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Matson DM, Battezzati L, Galenko PK, Gandin CA, Gangopadhyay AK, Henein H, Kelton KF, Kolbe M, Valloton J, Vogel SC, Volkmann T. Electromagnetic levitation containerless processing of metallic materials in microgravity: rapid solidification. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:65. [PMID: 37582930 PMCID: PMC10427700 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Space levitation processing allows researchers to conduct benchmark tests in an effort to understand the physical phenomena involved in rapid solidification processing, including alloy thermodynamics, nucleation and growth, heat and mass transfer, solid/liquid interface dynamics, macro- and microstructural evolution, and defect formation. Supported by ground-based investigations, a major thrust is to develop and refine robust computational tools based on theoretical and applied approaches. This work is accomplished in conjunction with experiments designed for precise model validation with application to a broad range of industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - L Battezzati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Centro NIS, Università di Torino, Via P, Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - P K Galenko
- Otto-Schott-Institut für Materialforschung, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ch-A Gandin
- MINES Paris, PSL University, CEMEF UMR CNRS 7635, CS10207, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - A K Gangopadhyay
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
| | - H Henein
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - K F Kelton
- Department of Physics and the Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
| | - M Kolbe
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170, Köln, Germany
| | - J Valloton
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - S C Vogel
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - T Volkmann
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170, Köln, Germany
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2
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Paleti SHK, Hultmark S, Han J, Wen Y, Xu H, Chen S, Järsvall E, Jalan I, Villalva DR, Sharma A, Khan JI, Moons E, Li R, Yu L, Gorenflot J, Laquai F, Müller C, Baran D. Hexanary blends: a strategy towards thermally stable organic photovoltaics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4608. [PMID: 37528112 PMCID: PMC10393981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-fullerene based organic solar cells display a high initial power conversion efficiency but continue to suffer from poor thermal stability, especially in case of devices with thick active layers. Mixing of five structurally similar acceptors with similar electron affinities, and blending with a donor polymer is explored, yielding devices with a power conversion efficiency of up to 17.6%. The hexanary device performance is unaffected by thermal annealing of the bulk-heterojunction active layer for at least 23 days at 130 °C in the dark and an inert atmosphere. Moreover, hexanary blends offer a high degree of thermal stability for an active layer thickness of up to 390 nm, which is advantageous for high-throughput processing of organic solar cells. Here, a generic strategy based on multi-component acceptor mixtures is presented that permits to considerably improve the thermal stability of non-fullerene based devices and thus paves the way for large-area organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Jianhua Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanfan Wen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Han Xu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Si Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ishita Jalan
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
| | - Diego Rosas Villalva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jafar I Khan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Julien Gorenflot
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden.
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 2395 5-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Louzguine-Luzgin DV. Structural Changes in Metallic Glass-Forming Liquids on Cooling and Subsequent Vitrification in Relationship with Their Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7285. [PMID: 36295350 PMCID: PMC9610435 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present review is related to the studies of structural changes observed in metallic glass-forming liquids on cooling and subsequent vitrification in terms of radial distribution function and its analogues. These structural changes are discussed in relationship with liquid's properties, especially the relaxation time and viscosity. These changes are found to be directly responsible for liquid fragility: deviation of the temperature dependence of viscosity of a supercooled liquid from the Arrhenius equation through modification of the activation energy for viscous flow. Further studies of this phenomenon are necessary to provide direct mathematical correlation between the atomic structure and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Louzguine-Luzgin
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
- MathAM-OIL, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Cao X, Sun M. Influence of the interatomic repulsive hardness on the microstructure and dynamics of CuZr metallic glasses. J Mol Model 2022; 28:265. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hultmark S, Cravcenco A, Kushwaha K, Mallick S, Erhart P, Börjesson K, Müller C. Vitrification of octonary perylene mixtures with ultralow fragility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabi4659. [PMID: 34272241 PMCID: PMC8284888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong glass formers with a low fragility are highly sought-after because of the technological importance of vitrification. In the case of organic molecules and polymers, the lowest fragility values have been reported for single-component materials. Here, we establish that mixing of organic molecules can result in a marked reduction in fragility. Individual bay-substituted perylene derivatives display a high fragility of more than 70. Instead, slowly cooled perylene mixtures with more than three components undergo a liquid-liquid transition and turn into a strong glass former. Octonary perylene mixtures display a fragility of 13 ± 2, which not only is a record low value for organic molecules but also lies below values reported for the strongest known inorganic glass formers. Our work opens an avenue for the design of ultrastrong organic glass formers, which can be anticipated to find use in pharmaceutical science and organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alex Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mallick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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6
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The bond strength–coordination number fluctuation model of viscosity: Concept and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Ojovan MI, Louzguine-Luzgin DV. Revealing Structural Changes at Glass Transition via Radial Distribution Functions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3186-3194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Ojovan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM), Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- MathAM-OIL, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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8
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Kamaeva L, Ryltsev R, Lad‘yanov V, Chtchelkatchev N. Viscosity, undercoolability and short-range order in quasicrystal-forming Al-Cu-Fe melts. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Janssen LMC. Active glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503002. [PMID: 31469099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active glassy matter has recently emerged as a novel class of non-equilibrium soft matter, combining energy-driven, active particle movement with dense and disordered glass-like behavior. Here we review the state-of-the-art in this field from an experimental, numerical, and theoretical perspective. We consider both non-living and living active glassy systems, and discuss how several hallmarks of glassy dynamics (dynamical slowdown, fragility, dynamical heterogeneity, violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation, and aging) are manifested in such materials. We start by reviewing the recent experimental evidence in this area of research, followed by an overview of the main numerical simulation studies and physical theories of active glassy matter. We conclude by outlining several open questions and possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Dai R, Ashcraft R, Kelton KF. A possible structural signature of the onset of cooperativity in metallic liquids. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:204502. [PMID: 29865850 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely, although not universally, believed that there must be a connection between liquid dynamics and the structure. Previous supporting studies, for example, have demonstrated a link between the structural evolution in the liquid and kinetic fragility. Here, new results are presented that strengthen the evidence for a connection. By combining the results from high-energy synchrotron X-ray scattering studies of containerlessly processed supercooled liquids with viscosity measurements, an accelerated rate of structural ordering beyond the nearest neighbors in the liquid is demonstrated to correlate with the temperature at which the viscosity transitions from Arrhenius to super-Arrhenius behavior. This is the first confirmation of predictions from several recent molecular dynamics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dai
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - R Ashcraft
- Department of Physics and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - K F Kelton
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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11
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Pueblo CE, Sun M, Kelton KF. Strength of the repulsive part of the interatomic potential determines fragility in metallic liquids. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:792-796. [PMID: 28692041 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamical behaviour of liquids is frequently characterized by the fragility, which can be defined from the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity, η (ref. ). For a strong liquid, the activation energy for η changes little with cooling towards the glass transition temperature, Tg. The change is much greater in fragile liquids, with the activation energy becoming very large near Tg. While fragility is widely recognized as an important concept-believed, for example, to play an important role in glass formation-the microscopic origin of fragility is poorly understood. Here, we present new experimental evidence showing that fragility reflects the strength of the repulsive part of the interatomic potential, which can be determined from the steepness of the pair distribution function near the hard-sphere cutoff. On the basis of an analysis of scattering data from ten different metallic alloy liquids, we show that stronger liquids have steeper repulsive potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Pueblo
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Minhua Sun
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Physics, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150025, China
| | - K F Kelton
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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