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Martis J, Susarla S, Rayabharam A, Su C, Paule T, Pelz P, Huff C, Xu X, Li HK, Jaikissoon M, Chen V, Pop E, Saraswat K, Zettl A, Aluru NR, Ramesh R, Ercius P, Majumdar A. Imaging the electron charge density in monolayer MoS 2 at the Ångstrom scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4363. [PMID: 37474521 PMCID: PMC10359339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) has recently gained widespread attention for its ability to image atomic electric fields with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolution. These electric field maps represent the integrated effect of the nucleus, core electrons and valence electrons, and separating their contributions is non-trivial. In this paper, we utilized simultaneously acquired 4D-STEM center of mass (CoM) images and annular dark field (ADF) images to determine the projected electron charge density in monolayer MoS2. We evaluate the contributions of both the core electrons and the valence electrons to the derived electron charge density; however, due to blurring by the probe shape, the valence electron contribution forms a nearly featureless background while most of the spatial modulation comes from the core electrons. Our findings highlight the importance of probe shape in interpreting charge densities derived from 4D-STEM and the need for smaller electron probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Paule
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Pelz
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cassandra Huff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Jaikissoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Saraswat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Nickel R, Chi CC, Ranjan A, Ouyang C, Freeland JW, van Lierop J. Reverse-Engineering Strain in Nanocrystallites by Tracking Trimerons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007413. [PMID: 33710686 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although strain underpins the behavior of many transition-oxide-based magnetic nanomaterials, it is elusive to quantify. Since the formation of orbital molecules is sensitive to strain, a metal-insulator transition should be a window into nanocrystallite strain. Using three sizes of differently strained Fe3 O4 polycrystalline nanorods, the impact of strain on the Verwey transition and the associated formation and dissolution processes of quasiparticle trimerons is tracked. In 40 and 50 nm long nanorods, increasing isotropic strain results in Verwey transitions going from TV ≈ 60 K to 20 K. By contrast, 700 nm long nanorods with uniaxial strain along the (110) direction have TV ≈ 150 K-the highest value reported thus far. A metal-insulator transition, like TV in Fe3 O4 , can be used to determine the effective strain within nanocrystallites, thus providing new insights into nanoparticle properties and nanomagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Nickel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - C-C Chi
- Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ashok Ranjan
- Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuenhou Ouyang
- Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Johan van Lierop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Clarke G, Ablitt C, Daniels J, Checchia S, Senn MS. In situ X-ray diffraction investigation of electric-field-induced switching in a hybrid improper ferroelectric. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:533-540. [PMID: 33953655 PMCID: PMC8056766 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports the first in situ diffraction result collected under applied electric field on a hybrid improper ferroelectric which shows a subtle yet robust preference for a switching mechanism that proceeds via an unwinding of the octahedral rotation mode. Improper ferroelectric mechanisms are increasingly under investigation for their potential to expand the current catalogue of functional materials whilst promoting couplings between ferroelectricity and other technologically desirable properties such as ferromagnetism. This work presents the results of an in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment performed on samples of Ca2.15Sr0.85Ti2O7 in an effort to elucidate the mechanism of hybrid improper ferroelectric switching in this compound. By simultaneously applying an electric field and recording diffraction patterns, shifts in the intensity of superstructure peaks consistent with one of the switching mechanisms proposed by Nowadnick & Fennie [Phys. Rev. B, (2016), 94, 104105] are observed. While the experiment only achieves a partial response, comparison with simulated data demonstrates a preference for a one-step switching mechanism involving an unwinding of the octahedral rotation mode in the initial stages of switching. These results represent some of the first reported experimental diffraction-based evidence for a switching mechanism in an improper ferroelectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Ablitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - John Daniels
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | | | - Mark S Senn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Varignon J, Bristowe NC, Bousquet E, Ghosez P. Magneto-electric multiferroics: designing new materials from first-principles calculations. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In parallel with the revival of interest for magneto-electric multiferroic materials in the beginning of the century, first-principles simulations have grown incredibly in efficiency during the last two decades. Density functional theory calculations, in particular, have so become a must-have tool for physicists and chemists in the multiferroic community. While these calculations were originally used to support and explain experimental behaviour, their interest has progressively moved to the design of novel magneto-electric multiferroic materials. In this article, we mainly focus on oxide perovskites, an important class of multifunctional material, and review some significant advances to which contributed first-principles calculations. We also briefly introduce the various theoretical developments that were at the core of all these advances.
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Park SY, Rabe KM, Neaton JB. Superlattice-induced ferroelectricity in charge-ordered La 1/3Sr 2/3FeO 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23972-23976. [PMID: 31712434 PMCID: PMC6883826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906513116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge-order-driven ferroelectrics are an emerging class of functional materials, distinct from conventional ferroelectrics, where electron-dominated switching can occur at high frequency. Despite their promise, only a few systems exhibiting this behavior have been experimentally realized thus far, motivating the need for new materials. Here, we use density-functional theory to study the effect of artificial structuring on mixed-valence solid-solution La1/3Sr2/3FeO3 (LSFO), a system well studied experimentally. Our calculations show that A-site cation (111)-layered LSFO exhibits a ferroelectric charge-ordered phase in which inversion symmetry is broken by changing the registry of the charge order with respect to the superlattice layering. The phase is energetically degenerate with a ground-state centrosymmetric phase, and the computed switching polarization is 39 μC/[Formula: see text], a significant value arising from electron transfer between [Formula: see text] octahedra. Our calculations reveal that artificial structuring of LSFO and other mixed valence oxides with robust charge ordering in the solid solution phase can lead to charge-order-induced ferroelectricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Park
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Karin M Rabe
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Huang C, Du Y, Wu H, Xiang H, Deng K, Kan E. Prediction of Intrinsic Ferromagnetic Ferroelectricity in a Transition-Metal Halide Monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:147601. [PMID: 29694145 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.147601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The realization of multiferroics in nanostructures, combined with a large electric dipole and ferromagnetic ordering, could lead to new applications, such as high-density multistate data storage. Although multiferroics have been broadly studied for decades, ferromagnetic ferroelectricity is rarely explored, especially in two-dimensional (2D) systems. Here we report the discovery of 2D ferromagnetic ferroelectricity in layered transition-metal halide systems. On the basis of first-principles calculations, we reveal that a charged CrBr_{3} monolayer exhibits in-plane multiferroicity, which is ensured by the combination of orbital and charge ordering as realized by the asymmetric Jahn-Teller distortions of octahedral Cr─Br_{6} units. As an example, we further show that (CrBr_{3})_{2}Li is a ferromagnetic ferroelectric multiferroic. The explored phenomena and mechanism of multiferroics in this 2D system not only are useful for fundamental research in multiferroics but also enable a wide range of applications in nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Huang
- Department of Applied Physics and Institution of Energy and Microstructure, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Du
- Department of Applied Physics and Institution of Energy and Microstructure, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Wu
- Department of Applied Physics and Institution of Energy and Microstructure, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Deng
- Department of Applied Physics and Institution of Energy and Microstructure, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Erjun Kan
- Department of Applied Physics and Institution of Energy and Microstructure, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
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Park SY, Kumar A, Rabe KM. Charge-Order-Induced Ferroelectricity in LaVO_{3}/SrVO_{3} Superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:087602. [PMID: 28282196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.087602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure and properties of the 1∶1 superlattice of LaVO_{3} and SrVO_{3} are investigated with a first-principles density-functional-theory-plus-U (DFT+U) method. The lowest energy states are antiferromagnetic charge-ordered Mott-insulating phases. In one of these insulating phases, layered charge ordering combines with the layered La/Sr cation ordering to produce a polar structure with a large nonzero spontaneous polarization normal to the interfaces. This polarization, comparable to that of conventional ferroelectrics, is produced by electron transfer between the V^{3+} and V^{4+} layers. The energy of this normal-polarization state relative to the ground state is only 3 meV per vanadium. Under tensile strain, this energy difference can be further reduced, suggesting that the normal-polarization state can be induced by an electric field applied normal to the superlattice layers, yielding an antiferroelectric double-hysteresis loop. If the system does not switch back to the ground state on removal of the field, a ferroelectric-type hysteresis loop could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Park
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Karin M Rabe
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Borkar H, Rao V, Dutta S, Barvat A, Pal P, Tomar M, Gupta V, Scott JF, Kumar A. Novel optically active lead-free relaxor ferroelectric (Ba0.6Bi0.2Li0.2)TiO3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:265901. [PMID: 27165848 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/26/265901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We discovered a near-room-temperature lead-free relaxor-ferroelectric (Ba0.6Bi0.2Li0.2)TiO3 (BBLT) having A-site compositionally disordered ABO3 perovskite structure. Microstructure-property relations revealed that the chemical inhomogeneities and development of local polar nano-regions (PNRs) are responsible for dielectric dispersion as a function of probe frequencies and temperatures. Rietveld analysis indicates mixed crystal structure with 80% tetragonal structure (space group P4mm) and 20% orthorhombic structure (space group Amm2), which is confirmed by the high resolution transmission electron diffraction (HRTEM). Dielectric constant and tangent loss dispersion with and without illumination of light obey nonlinear Vogel-Fulcher (VF) relations. The material shows slim polarization-hysteresis (P-E) loops and excellent displacement coefficients (d 33 ~ 233 pm V(-1)) near room temperature, which gradually diminish near the maximum dielectric dispersion temperature (T m ). The underlying physics for light-sensitive dielectric dispersion was probed by x-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), which strongly suggests that mixed valence of bismuth ions, especially Bi(5+) ions, comprise most of the optically active centers. Ultraviolet photoemission measurements showed most of the Ti ions are in 4 + states and sit at the centers of the TiO6 octahedra; along with asymmetric hybridization between O 2p and Bi 6s orbitals, this appears to be the main driving force for net polarization. This BBLT material may open a new path for environmental friendly lead-free relaxor-ferroelectric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Borkar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL) Campus, Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
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Vaz CAF, Staub U. Magnetoelectronics--electric field control of magnetism in the solid state. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:500301. [PMID: 26613520 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/50/500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A F Vaz
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Wang Z, Ruff E, Schmidt M, Tsurkan V, Kézsmárki I, Lunkenheimer P, Loidl A. Polar Dynamics at the Jahn-Teller Transition in Ferroelectric GaV₄S₈. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:207601. [PMID: 26613473 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a dielectric spectroscopy study of the polar dynamics linked to the orbitally driven ferroelectric transition in the Skyrmion host GaV(4)S(8). By combining THz and MHz-GHz spectroscopy techniques, we succeed in detecting the relaxational dynamics arising from coupled orbital and polar fluctuations in this material and trace its temperature dependence in the paraelectric as well as in the ferroelectric phase. The relaxation time significantly increases when approaching the critical temperature from both sides of the transition. It is natural to assume that these polar fluctuations map the orbital dynamics at the Jahn-Teller transition. Because of the first-order character of the orbital-ordering transition, the relaxation time shows an enormous jump of about 5 orders of magnitude at the polar and structural phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - E Ruff
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - V Tsurkan
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau MD-2028, Republic of Moldova
| | - I Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Lunkenheimer
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - A Loidl
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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Senn MS, Bombardi A, Murray CA, Vecchini C, Scherillo A, Luo X, Cheong SW. Negative thermal expansion in hybrid improper ferroelectric Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites by symmetry trapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:035701. [PMID: 25659007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.035701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present new results on the microscopic nature of the ferroelectricity mechanisms in Ca3 Mn2O7 and Ca3Ti2O7. To the first approximation, we confirm the hybrid improper ferroelectric mechanism recently proposed by Benedek and Fennie for these Ruddlesden-Popper compounds. However, in Ca3Mn2O7 we find that there is a complex competition between lattice modes of different symmetry which leads to a phase coexistence over a large temperature range and the "symmetry trapping" of a soft mode. This trapping of the soft mode leads to a large uniaxial negative thermal expansion (NTE) reaching a maximum between 250 and 350 K (3.6×10^(-6) K^{-1}) representing the only sizable NTE reported for these and related perovskite materials to date. Our results suggest a systematic strategy for designing and searching for ceramics with large NTE coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Senn
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom and Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - A Bombardi
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - C A Murray
- Diamond Light Source Limited, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - C Vecchini
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Scherillo
- ISIS, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - X Luo
- Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - S W Cheong
- Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea and Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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