASH treatment, comparable and competitive to those from conventional irradiation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Simeonov
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uli Weber
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Biophysics division, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Biophysics division, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Petar Penchev
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Flatten
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Zink
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), Giessen, Germany.,University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
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7
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Li H, Dong L, Bert C, Chang J, Flampouri S, Jee KW, Lin L, Moyers M, Mori S, Rottmann J, Tryggestad E, Vedam S. Report of AAPM Task Group 290: Respiratory motion management for particle therapy. Med Phys 2022; 49:e50-e81. [PMID: 35066871 PMCID: PMC9306777 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose uncertainty induced by respiratory motion remains a major concern for treating thoracic and abdominal lesions using particle beams. This Task Group report reviews the impact of tumor motion and dosimetric considerations in particle radiotherapy, current motion‐management techniques, and limitations for different particle‐beam delivery modes (i.e., passive scattering, uniform scanning, and pencil‐beam scanning). Furthermore, the report provides guidance and risk analysis for quality assurance of the motion‐management procedures to ensure consistency and accuracy, and discusses future development and emerging motion‐management strategies. This report supplements previously published AAPM report TG76, and considers aspects of motion management that are crucial to the accurate and safe delivery of particle‐beam therapy. To that end, this report produces general recommendations for commissioning and facility‐specific dosimetric characterization, motion assessment, treatment planning, active and passive motion‐management techniques, image guidance and related decision‐making, monitoring throughout therapy, and recommendations for vendors. Key among these recommendations are that: (1) facilities should perform thorough planning studies (using retrospective data) and develop standard operating procedures that address all aspects of therapy for any treatment site involving respiratory motion; (2) a risk‐based methodology should be adopted for quality management and ongoing process improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Bert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joe Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stella Flampouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyung-Wook Jee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Moyers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joerg Rottmann
- Center for Proton Therapy, Proton Therapy Singapore, Proton Therapy Pte Ltd, Singapore
| | - Erik Tryggestad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sastry Vedam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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8
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Yap J, De Franco A, Sheehy S. Future Developments in Charged Particle Therapy: Improving Beam Delivery for Efficiency and Efficacy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:780025. [PMID: 34956897 PMCID: PMC8697351 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and clinical benefits of charged particle therapy (CPT) are well recognized. However, the availability of CPT and complete exploitation of dosimetric advantages are still limited by high facility costs and technological challenges. There are extensive ongoing efforts to improve upon these, which will lead to greater accessibility, superior delivery, and therefore better treatment outcomes. Yet, the issue of cost remains a primary hurdle as utility of CPT is largely driven by the affordability, complexity and performance of current technology. Modern delivery techniques are necessary but limited by extended treatment times. Several of these aspects can be addressed by developments in the beam delivery system (BDS) which determines the overall shaping and timing capabilities enabling high quality treatments. The energy layer switching time (ELST) is a limiting constraint of the BDS and a determinant of the beam delivery time (BDT), along with the accelerator and other factors. This review evaluates the delivery process in detail, presenting the limitations and developments for the BDS and related accelerator technology, toward decreasing the BDT. As extended BDT impacts motion and has dosimetric implications for treatment, we discuss avenues to minimize the ELST and overview the clinical benefits and feasibility of a large energy acceptance BDS. These developments support the possibility of advanced modalities and faster delivery for a greater range of treatment indications which could also further reduce costs. Further work to realize methodologies such as volumetric rescanning, FLASH, arc, multi-ion and online image guided therapies are discussed. In this review we examine how increased treatment efficiency and efficacy could be achieved with improvements in beam delivery and how this could lead to faster and higher quality treatments for the future of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Yap
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea De Franco
- IFMIF Accelerator Development Group, Rokkasho Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Suzie Sheehy
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Pastor-Serrano O, Habraken S, Lathouwers D, Hoogeman M, Schaart D, Perkó Z. How should we model and evaluate breathing interplay effects in IMPT? Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34757958 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breathing interplay effects in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) arise from the interaction between target motion and the scanning beam. Assessing the detrimental effect of interplay and the clinical robustness of several mitigation techniques requires statistical evaluation procedures that take into account the variability of breathing during dose delivery. In this study, we present such a statistical method to model intra-fraction respiratory motion based on breathing signals and assess clinical relevant aspects related to the practical evaluation of interplay in IMPT such as how to model irregular breathing, how small breathing changes affect the final dose distribution, and what is the statistical power (number of different scenarios) required for trustworthy quantification of interplay effects. First, two data-driven methodologies to generate artificial patient-specific breathing signals are compared: a simple sinusoidal model, and a precise probabilistic deep learning model generating very realistic samples of patient breathing. Second, we investigate the highly fluctuating relationship between interplay doses and breathing parameters, showing that small changes in breathing period result in large local variations in the dose. Our results indicate that using a limited number of samples to calculate interplay statistics introduces a bigger error than using simple sinusoidal models based on patient parameters or disregarding breathing hysteresis during the evaluation. We illustrate the power of the presented statistical method by analyzing interplay robustness of 4DCT and Internal Target Volume (ITV) treatment plans for a 8 lung cancer patients, showing that, unlike 4DCT plans, even 33 fraction ITV plans systematically fail to fulfill robustness requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Pastor-Serrano
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Habraken
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Lathouwers
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Hoogeman
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Schaart
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,HollandPTC, Department of Radiation Oncology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Perkó
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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10
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Postsurgical geometrical variations of tumor bed and brainstem during photon and proton therapy for pediatric tumors of the posterior fossa: dosimetric impact and predictive factors. Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 197:1113-1123. [PMID: 34351450 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brainstem radionecrosis is an important issue during the irradiation of tumors of the posterior fossa. The aim of the present study is to analyze postsurgical geometrical variations of tumor bed (TB) and brainstem (BS) and their impact on dosimetry. METHODS Retrospective collection of data from pediatric patients treated at a single institution. Availability of presurgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was verified; availability of at least two postsurgical MRIs was considered a further inclusion criterion. The following metrics were analyzed: total volume, Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and Haudsdorff distances (HD). RESULTS Fourteen patients were available for the quantification of major postsurgical geometrical variations of TB. DSC, HD max, and HD average values were 0.47 (range: 0.08;0.76), 11.3 mm (7.7;24.5), and 2.6 mm (0.7;6.7) between the first and the second postoperative MRI, respectively. Postsurgical geometrical variations of the BS were also observed. Coverage to the TB was reduced in one patient (D95: -2.9 Gy), while D2 to the BS was increased for the majority of patients. Overall, predictive factors for significant geometrical changes were presurgical gross tumor volume (GTV) > 33 mL, hydrocephaly at diagnosis, Luschka foramen involvement, and younger age (≤ 8 years). CONCLUSION Major volume changes were observed in this cohort, with some dosimetric impact. The use of a recent co-registration MRI is advised. The 2-3 mm HD average observed should be considered in the planning target volume/planning organ at risk volume (PTV/PRV) margin and/or robust optimization planning. Results from wider efforts are needed to verify our findings.
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Younkin JE, Morales DH, Shen J, Ding X, Stoker JB, Yu NY, Sio TT, Daniels TB, Bues M, Fatyga M, Schild SE, Liu W. Technical Note: Multiple energy extraction techniques for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems may exacerbate motion interplay effects in lung cancer treatments. Med Phys 2021; 48:4812-4823. [PMID: 34174087 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The multiple energy extraction (MEE) delivery technique for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems reduces beam delivery time by decelerating the beam multiple times during one accelerator spill, but this might cause additional plan quality degradation due to intrafractional motion. We seek to determine whether MEE causes significantly different plan quality degradation compared to single energy extraction (SEE) for lung cancer treatments due to the interplay effect. METHODS Ten lung cancer patients treated with IMPT at our institution were nonrandomly sampled based on a representative range of tumor motion amplitudes, tumor volumes, and respiratory periods. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices from single-fraction SEE and MEE four-dimensional (4D) dynamic dose distributions were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Distributions of monitor units (MU) to breathing phases were investigated for features associated with plan quality degradation. SEE and MEE DVH indices were compared in fractionated deliveries of the worst-case patient treatment scenario to evaluate the impact of fractionation. RESULTS There were no clinically significant differences in target mean dose, target dose conformity, or dose to organs-at-risk between SEE and MEE in single-fraction delivery. Three patients had significantly worse dose homogeneity with MEE compared to SEE (single-fraction mean D5% -D95% increased by up to 9.6% of prescription dose), and plots of MU distribution to breathing phases showed synchronization patterns with MEE but not SEE. However, after 30 fractions the patient in the worst-case scenario had clinically acceptable target dose homogeneity and coverage with MEE (mean D5% -D95% increased by 1% compared to SEE). CONCLUSIONS For some patients with breathing periods close to the mean spill duration, MEE resulted in significantly worse single-fraction target dose homogeneity compared to SEE due to the interplay effect. However, this was mitigated by fractionation, and target dose homogeneity and coverage were clinically acceptable after 30 fractions with MEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Younkin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaoning Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua B Stoker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas B Daniels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mirek Fatyga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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12
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Feng H, Shan J, Ashman JB, Rule WG, Bhangoo RS, Yu NY, Chiang J, Fatyga M, Wong WW, Schild SE, Sio TT, Liu W. Technical Note: 4D robust optimization in small spot intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for distal esophageal carcinoma. Med Phys 2021; 48:4636-4647. [PMID: 34058026 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the dosimetric performances of small-spot three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) robustly optimized intensity-modulated proton (IMPT) plans in the presence of uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously for distal esophageal carcinoma. METHOD AND MATERIALS Thirteen (13) patients were selected and re-planned with small-spot ( σ ~ 2-6 mm) 3D and 4D robust optimization in IMPT, respectively. The internal clinical target volumes (CTVhigh3d , CTVlow3d ) were used in 3D robust optimization. Different CTVs (CTVhigh4d , CTVlow4d ) were generated by subtracting an inner margin of the motion amplitudes in three cardinal directions from the internal CTVs and used in 4D robust optimization. All patients were prescribed the same dose to CTVs (50 Gy[RBE] for CTVhigh3d /CTVhigh4d and 45 Gy[RBE] for CTVlow3d /CTVlow4d ). Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices were calculated to assess plan quality. Comprehensive plan robustness evaluations that consisted of 300 perturbed scenarios (10 different motion patterns to consider irregular motion (sampled from a Gaussian distribution) and 30 different uncertainties scenarios (sampled from a 4D uniform distribution) combined), were performed to quantify robustness to uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Compared to 3D robustly optimized plans, 4D robustly optimized plans had statistically improved target coverage and better sparing of lungs and heart (heart Dmean , P = 0.001; heart V30Gy[RBE] , P = 0.001) in the nominal scenario. 4D robustly optimized plans had better robustness in target dose coverage (CTVhigh4d V100% , P = 0.002) and the protection of lungs and heart (heart Dmean , P = 0.001; heart V30Gy[RBE] , P = 0.001) when uncertainties and interplay effect were considered simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Even with small spots in IMPT, 4D robust optimization outperformed 3D robust optimization in terms of normal tissue protection and robustness to uncertainties and interplay effect simultaneously. Our findings support the use of 4D robust optimization to treat distal esophageal carcinoma with small spots in IMPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jonathan B Ashman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - William G Rule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Ronik S Bhangoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Nathan Y Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Mirek Fatyga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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13
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Dougherty JM, Castillo E, Castillo R, Faught AM, Pepin M, Park SS, Beltran CJ, Guerrero T, Grills I, Vinogradskiy Y. Functional avoidance-based intensity modulated proton therapy with 4DCT derived ventilation imaging for lung cancer. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:276-285. [PMID: 34159715 PMCID: PMC8292710 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective is to evaluate the potential dosimetric gains of performing functional avoidance‐based proton treatment planning using 4DCT derived ventilation imaging. 4DCT data of 31 patients from a prospective functional avoidance clinical trial were evaluated with intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans and compared with clinical volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Dosimetric parameters were compared between standard and functional plans with IMPT and VMAT with one‐way analysis of variance and post hoc paired student t‐test. Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) models were employed to estimate the risk of two toxicity endpoints for healthy lung tissues. Dose degradation due to proton motion interplay effect was evaluated. Functional IMPT plans led to significant dose reduction to functional lung structures when compared with functional VMAT without significant dose increase to Organ at Risk (OAR) structures. When interplay effect is considered, no significant dose degradation was observed for the OARs or the clinical target volume (CTV) volumes for functional IMPT. Using fV20 as the dose metric and Grade 2+ pneumonitis as toxicity endpoint, there is a mean 5.7% reduction in Grade 2+ RP with the functional IMPT and as high as 26% in reduction for individual patient when compared to the standard IMPT planning. Functional IMPT was able to spare healthy lung tissue to avoid excess dose to normal structures while maintaining satisfying target coverage. NTCP calculation also shows that the risk of pulmonary complications can be further reduced with functional based IMPT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Castillo
- Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Richard Castillo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Austin M Faught
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mark Pepin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sean S Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chris J Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Guerrero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Inga Grills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Vinogradskiy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Paganetti H, Grassberger C, Sharp GC. Physics of Particle Beam and Hypofractionated Beam Delivery in NSCLC. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 31:162-169. [PMID: 33610274 PMCID: PMC7905707 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dosimetric advantages of particle therapy lead to significantly reduced integral dose to normal tissues, making it an attractive treatment option for body sites such as the thorax. With reduced normal tissue dose comes the potential for dose escalation, toxicity reduction, or hypofractionation. While proton and heavy ion therapy have been used extensively for NSCLC, there are challenges in planning and delivery compared with X-ray-based radiation therapy. Particularly, range uncertainties compounded by breathing motion have to be considered. This article summarizes the current state of particle therapy for NSCLC with a specific focus on the impact of dosimetric uncertainties in planning and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Clemens Grassberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory C Sharp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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15
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Rana S, Rosenfeld AB. Investigating volumetric repainting to mitigate interplay effect on 4D robustly optimized lung cancer plans in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:107-118. [PMID: 33599391 PMCID: PMC7984493 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The interplay effect between dynamic pencil proton beams and motion of the lung tumor presents a challenge in treating lung cancer patients in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the interplay effect on the volumetric repainting lung plans with beam delivery in alternating order (“down” and “up” directions), and explore the number of volumetric repaintings needed to achieve acceptable lung cancer PBS proton plan. Method The current retrospective study included ten lung cancer patients. The total dose prescription to the clinical target volume (CTV) was 70 Gy(RBE) with a fractional dose of 2 Gy(RBE). All treatment plans were robustly optimized on all ten phases in the 4DCT data set. The Monte Carlo algorithm was used for the 4D robust optimization, as well as for the final dose calculation. The interplay effect was evaluated for both the nominal (i.e., without repainting) as well as volumetric repainting plans. The interplay evaluation was carried out for each of the ten different phases as the starting phases. Several dosimetric metrics were included to evaluate the worst‐case scenario (WCS) and bandwidth based on the results obtained from treatment delivery starting in ten different breathing phases. Results The number of repaintings needed to meet the criteria 1 (CR1) of target coverage (D95% ≥ 98% and D99% ≥ 97%) ranged from 2 to 10. The number of repaintings needed to meet the CR1 of maximum dose (ΔD1% < 1.5%) ranged from 2 to 7. Similarly, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of homogeneity index (ΔHI < 0.03) ranged from 3 to 10. For the target coverage region, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of bandwidth (<100 cGy) ranged from 3 to 10, whereas for the high‐dose region, the number of repaintings needed to meet CR1 of bandwidth (<100 cGy) ranged from 1 to 7. Based on the overall plan evaluation criteria proposed in the current study, acceptable plans were achieved for nine patients, whereas one patient had acceptable plan with a minor deviation. Conclusion The number of repaintings required to mitigate the interplay effect in PBS lung cancer (tumor motion < 15 mm) was found to be highly patient dependent. For the volumetric repainting with an alternating order, a patient‐specific interplay evaluation strategy must be adopted. Determining the optimal number of repaintings based on the bandwidth and WCS approach could mitigate the interplay effect in PBS lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rana
- Department of Medical PhysicsThe Oklahoma Proton CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyMiami Cancer InstituteBaptist Health South FloridaMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP)University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Anatoly B. Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP)University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
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16
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Mitigation of motion effects in pencil-beam scanning - Impact of repainting on 4D robustly optimized proton treatment plans for hepatocellular carcinoma. Z Med Phys 2020; 32:63-73. [PMID: 33131995 PMCID: PMC9948857 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proton fields delivered by the active scanning technique can be interfered with the intrafractional motion. This in-silico study seeks to mitigate the dosimetric impacts of motion artifacts, especially its interplay with the time-modulated dose delivery. Here four-dimensional (4d) robust optimization and dose repainting, which is the multiple application of the same field with reduced fluence, were combined. Two types of repainting were considered: layered and volumetric repainting. The time-resolved dose calculation, which is necessary to quantify the interplay effect, was integrated into the treatment planning system and validated. Nine clinical cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showing motion in the range of 0.4-1.5cm were studied. It was found that the repainted delivery of 4D robustly optimized plans reduced the impact of interplay effect as quantified by the homogeneity index within the clinical target volume (CTV) to a tolerable level. Similarly, the fractional over- and underdosage was reduced sufficiently for some HCC cases to achieve the purpose of motion management. This holds true for both investigated types of repainting with small dosimetric advantages of volume repainting over layered repainting. Volume repainting, however, cannot be applied clinically in proton centers with slow energy changes. Thus, it served as a reference in the in-silico evaluation. It is recommended to perform the dynamic dose calculation for individual cases to judge if robust optimization in conjunction with repainting is sufficient to keep the interplay effect within bounds.
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17
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Feng H, Sio TT, Rule WG, Bhangoo RS, Lara P, Patrick CL, Korte S, Fatyga M, Wong WW, Schild SE, Ashman JB, Liu W. Beam angle comparison for distal esophageal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:141-152. [PMID: 33058523 PMCID: PMC7700921 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the dosimetric performances of intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans generated with two different beam angle configurations (the Right–Left oblique posterior beams and the Superior–Inferior oblique posterior beams) for the treatment of distal esophageal carcinoma in the presence of uncertainties and interplay effect. Methods and Materials Twenty patients’ IMPT plans were retrospectively selected, with 10 patients treated with the R‐L oblique posterior beams (Group R‐L) and the other 10 patients treated with the S‐I oblique posterior beams (Group S‐I). Patients in both groups were matched by their clinical target volumes (CTVs—high and low dose levels) and respiratory motion amplitudes. Dose‐volume‐histogram (DVH) indices were used to assess plan quality. DVH bandwidth was calculated to evaluate plan robustness. Interplay effect was quantified using four‐dimensional (4D) dynamic dose calculation with random respiratory starting phase of each fraction. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for heart, liver, and lung was calculated, respectively, to estimate the clinical outcomes. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used for statistical comparison between the two groups. Results Compared with plans in Group R‐L, plans in Group S‐I resulted in significantly lower liver Dmean and lung V30Gy[RBE] with slightly higher but clinically acceptable spinal cord Dmax. Similar plan robustness was observed between the two groups. When interplay effect was considered, plans in Group S‐I performed statistically better for heart Dmean and V30Gy[RBE], lung Dmean and V5Gy[RBE], and liver Dmean, with slightly increased but clinically acceptable spinal cord Dmax. NTCP for liver was significantly better in Group S‐I. Conclusions IMPT plans in Group S‐I have better sparing of liver, heart, and lungs at the slight cost of spinal cord maximum dose protection, and are more interplay‐effect resilient compared to IMPT plans in Group R‐L. Our study supports the routine use of the S‐I oblique posterior beams for the treatments of distal esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - William G Rule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ronik S Bhangoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pedro Lara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shawn Korte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mirek Fatyga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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18
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Shan J, Yang Y, Schild SE, Daniels TB, Wong WW, Fatyga M, Bues M, Sio TT, Liu W. Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) interplay effect evaluation of asymmetric breathing with simultaneous uncertainty considerations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Med Phys 2020; 47:5428-5440. [PMID: 32964474 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is sensitive to uncertainties from patient setup and proton beam range, as well as interplay effect. In addition, respiratory motion may vary from cycle to cycle, and also from day to day. These uncertainties can severely degrade the original plan quality and potentially affect patient's outcome. In this work, we developed a new tool to comprehensively consider the impact of all these uncertainties and provide plan robustness evaluation under them. METHODS We developed a comprehensive plan robustness evaluation tool that considered both uncertainties from patient setup and proton beam range, as well as respiratory motion simultaneously. To mimic patients' respiratory motion, the time spent in each phase was randomly sampled based on patient-specific breathing pattern parameters as acquired during the four-dimensional (4D)-computed tomography (CT) simulation. Spots were then assigned to one specific phase according to the temporal relationship between spot delivery sequence and patients' respiratory motion. Dose in each phase was calculated by summing contributions from all the spots delivered in that phase. The final 4D dynamic dose was obtained by deforming all doses in each phase to the maximum exhalation phase. Three hundred (300) scenarios (10 different breathing patterns with 30 different setup and range uncertainty scenario combinations) were calculated for each plan. The dose-volume histograms (DVHs) band method was used to assess plan robustness. Benchmarking the tool as an application's example, we compared plan robustness under both three-dimensional (3D) and 4D robustly optimized IMPT plans for 10 nonrandomly selected patients with non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS The developed comprehensive plan robustness tool had been successfully applied to compare the plan robustness between 3D and 4D robustly optimized IMPT plans for 10 lung cancer patients. In the presence of interplay effect with uncertainties considered simultaneously, 4D robustly optimized plans provided significantly better CTV coverage (D95% , P = 0.002), CTV homogeneity (D5% -D95% , P = 0.002) with less target hot spots (D5% , P = 0.002), and target coverage robustness (CTV D95% bandwidth, P = 0.004) compared to 3D robustly optimized plans. Superior dose sparing of normal lung (lung Dmean , P = 0.020) favoring 4D plans and comparable normal tissue sparing including esophagus, heart, and spinal cord for both 3D and 4D plans were observed. The calculation time for all patients included in this study was 11.4 ± 2.6 min. CONCLUSION A comprehensive plan robustness evaluation tool was successfully developed and benchmarked for plan robustness evaluation in the presence of interplay effect, setup and range uncertainties. The very high efficiency of this tool marks its clinical adaptation, highly practical and versatile nature, including possible real-time intra-fractional interplay effect evaluation as a potential application for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Yunze Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Thomas B Daniels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Mirek Fatyga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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Simeonov Y, Weber U, Schuy C, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Penchev P, Durante M, Zink K. Monte Carlo simulations and dose measurements of 2D range-modulators for scanned particle therapy. Z Med Phys 2020; 31:203-214. [PMID: 32711939 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of a 2D range-modulator as a static device for generating spread-out Bragg peaks at very small distances to the target. The 2D range-modulator has some distinct advantages that can be highly useful for different research projects in particle therapy facilities. Most importantly, it creates an instantaneous, quasi-static irradiation field with only one energy, thus decreasing irradiation time tremendously. In addition, it can be manufactured fast and cost efficiently and its SOBP width and shape can be adjusted easily for the specific purpose/experiment. As the modulator is a static element, there is no need for rotation (e.g. like in a modulation wheel) or lateral oscillation and due to the small base structure period it can be positioned close to the target. Two different rapid prototyping manufacturing techniques were utilized. The modulation properties of one polymer and one steel modulator were investigated with both simulations and measurements. For this purpose, a sophisticated water phantom system (WERNER), that can perform fast, completely automated and high resolution dose measurements, was developed. Using WERNER, the dose distribution of a modulator can be verified quickly and reliably, both during experiments, as well as in a time constrained clinical environment. The maximum deviation between the Monte Carlo simulations and dose measurements in the spread-out Bragg peak region was 1.4% and 4% for the polymer and steel modulator respectively. They were able to create spread-out Bragg peaks with a high degree of dose homogeneity, thus validating the whole process chain, from the mathematical optimization and modulator development, to manufacturing, MC simulations and dose measurements. Combining the convenience, flexibility and cost-effectiveness of rapid prototyping with the advantages of highly customizable modulators, that can be adapted for different experiments, the 2D range-modulator is considered a very useful tool for a variety of research objectives. Moreover, we have successfully shown that the manufacturing of 2D modulators with high quality and high degree of homogeneity is possible, paving the way for the further development of the more complex 3D range-modulators, which are considered a viable option for the very fast treatment of moving targets and/or FLASH irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Simeonov
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany; Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Uli Weber
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rita Engenhart-Cabillic
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petar Penchev
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany; Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Germany
| | - Klemens Zink
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Strahlenschutz (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Giessen-Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Marburg Ion Beam Therapy Center (MIT), Marburg, Germany
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20
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Lee E, Perry D, Speth J, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Mascia A. Measurement-based study on characterizing symmetric and asymmetric respiratory motion interplay effect on target dose distribution in the proton pencil beam scanning. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:59-67. [PMID: 32170992 PMCID: PMC7170285 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pencil beam scanning proton therapy makes possible intensity modulation, resulting in improved target dose conformity and organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose sparing. This benefit, however, results in increased sensitivity to certain clinical and beam delivery parameters, such as respiratory motion. These effects can cause plan degeneration, which could lead to decreased tumor dose or increased OAR dose. This study evaluated the measurements of proton pencil beam scanning delivery made with a 2D ion chamber array in solid water on a 1D motion platform, where respiratory motion was simulated using sine and cosine4 waves representing sinusoidal symmetric and realistic asymmetric breathing motions, respectively. Motion amplitudes were 0.5 cm and 1 cm corresponding to 1 cm and 2 cm of maximum respiratory excursions, respectively, with 5 sec fixed breathing cycle. The treatment plans were created to mimic spherical targets of 3 cm or 10 cm diameter located at 5 cm or 1 cm depth in solid water phantom. A reference RBE dose of 200 cGy per fraction was delivered in 1, 5, 10, and 15 fractions for each dataset. We evaluated dose conformity and uniformity at the center plane of targets by using the Conformation Number and the Homogeneity Index, respectively. Results indicated that dose conformity as well as homogeneity was more affected by motion for smaller targets. Dose conformity was better achieved for symmetric breathing patterns than asymmetric breathing patterns regardless of the number of fractions. The presence of a range shifter with shallow targets reduced the motion effect by improving dose homogeneity. While motion effects are known to be averaged out over the course of multifractional treatments, this might not be true for proton pencil beam scanning under asymmetrical breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsin Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Perry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Speth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Mascia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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21
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Kato M, Dobashi S, Kato T, Kato R, Masaki K, Arai K, Komori S, Oyama S, Endo H, Wada H, Murakami M, Takeda K. [Influence and Countermeasure of Respiratory Motion on Matchline Profile of Field Matching Technique in Passive Scattering Proton Therapy for Esophageal Cancer]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2019; 75:1383-1393. [PMID: 31866636 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.12.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of change in respiratory motion on matchline (ML) and reduction of the effect by increasing ML levels of field matching technique in passive scattering proton therapy for esophageal cancer. To evaluate the influence of respiratory motion in terms of stability, we measured relative dose around ML using a respiratory motion phantom. The relative error was -0.5% when the respiratory motion phantom worked stable, whereas there was obvious change that the relative error was -25.5% when the difference of amplitude between upper field and lower field was one side 3 mm on each cranially and caudally direction. In clinical case of the seven esophageal cancer patients simulated by the treatment planning system, assuming the difference of amplitude was 3 mm, the relative error of maximum (minimum) dose in clinical target volume around ML against the original treatment plan were 5.8±1.2% (-6.0±2.7%), 3.3±0.9% (-3.8±1.0%), and 2.4±0.5% (2.6±0.8%) on average (±SD) when ML levels were 2, 4, and 6, respectively. Increasing ML levels can reduce the influence of respiratory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kato
- Department of Radiology, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Suguru Dobashi
- Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Radiology, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience.,Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences.,Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Ryohei Kato
- Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Keita Masaki
- Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Kazuhiro Arai
- Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Shinya Komori
- Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Sho Oyama
- Department of Radiotherapy Quality Management, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Hiromitsu Endo
- Department of Radiology, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Hitoshi Wada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Masao Murakami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern TOHOKU Proton Therapy Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience
| | - Ken Takeda
- Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University School of Medicine
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22
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Li H, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhu RX. An analytical model for the upper bound estimation of respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty in spot-scanning proton beam therapy. Med Phys 2019; 46:5249-5261. [PMID: 31502683 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed an analytical model of a spot-scanning beam delivery system to estimate the upper bound of respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty for a given treatment plan. METHODS The effective delivery time for each spot position in the treatment plan was calculated on the basis of the parameters of the delivery system. The upper bound of the dose uncertainty was then calculated as a function of the effective delivery time. Two-dimensional (2D) measurements with a detector array on a one-dimensional moving platform were obtained to validate the model. RESULTS We performed 351 two-dimensional measurements on a moving platform for different delivery sequences of a single-layer uniform pattern and patient treatment field. The measured dose uncertainty was a strong function of the effective delivery time: The shortest effective delivery time resulted in a maximum absolute dose error of >90%, while the longest ones resulted in a maximum absolute dose error of 4.9% for a single layer and 9.7% for a patient field with heterogeneity. The relationship of the effective delivery time and the measured dose uncertainty followed the analytical formula. CONCLUSIONS With our analytical model, the upper bound of the dose uncertainty due to motion can be estimated in spot-scanning proton therapy without four-dimensional dynamic dose calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yupeng Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald X Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Johnson JE, Herman MG, Kruse JJ. Optimization of motion management parameters in a synchrotron-based spot scanning system. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:69-77. [PMID: 31538720 PMCID: PMC6753740 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the effects of combining layer-based repainting and respiratory gating as a strategy to mitigate the dosimetric degradation caused by the interplay effect between a moving target and dynamic spot-scanning proton delivery. METHODS An analytic routine modeled three-dimensional dose distributions of pencil-beam proton plans delivered to a moving target. Spot positions and weights were established for a single field to deliver 100 cGy to a static, 15-cm deep, 3-cm radius spherical clinical target volume with a 1-cm isotropic internal target volume expansion. The interplay effect was studied by modeling proton delivery from a clinical synchrotron-based spot scanning system and respiratory target motion, patterned from surrogate patient breathing traces. Motion both parallel and orthogonal to the beam scanning direction was investigated. Repainting was modeled using a layer-based technique. For each of 13 patient breathing traces, the dose from 20 distinct delivery schemes (combinations of four gate window amplitudes and five repainting techniques) was computed. Delivery strategies were inter-compared based on target coverage, dose homogeneity, high dose spillage, and delivery time. RESULTS Notable degradation and variability in plan quality were observed for ungated delivery. Decreasing the gate window reduced this variability and improved plan quality at the expense of longer delivery times. Dose deviations were substantially greater for motion orthogonal to the scan direction when compared with parallel motion. Repainting coupled with gating was effective at partially restoring dosimetric coverage at only a fraction of the delivery time increase associated with very small gate windows alone. Trends for orthogonal motion were similar, but more complicated, due to the increased severity of the interplay. CONCLUSIONS Layer-based repainting helps suppress the interplay effect from intra-gate motion, with only a modest penalty in delivery time. The magnitude of the improvement in target coverage is strongly influenced by individual patient breathing patterns and the tumor motion trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah E Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jon J Kruse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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24
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Su Z, Slopsema R, Flampouri S, Li Z. Impact of intrafraction prostate motion on clinical target coverage in proton therapy: A simulation study of dosimetric differences in two delivery techniques. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:67-73. [PMID: 31478341 PMCID: PMC6806470 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the dosimetric impact of prostate intrafraction motion on proton double‐scattering (DS) and uniform scanning (US) treatments using electromagnetic transponder‐based prostate tracking data in simulated treatment deliveries. Methods In proton DS delivery, the spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) is created almost instantaneously by the constant rotation of the range modulator. US, however, delivers each entire energy layer of the SOBP sequentially from distal to proximal direction in time, which can interplay with prostate intrafraction motion. This spatiotemporal interplay during proton treatment was simulated to evaluate its dosimetric impact. Prostate clinical target volume (CTV) dose was obtained by moving CTV through dose matrices of the energy layers according to prostate‐motion traces. Fourteen prostate intrafraction motion traces of each of 17 prostate patients were used in the simulated treatment deliveries. Both single fraction dose‐volume histograms (DVHs) and fraction‐cumulative DVHs were obtained for both 2 Gy per fraction and 7.25 Gy per fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Results The simulation results indicated that CTV dose degradation depends on the magnitude and direction of prostate intrafraction motion and is patient specific. For some individual fractions, prescription dose coverage decreased in both US and DS treatments, and hot and cold spots inside the CTV were observed in the US results. However, fraction‐cumulative CTV dose coverage showed much reduced dose degradation for both DS and US treatments for both 2 Gy per fraction and SBRT simulations. Conclusions This study indicated that CTV dose inhomogeneity may exist for some patients with severe prostate intrafraction motion during US treatments. However, there are no statistically significant dose differences between DS and US treatment simulations. Cumulative dose of multiple‐fractions significantly reduced dose uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, and University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roelf Slopsema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, and University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stella Flampouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, and University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zuofeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, and University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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25
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Medek S, De B, Pater L, Breneman J, Mahajan A, Wolden S, Vatner RE. Practice Patterns Among Radiation Oncologists Treating Pediatric Patients With Proton Craniospinal Irradiation. Pract Radiat Oncol 2019; 9:441-447. [PMID: 31279941 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is an important component of therapy for many pediatric central nervous system malignancies. Proton therapy is increasingly available and used for minimizing radiation exposure to normal tissues. The absence of an exit dose with proton therapy mandates decisions regarding coverage of the vertebral bodies (VB) in non-skeletally mature patients. Although the contents within the thecal sac represent the true clinical target volume (CTV), some physicians target the entire VB in growing children because of concerns over asymmetrical growth. This study aims to assess current practice patterns regarding VB coverage for pediatric patients undergoing CSI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pediatric radiation oncologists were identified from the Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group pediatric subcommittee membership or affiliation with US proton centers. Potential participants were contacted by e-mail with a link to an institutional review board-approved, anonymized web-based survey distributed in June 2017 with follow-up in October 2017. The survey used skip logic and included up to 11 questions regarding practice patterns. RESULTS Thirty-three physicians responded to the survey (39%), 5 of which were excluded for lack of recent pediatric proton CSI experience. Of the 28 included responses, 23 physicians sometimes treat the entire VB and 5 physicians report always treating the entire VB. Most common responses regarding anterior CTV expansion for uncertainty were no expansion (n = 9) and 3 to 4 mm (n = 8). Most physicians modify the anterior CTV margin to protect normal structures, most commonly esophagus (n = 15), thyroid (n = 6), heart (n = 5), bowel (n = 4), and pharynx (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Vertebral body coverage in proton CSI varies among radiation oncologists in respect to target delineation, CTV expansions, and modifications for organs at risk. These data suggest the radiation oncology community may benefit from a standardized approach to pediatric proton-based CSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Medek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brian De
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Luke Pater
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Breneman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Suzanne Wolden
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ralph E Vatner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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26
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Liu C, Bhangoo RS, Sio TT, Yu NY, Shan J, Chiang JS, Ding JX, Rule WG, Korte S, Lara P, Ding X, Bues M, Hu Y, DeWees T, Ashman JB, Liu W. Dosimetric comparison of distal esophageal carcinoma plans for patients treated with small-spot intensity-modulated proton versus volumetric-modulated arc therapies. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:15-27. [PMID: 31112371 PMCID: PMC6612702 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma is the eighth most common cancer in the world. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is widely used to treat distal esophageal carcinoma due to high conformality to the target and good sparing of organs at risk (OAR). It is not clear if small-spot intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) demonstrates a dosimetric advantage over VMAT. In this study, we compared dosimetric performance of VMAT and small-spot IMPT for distal esophageal carcinoma in terms of plan quality, plan robustness, and interplay effects. METHODS 35 distal esophageal carcinoma patients were retrospectively reviewed; 19 patients received small-spot IMPT and the remaining 16 of them received VMAT. Both plans were generated by delivering prescription doses to clinical target volumes (CTVs) on phase-averaged 4D-CT's. The dose-volume-histogram (DVH) band method was used to quantify plan robustness. Software was developed to evaluate interplay effects with randomized starting phases for each field per fraction. DVH indices were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. For fair comparison, all the treatment plans were normalized to have the same CTVhigh D95% in the nominal scenario relative to the prescription dose. RESULTS In the nominal scenario, small-spot IMPT delivered statistically significantly lower liver Dmean and V30Gy[RBE] , lung Dmean , heart Dmean compared with VMAT. CTVhigh dose homogeneity and protection of other OARs were comparable between the two treatments. In terms of plan robustness, the IMPT and VMAT plans were comparable for kidney V18Gy[RBE] , liver V30Gy[RBE] , stomach V45Gy[RBE] , lung Dmean , V5Gy[RBE] , and V20Gy[RBE] , cord Dmax and D 0.03 c m 3 , liver Dmean , heart V20Gy[RBE] , and V30Gy[RBE] , but IMPT was significantly worse for CTVhigh D95% , D 2 c m 3 , and D5% -D95% , CTVlow D95% , heart Dmean , and V40Gy[RBE] , requiring careful and experienced adjustments during the planning process and robustness considerations. The small-spot IMPT plans still met the standard clinical requirements after interplay effects were considered. CONCLUSIONS Small-spot IMPT decreases doses to heart, liver, and total lung compared to VMAT as well as achieves clinically acceptable plan robustness. Our study supports the use of small-spot IMPT for the treatment of distal esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | | | - Terence T. Sio
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Nathan Y. Yu
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | | | - Julia X. Ding
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - William G. Rule
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Shawn Korte
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Pedro Lara
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Xiaoning Ding
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Yanle Hu
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | - Todd DeWees
- Division of BiostatisticsMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
| | | | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixAZ85054USA
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27
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Fattori G, Klimpki G, Hrbacek J, Zhang Y, Krieger M, Placidi L, Psoroulas S, Weber DC, Lomax AJ, Safai S. The dependence of interplay effects on the field scan direction in PBS proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:095005. [PMID: 30893664 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The literature is controversial about the scan direction dependency of interplay effects in pencil beam scanning (PBS) treatment of moving targets. A directional effect is supported by many simulation studies, whereas the experimental data are mostly limited to simple geometries, not reflecting realistically clinical treatment plans. We have compared increasingly complex treatment fields, from a homogeneous single energy layer to a more modulated lung plan, under identical experimental settings, seeking evidence for differences in motion mitigation due to the selection of primary scanning direction. In total, 120 experimental samples were taken, combining two primary scan directions and three rescanning regimes with different motion scenarios. 4D dose distributions were measured in water with a moving ionisation chamber array and compared to those of a stationary delivery using 2D gamma analysis. Each plan has been verified twice for the same rescanning regime and motion scenario, changing the meandering direction in between to scan perpendicularly to, or along, the target motion. Additionally, machine log files of the lung plan, together with 4DCT data, were used to calculate the dose distribution that such deliveries would have produced in the patient. The primary meandering direction has a clear influence on measured dose distributions when considering a single energy layer. Introducing spot weight modulation and multiple energy layers however, makes the dynamic of interplay more complex and difficult to predict. Overall, gamma (3%/3 mm) differences between scanning along or orthogonal to the target motion follow a normal distribution [Formula: see text] when considering multiple motion scenarios and rescanning regimes. Nevertheless, data spread [Formula: see text] is significant enough such that, for individual experiments and set-ups, a dependency may be observed even if this is not a general result. Patient reconstructed doses follow the same trend, the two primary scan directions producing statistically insignificant differences in dose distributions in terms of conformity or homogeneity. Except for extremely simplified cases of mono-energetic and homogeneous treatment fields, the interplay effect has been found to be only marginally influenced by the choice of the primary scanning direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fattori
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Center for Proton Therapy, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. The author to whom correspondence may be addressed
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28
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Giordanengo S, Vignati A, Attili A, Ciocca M, Donetti M, Fausti F, Manganaro L, Milian FM, Molinelli S, Monaco V, Russo G, Sacchi R, Varasteh Anvar M, Cirio R. RIDOS: A new system for online computation of the delivered dose distributions in scanning ion beam therapy. Phys Med 2019; 60:139-149. [PMID: 31000074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a new system for scanned ion beam therapy, named RIDOS (Real-time Ion DOse planning and delivery System), which performs real time delivered dose verification integrating the information from a clinical beam monitoring system with a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) based dose calculation in patient Computed Tomography. METHODS A benchmarked dose computation algorithm for scanned ion beams has been parallelized and adapted to run on a GPU architecture. A workstation equipped with a NVIDIA GPU has been interfaced through a National Instruments PXI-crate with the dose delivery system of the Italian National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) to receive in real-time the measured beam parameters. Data from a patient monitoring system are also collected to associate the respiratory phases with each spot during the delivery of the dose. Using both measured and planned spot properties, RIDOS evaluates during the few seconds of inter-spill time the cumulative delivered and prescribed dose distributions and compares them through a fast γ-index algorithm. RESULTS The accuracy of the GPU-based algorithms was assessed against the CPU-based ones and the differences were found below 1‰. The cumulative planned and delivered doses are computed at the end of each spill in about 300 ms, while the dose comparison takes approximatively 400 ms. The whole operation provides the results before the next spill starts. CONCLUSIONS RIDOS system is able to provide a fast computation of the delivered dose in the inter-spill time of the CNAO facility and allows to monitor online the dose deposition accuracy all along the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giordanengo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - A Vignati
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Attili
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Ciocca
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Strada Campeggi 53, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - M Donetti
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Strada Campeggi 53, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F Fausti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - L Manganaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F M Milian
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod Jorge Amado, km 16, 45652900 Ilheus, Brazil; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S Molinelli
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Strada Campeggi 53, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - V Monaco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - G Russo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - R Sacchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Varasteh Anvar
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - R Cirio
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
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29
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Gelover E, Deisher AJ, Herman MG, Johnson JE, Kruse JJ, Tryggestad EJ. Clinical implementation of respiratory-gated spot-scanning proton therapy: An efficiency analysis of active motion management. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:99-108. [PMID: 30972922 PMCID: PMC6523004 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work is to describe the clinical implementation of respiratory‐gated spot‐scanning proton therapy (SSPT) for the treatment of thoracic and abdominal moving targets. The experience of our institution is summarized, from initial acceptance and commissioning tests to the development of standard clinical operating procedures for simulation, motion assessment, motion mitigation, treatment planning, and gated SSPT treatment delivery. Materials and methods A custom respiratory gating interface incorporating the Real‐Time Position Management System (RPM, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was developed in‐house for our synchrotron‐based delivery system. To assess gating performance, a motion phantom and radiochromic films were used to compare gated vs nongated delivery. Site‐specific treatment planning protocols and conservative motion cutoffs were developed, allowing for free‐breathing (FB), breath‐holding (BH), or phase‐gating (Ph‐G). Room usage efficiency of BH and Ph‐G treatments was retrospectively evaluated using beam delivery data retrieved from our record and verify system and DICOM files from patient‐specific quality assurance (QA) procedures. Results More than 70 patients were treated using active motion management between the launch of our motion mitigation program in October 2015 and the end date of data collection of this study in January 2018. During acceptance procedures, we found that overall system latency is clinically‐suitable for Ph‐G. Regarding room usage efficiency, the average number of energy layers delivered per minute was <10 for Ph‐G, 10‐15 for BH and ≥15 for FB, making Ph‐G the slowest treatment modality. When comparing to continuous delivery measured during pretreatment QA procedures, the median values of BH treatment time were extended from 6.6 to 9.3 min (+48%). Ph‐G treatments were extended from 7.3 to 13.0 min (+82%). Conclusions Active motion management has been crucial to the overall success of our SSPT program. Nevertheless, our conservative approach has come with an efficiency cost that is more noticeable in Ph‐G treatments and should be considered in decision‐making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Gelover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda J Deisher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jedediah E Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jon J Kruse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erik J Tryggestad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
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Karani N, Zhang L, Tanner C, Konukoglu E. An image interpolation approach for acquisition time reduction in navigator-based 4D MRI. Med Image Anal 2019; 54:20-29. [PMID: 30825805 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Navigated 2D multi-slice dynamic Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging enables high contrast 4D MR imaging during free breathing and provides in-vivo observations for treatment planning and guidance. Navigator slices are vital for retrospective stacking of 2D data slices in this method. However, they also prolong the acquisition sessions. Temporal interpolation of navigator slices can be used to reduce the number of navigator acquisitions without degrading specificity in stacking. In this work, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based method for temporal interpolation, with motion field prediction as an intermediate step. The proposed formulation incorporates the prior knowledge that a motion field underlies changes in the image intensities over time. Previous approaches that interpolate directly in the intensity space are prone to produce blurry images or even remove structures in the images. Our method avoids such problems and faithfully preserves the information in the image. Further, an important advantage of our formulation is that it provides an unsupervised estimation of bi-directional motion fields. These motion fields can potentially be used to halve the number of registrations required during 4D reconstruction, thus substantially reducing the reconstruction time. These advantages are achieved while preserving 4D reconstruction quality as compared to that with the true navigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerav Karani
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Biomedical Image Computing Group, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Akino Y, Wu H, Oh R, Das IJ. An effective method to reduce the interplay effects between respiratory motion and a uniform scanning proton beam irradiation for liver tumors: A case study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:220-228. [PMID: 30548791 PMCID: PMC6333118 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For scanning particle beam therapy, interference between scanning patterns and interfield organ motion may result in suboptimal dose within target volume. In this study, we developed a simple offline correction technique for uniform scanning proton beam (USPB) delivery to compensate for the interplay between scanning patterns and respiratory motion and demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique in treating liver cancer. METHODS The computed tomography (CT) and respiration data of two patients who had received stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma were used. In the simulation, the relative beam weight delivered to each respiratory phase is calculated for each beam layer after treatment of each fraction. Respiratory phases with beam weights higher than 50% of the largest weight are considered "skipped phases" for the next fraction. For the following fraction, the beam trigger is regulated to prevent beam layers from starting irradiation in skipped phases by extending the interval between each layer. To calculate dose-volume histogram (DVH), the dose of the target volume at end-exhale (50% phase) was calculated as the sum of each energy layer, with consideration of displacement due to respiratory motion and relative beam weight delivered per respiratory phase. RESULTS For a single fraction, D1% , D99% , and V100% were 114%, 88%, and 32%, respectively, when 8 Gy/min of dose rate was simulated. Although these parameters were improved with multiple fractions, dosimetric inhomogeneity without motion management remained even at 30 fractions, with V100% 86.9% at 30 fractions. In contrast, the V100% values with adaptation were 96% and 98% at 20 and 30 fractions, respectively. We developed an offline correction technique for USPB therapy to compensate for the interplay effects between respiratory organ motion and USPB beam delivery. CONCLUSIONS For liver tumor, this adaptive therapy technique showed significant improvement in dose uniformity even with fewer treatment fractions than normal USPB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Akino
- Oncology CenterOsaka University HospitalSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Huanmei Wu
- Department of BioHealth InformaticsSchool of Informatics and ComputingIndiana University‐Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Indra J. Das
- Department of Radiation OncologyNew York University Langone Medical CenterLaura and IsaacPerlmutter Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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Fracchiolla F, Dionisi F, Giacomelli I, Hild S, Esposito PG, Lorentini S, Engwall E, Amichetti M, Schwarz M. Implementation of proton therapy treatments with pencil beam scanning of targets with limited intrafraction motion. Phys Med 2019; 57:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Pfeiler T, Ahmad Khalil D, Ayadi M, Bäumer C, Blanck O, Chan M, Engwall E, Geismar D, Peters S, Plaude S, Spaan B, Timmermann B, Wulff J. Motion effects in proton treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma-4D robustly optimised pencil beam scanning plans versus double scattering plans. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:235006. [PMID: 30468685 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaecfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy enables better dose conformality for complex anatomical geometries than passive proton scattering techniques, but is more susceptible to organ motion. This becomes an issue when treating moving tumours in the thorax or abdomen. Novel four-dimensional treatment planning approaches have been developed to increase the robustness of PBS plans against motion. However, their efficacy still needs to be examined by means of 4D dynamically accumulated dose (4DDD) analyses. This study investigates the potential use of 4D robust optimisation to maintain sufficient target coverage in the presence of organ motion, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The liver is particularly suited to study motion interplay effects since the treatment region exhibits smaller density gradients and more homogeneous tissue than targets in the thorax, making it less prone to range errors. A facility-specific beam time model, developed and experimentally validated previously, was used for the clinical evaluation. 4DDD analyses of eleven target volumes did not show a significant improvement of the target coverage using 4D robust optimisation, but a reduction of the dose to close-by organs at risk. Interplay effects were averaged out for the applied fractionation scheme of 15 fractions. Contrary to PBS, passive double scattering (DS) plans yielded homogeneous 4DDD dose distributions in a single fraction. But, in some cases, they exceeded organ at risk dose limits, which were only satisfied in PBS. The average normal liver dose could be decreased by almost 6% compared to non-robustly optimised PBS plans and by 16% compared to DS plans when implementing 4D robust optimisation. Except for some very small tumours with large motion amplitudes, 4D robustly optimised PBS plans were found to be clinically acceptable even without supplementary motion mitigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Pfeiler
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany. West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), Essen, Germany. TU Dortmund University, Experimental Physics 5, Dortmund, Germany. Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Colvill E, Petersen JBB, Hansen R, Worm E, Skouboe S, Høyer M, Poulsen PR. Validation of fast motion-including dose reconstruction for proton scanning therapy in the liver. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:225021. [PMID: 30457119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaeae9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study validates a method of fast motion-including dose reconstruction for proton pencil beam scanning in the liver. The method utilizes a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) and calculates the delivered dose for any translational 3D target motion. Data from ten liver patients previously treated with photon radiotherapy with intrafraction tumour motion monitoring were used. The dose reconstruction method utilises an in-house developed program to incorporate beam's-eye-view tumour motion by shifting each spot in the opposite direction of the tumour and in-depth motion as beam energy changes for each spot. The doses are then calculated on a single CT phase in the TPS. Two aspects of the dose reconstruction were assessed: (1) The accuracy of reconstruction, by comparing dose reconstructions created using 4DCT motion with ground truth doses obtained by calculating phase specific doses in all 4DCT phases and summing up these partial doses. (2) The error caused by assuming 4DCT motion, by comparing reconstructions with 4DCT motion and actual tumour motion. The CTV homogeneity index (HI) and the root-mean-square (rms) dose error for all dose points receiving >70%, >80% and >90% of the prescribed dose were calculated. The dose reconstruction resulted in mean (range) absolute CTV HI errors of 1.0% (0.0-3.0)% and rms dose errors of 2.5% (1.0%-5.3%), 2.1% (0.9%-4.5%), and 1.8% (0.7%-3.7%) for >70%, >80% and >90% doses, respectively, when compared with the ground truth. The assumption of 4DCT motion resulted in mean (range) absolute CTV HI errors of 5.9% (0.0-15.0)% and rms dose errors of 6.3% (3.9%-12.6%), 5.9% (3.4%-12.5%), and 5.4% (2.6%-12.1%) for >70%, >80% and >90% doses, respectively. The investigated method allows tumour dose reconstruction with the actual tumour motion and results in significantly smaller dose errors than those caused by assuming that motion at treatment is identical to the 4DCT motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Colvill
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Pepin MD, Tryggestad E, Wan Chan Tseung HS, Johnson JE, Herman MG, Beltran C. A Monte-Carlo-based and GPU-accelerated 4D-dose calculator for a pencil beam scanning proton therapy system. Med Phys 2018; 45:5293-5304. [PMID: 30203550 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of respiratory motion during radiation treatment leads to degradation of the expected dose distribution, both for target coverage and healthy tissue sparing, particularly for techniques like pencil beam scanning proton therapy which have dynamic delivery systems. While tools exist to estimate this degraded four-dimensional (4D) dose, they typically have one or more deficiencies such as not including the particular effects from a dynamic delivery, using analytical dose calculations, and/or using nonphysical dose-accumulation methods. This work presents a clinically useful 4D-dose calculator that addresses each of these shortcomings. METHODS To quickly compute the 4D dose, the three main tasks of the calculator were run on graphics processing units (GPUs). These tasks were (a) simulating the delivery of the plan using measured delivery parameters to distribute the plan amongst 4DCT phases characterizing the patient breathing, (b) using an in-house Monte Carlo simulation (MC) dose calculator to determine the dose delivered to each breathing phase, and (c) accumulating the doses from the various breathing phases onto a single phase for evaluation. The accumulation was performed by individually transferring the energy and mass of dose-grid subvoxels, a technique that models the transfer of dose in a more physically realistic manner. The calculator was run on three test cases, with lung, esophagus, and liver targets, respectively, to assess the various uncertainties in the beam delivery simulation as well as to characterize the dose-accumulation technique. RESULTS Four-dimensional doses were successfully computed for the three test cases with computation times ranging from 4-6 min on a server with eight NVIDIA Titan X graphics cards; the most time-consuming component was the MC dose engine. The subvoxel-based dose-accumulation technique produced stable 4D-dose distributions at subvoxel scales of 0.5-1.0 mm without impairing the total computation time. The uncertainties in the beam delivery simulation led to moderate variations of the dose-volume histograms for these cases; the variations were reduced by implementing repainting or phase-gating motion mitigation techniques in the calculator. CONCLUSIONS A MC-based and GPU-accelerated 4D-dose calculator was developed to estimate the effects of respiratory motion on pencil beam scanning proton therapy treatments. After future validation, the calculator could be used to assess treatment plans and its quick runtime would make it easily usable in a future 4D-robust optimization system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pepin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Erik Tryggestad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hok Seum Wan Chan Tseung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jedediah E Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Chris Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Liu C, Sio TT, Deng W, Shan J, Daniels TB, Rule WG, Lara PR, Korte SM, Shen J, Ding X, Schild SE, Bues M, Liu W. Small-spot intensity-modulated proton therapy and volumetric-modulated arc therapies for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A dosimetric comparative study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2018; 19:140-148. [PMID: 30328674 PMCID: PMC6236833 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare dosimetric performance of volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and small‐spot intensity‐modulated proton therapy for stage III non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and Materials A total of 24 NSCLC patients were retrospectively reviewed; 12 patients received intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and the remaining 12 received VMAT. Both plans were generated by delivering prescription doses to clinical target volumes (CTV) on averaged 4D‐CTs. The dose‐volume‐histograms (DVH) band method was used to quantify plan robustness. Software was developed to evaluate interplay effects with randomized starting phases of each field per fraction. DVH indices were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results Compared with VMAT, IMPT delivered significantly lower cord Dmax, heart Dmean, and lung V5 Gy[RBE] with comparable CTV dose homogeneity, and protection of other OARs. In terms of plan robustness, the IMPT plans were statistically better than VMAT plans in heart Dmean, but were statistically worse in CTV dose coverage, cord Dmax, lung Dmean, and V5 Gy[RBE]. Other DVH indices were comparable. The IMPT plans still met the standard clinical requirements with interplay effects considered. Conclusions Small‐spot IMPT improves cord, heart, and lung sparing compared to VMAT and achieves clinically acceptable plan robustness at least for the patients included in this study with motion amplitude less than 11 mm. Our study supports the usage of IMPT to treat some lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - William G Rule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pedro R Lara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shawn M Korte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaoning Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Engwall E, Fredriksson A, Glimelius L. 4D robust optimization including uncertainties in time structures can reduce the interplay effect in proton pencil beam scanning radiation therapy. Med Phys 2018; 45:4020-4029. [PMID: 30014478 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Interplay effects in proton radiotherapy can create large distortions in the dose distribution and severely degrade the plan quality. Standard methods to mitigate these effects include abdominal compression, gating, and rescanning. We propose a new method to include the time structures of the delivery and organ motion in the framework of four-dimensional (4D) robust optimization to generate plans that are robust against interplay effects. METHODS The method considers multiple scenarios reflecting the uncertainties in the delivery and in the organ motion. In each scenario, the pencil beam scanning spots are distributed to different phases of the breathing cycle according to each individual spot time stamp, and a partial beam dose is calculated for each phase. The partial beam doses are accumulated on a reference phase through deformable image registrations. Minimax optimization is performed to take all scenarios into account simultaneously. For simplicity, the uncertainties in this proof of concept study are limited to variations in the breathing pattern. The method is evaluated for three different nonsmall cell lung cancer patients and compared to plans using conventional 4D robust optimization both with and without rescanning. We assess the ability of the method to mitigate distortions from the interplay effect over multiple evaluation scenarios using 4D dose calculations. This interplay evaluation is performed in an experimentally validated framework, which is independent of the optimization in the plan generation step. RESULTS For the three studied patients, 4D optimization including time structures is efficient, especially for large tumor motions, where rescanning of conventional 4D robustly optimized plans is not sufficient to mitigate the interplay effect. The most efficient approach of the new method is achieved when it is combined with rescanning. For the patient with the largest motion, the mean V95% is 99.2% and mean V107% is 3.65% for the best rescanned 4D plan optimized with time structure. This can be compared to conventional 4D optimized plans with mean V95% of 92.7% and mean V107% of 13.1%. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows the potential of reducing interplay effects in proton pencil beam scanning radiotherapy by incorporating organ motion and delivery characteristics in a 4D robust optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Engwall
- RaySearch Laboratories, Sveavägen 44, Stockholm, SE-111 34, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Glimelius
- RaySearch Laboratories, Sveavägen 44, Stockholm, SE-111 34, Sweden
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Engwall E, Glimelius L, Hynning E. Effectiveness of different rescanning techniques for scanned proton radiotherapy in lung cancer patients. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:095006. [PMID: 29616984 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aabb7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a tumour type thought to be well-suited for proton radiotherapy. However, the lung region poses many problems related to organ motion and can for actively scanned beams induce severe interplay effects. In this study we investigate four mitigating rescanning techniques: (1) volumetric rescanning, (2) layered rescanning, (3) breath-sampled (BS) layered rescanning, and (4) continuous breath-sampled (CBS) layered rescanning. The breath-sampled methods will spread the layer rescans over a full breathing cycle, resulting in an improved averaging effect at the expense of longer treatment times. In CBS, we aim at further improving the averaging by delivering as many rescans as possible within one breathing cycle. The interplay effect was evaluated for 4D robustly optimized treatment plans (with and without rescanning) for seven NSCLC patients in the treatment planning system RayStation. The optimization and final dose calculation used a Monte Carlo dose engine to account for the density heterogeneities in the lung region. A realistic treatment delivery time structure given from the IBA ScanAlgo simulation tool served as basis for the interplay evaluation. Both slow (2.0 s) and fast (0.1 s) energy switching times were simulated. For all seven studied patients, rescanning improves the dose conformity to the target. The general trend is that the breath-sampled techniques are superior to layered and volumetric rescanning with respect to both target coverage and variability in dose to OARs. The spacing between rescans in our breath-sampled techniques is set at planning, based on the average breathing cycle length obtained in conjunction with CT acquisition. For moderately varied breathing cycle lengths between planning and delivery (up to 15%), the breath-sampled techniques still mitigate the interplay effect well. This shows the potential for smooth implementation at the clinic without additional motion monitoring equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engwall
- RaySearch Laboratories AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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Huang Q, Jabbour SK, Xiao Z, Yue N, Wang X, Cao H, Kuang Y, Zhang Y, Nie K. Dosimetric feasibility of 4DCT-ventilation imaging guided proton therapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13:78. [PMID: 29695284 PMCID: PMC5918906 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-1018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The principle aim of this study is to incorporate 4DCT ventilation imaging into functional treatment planning that preserves high-functioning lung with both double scattering and scanning beam techniques in proton therapy. Methods Eight patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer were included in this study. Deformable image registration was performed for each patient on their planning 4DCTs and the resultant displacement vector field with Jacobian analysis was used to identify the high-, medium- and low-functional lung regions. Five plans were designed for each patient: a regular photon IMRT vs. anatomic proton plans without consideration of functional ventilation information using double scattering proton therapy (DSPT) and intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) vs. functional proton plans with avoidance of high-functional lung using both DSPT and IMPT. Dosimetric parameters were compared in terms of tumor coverage, plan heterogeneity, and avoidance of normal tissues. Results Our results showed that both DSPT and IMPT plans gave superior dose advantage to photon IMRTs in sparing low dose regions of the total lung in terms of V5 (volume receiving 5Gy). The functional DSPT only showed marginal benefit in sparing high-functioning lung in terms of V5 or V20 (volume receiving 20Gy) compared to anatomical plans. Yet, the functional planning in IMPT delivery, can further reduce the low dose in high-functioning lung without degrading the PTV dosimetric coverages, compared to anatomical proton planning. Although the doses to some critical organs might increase during functional planning, the necessary constraints were all met. Conclusions Incorporating 4DCT ventilation imaging into functional proton therapy is feasible. The functional proton plans, in intensity modulated proton delivery, are effective to further preserve high-functioning lung regions without degrading the PTV coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Proton Therapy Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45044, USA
| | - Ning Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kuang
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ke Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Pfeiler T, Bäumer C, Engwall E, Geismar D, Spaan B, Timmermann B. Experimental validation of a 4D dose calculation routine for pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Z Med Phys 2018; 28:121-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li X, Kabolizadeh P, Yan D, Qin A, Zhou J, Hong Y, Guerrero T, Grills I, Stevens C, Ding X. Improve dosimetric outcome in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer treatment using spot-scanning proton arc (SPArc) therapy. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13:35. [PMID: 29486782 PMCID: PMC6389253 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-0981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate spot-scanning proton arc therapy (SPArc) and multi-field robust optimized intensity modulated proton therapy (RO-IMPT) in treating stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods Two groups of stage IIIA or IIIB NSCLC patients (group 1: eight patients with tumor motion less than 5 mm; group 2: six patients with tumor motion equal to or more than 5 mm) were re-planned with SPArc and RO-IMPT. Both plans were generated using robust optimization to achieve an optimal coverage with 99% of internal target volume (ITV) receiving 66 Gy (RBE) in 33 fractions. The dosimetric results and plan robustness were compared for both groups. The interplay effect was evaluated based on the ITV coverage by single-fraction 4D dynamic dose. Total delivery time was simulated based on a full gantry rotation with energy-layer-switching-time (ELST) from 0.2 to 4 s. Statistical analysis was also evaluated via Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Both SPArc and RO-IMPT plans achieved similar robust target volume coverage for all patients, while SPArc significantly reduced the doses to critical structures as well as the interplay effect. Specifically, compared to RO-IMPT, SPArc reduced the average integral dose by 7.4% (p = 0.001), V20, and mean lung dose by an average of 3.2% (p = 0.001) and 1.6 Gy (RBE) (p = 0.001), the max dose to cord by 4.6 Gy (RBE) (p = 0.04), and the mean dose to heart and esophagus by 0.7 Gy (RBE) (p = 0.01) and 1.7 Gy (RBE) (p = 0.003) respectively. The average total estimated delivery time was 160.1 s, 213.8 s, 303.4 s, 840.8 s based on ELST of 0.2 s, 0.5 s, 1 s, and 4 s for SPArc plans, compared with the respective values of 182.0 s (p = 0.001), 207.9 s (p = 0.22), 250.9 s (p = 0.001), 509.4 s (p = 0.001) for RO-IMPT plans. Hence, SPArc plans could be clinically feasible when using a shorter ELST. Conclusions This study has indicated that SPArc could further improve the dosimetric results in patients with locally advanced stage NSCLC and potentially be implemented into routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
| | - Peyman Kabolizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - An Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Ye Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Guerrero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Inga Grills
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Craig Stevens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Xuanfeng Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
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Liu C, Schild SE, Chang JY, Liao Z, Korte S, Shen J, Ding X, Hu Y, Kang Y, Keole SR, Sio TT, Wong WW, Sahoo N, Bues M, Liu W. Impact of Spot Size and Spacing on the Quality of Robustly Optimized Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Plans for Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:479-489. [PMID: 29550033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how spot size and spacing affect plan quality, robustness, and interplay effects of robustly optimized intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for lung cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two robustly optimized IMPT plans were created for 10 lung cancer patients: first by a large-spot machine with in-air energy-dependent large spot size at isocenter (σ: 6-15 mm) and spacing (1.3 σ), and second by a small-spot machine with in-air energy-dependent small spot size (σ: 2-6 mm) and spacing (5 mm). Both plans were generated by optimizing radiation dose to internal target volume on averaged 4-dimensional computed tomography scans using an in-house-developed IMPT planning system. The dose-volume histograms band method was used to evaluate plan robustness. Dose evaluation software was developed to model time-dependent spot delivery to incorporate interplay effects with randomized starting phases for each field per fraction. Patient anatomy voxels were mapped phase-to-phase via deformable image registration, and doses were scored using in-house-developed software. Dose-volume histogram indices, including internal target volume dose coverage, homogeneity, and organs at risk (OARs) sparing, were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Compared with the large-spot machine, the small-spot machine resulted in significantly lower heart and esophagus mean doses, with comparable target dose coverage, homogeneity, and protection of other OARs. Plan robustness was comparable for targets and most OARs. With interplay effects considered, significantly lower heart and esophagus mean doses with comparable target dose coverage and homogeneity were observed using smaller spots. CONCLUSIONS Robust optimization with a small spot-machine significantly improves heart and esophagus sparing, with comparable plan robustness and interplay effects compared with robust optimization with a large-spot machine. A small-spot machine uses a larger number of spots to cover the same tumors compared with a large-spot machine, which gives the planning system more freedom to compensate for the higher sensitivity to uncertainties and interplay effects for lung cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Steven E Schild
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shawn Korte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jiajian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Xiaoning Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Yanle Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Yixiu Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sameer R Keole
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Terence T Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Narayan Sahoo
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martin Bues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona.
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Poulsen PR, Eley J, Langner U, Simone CB, Langen K. Efficient Interplay Effect Mitigation for Proton Pencil Beam Scanning by Spot-Adapted Layered Repainting Evenly Spread out Over the Full Breathing Cycle. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 100:226-234. [PMID: 29254775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and implement a practical repainting method for efficient interplay effect mitigation in proton pencil beam scanning (PBS). METHODS AND MATERIALS A new flexible repainting scheme with spot-adapted numbers of repainting evenly spread out over the whole breathing cycle (assumed to be 4 seconds) was developed. Twelve fields from 5 thoracic and upper abdominal PBS plans were delivered 3 times using the new repainting scheme to an ion chamber array on a motion stage. One time was static and 2 used 4-second, 3-cm peak-to-peak sinusoidal motion with delivery started at maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. For comparison, all dose measurements were repeated with no repainting and with 8 repaintings. For each motion experiment, the 3%/3-mm gamma pass rate was calculated using the motion-convolved static dose as the reference. Simulations were first validated with the experiments and then used to extend the study to 0- to 5-cm motion magnitude, 2- to 6-second motion periods, patient-measured liver tumor motion, and 1- to 6-fraction treatments. The effect of the proposed method was evaluated for the 5 clinical cases using 4-dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction in the planning 4D computed tomography scan. The target homogeneity index, HI = (D2 - D98)/Dmean, of a single-fraction delivery is reported, where D2 and D98 is the dose delivered to 2% and 98% of the target, respectively, and Dmean is the mean dose. RESULTS The gamma pass rates were 59.6% ± 9.7% with no repainting, 76.5% ± 10.8% with 8 repaintings, and 92.4% ± 3.8% with the new repainting scheme. Simulations reproduced the experimental gamma pass rates with a 1.3% root-mean-square error and demonstrated largely improved gamma pass rates with the new repainting scheme for all investigated motion scenarios. One- and two-fraction deliveries with the new repainting scheme had gamma pass rates similar to those of 3-4 and 6-fraction deliveries with 8 repaintings. The mean HI for the 5 clinical cases was 14.2% with no repainting, 13.7% with 8 repaintings, 12.0% with the new repainting scheme, and 11.6% for the 4D dose without interplay effects. CONCLUSIONS A novel repainting strategy for efficient interplay effect mitigation was proposed, implemented, and shown to outperform conventional repainting in experiments, simulations, and dose reconstructions. This strategy could allow for safe and more optimal clinical delivery of thoracic and abdominal proton PBS and better facilitate hypofractionated and stereotactic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Eley
- Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ulrich Langner
- Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles B Simone
- Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katja Langen
- Maryland Proton Treatment Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Simeonov Y, Weber U, Penchev P, Ringbæk TP, Schuy C, Brons S, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Bliedtner J, Zink K. 3D range-modulator for scanned particle therapy: development, Monte Carlo simulations and experimental evaluation. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:7075-7096. [PMID: 28741595 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa81f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to design and manufacture a 3D range-modulator for scanned particle therapy. The modulator is intended to create a highly conformal dose distribution with only one fixed energy, simultaneously reducing considerably the treatment time. As a proof of concept, a 3D range-modulator was developed for a spherical target volume with a diameter of 5 cm, placed at a depth of 25 cm in a water phantom. It consists of a large number of thin pins with a well-defined shape and different lengths to modulate the necessary shift of the Bragg peak. The 3D range-modulator was manufactured with a rapid prototyping technique. The FLUKA Monte Carlo package was used to simulate the modulating effect of the 3D range-modulator and the resulting dose distribution. For that purpose, a special user routine was implemented to handle its complex geometrical contour. Additionally, FLUKA was extended with the capability of intensity modulated scanning. To validate the simulation results, dose measurements were carried out at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center with a 400.41 MeV/u 12C beam. The high resolution dosimetric measurements show a good agreement between simulated and measured dose distributions. Irradiation of the monoenergetic raster plan took 3 s, which is approximately 20 times shorter than a comparable plan with 16 different energies. The combination of only one energy and a 3D range-modulator leads to a tremendous decrease in irradiation time. 'Interplay effects', typical for moving targets and pencil beam scanning, can be immensely reduced or disappear completely, making the delivery of a homogeneous dose to moving targets more reliable. Combining high dose conformity, very good homogeneity and extremely short irradiation times, the 3D range-modulator is considered to become a clinically applicable method for very fast treatment of lung tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Simeonov
- Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection (IMPS), University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
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The impact of breathing amplitude on dose homogeneity in intensity modulated proton therapy. PHYSICS & IMAGING IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kanehira T, Matsuura T, Takao S, Matsuzaki Y, Fujii Y, Fujii T, Ito YM, Miyamoto N, Inoue T, Katoh N, Shimizu S, Umegaki K, Shirato H. Impact of Real-Time Image Gating on Spot Scanning Proton Therapy for Lung Tumors: A Simulation Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 97:173-181. [PMID: 27856039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of real-time-image gated proton beam therapy for lung tumors and to establish a suitable size for the gating window (GW). METHODS AND MATERIALS A proton beam gated by a fiducial marker entering a preassigned GW (as monitored by 2 fluoroscopy units) was used with 7 lung cancer patients. Seven treatment plans were generated: real-time-image gated proton beam therapy with GW sizes of ±1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 mm and free-breathing proton therapy. The prescribed dose was 70 Gy (relative biological effectiveness)/10 fractions to 99% of the target. Each of the 3-dimensional marker positions in the time series was associated with the appropriate 4-dimensional computed tomography phase. The 4-dimensional dose calculations were performed. The dose distribution in each respiratory phase was deformed into the end-exhale computed tomography image. The D99 and D5 to D95 of the clinical target volume scaled by the prescribed dose with criteria of D99 >95% and D5 to D95 <5%, V20 for the normal lung, and treatment times were evaluated. RESULTS Gating windows ≤ ±2 mm fulfilled the CTV criteria for all patients (whereas the criteria were not always met for GWs ≥ ±3 mm) and gave an average reduction in V20 of more than 17.2% relative to free-breathing proton therapy (whereas GWs ≥ ±4 mm resulted in similar or increased V20). The average (maximum) irradiation times were 384 seconds (818 seconds) for the ±1-mm GW, but less than 226 seconds (292 seconds) for the ±2-mm GW. The maximum increased considerably at ±1-mm GW. CONCLUSION Real-time-image gated proton beam therapy with a GW of ±2 mm was demonstrated to be suitable, providing good dose distribution without greatly extending treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kanehira
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsuura
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Quantum Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Seishin Takao
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsuzaki
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujii
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Fujii
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Department of Biostatistics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Physics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Inoue
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Katoh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Shimizu
- Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kikuo Umegaki
- Proton Beam Therapy Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Quantum Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Exploratory Study of 4D versus 3D Robust Optimization in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 95:523-533. [PMID: 26725727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of uncertainties and interplay on 3-dimensional (3D) and 4D robustly optimized intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans for lung cancer in an exploratory methodology study. METHODS AND MATERIALS IMPT plans were created for 11 nonrandomly selected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases: 3D robustly optimized plans on average CTs with internal gross tumor volume density overridden to irradiate internal target volume, and 4D robustly optimized plans on 4D computed tomography (CT) to irradiate clinical target volume (CTV). Regular fractionation (66 Gy [relative biological effectiveness; RBE] in 33 fractions) was considered. In 4D optimization, the CTV of individual phases received nonuniform doses to achieve a uniform cumulative dose. The root-mean-square dose-volume histograms (RVH) measured the sensitivity of the dose to uncertainties, and the areas under the RVH curve (AUCs) were used to evaluate plan robustness. Dose evaluation software modeled time-dependent spot delivery to incorporate interplay effect with randomized starting phases of each field per fraction. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices comparing CTV coverage, homogeneity, and normal tissue sparing were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS 4D robust optimization plans led to smaller AUC for CTV (14.26 vs 18.61, respectively; P=.001), better CTV coverage (Gy [RBE]) (D95% CTV: 60.6 vs 55.2, respectively; P=.001), and better CTV homogeneity (D5%-D95% CTV: 10.3 vs 17.7, respectively; P=.002) in the face of uncertainties. With interplay effect considered, 4D robust optimization produced plans with better target coverage (D95% CTV: 64.5 vs 63.8, respectively; P=.0068), comparable target homogeneity, and comparable normal tissue protection. The benefits from 4D robust optimization were most obvious for the 2 typical stage III lung cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Our exploratory methodology study showed that, compared to 3D robust optimization, 4D robust optimization produced significantly more robust and interplay-effect-resistant plans for targets with comparable dose distributions for normal tissues. A further study with a larger and more realistic patient population is warranted to generalize the conclusions.
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Tumour Movement in Proton Therapy: Solutions and Remaining Questions: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1143-53. [PMID: 26132317 PMCID: PMC4586762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of tumours, mostly by respiration, has been a major problem for treating lung cancer, liver tumours and other locations in the abdomen and thorax. Organ motion is indeed one component of geometrical uncertainties that includes delineation and target definition uncertainties, microscopic disease and setup errors. At present, minimising motion seems to be the easiest to implement in clinical practice. If combined with adaptive approaches to correct for gradual anatomical variations, it may be a practical strategy. Other approaches such as repainting and tracking could increase the accuracy of proton therapy delivery, but advanced 4D solutions are needed. Moreover, there is a need to perform clinical studies to investigate which approach is the best in a given clinical situation. The good news is that existing and emerging technology and treatment planning systems as will without doubt lead in the forthcoming future to practical solutions to tackle intra-fraction motion in proton therapy. These developments may also improve motion management in photon therapy as well.
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Li H, Zhu XR, Zhang X. Reducing Dose Uncertainty for Spot-Scanning Proton Beam Therapy of Moving Tumors by Optimizing the Spot Delivery Sequence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:547-56. [PMID: 26460997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a novel delivery strategy for reducing the respiratory motion-induced dose uncertainty of spot-scanning proton therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS The spot delivery sequence was optimized to reduce dose uncertainty. The effectiveness of the delivery sequence optimization was evaluated using measurements and patient simulation. One hundred ninety-one 2-dimensional measurements using different delivery sequences of a single-layer uniform pattern were obtained with a detector array on a 1-dimensional moving platform. Intensity modulated proton therapy plans were generated for 10 lung cancer patients, and dose uncertainties for different delivery sequences were evaluated by simulation. RESULTS Without delivery sequence optimization, the maximum absolute dose error can be up to 97.2% in a single measurement, whereas the optimized delivery sequence results in a maximum absolute dose error of ≤11.8%. In patient simulation, the optimized delivery sequence reduces the mean of fractional maximum absolute dose error compared with the regular delivery sequence by 3.3% to 10.6% (32.5-68.0% relative reduction) for different patients. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing the delivery sequence can reduce dose uncertainty due to respiratory motion in spot-scanning proton therapy, assuming the 4-dimensional CT is a true representation of the patients' breathing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - X Ronald Zhu
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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50
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Deng Z, Pang J, Yang W, Yue Y, Sharif B, Tuli R, Li D, Fraass B, Fan Z. Four-dimensional MRI using three-dimensional radial sampling with respiratory self-gating to characterize temporal phase-resolved respiratory motion in the abdomen. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1574-85. [PMID: 25981762 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a four-dimensional MRI (4D-MRI) technique to characterize the average respiratory tumor motion for abdominal radiotherapy planning. METHODS A continuous spoiled gradient echo sequence was implemented with 3D radial trajectory and 1D self-gating for respiratory motion detection. Data were retrospectively sorted into different respiratory phases based on their temporal locations within a respiratory cycle, and each phase was reconstructed by means of a self-calibrating CG-SENSE program. Motion phantom, healthy volunteer and patient studies were performed to validate the respiratory motion detected by the proposed method against that from a 2D real-time protocol. RESULTS The proposed method successfully visualized the respiratory motion in phantom and human subjects. The 4D-MRI and real-time 2D-MRI yielded comparable superior-inferior (SI) motion amplitudes (intraclass correlation = 0.935) with up-to one pixel mean absolute differences in SI displacements over 10 phases and high cross-correlation between phase-resolved displacements (phantom: 0.985; human: 0.937-0.985). Comparable anterior-posterior and left-right displacements of the tumor or gold fiducial between 4D and real-time 2D-MRI were also observed in the two patients, and the hysteresis effect was shown in their 3D trajectories. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed 4D-MRI technique to characterize abdominal respiratory motion, which may provide valuable information for radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Deng
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianing Pang
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wensha Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yong Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Behzad Sharif
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Tuli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benedick Fraass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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