1
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Zeng H, Li C, Dan Y, Lu Y, Sun W, Zhang S, Song Y. A comparative study of two-step anodization with one-step anodization at constant voltage. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:065603. [PMID: 34749349 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-step anodization has been widely used because it can produce highly self-organized anodic TiO2nanotubes, but the differences in morphology and current-time curve of one-step anodization and two-step anodization are rarely reported. Here, one-step anodization and two-step anodization were conducted at different voltages. By comparing the FESEM image of anodic TiO2nanotubes fabricated by one-step anodization and two-step anodization, it was found that the variation of morphology characteristics is same with voltage. The distinction of morphology and current-time curve between one-step anodization and two-step anodization at the same voltage were analyzed: the nanotube average growth rate and porosity of two-step anodization are greater than that of one-step anodization. In the current-time curve, the duration of stage I and stage II in two-step anodization are significantly shorter than one-step anodization. The traditional field-assisted dissolution theory cannot explain the three stages of the current-time curves and their physics meaning under different voltages in the same fluoride electrolyte. Here, the distinction between one-step anodization and two-step anodization was clarified successfully by the theories of ionic current and electronic current and oxygen bubble mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Dan
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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2
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Designing Carbon-Enriched Alumina Films Possessing Visible Light Absorption. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072700. [PMID: 35408032 PMCID: PMC9000503 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum anodization in an aqueous solution of formic acid and sodium vanadate leads to the formation of alumina/carbon composite films. This process was optimized by varying the concentrations of formic acid and sodium vanadate, the pH, and the processing time in constant-voltage (60–100 V) or constant-current mode. As estimated, in this electrolyte, the anodizing conditions played a critical role in forming thick, nanoporous anodic films with surprisingly high carbon content up to 17 at.%. The morphology and composition of these films were examined by scanning electron microscopy, ellipsometry, EDS mapping, and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry. For the analysis of incorporated carbon species, X-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies were applied, indicating the presence of carbon in both the sp2 and the sp3 states. For these films, the Tauc plots derived from the experimental diffuse reflectance spectra revealed an unprecedentedly low bandgap (Eg) of 1.78 eV compared with the characteristic Eg values of alumina films formed in solutions of other carboxylic acids under conventional anodization conditions and visible-light absorption.
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3
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Choudhari KS, Choi CH, Chidangil S, George SD. Recent Progress in the Fabrication and Optical Properties of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030444. [PMID: 35159789 PMCID: PMC8838176 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of a thick oxide layer onto an aluminum surface via anodization has been a subject of intense research activity for more than a century, largely due to protective and decorative applications. The capability to create well-defined pores via a cost-effective electrochemical oxidation technique onto the surface has made a major renaissance in the field, as the porous surfaces exhibit remarkably different properties compared to a bulk oxide layer. Amongst the various nanoporous structures being investigated, nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) with well-organized and highly ordered hexagonal honeycomb-like pores has emerged as the most popular nanomaterial due to its wide range of applications, ranging from corrosion resistance to bacterial repelling surfaces. As compared to conventional nanostructure fabrication, the electrochemical anodization route of NAA with well-controlled pore parameters offers an economical route for fabricating nanoscale materials. The review comprehensively reflects the progress made in the fabrication route of NAA to obtain the material with desired pore properties, with a special emphasis on self-organization and pore growth kinetics. Detailed accounts of the various conditions that can play an important role in pore growth kinetics and pore parameters are presented. Further, recent developments in the field of controlling optical properties of NAA are discussed. A critical outlook on the future trends of the fabrication of NAA and its optical properties on the emerging nanomaterials, sensors, and devices are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoobaram S. Choudhari
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
- Correspondence: (K.S.C.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Chang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA;
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Sajan D. George
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (K.S.C.); (S.D.G.)
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4
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Peculiarities of Aluminum Anodization in AHAs-Based Electrolytes: Case Study of the Anodization in Glycolic Acid Solution. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185362. [PMID: 34576586 PMCID: PMC8468596 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anodization of aluminum (Al) in three alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs): glycolic (GC), malic (MC), and citric (CC), was analyzed. Highly ordered pores in GC were obtained for the first time. However, the hexagonal cells were characterized by a non-uniform size distribution. Although common features of current density behavior are visible, the anodization in AHAs demonstrates some peculiarities. The electric conductivity (σ) of 0.5 M GC, MC, and CC electrolytes was in the following order: σ(CC) > σ(MC) > σ(GC), in accordance with the acid strength pKa(CC) < pKa(MC) < pKa(GC). However, the anodization voltage, under which a self-organized pore formation in anodic alumina (AAO) was observed (Umax), decreased with increasing pKa: Umax(CC) > Umax(MC) ≥ Umax(GC). This unusual behavior is most probably linked with the facility of acid ions to complex Al and the active participation of the Al complexes in the AAO formation. Depending on the AHA, its tendency and different modes to coordinate Al ions, the contribution of stable Al complexes to the AAO growth is different. It can be concluded that the structure of Al complexes, their molecular mass, and the ability to lose electrons play more important roles in the AAO formation than pKa values of AHAs.
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5
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Jagminas A, Grincienė G, Selskis A, Chernyakova K. Cleavage of alumina cells in organic acid solutions during high voltage anodization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14941-14944. [PMID: 31236548 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The split effect of porous alumina cells with the formation of nanotubular films has been reported in several papers, however, many unclear aspects of such growth still remain. In this study, the possible mechanism of alumina nanotube formation in an aqueous solution of tartaric acid was proposed. According to SEM, EDX, and XPS studies, entrapment of carbonaceous species in large amounts, especially at the back-side, proceeds due to cleavage of the barrier layer at extremely high current density. The transport of anions through these gaps to the metal|film interface and reduction therein leads to the formation of a composite film with alumina/carbon/graphene oxide nanoplatelet caps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Jagminas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Giedrė Grincienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Algis Selskis
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Katsiaryna Chernyakova
- Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, P. Brovka Str. 6, 220013 Minsk, Belarus
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6
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Im H, Jeong SH, Park DH, Kim S, Hong YK. Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29053698 DOI: 10.3791/56432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental sciences and industrial applications owing to their periodic arrangement of nanopores with relatively high aspect ratio. However, the techniques reported so far, which could be only valid for mono-surface anodization, show critical disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming as well as complicated procedures, requiring toxic chemicals, and wasting valuable natural resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile, efficient, and environmentally clean method to fabricate nanoporous AAOs in sulfuric and oxalic acid electrolytes, which can overcome the limitations that result from conventional AAO fabricating methods. First, plural AAOs are produced at one time through simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization (SMSA), indicating mass-producibility of the AAOs with comparable qualities. Second, those AAOs can be separated from the aluminum (Al) substrate by applying stair-like reverse biases (SRBs) in the same electrolyte used for the SMSAs, implying simplicity and green technological characteristics. Finally, a unit sequence consisting of the SMSAs sequentially combined with SRBs-based detachment can be applied repeatedly to the same Al substrate, which reinforces the advantages of this strategy and also guarantees the efficient usage of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Healin Im
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
| | - Seok Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
| | - Dong Hyuk Park
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering, Inha University;
| | - Sunkook Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
| | - Young Ki Hong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University;
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7
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Jeong SH, Im HL, Hong S, Park H, Baek J, Park DH, Kim S, Hong YK. Massive, eco-friendly, and facile fabrication of multi-functional anodic aluminum oxides: application to nanoporous templates and sensing platforms. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive, eco-friendly, and facile fabrications of AAOs are realized, which can be utilized as template for nanomaterials and sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hwan Jeong
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Lin Im
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seongin Hong
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyeong Park
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyeol Baek
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Park
- Department of Applied Organic Materials Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hong
- Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Republic of Korea
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8
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Effect of ethylene glycol on morphology of anodic alumina prepared in hard anodization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Jin R, Fan H, Liu Y, Ma W, Lu H, Yang P, Ma W. Formation Mechanism of Lotus-root-shaped Nanostructure during Two-step Anodization. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Vega V, García J, Montero-Moreno JM, Hernando B, Bachmann J, Prida VM, Nielsch K. Unveiling the Hard Anodization Regime of Aluminum: Insight into Nanopores Self-Organization and Growth Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28682-28692. [PMID: 26646814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pores growth mechanism and their self-ordering conditions are investigated for nanoporous alumina membranes synthesized by hard anodization (HA) of Al in a broad range of anodic conditions, covering oxalic acid electrolytes with concentrations from 0.300 M down to 0.075 M and potentiostatic anodization voltages between 120 and 225 V. The use of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with image analysis techniques allow one to characterize the intrinsic nature of the HA regime. HA of aluminum is explained on the basis of a phenomenological model taking into account the role of oxalate ions and their limited diffusion through alumina nanochannels from a bulk electrolyte. The depletion of oxalate ions at the bottom of the pores causes an increased growth of the alumina barrier layer at the oxide/electrolyte interface. Furthermore, an innovative method has been developed for the determination of the HA conditions leading to self-ordered pore growth in any given electrolyte, thus allowing one to extend the available range of interpore distances of the highly ordered hexagonal pore arrangement in a wide range of 240-507 nm, while keeping small pore diameters of 50-60 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Vega
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo , Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007-Oviedo, Asturias Spain
- Laboratorio de Membranas Nanoporosas, Universidad de Oviedo , Edif. Severo Ochoa, Campus del Cristo s/n. 33006-Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Javier García
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg , Jungiusstraße 11, 20355-Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josep M Montero-Moreno
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg , Jungiusstraße 11, 20355-Hamburg, Germany
| | - Blanca Hernando
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo , Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007-Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 1, 91058-Erlangen, Germany
| | - Víctor M Prida
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo , Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007-Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg , Jungiusstraße 11, 20355-Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Lin Y, Lin Q, Liu X, Gao Y, He J, Wang W, Fan Z. A Highly Controllable Electrochemical Anodization Process to Fabricate Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:495. [PMID: 26706687 PMCID: PMC4691247 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the broad applications of porous alumina nanostructures, research on fabrication of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) with nanoporous structure has triggered enormous attention. While fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous AAO with tunable geometric features has been widely reported, it is known that its growth rate can be easily affected by the fluctuation of process conditions such as acid concentration and temperature during electrochemical anodization process. To fabricate AAO with various geometric parameters, particularly, to realize precise control over pore depth for scientific research and commercial applications, a controllable fabrication process is essential. In this work, we revealed a linear correlation between the integrated electric charge flow throughout the circuit in the stable anodization process and the growth thickness of AAO membranes. With this understanding, we developed a facile approach to precisely control the growth process of the membranes. It was found that this approach is applicable in a large voltage range, and it may be extended to anodization of other metal materials such as Ti as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingfeng Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin He
- Peking University Shenzhen SOC Key Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen, 518051, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Li Y, Qin Y, Jin S, Hu X, Ling Z, Liu Q, Liao J, Chen C, Shen Y, Jin L. A new self-ordering regime for fast production of long-range ordered porous anodic aluminum oxide films. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Norek M, Dopierała M, Stępniowski WJ. Ethanol influence on arrangement and geometrical parameters of aluminum concaves prepared in a modified hard anodization for fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous alumina. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Lee W, Park SJ. Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide: Anodization and Templated Synthesis of Functional Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7487-556. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500002z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, 305-340 Daejeon, Korea
- Department
of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, 305-333 Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, 305-340 Daejeon, Korea
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15
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Seo EY, Choi SK, Shin IS, Kang WK. Fabrication and Characterization Nano Porous Anodic ZrO 2Membranes by Two-Step Anodizing. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2013.57.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Zhu X, Song Y, Yu D, Zhang C, Yao W. A novel nanostructure fabricated by an improved two-step anodizing technology. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Das G, Patra N, Gopalakrishnan A, Zaccaria RP, Toma A, Thorat S, Di Fabrizio E, Diaspro A, Salerno M. Fabrication of large-area ordered and reproducible nanostructures for SERS biosensor application. Analyst 2012; 137:1785-92. [PMID: 22354094 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a large-area SERS device with efficient fluorescence quenching capability. The substrate is based on anodic porous alumina templates with various pore size and wall thickness as small as 15 and 36 nm, respectively. The nano-patterned SERS substrate, with excellent control and reproducibility of plasmon-polaritons generation, shows very efficient enhanced Raman signal in the presence of intrinsically fluorescent molecules such as cresyl violet, rhodamine, and green fluorescent protein. This work demonstrates that, when the nanostructures are properly designed and fabricated, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy can be used in combination in order to obtain complementary molecular informations. Theoretical simulation shows excellent agreement with the experimental findings. The enhancement factor is found to be 10(3)-10(4), with respect to flat gold surface when the molecules are supposed to be closely packed, with considerable fluorescence suppression, showing a promising disposable biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobind Das
- Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genoa, Italy.
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18
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Yi L, Zhiyuan L, Xing H, Yisen L, Yi C. Investigation of intrinsic mechanisms of aluminium anodization processes by analyzing the current density. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Improved two-step anodization technique for ordered porous anodic aluminum membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Yi L, Zhiyuan L, Xing H, Yisen L, Yi C. Unique fusiform alumina nanotubes fabricated by combined anodization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2173-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Yi L, Zhiyuan L, Xing H, Yisen L, Yi C. Formation and microstructures of unique nanoporous AAO films fabricated by high voltage anodization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10781j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ding G, Yang R, Ding J, Yuan N, Zhu Y. Fabrication of porous anodic alumina with ultrasmall nanopores. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2010; 5:1257-63. [PMID: 20676199 PMCID: PMC2897034 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anodization of Al foil under low voltages of 1-10 V was conducted to obtain porous anodic aluminas (PAAs) with ultrasmall nanopores. Regular nanopore arrays with pore diameter 6-10 nm were realized in four different electrolytes under 0-30°C according to the AFM, FESEM, TEM images and current evolution curves. It is found that the pore diameter and interpore distance, as well as the barrier layer thickness, are not sensitive to the applied potentials and electrolytes, which is totally different from the rules of general PAA fabrication. The brand-new formation mechanism has been revealed by the AFM study on the samples anodized for very short durations of 2-60 s. It is discovered for the first time that the regular nanoparticles come into being under 1-10 V at the beginning of the anodization and then serve as a template layer dominating the formation of ultrasmall nanopores. Under higher potentials from 10 to 40 V, the surface nanoparticles will be less and less and nanopores transform into general PAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuQiao Ding
- Center for Low-Dimensional Materials, Micro-Nano Devices and System, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 1 Ge Hu Road, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy Source, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Center for Low-Dimensional Materials, Micro-Nano Devices and System, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 1 Ge Hu Road, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy Source, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - JianNing Ding
- Center for Low-Dimensional Materials, Micro-Nano Devices and System, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 1 Ge Hu Road, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy Source, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - NingYi Yuan
- Center for Low-Dimensional Materials, Micro-Nano Devices and System, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 1 Ge Hu Road, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy Source, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - YuanYuan Zhu
- Center for Low-Dimensional Materials, Micro-Nano Devices and System, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, 1 Ge Hu Road, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of New Energy Source, Changzhou, 213164, China
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Yi L, Zhiyuan L, Shuoshuo C, Xing H, Xinhua H. Novel AAO films and hollow nanostructures fabricated by ultra-high voltage hard anodization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:309-11. [DOI: 10.1039/b914703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Lim JH, Rotaru A, Min SG, Malkinski L, Wiley JB. Synthesis of mild–hard AAO templates for studying magnetic interactions between metal nanowires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Zhu XF, Song Y, Liu L, Wang CY, Zheng J, Jia HB, Wang XL. Electronic currents and the formation of nanopores in porous anodic alumina. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:475303. [PMID: 19875874 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/47/475303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation processes of barrier anodic alumina (BAA) and porous anodic alumina (PAA) are discussed in detail. The anodizing current J(T) within the oxide includes ionic current j(ion) and electronic current j(e) during the anodizing process. The j(ion) is used to form an oxide and the j(e) is used to give rise to oxygen gas or sparking. The j(e) results from the impurity centers within the oxide. For a given electrolyte, the j(e) is dependent on the impurity centers and independent of the J(T). The formation of nanopores can be ascribed to the oxygen evolution within the oxide. Oxygen gas will begin to be released at the critical thickness d(c). The manner of the development of PAA is in accordance with that of BAA. The differences between PAA and BAA are the magnitude of j(e) or the continuity of oxygen evolution. There are two competitive reactions, i.e. oxide growth (2Al3 + 3O2- --> Al2O3) and oxygen evolution (2O2- --> O2 up arrow + 4e). The former keeps the wall of the channel lengthened, the latter keeps the channel open. By controlling the release rate of oxygen gas under different pressures, the shape of the channels can be adjusted. The present results may open up some opportunities for fabricating special templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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26
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Losic D, Lillo M, Losic D. Porous alumina with shaped pore geometries and complex pore architectures fabricated by cyclic anodization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1392-7. [PMID: 19296559 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Losic
- Ian Wark Research Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes, Adelaide SA 5095, Australia.
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27
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Losic D, Losic D. Preparation of porous anodic alumina with periodically perforated pores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5426-31. [PMID: 19391576 DOI: 10.1021/la804281v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anodization of aluminum is an excellent nonlithographic alternative to conventional fabrication approaches for low-cost and large-scale synthesis of a variety of nanostructured materials. In this work, the preparation of anodic alumina oxide (AAO) with unique three-dimensional (3D) porous structures that consist of periodically perforated nanopores is reported. The fabrication method combines electrochemical anodization of aluminum and chemical etching. The key feature of this process is cyclic anodization where an oscillatory current signal was applied to create AAO with periodically shaped pore structures. Spatially specific dissolution of the pore walls was directed by modulated pore structures during chemical etching to generate hexagonally ordered arrays of holes with periodic distribution across the pore length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Losic
- University of South Australia, Ian Wark Research Institute, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
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28
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Salerno M, Patra N, Cingolani R. Use of ionic liquid in fabrication, characterization, and processing of anodic porous alumina. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:865-72. [PMID: 20596395 PMCID: PMC2894150 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two different ionic liquids have been tested in the electrochemical fabrication of anodic porous alumina in an aqueous solution of oxalic acid. It was found that during galvanostatic anodization of the aluminum at a current density of 200 mA/cm2, addition of 0.5% relative volume concentration of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoborate resulted in a three-fold increase of the growth rate, as compared to the bare acidic solution with the same acid concentration. This ionic liquid was also used successfully for an assessment of the wettability of the outer surface of the alumina, by means of liquid contact angle measurements. The results have been discussed and interpreted with the aid of atomic force microscopy. The observed wetting property allowed to use the ionic liquid for protection of the pores during a test removal of the oxide barrier layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salerno
- Nanobiotechnology Department, The Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy.
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