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Hotz MT, Martis J, Radlicka T, Bacon NJ, Dellby N, Lovejoy TC, Quillin SC, Hwang HY, Singh P, Krivanek OL. Atomic Resolution SE Imaging in a 30-200 keV Aberration-corrected UHV STEM. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:2064-2065. [PMID: 37612905 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Hotz
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - J Martis
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T Radlicka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of CAS, Královopolská 147, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N J Bacon
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - N Dellby
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - T C Lovejoy
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - S C Quillin
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - H Y Hwang
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Singh
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - O L Krivanek
- Nion R&D, 11511 NE 118th St, Kirkland, WA, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Martis J, Susarla S, Rayabharam A, Su C, Paule T, Pelz P, Huff C, Xu X, Li HK, Jaikissoon M, Chen V, Pop E, Saraswat K, Zettl A, Aluru NR, Ramesh R, Ercius P, Majumdar A. Imaging the electron charge density in monolayer MoS 2 at the Ångstrom scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4363. [PMID: 37474521 PMCID: PMC10359339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) has recently gained widespread attention for its ability to image atomic electric fields with sub-Ångstrom spatial resolution. These electric field maps represent the integrated effect of the nucleus, core electrons and valence electrons, and separating their contributions is non-trivial. In this paper, we utilized simultaneously acquired 4D-STEM center of mass (CoM) images and annular dark field (ADF) images to determine the projected electron charge density in monolayer MoS2. We evaluate the contributions of both the core electrons and the valence electrons to the derived electron charge density; however, due to blurring by the probe shape, the valence electron contribution forms a nearly featureless background while most of the spatial modulation comes from the core electrons. Our findings highlight the importance of probe shape in interpreting charge densities derived from 4D-STEM and the need for smaller electron probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Susarla
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cong Su
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Paule
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Pelz
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cassandra Huff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Jaikissoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Pop
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna Saraswat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Aluru NR, Aydin F, Bazant MZ, Blankschtein D, Brozena AH, de Souza JP, Elimelech M, Faucher S, Fourkas JT, Koman VB, Kuehne M, Kulik HJ, Li HK, Li Y, Li Z, Majumdar A, Martis J, Misra RP, Noy A, Pham TA, Qu H, Rayabharam A, Reed MA, Ritt CL, Schwegler E, Siwy Z, Strano MS, Wang Y, Yao YC, Zhan C, Zhang Z. Fluids and Electrolytes under Confinement in Single-Digit Nanopores. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2737-2831. [PMID: 36898130 PMCID: PMC10037271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Confined fluids and electrolyte solutions in nanopores exhibit rich and surprising physics and chemistry that impact the mass transport and energy efficiency in many important natural systems and industrial applications. Existing theories often fail to predict the exotic effects observed in the narrowest of such pores, called single-digit nanopores (SDNs), which have diameters or conduit widths of less than 10 nm, and have only recently become accessible for experimental measurements. What SDNs reveal has been surprising, including a rapidly increasing number of examples such as extraordinarily fast water transport, distorted fluid-phase boundaries, strong ion-correlation and quantum effects, and dielectric anomalies that are not observed in larger pores. Exploiting these effects presents myriad opportunities in both basic and applied research that stand to impact a host of new technologies at the water-energy nexus, from new membranes for precise separations and water purification to new gas permeable materials for water electrolyzers and energy-storage devices. SDNs also present unique opportunities to achieve ultrasensitive and selective chemical sensing at the single-ion and single-molecule limit. In this review article, we summarize the progress on nanofluidics of SDNs, with a focus on the confinement effects that arise in these extremely narrow nanopores. The recent development of precision model systems, transformative experimental tools, and multiscale theories that have played enabling roles in advancing this frontier are reviewed. We also identify new knowledge gaps in our understanding of nanofluidic transport and provide an outlook for the future challenges and opportunities at this rapidly advancing frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana R Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Samuel Faucher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - John T Fourkas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kuehne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Yuhao Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States
| | - Cody L Ritt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Eric Schwegler
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zuzanna Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine92697, United States
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Yun-Chiao Yao
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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Zhang Z, Martis J, Xu X, Li HK, Xie C, Takasuka B, Lee J, Roy AK, Majumdar A. Photoabsorption Imaging at Nanometer Scales Using Secondary Electron Analysis. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1935-1942. [PMID: 33635654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging with nanometer resolution offers fundamental insights into light-matter interactions. Traditional optical techniques are diffraction limited with a spatial resolution >100 nm. Optical super-resolution and cathodoluminescence techniques have higher spatial resolutions, but these approaches require the sample to fluoresce, which many materials lack. Here, we introduce photoabsorption microscopy using electron analysis, which involves spectrally specific photoabsorption that is locally probed using a scanning electron microscope, whereby a photoabsorption-induced surface photovoltage modulates the secondary electron emission. We demonstrate spectrally specific photoabsorption imaging with sub-20 nm spatial resolution using silicon, germanium, and gold nanoparticles. Theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations are used to explain the basic trends of the photoabsorption-induced secondary electron signal. Based on our current experiments and this analysis, we expect that the spatial resolution can be further improved to a few nanometers, thereby offering a general approach for nanometer-scale optical spectroscopic imaging and material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xintong Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chenlu Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brad Takasuka
- Silicon Valley Peripherals Inc., San Jose, California 95117, United States
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ajit K Roy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Li HK, Pedro de Souza J, Zhang Z, Martis J, Sendgikoski K, Cumings J, Bazant MZ, Majumdar A. Imaging Arrangements of Discrete Ions at Liquid-Solid Interfaces. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7927-7932. [PMID: 33079557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The individual and collective behavior of ions near electrically charged interfaces is foundational to a variety of electrochemical phenomena encountered in biology, energy, and the environment. While many theories have been developed to predict the interfacial arrangements of counterions, direct experimental observations and validations have remained elusive. Utilizing cryo-electron microscopy, here we directly visualize individual counterions and reveal their discrete interfacial layering. Comparison with simulations suggests the strong effects of finite ionic size and electrostatic interactions. We also uncover correlated ionic structures under extreme confinement, with the channel widths approaching the ionic diameter (∼1 nm). Our work reveals the roles of ionic size, valency, and confinement in determining the structures of liquid-solid interfaces and opens up new opportunities to study such systems at the single-ion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kyle Sendgikoski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John Cumings
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Bhat RM, Nandakishore B, Sequeira FF, Sukumar D, Kamath GH, Martis J, Furtado S. Pyoderma gangrenosum: an Indian perspective. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 36:242-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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