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Behboudi E, Nooreddin Faraji S, Daryabor G, Mohammad Ali Hashemi S, Asadi M, Edalat F, Javad Raee M, Hatam G. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26577. [PMID: 38420467 PMCID: PMC10901034 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 displays tropism in various human organs due to its diverse receptors. This review delves into the intricate details of receptors, host proteases, and the involvement of each organ. Polymorphisms in the ACE2 receptor and mutations in the spike or its RBD region contribute to the emergence of variants like Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, impacting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The challenge posed by mutations raises questions about the effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, necessitating consideration for updates in their formulations. In the urgency of these critical situations, repurposed drugs such as Camostat Mesylate and Nafamostat Mesylate emerge as viable pharmaceutical options. Numerous drugs are involved in inhibiting receptors and host factors crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry, with most discussed in this review. In conclusion, this study may provide valuable insights to inform decisions in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahime Edalat
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Zhao Y, Hao D, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yang Z. Dissecting the Structural Dynamics of Authentic Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein for the Discovery of Potential Lead Compounds: A Theoretical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12252. [PMID: 37569628 PMCID: PMC10418423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current structural and functional investigations of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor design are nearly entirely based on a fully active mutation (CETPMutant) constructed for protein crystallization, limiting the study of the dynamic structural features of authentic CETP involved in lipid transport under physiological conditions. In this study, we conducted comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of both authentic CETP (CETPAuthentic) and CETPMutant. Considering the structural differences between the N- and C-terminal domains of CETPAuthentic and CETPMutant, and their crucial roles in lipid transfer, we identified the two domains as binding pockets of the ligands for virtual screening to discover potential lead compounds targeting CETP. Our results revealed that CETPAuthentic displays greater flexibility and pronounced curvature compared to CETPMutant. Employing virtual screening and MD simulation strategies, we found that ZINC000006242926 has a higher binding affinity for the N- and C-termini, leading to reduced N- and C-opening sizes, disruption of the continuous tunnel, and increased curvature of CETP. In conclusion, CETPAuthentic facilitates the formation of a continuous tunnel in the "neck" region, while CETPMutant does not exhibit such characteristics. The ligand ZINC000006242926 screened for binding to the N- and C-termini induces structural changes in the CETP unfavorable to lipid transport. This study sheds new light on the relationship between the structural and functional mechanisms of CETP. Furthermore, it provides novel ideas for the precise regulation of CETP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
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3
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Yang Z, Fu X, Zhao Y, Li X, Long J, Zhang L. Molecular insights into the inhibition mechanism of harringtonine against essential proteins associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124352. [PMID: 37054859 PMCID: PMC10085973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently posed a serious threat to global public health. Harringtonine (HT), as a small-molecule antagonist, has antiviral activity against a variety of viruses. There is evidence that HT can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells by blocking the Spike protein and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition effect of HT is largely elusive. Here, docking and all-atom molecular dynamic simulations were used to investigate the mechanism of HT against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike, TMPRSS2, as well as the complex of RBD and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 complex (RBD-ACE2). The results reveal that HT binds to all proteins primarily through hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. Binding with HT influences the structural stability and dynamic motility processes of each protein. The interactions of HT with residues N33, H34 and K353 of ACE2, and residue K417 and Y453 of RBD contribute to disrupting the binding affinity between RBD and ACE2, which may hinder the virus entry into host cells. Our research provides molecular insights into the inhibition mechanism of HT against SARS-CoV-2 associated proteins, which will help for the novel antiviral drugs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xinyue Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuhua Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jiangang Long
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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4
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Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Xie L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Yang Z. Identification of Potential Lead Compounds Targeting Novel Druggable Cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076281. [PMID: 37047254 PMCID: PMC10094189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an urgent public health problem. Spike (S) protein mediates the fusion between the virus and the host cell membranes, consequently emerging as an important target of drug design. The lack of comparisons of in situ full-length S homotrimer structures in different states hinders understanding the structures and revealing the function, thereby limiting the discovery and development of therapeutic agents. Here, the steady-state structures of the in situ full-length S trimer in closed and open states (Sclosed and Sopen) were modeled with the constraints of density maps, associated with the analysis of the dynamic structural differences. Subsequently, we identified various regions with structure and property differences as potential binding pockets for ligands that promote the formation of inactive trimeric protein complexes. By using virtual screening strategy and a newly defined druggable cavity, five ligands were screened with potential bioactivities. Then molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed on apo protein structures and ligand bound complexes to reveal the conformational changes upon ligand binding. Our simulation results revealed that sulforaphane (SFN), which has the best binding affinity, could inhibit the conformational changes of S homotrimer that would occur during the viral membrane fusion. Our results could aid in the understanding of the regulation mechanism of S trimer aggregation and the structure-activity relationship, facilitating the development of potential antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Linke Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yuze Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yongjian Zang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xuhua Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence:
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5
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Chupakhin ON, Rusinov VL, Varaksin MV, Ulomskiy EN, Savateev KV, Butorin II, Du W, Sun Z, Charushin VN. Triazavirin-A Novel Effective Antiviral Drug. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314537. [PMID: 36498864 PMCID: PMC9738222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the data of numerous studies relating to the broad-spectrum antiviral drug Triazavirin that was launched on the Russian pharmaceutical market in 2014 as an anti-influenza drug (the international non-patented name is Riamilovir). The range of antiviral activity of Triazavirin has been significantly expanded during recent years; in particular, it has been shown that Triazavirin exhibits activity against tick-borne encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, and other infections of viral etiology. This drug has been approved for treatment of influenza and acute respiratory infections by the Russian Ministry of Health on the basis of comprehensive clinical trials involving over 450 patients. Triazavirin was found to be a highly effective and well-tolerated drug, allowing its over-the-counter sale. The recently published data on the use of Triazavirin in clinical practice for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 are discussed, with special attention paid to potential biological targets for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mikhail V. Varaksin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny N. Ulomskiy
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Savateev
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilya I. Butorin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Weijie Du
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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6
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Esam Z, Akhavan M, Lotfi M, Pourmand S, Bekhradnia A. In silico investigation of the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of medicinal substances bearing guanidine moieties against COVID-19. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2022; 77:1129-1148. [PMID: 36312321 PMCID: PMC9589802 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current viral pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), creates health, mental, economic, and other serious challenges that are better to say global crisis. Despite the existence of successful vaccines, the possible mutations which can lead to the born of novel and possibly more dangerous variants of the virus as well as the absence of definitive treatment for this potentially fatal multiple-organ infection in critically ill patients make us keep searching. Theoretically targeting human and viral receptors and enzymes via molecular docking and dynamics simulations can be considered a wise, rational, and efficient way to develop therapeutic agents against COVID-19. In this way, The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), main protease, and spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 are the most discussed and studied targets that play essential roles in the viral life and infection cycle. In the current in silico investigation, the guanidine functionality containing drugs and medicinal substances such as metformin, famotidine, neuraminidase inhibitors, antimalarial medications, anticancer drug imatinib, CGP compounds, and human serine protease inhibitor camostat were studied against the above-mentioned therapeutic targets and most of them (especially imatinib) have revealed an incredible spectrum of free docking scores and MD results. The current in silico investigation that its novel perspective of view is corroborated by the different experimental and clinical evaluations, confirms that the guanidine moiety can be considered as a missing promising pharmacophore in drug design and development approaches against SARS-CoV-2. Considering the chemical potency of this polyamine group in chemical interaction creation, the observed outcomes in this virtual screening were not surprising. On the other hand, the guanidine functional group has unique physico-chemical properties such as basicity that can make the target cells intracellular pH undesirable for the virus entry, uncoating, and cytosolic lifecycle. According to the obtained results in the current study that are interestingly confirmed by the previously reported efficacy of some the guanidine carrying drugs in COVID-19, guanidine as a potential multi-target anti-SARS-CoV-2 functional scaffold deserves further comprehensive investigations. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02528-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Esam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Malihe Akhavan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Lotfi
- The Multiscale Modelling Lab, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Saeed Pourmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Bekhradnia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 103CBB, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
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7
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Yu W, Wu X, Zhao Y, Chen C, Yang Z, Zhang X, Ren J, Wang Y, Wu C, Li C, Chen R, Wang X, Zheng W, Liao H, Yuan X. Computational Simulation of HIV Protease Inhibitors to the Main Protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for COVID-19 Drugs Design. Molecules 2021; 26:7385. [PMID: 34885967 PMCID: PMC8659229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is highly homologous to SARS-CoV. To date, the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is regarded as an important drug target for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some experiments confirmed that several HIV protease inhibitors present the inhibitory effects on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting Mpro. However, the mechanism of action has still not been studied very clearly. In this work, the interaction mechanism of four HIV protease inhibitors Darunavir (DRV), Lopinavir (LPV), Nelfinavir (NFV), and Ritonavire (RTV) targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was explored by applying docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM-GBSA methods using the broad-spectrum antiviral drug Ribavirin (RBV) as the negative and nonspecific control. Our results revealed that LPV, RTV, and NFV have higher binding affinities with Mpro, and they all interact with catalytic residues His41 and the other two key amino acids Met49 and Met165. Pharmacophore model analysis further revealed that the aromatic ring, hydrogen bond donor, and hydrophobic group are the essential infrastructure of Mpro inhibitors. Overall, this study applied computational simulation methods to study the interaction mechanism of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and the findings provide useful insights for the development of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China;
| | - Yueming Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Changwen Wu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chengming Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weihong Zheng
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huaxin Liao
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (C.L.)
- Zhuhai Trinomab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China; (R.C.); (X.W.); (W.Z.)
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Kathuria D, Raul AD, Wanjari P, Bharatam PV. Biguanides: Species with versatile therapeutic applications. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113378. [PMID: 33857729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides are compounds in which two guanidine moieties are fused to form a highly conjugated system. Biguanides are highly basic and hence they are available as salts mostly hydrochloride salts, these cationic species have been found to exhibit many therapeutic properties. This review covers the research and development carried out on biguanides and accounts the various therapeutic applications of drugs containing biguanide group-such as antimalarial, antidiabetic, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tubercular, antifilarial, anti-HIV, as well as other biological activities. The aim of this review is to compile all the medicinal chemistry applications of this class of compounds so as to pave way for the accelerated efforts in finding the drug action mechanisms associated with this class of compounds. Importance has been given to the organic chemistry of these biguanide derivatives also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kathuria
- University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Akshay D Raul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Pravin Wanjari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India.
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9
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Yang Z, Zhao Y, Hao D, Wang H, Li S, Jia L, Yuan X, Zhang L, Meng L, Zhang S. Computational identification of potential chemoprophylactic agents according to dynamic behavior of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. RSC Adv 2020; 11:147-159. [PMID: 35423024 PMCID: PMC8690233 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an attractive target for chemoprevention of lung carcinoma, however its highly dynamic nature has plagued drug development for decades, with difficulties in receptor modeling for structure-based design. In this work, an integrated receptor-based virtual screening (VS) strategy was applied to identify PPARγ agonists as chemoprophylactic agents by using extensive docking and conformational sampling methods. Our results showed that the conformational plasticity of PPARγ, especially the H2 & S245 loop, H2' & Ω loop and AF-2 surface, is markedly affected by binding of full/partial agonists. To fully take the dynamic behavior of PPARγ into account, the VS approach effectively sorts out five commercial agents with reported antineoplastic properties. Among them, ZINC03775146 (gusperimus) and ZINC14087743 (miltefosine) might be novel PPARγ agonists with the potential for chemoprophylaxis, that simultaneously take part in a flexible switch of the AF-2 surface and state change of the Ω loop. Furthermore, the dynamic structural coupling between the H2 & S245 and H2' & Ω loops offers enticing hope for PPARγ-targeted therapeutics, by blocking kinase accessibility to PPARγ. These results might aid the development of chemopreventive drugs, and the integrated VS strategy could be conducive to drug design for highly flexible biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Dongxiao Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - He Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai 200041 China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 710032 China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
| | - Lingjie Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China +86-29-82660915 +86-29-82660915
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