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Yang Q, Gong Z, Xiao S, Zhang D, Ma L. Establishing Ohmic Contact of a Radial Compressed CNT Bundle with High Work Function Metal. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10460-10467. [PMID: 38441484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Establishing low-resistance ohmic contact is critical for developing electronic devices based on traditional silicon and new low-dimensional materials. Due to unprecedented electronic and mechanical properties, the one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as source/drain, gate, or tunnel to fabricate transistors. However, the mechanism causing low-resistance ohmic contact is not clear yet. Here, the hybrid atomic force microscopy-scanning electron microscopy (AFM-SEM) instrument was developed to establish lower-resistance ohmic contact between a radial compressed deformed multiwalled CNT bundle and high work function metal (platinum and gold). The radial compression structure under strong van der Waals attraction was in situ characterized through the SEM image to obtain the diameter and width and through AFM to get height and to perform nanoindentation, indicating that Pt has the smaller radial compression deformation. Molecular dynamics simulations exhibit that compared to Pt, a wider ribbon-like graphene layer formed when the radial compressed CNTs contacted with Au. The bond forming and electron orbital overlapping between C atoms of deformed CNTs and the high work function metal atom is beneficial for good electrical contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- College of Integrated Circuits, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhihao Gong
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Shungen Xiao
- School of Information Engineering, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Rafailović LD, Jovanović AZ, Gutić SJ, Wehr J, Rentenberger C, Trišović TL, Pašti IA. New Insights into the Metallization of Graphene-Supported Composite Materials-from 3D Cu-Grown Structures to Free-Standing Electrodeposited Porous Ni Foils. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4352-4362. [PMID: 35155928 PMCID: PMC8829920 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The conductivity and the state of the surface of supports are of vital importance for metallization via electrodeposition. In this study, we show that the metallization of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) can be carried out directly if the intermediate graphene oxide (GO) layer is chemically reduced on the CFRP surface. Notably, this approach utilizing only the chemically reduced GO as a conductive support allows us to obtain insights into the interaction of rGO and the electrodeposited metal. Our study reveals that under the same contact current experimental conditions, the electrodeposition of Cu and Ni on rGO follows significantly different deposition modes, resulting in the formation of three-dimensional (3D) and free-standing metallic foils, respectively. Considering that Ni adsorption energy is larger than Ni cohesive energy, it is expected that the adhesion of Ni on rGO@CFRP is enhanced compared to Cu. In contrast, the adhesion of deposited Ni is reduced, suggesting diffusion of H+ between rGO and CFRP, which promotes the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and results in the formation of free-standing Ni foils. We ascribe this phenomenon to the unique properties of rGO and the nature of Cu and Ni deposition from electrolytic baths. In the latter, the high adsorption energy of Ni on defective rGO along with HER is the key factor for the formation of the porous layer and free-standing foils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija D. Rafailović
- CEST,
Center of Electrochemical Surface Technology, Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt 2700, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Z. Jovanović
- Faculty
of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11158, Serbia
| | - Sanjin J. Gutić
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sarajevo, Zmaja od
Bosne 33-35, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jürgen Wehr
- Airbus
Defence and Space GmbH, Willy-Messerschmitt-Str. 1, Taufkirchen 82024, Germany
| | - Christian Rentenberger
- Faculty
of Physics, Physics of Nanostructured Materials, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tomislav Lj. Trišović
- Institute
of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Igor A. Pašti
- Faculty
of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11158, Serbia
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Qu J, Liu X. Recent Advances on SEM-Based In Situ Multiphysical Characterization of Nanomaterials. SCANNING 2021; 2021:4426254. [PMID: 34211620 PMCID: PMC8208868 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4426254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials possess exceptional mechanical, electrical, and optical properties which have significantly benefited their diverse applications to a variety of scientific and engineering problems. In order to fully understand their characteristics and further guide their synthesis and device application, the multiphysical properties of these nanomaterials need to be characterized accurately and efficiently. Among various experimental tools for nanomaterial characterization, scanning electron microscopy- (SEM-) based platforms provide merits of high imaging resolution, accuracy and stability, well-controlled testing conditions, and the compatibility with other high-resolution material characterization techniques (e.g., atomic force microscopy), thus, various SEM-enabled techniques have been well developed for characterizing the multiphysical properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize existing SEM-based platforms for nanomaterial multiphysical (mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical) in situ characterization, outline critical experimental challenges for nanomaterial optical characterization in SEM, and discuss potential demands of the SEM-based platforms to characterizing multiphysical properties of the nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntian Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology & Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipments and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Yang Q, Ma L, Xiao S, Zhang D, Djoulde A, Ye M, Lin Y, Geng S, Li X, Chen T, Sun L. Electrical Conductivity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Bundles Contacting with Metal Electrodes by Nano Manipulators inside SEM. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051290. [PMID: 34068361 PMCID: PMC8153315 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Determining the metallicity and semiconductivity of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundle plays a particularly vital role in its interconnection with the metal electrode of an integrated circuit. In this paper, an effective method is proposed to determine the electrical transport properties of an MWCNT bundle using a current-voltage characteristic curve during its electrical breakdown. We established the reliable electrical nanoscale contact between the MWCNT bundle and metal electrode using a robotic manipulation system under scanning electron microscope (SEM) vacuum conditions. The experimental results show that the current-voltage curve appears as saw-tooth-like current changes including up and down steps, which signify the conductance and breakdown of carbon shells in the MWCNT bundle, respectively. Additionally, the power law nonlinear behavior of the current-voltage curve indicates that the MWCNT bundle is semiconducting. The molecular dynamics simulation explains that the electron transport between the inner carbon shells, between the outermost carbon shells and gold metal electrode and between the outermost carbons shells of two adjacent individual three-walled carbon nanotubes (TWCNTs) is through their radial deformation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the electron transport mechanism between the gold surface and double-wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) and between the inner and outermost carbon shells of DWCNT using the charge density difference, electrostatic potential and partial density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Li Ma
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (T.C.)
| | - Shungen Xiao
- School of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (T.C.)
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China;
| | - Aristide Djoulde
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Maosheng Ye
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Yini Lin
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Songchao Geng
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Q.Y.); (A.D.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Xuan Li
- Robotics and Microsystems Centre, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (T.C.)
| | - Tao Chen
- Robotics and Microsystems Centre, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (T.C.)
| | - Lining Sun
- Robotics and Microsystems Centre, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China;
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Zhao P, Zhang Y, Tang S, Zhan R, She J, Chen J, Deng S. A Universal Method to Weld Individual One-Dimensional Nanostructures with a Tungsten Needle Based on Synergy of the Electron Beam and Electrical Current. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030469. [PMID: 32150896 PMCID: PMC7153624 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are extensively used in the design of novel electronic devices, sensors, and energy devices. One of the major challenges faced by the electronics industry is the problem of contact between the 1D nanostructure and electrode, which can limit or even jeopardize device operations. Herein, a universal method that can realize good Ohmic and mechanical contact between an individual 1D nanostructure and a tungsten needle at sub-micron or micron scale is investigated and presented in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber with the synergy of an electron beam and electrical current flowing through the welded joint. The linear I‒V curves of five types of individual 1D nanostructures, characterized by in-situ electrical measurements, demonstrate that most of them demonstrate good Ohmic contact with the tungsten needle, and the results of in-situ tensile measurements demonstrate that the welded joints possess excellent mechanical performance. By simulation analysis using the finite element method, it is proved that the local heating effect, which is mainly produced by the electrical current flowing through the welded joints during the welding process, is the key factor in achieving good Ohmic contact.
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Chen YZ, You YT, Chen PJ, Li D, Su TY, Lee L, Shih YC, Chen CW, Chang CC, Wang YC, Hong CY, Wei TC, Ho JC, Wei KH, Shen CH, Chueh YL. Environmentally and Mechanically Stable Selenium 1D/2D Hybrid Structures for Broad-Range Photoresponse from Ultraviolet to Infrared Wavelengths. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35477-35486. [PMID: 30107132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is one of the potential candidates as photodetector because of its outstanding properties such as high photoconductivity (∼8 × 104 S cm-1), piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity, and nonlinear optical responses. Solution phase synthesis becomes an efficient way to produce Se, but a contamination issue that could deteriorate the electric characteristic of Se should be taken into account. In this work, a facile, controllable approach of synthesizing Se nanowires (NWs)/films via a plasma-assisted growth process was demonstrated at the low substrate temperature of 100 °C. The detailed formation mechanisms of nanowires arrays to thin films at different plasma powers were investigated. Moreover, indium (In) layer was used to enhance the adhesive strength with 50% improvement on a SiO2/Si substrate by mechanical interlocking and surface alloying between Se and In layers, indicating great tolerance for mechanical stress for future wearable devices applications. Furthermore, the direct growth of Se NWs/films on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate was demonstrated, exhibiting a visible to broad infrared detection ranges from 405 to 1555 nm with a high on/off ratio of ∼700 as well as the fast response time less than 25 ms. In addition, the devices exhibited fascinating stability in the atmosphere over one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ze Chen
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yen-Ting You
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Pin-Jung Chen
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Dapan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Teng-Yu Su
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ling Lee
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yu-Chuan Shih
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Chen Chang
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yi-Chung Wang
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
| | | | | | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Kung-Hwa Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Chang-Hong Shen
- National Nano Device Laboratories (NDL) , Hsinchu 30078 , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yu-Lun Chueh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metals in Gansu Province , Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou City 730050 , Gansu Province , P. R. China
- Department of Physics , National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan , ROC
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7
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Qu J, Liu X. Investigating the impact of SEM chamber conditions and imaging parameters on contact resistance of in situ nanoprobing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:345702. [PMID: 28617673 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa79ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the impact of vacuum chamber conditions (cleanliness level and vacuum pressure) and imaging parameters (magnification and acceleration voltage) of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the contact resistance of two-point in situ nanoprobing of nanomaterials. Using two typical types of conductive nanoprobe, two-point nanoprobing is performed on silicon nanowires, during which changing trends of the nanoprobing contact resistance with the SEM chamber conditions and imaging parameters are quantified. The mechanisms underlying the experimental observations are also explained. Through systematically adjusting the experimental parameters, the probe-sample contact resistance is significantly reduced from the mega-ohm level to the kilo-ohm level. The experimental results can serve as a guideline to evaluate electrical contacts of nanoprobing and instruct how to reduce the contact resistance in SEM-based, two-point nanoprobing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntian Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
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8
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Zhu W, Zhang Y, Xu N, Tan Y, Zhan R, Shen Y, Xu Z, Bai X, Chen J, She J, Deng S. Epitaxial growth of multiwall carbon nanotube from stainless steel substrate and effect on electrical conduction and field emission. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:305704. [PMID: 28681729 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa780c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The epitaxial growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is an important subject of research. Recent attention has been paid to finding new strategies for the controlled growth of single-wall CNTs with a defined chirality. In addition, many potential applications require multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) to grow vertically from the substrate and the interface property is crucial. Here, we report for the first time that MWCNTs can grow directly from the surface of a substrate by epitaxy, based on the experimental study of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes on a large-area stainless steel substrate, which is a very useful system for electrical and mechanical applications. In particular, evidence is given of the lattice matching between the MWCNT and the lattice of a hexagonal Cr2O3: (Fe, Mn) film formed on the surface of the substrate. Furthermore, a method is developed to increase the density of the MWCNTs; a mechanism of simultaneous top and bottom growth is proposed. The resultant significantly improved electrical transport and field emission properties are also presented, showing the Ohmic contact for electrical conduction and high performance in resisting the catastrophic cold-cathode vacuum breakdown of the CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Shi C, Luu DK, Yang Q, Liu J, Chen J, Ru C, Xie S, Luo J, Ge J, Sun Y. Recent advances in nanorobotic manipulation inside scanning electron microscopes. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:16024. [PMID: 31057824 PMCID: PMC6444728 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides real-time imaging with nanometer resolution and a large scanning area, which enables the development and integration of robotic nanomanipulation systems inside a vacuum chamber to realize simultaneous imaging and direct interactions with nanoscaled samples. Emerging techniques for nanorobotic manipulation during SEM imaging enable the characterization of nanomaterials and nanostructures and the prototyping/assembly of nanodevices. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advances in nanorobotic manipulation, including the development of nanomanipulation platforms, tools, changeable toolboxes, sensing units, control strategies, electron beam-induced deposition approaches, automation techniques, and nanomanipulation-enabled applications and discoveries. The limitations of the existing technologies and prospects for new technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Devin K Luu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Qinmin Yang
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Changhai Ru
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Shaorong Xie
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ji Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
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Lavkova J, Khalakhan I, Chundak M, Vorokhta M, Potin V, Matolin V, Matolinova I. Growth and composition of nanostructured and nanoporous cerium oxide thin films on a graphite foil. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4038-4047. [PMID: 25652943 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and composition of CeOx films prepared by r.f. magnetron sputtering on a graphite foil have been investigated mainly by using microscopy methods. This study presents the formation of nanocrystalline layers with porous structure due to the modification of a carbon support and the formation of cerium carbide crystallites as a result of the deposition process. Chemical analyses of the layers with different thicknesses performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have pointed to the reduction of the cerium oxide layers. In the deposited layers, cerium was present in mixed Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) valence. Ce(3+) species were located mainly at the graphite foil-CeOx interface and the chemical state of cerium was gradually changing to Ce(4+) going to the layer surface. It became more stoichiometric in the case of thicker layers except for the surface region, where the presence of Ce(3+) was associated with oxygen vacancies on the surface of cerium oxide grains. The degree of cerium oxide reduction is discussed in the context of particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Lavkova
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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11
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Xu TT, Ning ZY, Shi TW, Fu MQ, Wang JY, Chen Q. A platform for in-situ multi-probe electronic measurements and modification of nanodevices inside a transmission electron microscope. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:225702. [PMID: 24830433 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/22/225702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new platform that enables in-situ four-probe electronic measurements, in-situ three-probe field-effect measurements, nanomanipulation, and in-situ modification of nanodevices inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The platform includes a specially designed chip-holder and a silicon (Si) chip with suspended metal electrodes. The chip-holder can hold one Si chip with a size up to 3 mm × 3 mm and provides four electrical connections that can be connected to the micrometer-sized electrodes on the Si chip by wire-bonding. The other side of the electrical connections on the chip-holder is connected to the electronic instruments outside the TEM through a commercial Nanofactory SPM-TEM holder. The Si chip with suspended metal electrodes on one of its edges was fabricated by lithography and wet etching. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), InAs nanowires, and tungsten disulfide nanowires were placed to stride over and connect to the suspended electrodes on the Si chip by nanomanipulations inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). By using the platform, I-V curves of an individual single-walled CNT connecting to four electrodes were in-situ measured between any two of the four suspended electrodes, and a high-resolution TEM image of the same CNT was obtained. Furthermore, four-terminal I-V measurement on an InAs nanowire was achieved on this platform, and with a movable probe used as a gate electrode, field-effect measurement on the same InAs nanowire device was accomplished in SEM. In addition, by using the movable probe on the SPM-TEM holder, we could further in-situ modify nanomaterial and nanodevices. The present work demonstrates a method that allows a direct correlation between the atomic-level structure and the electronic property of nanomaterials or nanodevices whose structure can be further modified in-situ.
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Karimi H, Ahmadi MT, Khosrowabadi E, Rahmani R, Saeidimanesh M, Ismail R, Naghib SD, Akbari E. Analytical prediction of liquid-gated graphene nanoscroll biosensor performance. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Gorrasi G, D'Ambrosio S, Patimo G, Pantani R. Hybrid clay-carbon nanotube/PET composites: Preparation, processing, and analysis of physical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Ambrosio
- Department of Physics; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Giovanni Patimo
- Department of Physics; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano Salerno Italy
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Koch S, Joshi RK, Noyong M, Timper J, Schneider JJ, Simon U. Hierarchical Structures of Carbon Nanotubes and Arrays of Chromium-Capped Silicon Nanopillars: Formation and Electrical Properties. Chemistry 2012; 18:11614-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Nakayama T, Kubo O, Shingaya Y, Higuchi S, Hasegawa T, Jiang CS, Okuda T, Kuwahara Y, Takami K, Aono M. Development and application of multiple-probe scanning probe microscopes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1675-92. [PMID: 22378596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the research of advanced materials based on nanoscience and nanotechnology, it is often desirable to measure nanoscale local electrical conductivity at a designated position of a given sample. For this purpose, multiple-probe scanning probe microscopes (MP-SPMs), in which two, three or four scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or atomic force microscope (AFM) probes are operated independently, have been developed. Each probe in an MP-SPM is used not only for observing high-resolution STM or AFM images but also for forming an electrical contact enabling nanoscale local electrical conductivity measurement. The world's first double-probe STM (DP-STM) developed by the authors, which was subsequently modified to a triple-probe STM (TP-STM), has been used to measure the conductivities of one-dimensional metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes and also two-dimensional molecular films. A quadruple-probe STM (QP-STM) has also been developed and used to measure the conductivity of two-dimensional molecular films without the ambiguity of contact resistance between the probe and sample. Moreover, a quadruple-probe AFM (QP-AFM) with four conductive tuning-fork-type self-detection force sensing probes has been developed to measure the conductivity of a nanostructure on an insulating substrate. A general-purpose computer software to control four probes at the same time has also been developed and used in the operation of the QP-AFM. These developments and applications of MP-SPMs are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Nakayama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Kurra N, Bhadram VS, Narayana C, Kulkarni GU. Field-effect transistors based on thermally treated electron beam-induced carbonaceous patterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1030-1036. [PMID: 22239561 DOI: 10.1021/am201668v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam-induced carbonaceous deposition (EBICD) derived from residual hydrocarbons in the vacuum chamber has many fascinating properties. It is known to be chemically complex but robust, structurally amorphous, and electrically insulating. The present study is an attempt to gain more insight into its chemical and electrical nature based on detailed measurements such as Raman, XPS, TEM, and electrical. Interestingly, EBIC patterns are found to be blue fluorescent when excited with UV radiation, a property which owes much to sp(2) carbon clusters amidst sp(3) matrix. Temperature-dependent Raman and electrical measurements have confirmed the graphitization of the EBICD through the decomposition of functional groups above 300 °C. Finally, graphitized EBIC patterns have been employed as active p-type channel material in the field-effect transistors to obtain mobilities in the range of 0.2-4 cm(2)/V s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kurra
- Chemistry & Physics of Materials Unit and DST Unit on Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560 064, India
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17
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Gorrasi G, Bredeau S, Candia CD, Patimo G, Pasquale SD, Dubois P. Carbon nanotube-filled ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers: from in situ
catalyzed polymerization to high-performance electro-conductive nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (Salerno)
| | | | - Chiara Di Candia
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (Salerno)
| | - Giovanni Patimo
- Department of Physics “E.R. Caianiello”; University of Salerno; via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (Salerno)
| | - Salvatore De Pasquale
- Department of Physics “E.R. Caianiello”; University of Salerno; via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (Salerno)
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Centre of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials; University of Mons - UMONS; Place du Parc 23 7000 Mons - Belgium
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18
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VIJAYKUMAR T, KURRA NARENDRA, KULKARNI GU. ELECTRON BEAM INDUCED CARBONACEOUS DEPOSITION AS A LOCAL DIELECTRIC FOR CNT CIRCUITS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x11008757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the electrical nature of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from a collection requires establishing electrical contacts across individual CNTs lying on a dielectric layer. In this work, it is shown how a dielectric layer may be inserted underneath a chosen CNT. This has been accomplished by the electron beam induced carbonaceous deposition process in the presence of moisture and residual hydrocarbons present in the SEM chamber. When performed at a CNT location on a Si substrate, the CNT instead of getting buried underneath is found to be lifted on top of the carbonaceous platform, as if due to nonwetting nature of CNT surface. By fixing one end of the CNT on the Ag/Si substrate using a Pt deposit and lifting rest of the length to lie on a carbonaceous platform, the I–V data from nanotubes of varying resistances have been collected using conducting AFM. The chosen nanotubes have also been examined by Raman measurements. The method is particularly useful while working with a random collection of nanotubes resulting from a chemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. VIJAYKUMAR
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and DST Unit on Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - NARENDRA KURRA
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and DST Unit on Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - G. U. KULKARNI
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and DST Unit on Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560 064, India
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Higuchi S, Kubo O, Kuramochi H, Aono M, Nakayama T. A quadruple-scanning-probe force microscope for electrical property measurements of microscopic materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:285205. [PMID: 21659691 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/28/285205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four-terminal electrical measurement is realized on a microscopic structure in air, without a lithographic process, using a home-built quadruple-scanning-probe force microscope (QSPFM). The QSPFM has four probes whose positions are individually controlled by obtaining images of a sample in the manner of atomic force microscopy (AFM), and uses the probes as contacting electrodes for electrical measurements. A specially arranged tuning fork probe (TFP) is used as a self-detection force sensor to operate each probe in a frequency modulation AFM mode, resulting in simultaneous imaging of the same microscopic feature on an insulator using the four TFPs. Four-terminal electrical measurement is then demonstrated in air by placing each probe electrode in contact with a graphene flake exfoliated on a silicon dioxide film, and the sheet resistance of the flake is measured by the van der Pauw method. The present work shows that the QSPFM has the potential to measure the intrinsic electrical properties of a wide range of microscopic materials in situ without electrode fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Higuchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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20
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Chen Q, Peng LM. Fabrication and electric measurements of nanostructures inside transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:948-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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The effect of amorphous carbon layer on the field emission characteristics of carbon nanotube film. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 111:426-30. [PMID: 21159440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) has excellent field emission characteristics and could play as a good cold cathode in the application of vacuum electronic devices. However, the practical application faces a big obstacle regarding current fluctuation and deterioration of the CNT cathode. In this research, the formation of amorphous carbon (ac) layer between the CNT film and the substrate, and the effect of the existence of this layer on field emission stability of the CNT film are studied. The formation of the ac layer could be controlled by adjustment of growth temperature and hydrocarbon flow rate. The field emission character and current stability of the CNT film without ac layer are better than those of the CNT film with ac layer. The results attribute to the ac layer a thermal disequilibrium state under high current level. Moreover, adhesion capacity of the CNT film without ac layer is also better than that with the ac layer. It is concluded that the ac layer between the CNT film and substrate is a key factor in the stability of field emission characteristics and should be eliminated before applications.
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23
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Beyer A, Gölzhäuser A. Low energy electron point source microscopy: beyond imaging. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:343001. [PMID: 21403244 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/34/343001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low energy electron point source (LEEPS) microscopy has the capability to record in-line holograms at very high magnifications with a fairly simple set-up. After the holograms are numerically reconstructed, structural features with the size of about 2 nm can be resolved. The achievement of an even higher resolution has been predicted. However, a number of obstacles are known to impede the realization of this goal, for example the presence of electric fields around the imaged object, electrostatic charging or radiation induced processes. This topical review gives an overview of the achievements as well as the difficulties in the efforts to shift the resolution limit of LEEPS microscopy towards the atomic level. A special emphasis is laid on the high sensitivity of low energy electrons to electrical fields, which limits the structural determination of the imaged objects. On the other hand, the investigation of the electrical field around objects of known structure is very useful for other tasks and LEEPS microscopy can be extended beyond the task of imaging. The determination of the electrical resistance of individual nanowires can be achieved by a proper analysis of the corresponding LEEPS micrographs. This conductivity imaging may be a very useful application for LEEPS microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Beyer
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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24
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Nirmalraj PN, Boland JJ. Selective tuning and optimization of the contacts to metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3801-3806. [PMID: 20560537 DOI: 10.1021/nn100432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Conductance imaging atomic force microscopy was used to probe the electrical interface between single-walled carbon nanotubes and metal electrodes. The contact resistance was optimized by applying a local voltage pulse (approximately 2 s) using a conductive probe with controlled loading force to the region of the metal electrode contacting the nanotube. Using this technique, we show that Pd forms superior contacts, resulting in contact resistance values that are among the lowest ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Nirmalraj
- School of Chemistry and Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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25
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Weber DH, Beyer A, Völkel B, Gölzhäuser A. Visualization of the electrical conductivity of freestanding nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1264-1267. [PMID: 20486232 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H Weber
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Gong W, Xue J, Zhuang Q, Wu X, Xu S. Fabrication of nanochannels with water-dissolvable nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:195302. [PMID: 20400822 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/19/195302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report here a template method for the fabrication of nanochannels with water-dissolvable NaNH(4)Mo(3)O(10).H(2)O nanowires as the sacrificial material. By using these nanowires, which have diameters ranging from 20 to 150 nm and lengths up to a hundred microns, we have demonstrated that it is possible to obtain nanochannels with the desired shape of cross section, and desired types of channel material, such as metals and oxides. This technique shows a good potential for the development of various microfluidic and nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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27
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Wei X, Chen Q, Peng L, Cui R, Li Y. In situ measurements on individual thin carbon nanotubes using nanomanipulators inside a scanning electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 110:182-9. [PMID: 19962243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Ryan PM, Verhulst AS, Cott D, Romo-Negreira A, Hantschel T, Boland JJ. Optimization of multi-walled carbon nanotube-metal contacts by electrical stressing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:045705. [PMID: 20009205 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental data on the contact resistances of three different metal probes, tungsten, palladium and indium, with chemical vapour deposited (CVD) multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We demonstrate that there is an irreversible modification of the contacts following electrical stressing whereby the circuit resistance converges towards its optimal value prior to current-induced tube failure. Once the probe-MWCNT contact is broken, subsequent recontact experiments reveal that the circuit resistance returns to its initial high level, demonstrating that the modification occurs at the probe contact location and not elsewhere in the circuit. Contact studies with the different metals reveal that Pd metal provides the lowest resistance contact to the MWCNT in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ryan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland.
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29
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Long Y, Duvail J, Li M, Gu C, Liu Z, Ringer SP. Electrical conductivity studies on individual conjugated polymer nanowires: two-probe and four-probe results. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 5:237-242. [PMID: 20652139 PMCID: PMC2893969 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two- and four-probe electrical measurements on individual conjugated polymer nanowires with different diameters ranging from 20 to 190 nm have been performed to study their conductivity and nanocontact resistance. The two-probe results reveal that all the measured polymer nanowires with different diameters are semiconducting. However, the four-probe results show that the measured polymer nanowires with diameters of 190, 95-100, 35-40 and 20-25 nm are lying in the insulating, critical, metallic and insulting regimes of metal-insulator transition, respectively. The 35-40 nm nanowire displays a metal-insulator transition at around 35 K. In addition, it was found that the nanocontact resistance is in the magnitude of 104Ω at room temperature, which is comparable to the intrinsic resistance of the nanowires. These results demonstrate that four-probe electrical measurement is necessary to explore the intrinsic electronic transport properties of isolated nanowires, especially in the case of metallic nanowires, because the metallic nature of the measured nanowires may be coved by the nanocontact resistance that cannot be excluded by a two-probe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunze Long
- College of Physics Science, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China.
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30
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Kane AA, Sheps T, Branigan ET, Apkarian VA, Cheng MH, Hemminger JC, Hunt SR, Collins PG. Graphitic electrical contacts to metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes using Pt electrodes. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3586-91. [PMID: 19754066 DOI: 10.1021/nl9017995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate electronic devices consisting of individual, metallic, single-walled carbon nanotubes contacted by Pt electrodes in a field effect transistor configuration, focusing on improvements to the metal-nanotube contact resistance as the devices are annealed in inert environments including ultrahigh vacuum. At moderate temperatures (T < 880 K), thermal processing results in high resistance contacts with thermally activated barriers. Higher temperatures (T > 880 K) achieve nearly transparent contacts. In the latter case, analytical surface measurements reveal the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons into graphene layers on the Pt surface, suggesting that improved electronic behavior is primarily due to the formation of an all-carbon nanotube-graphite interface rather than to the improvement of the nanotube-Pt one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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31
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Ciselli P, Zhang R, Wang Z, Reynolds CT, Baxendale M, Peijs T. Oriented UHMW-PE/CNT composite tapes by a solution casting-drawing process using mixed-solvents. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Shen J, Wang W, Chen Q, Wang M, Xu S, Zhou Y, Zhang XX. The fabrication of nanoelectrodes based on a single carbon nanotube. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:245307. [PMID: 19468163 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/24/245307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes are fabricated from individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) connected to tungsten probes or carbon fibers. The whole electrode was covered by an insulating HfO(2) layer except for a section of conducting CNT at the apex. The fabrication process includes mounting individual CNTs to the conductive support through nanomanipulation, coating the whole probe by a dielectric layer using atomic layer deposition and removing the dielectric layer at the apex through a nanomanipulation process. Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry measurements show the CNT nanoelectrode has similar electrochemical behavior to the widely used carbon fiber probe, but has a much smaller active electrode area and can provide much higher spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Li C, Gao M, Ding C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Chen Q, Peng LM. In situ comprehensive characterization of optoelectronic nanomaterials for device purposes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:175703. [PMID: 19420598 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/17/175703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have combined optical fiber probe and nanoprobe techniques in a scanning electron microscope, which enables in situ optical, electrical and structural characterization of optoelectronic nanomaterials and nanodevices. The nanoprobe technique, employing sharp metal tips, is used for in situ nano-manipulation, contact and electrical measurement. The fiber probe, coupled to a spectrometer or a laser and controlled by a nano-manipulator, allows local optical detection or excitation. We show in situ assembly of a light emitter and photodetector based on individual nanostructures, demonstrating the potential application of the above technique in building prototype optoelectronic devices and selecting suitable nanostructures for device purposes. In addition, the angular resolving power of the fiber probe detection is demonstrated to be useful for studying nanoscale waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Li
- Department of Electronics, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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34
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Costa PM, Fang X, Wang S, He Y, Bando Y, Mitome M, Zou J, Huang H, Golberg D. Two-probe electrical measurements in transmission electron microscopes-Behavioral control of tungsten microwires. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:93-100. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Passacantando M, Bussolotti F, Santucci S, Di Bartolomeo A, Giubileo F, Iemmo L, Cucolo AM. Field emission from a selected multiwall carbon nanotube. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:395701. [PMID: 21832602 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/39/395701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electron field emission characteristics of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes were investigated by a piezoelectric nanomanipulation system operating inside a scanning electron microscopy chamber. The experimental set-up ensures a precise evaluation of the geometric parameters (multiwalled carbon nanotube length and diameter and anode-cathode separation) of the field emission system. For several multiwalled carbon nanotubes, reproducible and quite stable emission current behaviour was obtained, with a dependence on the applied voltage well described by a series resistance modified Fowler-Nordheim model. A turn-on field of ∼30 V µm(-1) and a field enhancement factor of around 100 at a cathode-anode distance of the order of 1 µm were evaluated. Finally, the effect of selective electron beam irradiation on the nanotube field emission capabilities was extensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Passacantando
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila and INFN and CNR-INFM Laboratorio Regionale CASTI, Via Vetoio, 67010 Coppito (AQ), Italy
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36
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Costa PMFJ, Golberg D, Mitome M, Hampel S, Leonhardt A, Buchner B, Bando Y. Stepwise current-driven release of attogram quantities of copper iodide encapsulated in carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3120-3125. [PMID: 18729411 DOI: 10.1021/nl8012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated nanograins of copper iodide have been sequentially discharged from individual carbon nanotubes. Using a high resolution electron microscope equipped with a two-terminal electrical measurements unit, it was possible to manipulate the filling contents with precisions of a few attograms at a time. Changes in electrical resistance and filling ratio were followed in tandem and in real-time. It is shown that the pulsed release of the halide is directly related to the overall conductance of the filled nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M F J Costa
- Nanoscale Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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37
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Wei XL, Liu Y, Chen Q, Peng LM. Controlling electron-beam-induced carbon deposition on carbon nanotubes by Joule heating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:355304. [PMID: 21828844 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/35/355304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) of carbon on the surface of carbon nanotubes was well controlled by passing different electrical currents through the nanotubes. The control is due to Joule heating and the temperature of the carbon nanotubes was estimated. The deposition rate was found to increase and then decrease with the temperature and was maximized at about 310 K and approached zero at about 400 K. The method can be used to control the deposition rate of EBID in nanowelding and nanofabrication and to eliminate amorphous carbon contamination in in situ study of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Long Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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38
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Kahng YH, Choi J, Park BC, Kim DH, Choi JH, Lyou J, Ahn SJ. The role of an amorphous carbon layer on a multi-wall carbon nanotube attached atomic force microscope tip in making good electrical contact to a gold electrode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:195705. [PMID: 21825723 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/19/195705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) attached atomic force microscope (AFM) tips (MWNT tips) have good potential for use in AFM lithography. Good conducting MWNT tips are needed in such applications. However, characterizing the conductance of MWNT tips is nontrivial: making a good electrical contact between the MWNT and electrode is difficult. We observed that MWNT tips produced by hydrocarbon-deposition attachment usually do not make good electrical contacts to gold electrodes because of the thin and rough amorphous carbon layer on the MWNT that was unintentionally deposited during the attachment. We found that good contacts can be made if a more amorphous carbon layer is deposited to form a thick and smooth amorphous carbon layer on MWNTs. Good contact was made either by transformation of the amorphous carbon layer into a conducting or peel-off layer, exposing the bare MWNT surface. MWNT tips with an exposed MWNT surface showed the well-known high-current-flowing capacity and the stepped-cutting behavior of bare MWNTs. The peeling-off behavior of a thick amorphous carbon layer may be utilized in producing bare-surfaced MWNT tips that have good conductance and therefore are useful for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Ho Kahng
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, Korea
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Górzny ML, Walton AS, Wnęk M, Stockley PG, Evans SD. Four-probe electrical characterization of Pt-coated TMV-based nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:165704. [PMID: 21825656 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/16/165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electrical transport and structural properties of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based nanostructures have been studied. Electroless deposition was used to coat the TMV outer surface with a 13 nm thick homogeneous Pt layer. SEM, TEM and electrical characterization of the obtained nanostructures has been performed. Using four independently controlled scanning tunnelling microscope tips we were able to perform four-point probe resistance measurements on linear virus assemblies and demonstrate the continuous nature of the metallic coating. The measured resistivity values of the virial nanowires exceeded the bulk value by 10-100 times; notwithstanding this the coated structure allowed high current densities, of the order of 10(5)-10(8) A cm(-2). The four-probe technique proved to be useful for analysing the electrical properties of bio-inorganic nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Górzny
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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