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Melcher J, Dierolf M, Günther B, Achterhold K, Pfeiffer D, Pfeiffer F. High-energy X-ray diffraction experiment employing a compact synchrotron X-ray source based on inverse Compton scattering. Z Med Phys 2024:S0939-3889(24)00029-1. [PMID: 38631968 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important material analysis technique with a widespread use of laboratory systems. These systems typically operate at low X-ray energies (from 5 keV to 22 keV) since they rely on the small bandwidth of K-lines like copper. The narrow bandwidth is essential for precise measurements of the crystal structure in these systems. Inverse Compton X-ray source (ICS) could pave the way to XRD at high X-ray energies in a laboratory setting since these sources provide brilliant energy-tunable and partially coherent X-rays. This study demonstrates high-energy XRD at an ICS with strongly absorbing mineralogical samples embedded in soft tissue. A quantitative comparison of the measured XRD patterns with calculations of their expected shapes validates the performance of ICSs for XRD. This analysis was performed for two types of kidney stones of different materials. Since these stones are not isolated in a human body, the influence of the surrounding soft tissue on the XRD pattern is investigated and a correction for this soft tissue contribution is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Melcher
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniela Pfeiffer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany; TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Elshemey WM, Saif RA, Elfiky AA. Target-filter combination effects on breast tissue characterization using mammographic X-rays: A Monte Carlo simulation study. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 30:823-834. [PMID: 35599527 DOI: 10.3233/xst-221154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of normal and malignant breast tissues using X-ray scattering techniques has shown promising results and applications. OBJECTIVE To examine possibility of characterizing normal and malignant breast tissues using the scattered photon distribution of polyenergetic beams of 30 kV X-rays. METHODS A Monte Carlo simulation is upgraded so that it is capable of simulating input mammographic X-ray spectra from different target-filter combinations, tracing photon transport, and producing the distribution of scattered photons. The target-filter combinations include Mo-Mo, Mo-Al, Mo-Rh, Rh-Rh, Rh-Al, W-Rh, and W-Al. Analysis of obtained scattered photon distribution is carried out by comparing the ratio of count under the peak in the momentum transfer region from 0 to 1.55 nm-1, to that in the region from 1.6 to 9.1 nm-1 (covering the regions of scattering from fat and soft tissue, respectively) for breast samples with different percentages of normal tissue (0-100%). RESULTS Mo-Mo target-filter combination shows a high linear dependence of the count under peak ratio on the percentage of normal tissue in breast samples (R2 = 0.9513). Despite slightly less linear than Mo-Mo, target-filter combinations other than Rh-Rh, W-Rh, and W-Al produce high linear responses (R2 > 0.9)CONCLUSION:Mo-Mo target-filter combination would probably be the most relevant in characterizing normal and malignant breast tissues from their scattered photon distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Elshemey
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, KSA
| | - Refat Abo Saif
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Linardatos D, Koukou V, Martini N, Konstantinidis A, Bakas A, Fountos G, Valais I, Michail C. On the Response of a Micro Non-Destructive Testing X-ray Detector. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040888. [PMID: 33668484 PMCID: PMC7917680 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain imaging performance metrics are examined for a state-of-the-art 20 μm pixel pitch CMOS sensor (RadEye HR), coupled to a Gd2O2S:Tb scintillator screen. The signal transfer property (STP), the modulation transfer function (MTF), the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were estimated according to the IEC 62220-1-1:2015 standard. The detector exhibits excellent linearity (coefficient of determination of the STP linear regression fit, R2 was 0.9978), while its DQE peaks at 33% and reaches 10% at a spatial frequency of 3 cycles/mm, for the measured with a Piranha RTI dosimeter (coefficient of variation CV = 0.03%) exposure value of 28.1 μGy DAK (detector Air Kerma). The resolution capabilities of the X-ray detector under investigation were compared to other commercial CMOS sensors, and were found in every case higher, except from the previous RadEye HR model (CMOS-Gd2O2S:Tb screen pair with 22.5 μm pixel pitch) version which had slightly better MTF. The present digital imager is designed for industrial inspection applications, nonetheless its applicability to medical imaging, as well as dual-energy is considered and certain approaches are discussed in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios Linardatos
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Vaia Koukou
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Niki Martini
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Anastasios Konstantinidis
- Radiological Sciences Group, Department of Medical Physics, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK;
| | - Athanasios Bakas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Fountos
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Ioannis Valais
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-5385-371
| | - Christos Michail
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (V.K.); (N.M.); (G.F.); (C.M.)
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Van Eeden D, Du Plessis FCP. Multi-Energy Computed Tomography Breast Imaging with Monte Carlo Simulations: Contrast-to-Noise-Based Image Weighting. J Med Phys 2019; 44:106-112. [PMID: 31359928 PMCID: PMC6580816 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_48_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Photon-counting detectors and breast computed tomography imaging have been an active area of research. With these detectors, photons are assigned an equal weight and weighting schemes can be enabled. More weight can be assigned to lower energies, resulting in an increase in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). AIMS The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an energy weighting imaging technique to improve the CNR of simulated breast phantoms and to improve tumour detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast phantoms consisting of adipose, glandular, malignant tissues and iodine contrast were constructed with BreastSimulator software. The phantoms were used in egs_cbct simulations for energies ranging between 20 and 65 keV from which multiple images were reconstructed. A new CNR-based image weighting method was proposed based on the CNR values obtained from the images. This method improves on previous methods and can be applied to complicated phantoms since no structural information is needed. RESULTS An increase in the CNR can be seen for lower energies. A sharp increase in the CNR is seen just above the K-edge for the phantoms with the iodine contrast. The CNR-based image weighting leads to a 68.47% (1.68-fold) increase in the CNR for the malignant tissue without iodine. For the malignant tissue with iodine contrast, the increase in the CNR was 96.14% (1.96-fold). CONCLUSIONS The new proposed CNR-based image weighting scheme is easy to implement and can be used for complicated phantoms with varying structures. A large increase in the CNR is seen with or without the use of iodine contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déte Van Eeden
- Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Lima ZS, Ebadi MR, Amjad G, Younesi L. Application of Imaging Technologies in Breast Cancer Detection: A Review Article. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:838-848. [PMID: 30962849 PMCID: PMC6447343 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the techniques utilised in the management of cancer in all stages is multiple biomedical imaging. Imaging as an important part of cancer clinical protocols can provide a variety of information about morphology, structure, metabolism and functions. Application of imaging technics together with other investigative apparatus including in fluids analysis and vitro tissue would help clinical decision-making. Mixed imaging techniques can provide supplementary information used to improve staging and therapy planning. Imaging aimed to find minimally invasive therapy to make better results and reduce side effects. Probably, the most important factor in reducing mortality of certain cancers is an early diagnosis of cancer via screening based on imaging. The most common cancer in women is breast cancer. It is considered as the second major cause of cancer deaths in females, and therefore it remained as an important medical and socio-economic issue. Medical imaging has always formed part of breast cancer care and has used in all phases of cancer management from detection and staging to therapy monitoring and post-therapeutic follow-up. An essential action to be performed in the preoperative staging of breast cancer based on breast imaging. The general term of breast imaging refers to breast sonography, mammography, and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) of the breast (magnetic resonance mammography, MRM). Further development in technology will lead to increase imaging speed to meet physiological processes requirements. One of the issues in the diagnosis of breast cancer is sensitivity limitation. To overcome this limitation, complementary imaging examinations are utilised that traditionally includes screening ultrasound, and combined mammography and ultrasound. Development in targeted imaging and therapeutic agents calls for close cooperation among academic environment and industries such as biotechnological, IT and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Zheng Y, Speller R, Griffiths J. A novel method to remove the background from x-ray diffraction signal. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:06NT03. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaac9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Michail C, Valais I, Martini N, Koukou V, Kalyvas N, Bakas A, Kandarakis I, Fountos G. Determination of the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of CMOS/CsI imaging detectors following the novel IEC 62220-1-1:2015 International Standard. RADIAT MEAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Hassan L, MacDonald CA. Coherent scatter imaging Monte Carlo simulation. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016; 3:033504. [PMID: 27610397 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.3.3.033504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional mammography can suffer from poor contrast between healthy and cancerous tissues due to the small difference in attenuation properties. Coherent scatter slot scan imaging is an imaging technique which provides additional information and is compatible with conventional mammography. A Monte Carlo simulation of coherent scatter slot scan imaging was performed to assess its performance and provide system optimization. Coherent scatter could be exploited using a system similar to conventional slot scan mammography system with antiscatter grids tilted at the characteristic angle of cancerous tissues. System optimization was performed across several parameters, including source voltage, tilt angle, grid distances, grid ratio, and shielding geometry. The simulated carcinomas were detectable for tumors as small as 5 mm in diameter, so coherent scatter analysis using a wide-slot setup could be promising as an enhancement for screening mammography. Employing coherent scatter information simultaneously with conventional mammography could yield a conventional high spatial resolution image with additional coherent scatter information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hassan
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Carolyn A MacDonald
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Kern K, Peerzada L, Hassan L, MacDonald C. Design for a coherent-scatter imaging system compatible with screening mammography. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2016; 3:030501. [PMID: 27610395 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.3.3.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A system using a wide-slot beam and simple antiscatter grids or slots has been designed to provide a localized map of tissue type that could be overlaid on the simultaneous conventional transmission image to provide an inexpensive, low dose adjunct to conventional screening mammography. Depth information is obtainable from the stereoscopic viewing angles. The system was demonstrated to produce observable contrast between adipose tissue and a phantom chosen to mimic carcinoma at an exposure comparable with screening mammography. Imaging data was collected over a range of system parameters to optimize contrast and to allow verification of simulation modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Kern
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Lubna Peerzada
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Laila Hassan
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Carolyn MacDonald
- University at Albany , State University of New York, Department of Physics, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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10
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Experimental measurement of a high resolution CMOS detector coupled to CsI scintillators under X-ray radiation. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Osmond JPF, Zin HM, Harris EJ, Lupica G, Allinson NM, Evans PM. Imaging of moving fiducial markers during radiotherapy using a fast, efficient active pixel sensor based EPID. Med Phys 2011; 38:6152-9. [PMID: 22047380 DOI: 10.1118/1.3651632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of an experimental complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) for tracking of moving fiducial markers during radiotherapy. METHODS The APS has an active area of 5.4 × 5.4 cm and maximum full frame read-out rate of 20 frame s(-1), with the option to read out a region-of-interest (ROI) at an increased rate. It was coupled to a 4 mm thick ZnWO4 scintillator which provided a quantum efficiency (QE) of 8% for a 6 MV x-ray treatment beam. The APS was compared with a standard iViewGT flat panel amorphous Silicon (a-Si) electronic portal imaging device (EPID), with a QE of 0.34% and a frame-rate of 2.5 frame s(-1). To investigate the ability of the two systems to image markers, four gold cylinders of length 8 mm and diameter 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2 mm were placed on a motion-platform. Images of the stationary markers were acquired using the APS at a frame-rate of 20 frame s(-1), and a dose-rate of 143 MU min(-1) to avoid saturation. EPID images were acquired at the maximum frame-rate of 2.5 frame s(-1), and a reduced dose-rate of 19 MU min(-1) to provide a similar dose per frame to the APS. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the background signal and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the marker signal relative to the background were evaluated for both imagers at doses of 0.125 to 2 MU. RESULTS Image quality and marker visibility was found to be greater in the APS with SNR ∼5 times greater than in the EPID and CNR up to an order of magnitude greater for all four markers. To investigate the ability to image and track moving markers the motion-platform was moved to simulate a breathing cycle with period 6 s, amplitude 20 mm and maximum speed 13.2 mm s(-1). At the minimum integration time of 50 ms a tracking algorithm applied to the APS data found all four markers with a success rate of ≥92% and positional error ≤90 μm. At an integration time of 400 ms the smallest marker became difficult to detect when moving. The detection of moving markers using the a-Si EPID was difficult even at the maximum dose-rate of 592 MU min(-1) due to the lower QE and longer integration time of 400 ms. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that a fast read-out, high QE APS may be useful in the tracking of moving fiducial markers during radiotherapy. Further study is required to investigate the tracking of markers moving in 3D in a treatment beam attenuated by moving patient anatomy. This will require a larger sensor with ROI read-out to maintain speed and a manageable data-rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P F Osmond
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK.
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Griffiths JA, Chen D, Turchetta R, Royle GJ. Characterization study of an intensified complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor active pixel sensor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:033709. [PMID: 21456753 DOI: 10.1063/1.3553497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An intensified CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) has been constructed for operation in low-light-level applications: a high-gain, fast-light decay image intensifier has been coupled via a fiber optic stud to a prototype "VANILLA" APS, developed by the UK based MI3 consortium. The sensor is capable of high frame rates and sparse readout. This paper presents a study of the performance parameters of the intensified VANILLA APS system over a range of image intensifier gain levels when uniformly illuminated with 520 nm green light. Mean-variance analysis shows the APS saturating around 3050 Digital Units (DU), with the maximum variance increasing with increasing image intensifier gain. The system's quantum efficiency varies in an exponential manner from 260 at an intensifier gain of 7.45 × 10(3) to 1.6 at a gain of 3.93 × 10(1). The usable dynamic range of the system is 60 dB for intensifier gains below 1.8 × 10(3), dropping to around 40 dB at high gains. The conclusion is that the system shows suitability for the desired application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Griffiths
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hayashi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Inceon, 402-751, Korea
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Abstract
The concept of examining the body's interior and its organs dates back to ancient times. The roots of modern endoscopy lie in early nineteenth century Europe, and the intervening centuries have seen a steady evolution of devices and techniques. Nowadays, a wide variety of urinary tract disorders are successfully managed in a minimally invasive manner thanks to the endoscope and related technologies. Distal-sensor, 'digital', endoscopes have the potential to revolutionize the field, and change the way in which we use and think about endoscopy. Virtual endoscopy, capsule endoscopy, and a range of other techniques derived from physics and molecular biology all promise great improvements in visualization of the urinary tract and other urologic structures. Ultimately, the continued improvement of these minimally invasive technologies will enhance the quality of care that we can offer our patients.
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Bohndiek SE, Royle GJ, Speller RD. An active pixel sensor x-ray diffraction (APXRD) system for breast cancer diagnosis. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:3513-27. [PMID: 19443951 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the potential application of an active pixel sensor-based x-ray diffraction (APXRD) system in the field of breast cancer diagnosis. The design and initial testing of the system was reported previously (Bohndiek et al 2008b Phys. Med. Biol. 53 655-72). The system has potential both as a 'diffraction enhanced breast imager' (DEBI) and as a probe for quantitative analysis of breast biopsy samples. The resolution of the system in a DEBI arrangement is 1 mm and the contrast available using a material-specific x-ray diffraction image was found to be up to seven times greater than that of a transmission image. Scatter signatures from a series of biopsy-equivalent samples, ranging in composition from 100% fat to 100% fibrous tissue, were acquired with the APXRD system. Multivariate data analysis was used to produce a partial least squares (PLS) model sensitive to sample fat content. The final model is able to accurately predict the fat content of a series of unknown samples and is robust to significant added noise. This suggests that the APXRD system could provide a simple, semi-automated, quantitative measurement system for analysis of breast biopsy samples. Training on a range of scatter signatures from real breast biopsy samples covering various stages of disease is now needed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, UK.
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Elshemey WM, Elsharkawy WB. Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray scattering for quantitative characterization of breast cancer. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:3773-84. [PMID: 19478372 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/12/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Ballin JA, Crooks JP, Dauncey PD, Magnan AM, Mikami Y, Miller OD, Noy M, Rajovic V, Stanitzki M, Stefanov K, Turchetta R, Tyndel M, Villani EG, Watson NK, Wilson JA. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) in a Quadruple Well Technology for Nearly 100% Fill Factor and Full CMOS Pixels. SENSORS 2008; 8:5336-5351. [PMID: 27873817 PMCID: PMC3705507 DOI: 10.3390/s8095336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a novel, quadruple well process developed in a modern 0.18 μm CMOS technology called INMAPS. On top of the standard process, we have added a deep P implant that can be used to form a deep P-well and provide screening of N-wells from the P-doped epitaxial layer. This prevents the collection of radiation-induced charge by unrelated N-wells, typically ones where PMOS transistors are integrated. The design of a sensor specifically tailored to a particle physics experiment is presented, where each 50 μm pixel has over 150 PMOS and NMOS transistors. The sensor has been fabricated in the INMAPS process and first experimental evidence of the effectiveness of this process on charge collection is presented, showing a significant improvement in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Alexander Ballin
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Jamie Phillip Crooks
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Paul Dominic Dauncey
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Anne-Marie Magnan
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Yoshiari Mikami
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 23 rue du Loess - BP28, 67037 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Owen Daniel Miller
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Matthew Noy
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Vladimir Rajovic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marcel Stanitzki
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Konstantin Stefanov
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Renato Turchetta
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Mike Tyndel
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Enrico Giulio Villani
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Nigel Keith Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - John Allan Wilson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Abstract
Multiple biomedical imaging techniques are used in all phases of cancer management. Imaging forms an essential part of cancer clinical protocols and is able to furnish morphological, structural, metabolic and functional information. Integration with other diagnostic tools such as in vitro tissue and fluids analysis assists in clinical decision-making. Hybrid imaging techniques are able to supply complementary information for improved staging and therapy planning. Image guided and targeted minimally invasive therapy has the promise to improve outcome and reduce collateral effects. Early detection of cancer through screening based on imaging is probably the major contributor to a reduction in mortality for certain cancers. Targeted imaging of receptors, gene therapy expression and cancer stem cells are research activities that will translate into clinical use in the next decade. Technological developments will increase imaging speed to match that of physiological processes. Targeted imaging and therapeutic agents will be developed in tandem through close collaboration between academia and biotechnology, information technology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Fass
- GE Healthcare, 352 Buckingham Avenue, Slough, SL1 4ER, UK.
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19
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Osmond JPF, Harris EJ, Clark AT, Ott RJ, Holland AD, Evans PM. An investigation into the use of CMOS active pixel technology in image-guided radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:3159-74. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/12/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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