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Yuan X, Liu X. g-C 3N 4/TiO 2-B{100} heterostructures used as promising photocatalysts for water splitting from a hybrid density functional study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17703-17715. [PMID: 35838206 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01507b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of heterostructures has been shown to be a good strategy to improve photocatalytic performance. By using first-principles calculation based on hybrid density functionals, the photocatalytic mechanism of g-C3N4/TiO2-B{100} heterostructures is investigated to understand the process of water decomposition. We find that the reduction of the band gap of g-C3N4/TiO2-B{100} heterostructures enhances the visible light response range. g-C3N4/TiO2-B{100} heterostructures have direct band gaps, staggered band alignment, electron flow from g-C3N4 to TiO2-B{100} surfaces and straddling water decomposition potential, and are potential Z-scheme photocatalysts. Photoinduced carriers can be effectively separated using the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism. Our results demonstrate that g-C3N4/TiO2-B{100} heterostructures can enhance light absorption, prolong the life of photoinduced carriers, and further improve the photocatalytic activity. We believe that our findings can provide a reference for explaining the enhancement mechanism of the g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst as observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Yuan
- Center for Quantum Sciences and School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Center for Quantum Sciences and School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China. .,Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Educations, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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2
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Nano Ag0 decorated-silica matrix for the remediation of environmental pollutants: Visible-light driven Cr(VI) photoreduction, photodegradation of organic dye, nanomolar Hg2+ detection, and antimicrobial applications. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sahu P, Das D. Two-Step Visible Light Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Phenomena in Ag 2O-Impregnated ZnO Nanorods via Growth of Metallic Ag and Formation of ZnO/Ag 0/Ag 2O Heterojunction Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4503-4520. [PMID: 35390257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visible light photocatalytic activity follows the single-slope pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics in pristine ZnO nanorods, while for pure Ag2O, a two-slope paradigm is pursued with a higher slope at a later period. For the Ag2O-impregnated ZnO heterostructured nanorod photocatalyst, the two-step photocatalysis phenomena proceed with dye degradation rate constants emerging higher than those of individual ZnO and Ag2O, at both time zones. Improved performance of ZnO/Ag2O heterostructures arises initially from the reduced e-/h+ recombination rate by the synergistic effect between ZnO and Ag2O. At a later phase, metallic Ag is produced, which traps the valence electrons of Ag2O nanoparticles and advances the e-/h+ separation across the ZnO/Ag0/Ag2O heterojunction structures, rendering them promptly accessible for dye degradation. At an increased Ag2O loading, the photodegradation rate constants boost up in both time zones, and the corresponding crossover time (tC) between the two phases steadily diminishes, leading toward a unique photocatalytic phenomenon that prevails with a superior rate constant. The optimized ZAO25 heterostructure photocatalyst demonstrates ∼96.24% photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye within 30 min of visible light exposure, and its degradation rate constant is ∼0.24848 min-1, which is ∼26.75 times superior than that of pristine ZnO samples. The metal-induced biphasic photocatalysis phenomena have never been reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sahu
- Energy Research Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debajyoti Das
- Energy Research Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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4
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Moghazy MAEF, Taha GM. Effect of precursor chemistry on purity and characterization of CaCO 3 nanoparticles and its application for adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solutions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2056478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abd El-Fatah Moghazy
- Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Gharib Mahmoud Taha
- Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Samanta D, Basnet P, Jha S, Chatterjee S. Proficient Route in Synthesis of Glucose Stabilized Ag Modified ZnS Nanospheres for Mechanistic Understandings of Commercially used Dyes Degradation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rohilla S, Gupta A, Kumar V, Kumari S, Petru M, Amor N, Noman MT, Dalal J. Excellent UV-Light Triggered Photocatalytic Performance of ZnO.SiO 2 Nanocomposite for Water Pollutant Compound Methyl Orange Dye. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2548. [PMID: 34684989 PMCID: PMC8541141 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The photocatalytic activity of eco-friendly zinc oxide doped silica nanocomposites, synthesized via a co-precipitation method followed by heat-treatment at 300, 600, and 900 °C is investigated. The samples have been characterized by employing X-ray diffraction method, and further analyzed using the Rietveld Refinement method. The samples show a space group P63mc with hexagonal structure. The prepared composites are tested for their photocatalytic activities for the degradation of methyl orange-based water pollutants under ultra-violet (UV) irradiation using a 125 W mercury lamp. A systematic analysis of parameters such as the irradiation time, pH value, annealing temperatures, and the concentration of sodium hydroxide impacting the degradation of the methyl orange (MO) is carried out using UV-visible spectroscopy. The ZnO.SiO2 nanocomposite annealed at 300 °C at a pH value of seven shows a maximum photo-degradation ability (~98.1%) towards methyl orange, while the photo-degradation ability of ZnO.SiO2 nanocomposites decreases with annealing temperature (i.e., for 600 and 900 °C) due to the aspect ratio. Moreover, it is seen that with increment in the concentration of the NaOH (i.e., from 1 to 3 g), the photo-degradation of the dye component is enhanced from 20.9 to 53.8%, whereas a reverse trend of degradation ability is observed for higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Rohilla
- Department of Physics, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind 126102, India; (S.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Ankita Gupta
- Department of Physics, Adarsh Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhiwani 127021, India;
| | - Vibhor Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA;
| | - Suman Kumari
- Department of Physics, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind 126102, India; (S.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Michal Petru
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Nesrine Amor
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Noman
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Jasvir Dalal
- Department of Physics, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind 126102, India; (S.R.); (S.K.)
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Sboui M, Lachheb H, Bouattour S, Gruttadauria M, La Parola V, Liotta LF, Boufi S. TiO 2/Ag 2O immobilized on cellulose paper: A new floating system for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111257. [PMID: 33974837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paper-TiO2-Ag2O floating photocatalysts were produced under mild condition and their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of aromatic amine under sunlight stimulant was investigated. Characterizations by Raman, XRD, XPS, DRS and PL confirmed the presence of TiO2 and Ag2O, and the morphology of the appended TiO2/Ag2O layer was probed by FE-SEM. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples was investigated by the degradation of aniline (AN) in water under simulated sun-light illumination and constrained conditions, i.e. non-stirring and non-oxygenation. The presence of Ag2O combined with TiO2 was shown to improve the resistance of paper to bacteria attack, thus increasing the durability of the photocatalyst. Thanks to its hydrophobic character, the paper-TiO2-Ag2O NPs can be employed as useful floating photocatalyst and can be reused in continuous cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouheb Sboui
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique (LCI), Sfax BP1171-3018, Tunisia.
| | - Hinda Lachheb
- URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculty of Sciences, University of Gabès, 6029, Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Soraa Bouattour
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique (LCI), Sfax BP1171-3018, Tunisia
| | - Michelangelo Gruttadauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria La Parola
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonarda Francesca Liotta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sami Boufi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Laboratoire Sciences des Matériaux et Environnement (LSME), Sfax BP1171-3018, Tunisia.
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Garcia Diosa JA, Gonzalez Orive A, Weinberger C, Schwiderek S, Knust S, Tiemann M, Grundmeier G, Keller A, Camargo Amado RJ. TiO 2 nanoparticle coatings on glass surfaces for the selective trapping of leukemia cells from peripheral blood. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2142-2153. [PMID: 33982864 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using TiO2 nanoparticles has become an important alternative treatment for different types of cancer due to their high photocatalytic activity and high absorption of UV-A light. To potentiate this treatment, we have coated commercial glass plates with TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method (TiO2 -m), which exhibit a remarkable selectivity for the irreversible trapping of cancer cells. The physicochemical properties of the deposited TiO2 -m nanoparticle coatings have been characterized by a number of complementary surface-analytical techniques and their interaction with leukemia and healthy blood cells were investigated. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy verify the formation of a compact layer of TiO2 -m nanoparticles. The particles are predominantly in the anatase phase and have hydroxyl-terminated surfaces as revealed by Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and infrared spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. We find that lymphoblastic leukemia cells adhere to the TiO2 -m coating and undergo amoeboid-like migration, whereas lymphocytic cells show distinctly weaker interactions with the coating. This evidences the potential of this nanomaterial coating to selectively trap cancer cells and renders it a promising candidate for the development of future prototypes of PDT devices for the treatment of leukemia and other types of cancers with non-adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez Orive
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Sabrina Schwiderek
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Steffen Knust
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Michael Tiemann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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9
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Ag and Cu Nanoparticles Synergistically Enhance Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity of B Phase TiO2. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Assis M, Simoes LGP, Tremiliosi GC, Coelho D, Minozzi DT, Santos RI, Vilela DCB, do Santos JR, Ribeiro LK, Rosa ILV, Mascaro LH, Andrés J, Longo E. SiO 2-Ag Composite as a Highly Virucidal Material: A Roadmap that Rapidly Eliminates SARS-CoV-2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:638. [PMID: 33806671 PMCID: PMC8001031 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, as the cause of a global pandemic, has resulted in lockdowns all over the world since early 2020. Both theoretical and experimental efforts are being made to find an effective treatment to suppress the virus, constituting the forefront of current global safety concerns and a significant burden on global economies. The development of innovative materials able to prevent the transmission, spread, and entry of COVID-19 pathogens into the human body is currently in the spotlight. The synthesis of these materials is, therefore, gaining momentum, as methods providing nontoxic and environmentally friendly procedures are in high demand. Here, a highly virucidal material constructed from SiO2-Ag composite immobilized in a polymeric matrix (ethyl vinyl acetate) is presented. The experimental results indicated that the as-fabricated samples exhibited high antibacterial activity towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as towards SARS-CoV-2. Based on the present results and radical scavenger experiments, we propose a possible mechanism to explain the enhancement of the biocidal activity. In the presence of O2 and H2O, the plasmon-assisted surface mechanism is the major reaction channel generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). We believe that the present strategy based on the plasmonic effect would be a significant contribution to the design and preparation of efficient biocidal materials. This fundamental research is a precedent for the design and application of adequate technology to the next-generation of antiviral surfaces to combat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Assis
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI), 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Luiz Gustavo P. Simoes
- Nanox Tecnologia S/A, 13562-400 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (L.G.P.S.); (G.C.T.); (D.T.M.); (R.I.S.); (D.C.B.V.)
| | - Guilherme C. Tremiliosi
- Nanox Tecnologia S/A, 13562-400 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (L.G.P.S.); (G.C.T.); (D.T.M.); (R.I.S.); (D.C.B.V.)
| | - Dyovani Coelho
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Daniel T. Minozzi
- Nanox Tecnologia S/A, 13562-400 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (L.G.P.S.); (G.C.T.); (D.T.M.); (R.I.S.); (D.C.B.V.)
| | - Renato I. Santos
- Nanox Tecnologia S/A, 13562-400 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (L.G.P.S.); (G.C.T.); (D.T.M.); (R.I.S.); (D.C.B.V.)
| | - Daiane C. B. Vilela
- Nanox Tecnologia S/A, 13562-400 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (L.G.P.S.); (G.C.T.); (D.T.M.); (R.I.S.); (D.C.B.V.)
| | - Jeziel Rodrigues do Santos
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Lara Kelly Ribeiro
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Ieda Lucia Viana Rosa
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Lucia Helena Mascaro
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Juan Andrés
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI), 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Elson Longo
- CDMF, LIEC, Federal University of São Carlos—(UFSCar), 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; (M.A.); (D.C.); (J.R.d.S.); (L.K.R.); (I.L.V.R.); (L.H.M.); (E.L.)
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Syed A, Marraiki N, Al-Rashed S, Elgorban AM, Yassin MT. A potent multifunctional MnS/Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite for enhanced detection of Hg 2+ from aqueous samples and its photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118844. [PMID: 32866806 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology for hazardous heavy metal detection with nanoparticles (NPs) created an interest for the preparation of MnS/Ag nanocomposite. Here, MnS/Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanocomposite was developed for the detection of mercury. The prepared composite was analyzed using particle size analyzer, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, zetasizer, high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The λmax of MnS/Ag-PVP nanocomposite was observed at 404 nm. The particle size was determined to be 21 ± 1.7 nm and the surface charge was -31.19 ± 3 mV. The brownish yellow colour of the nanocomposite changed into colourless when Hg2+ was added. The different metal ions present with the analyte did not show any interference on detection of Hg2+. The MnS/Ag-PVP nanocomposite incorporated paper and gel exhibited visual detection of Hg2+ from aqueous sample. There was an excellent linearity (y = -0.0015x + 0.8744) found in plot of 20 to 100 nM Hg2+ concentrations versus absorbance at 404 nm and the LOD was calculated to be 16 nM. The probe was applied to quantify Hg2+ from spiked environmental sample and the results were further confirmed with atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. Hence, the investigation suggests that the present probe could efficiently detect and quantify Hg2+ at nano molar level. In addition, the study suggests that MnS/Ag-PVP nanocomposite exhibit multifunctional property including efficient photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Al-Rashed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Taha Yassin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
In this study, a special core–shell structured wool-TiO2 (WT) hybrid composite powder also having TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated inside cortical cells was reported. The wool pallets were pulverized from wool fibers using vibration-assisted ball milling technique and the WT powders having mesopores and macropores were produced in hydrothermal process. Experimental results indicated that the infiltrated TiO2 nanoparticles were amorphous structure, while the coated TiO2 nanoparticles were anatase phase structure. The crystallized TiO2 nanoparticles were grafted with wool pallets by the N−Ti4+/S−Ti4+/O−Ti4+ bonds. The BET surface area was measured as 153.5 m2/g and the particle sizes were in the 600–3600 nm and 4000–6500 nm ranges. The main reactive radical species of the WT powders were holes, and •O2−, 1O2, and •OH were also involved in the photodegradation of MB dye under visible light irradiation. The experimental parameters for photodegradation of MB dye solution were optimized as follows: 0.25 g/L of WT powders was added in 40 mL of 3 mg/L MB dye solution containing 50 mL/L H2O2, which resulted in the increases of COD value of degraded MB dye solution up to 916.9 mg/L at 120 min. The WT powders could be used for repeatedly photodegradation of both anionic and cationic dyes.
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Singh R, Sinha MK, Purkait MK. Stimuli responsive mixed matrix polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane for humic acid and photocatalytic dye removal applications. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ullah S, Fayeza, Khan AA, Jan A, Aain SQ, Neto EP, Serge-Correales YE, Parveen R, Wender H, Rodrigues-Filho UP, Ribeiro SJ. Enhanced photoactivity of BiVO4/Ag/Ag2O Z-scheme photocatalyst for efficient environmental remediation under natural sunlight and low-cost LED illumination. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lin Z, Yu B, Huang J. Cellulose-Derived Hierarchical g-C 3N 4/TiO 2-Nanotube Heterostructured Composites with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5967-5978. [PMID: 32370515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel cellulose-derived hierarchical g-C3N4/TiO2-nanotube heterostructured nanocomposite was fabricated by in situ coating thin g-C3N4 layers onto the surfaces of the TiO2 nanotubes, which were synthesized by utilizing the natural cellulose substance (e.g., commercial ordinary filter paper) as the structural template. These g-C3N4/TiO2-nanotube composites with varied thicknesses (ca. 3-30 nm) of the outer g-C3N4 layers displayed improved visible-light (λ > 420 nm)-driven photocatalytic degradation performances toward methylene blue. The optimal nanocomposite with an outer g-C3N4 layer of ca. 7.5 nm composed of 46 wt % g-C3N4 displayed an apparent rate constant of 0.0035 min-1, which was 8.5- and 4-fold larger than those of the referential TiO2-nanotube and g-C3N4 powder. The excellent and durable photocatalytic activities of these cellulose-derived g-C3N4/TiO2-nanotube composites were ascribed to their hierarchically network porous structures replicated from the cellulose template, as well as the formation of close heterojunctions in-between the g-C3N4 and TiO2 phases. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the photocatalytic mechanism matched with the type-II heterostructured model, while the main effective species during the photocatalytic processes of the nanocomposite were proved to be superoxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Cho YS, Lee HJ, Sung S. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using three-dimensional porous graphene-titania microparticles under UV light. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Photocatalytic removal of airborne indoor pollutants by IR illuminated silver coated TiO2 catalyst: Advantage of one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures in IR active photocatalysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Ding W, Zhao L, Yan H, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang X, Huang X, Hang R, Wang Y, Yao X, Tang B. Bovine serum albumin assisted synthesis of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Cu2O photocatalyst modified antifouling polysulfone mixed matrix membrane for ultrafiltration of protein and visible light driven photocatalytic pharmaceutical removal. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Large exciton binding energy, high photoluminescence quantum yield and improved photostability of organo-metal halide hybrid perovskite quantum dots grown on a mesoporous titanium dioxide template. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 539:619-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Li P, Bao Z, Wang G, Xu P, Wang X, Liu Z, Guo Y, Deng J, Zhang W. Ternary semiconductor metal oxide blends grafted Ag@AgCl hybrid as dimensionally stable anode active layer for photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic compounds: Design strategies and photoelectric synergistic mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 362:336-347. [PMID: 30243257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of ultra-efficient, sustainable, and easily accessible anode with relative non-precious semiconducting metal oxides is highly significant for application in the practical treatment of organically polluted water. Herein, we report SnO2, TiO2, and Ag2O ternary semiconductor metal oxide blend grafted Ag@AgCl hybrids, prepared with the one-step sol-gel method and applied as a dimensionally stable anode (DSA)-active layer on a SnO2-Sb/Ti electrode. Factors affecting crystal formation, including the presence or absence of O2 during calcination, the calcination temperature, and Ag@AgCl additive dosage were discussed. The micromorphology, phase composition, and photoelectrochemical activity of the newly designed anode were comprehensively characterized. The optimized preparation, which yielded a solid-solution structure with flat and smooth surface and well-crystallized lattice configuration, occurred in the absence of O2 during calcination at 550 ℃ with an Ag@AgCl additive dosage of 0.2 g in the sol-gel precursor. The newly designed DSA displayed improved electrocatalysis (EC) and photoelectrical catalysis (PEC) capacity. The phenol and its TOC removal efficiency reached 90.65% and 58.17% for 10 mA/cm2 current density with a metal halide lamp in 3 h. The lifespan was four times that of SnO2-Sb/Ti electrode. This proposed DSA construction strategy may support improved EC and PEC reactivities toward the decomposition of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China; School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China.
| | - Zhun Bao
- School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China; School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Xuegang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China; School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Yadan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China; School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China; School of Water Resource & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
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22
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Paul KK, Mawlong LPL, Giri PK. Trion-Inhibited Strong Excitonic Emission and Broadband Giant Photoresponsivity from Chemical Vapor-Deposited Monolayer MoS 2 Grown in Situ on TiO 2 Nanostructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42812-42825. [PMID: 30421600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2D material-based heterostructures often prepared by wet transfer technique suffers from poor interface and contamination issues and it results in inferior device performance. Herein, we report an in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of MoS2@TiO2 core-shell heterojunction with single-layer MoS2 (1L-MoS2) as the shell and 3D TiO2 nanoflower (NF) as the core for multifunctional optoelectronic applications. We explore a powerful approach to switch the trions in 1L-MoS2 into neutral excitons by developing a core-shell heterostructure with TiO2 and demonstrate a giant photoluminescence (PL) enhancement in the 1L-MoS2 shell. 3D TiO2 NFs with average diameter ∼1 μm are uniformly coated with 1L-MoS2 shell by in situ CVD technique, resulting in ∼83- and ∼30-fold enhancement in PL intensity at room temperature from the 1L-MoS2 shell on TiO2 NFs as compared to that of 1L-MoS2 grown on Ti and sapphire substrate, respectively. This high PL enhancement is attributed to the migration of excess electrons from MoS2 to TiO2, leading to a heavy p-doping in the MoS2 lattice, as evidenced by the Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Additionally, the formation of the core-shell heterojunction facilitates the suppression of nonradiative recombination of the excitons even at the room temperature, as revealed from the low-temperature PL study. The charge transfer-induced p-doping effect in 1L-MoS2 is verified from the oxygen plasma treatment of the 1L-MoS2@Ti and it shows similar PL enhancement. Further, the 1L-MoS2@TiO2 p-n heterojunction is demonstrated as a high-performance broadband photodetector owing to its favorable band alignment and high absorption in the spectral range of 300-900 nm. The heterojunction photodetector exhibits a record high responsivity and detectivity of ∼35.9 A W-1 and 1.98 × 1013 jones, respectively, in the UV region, and ∼18.5 A W-1 and 1.09 × 1013 jones, respectively, in the visible region. As compared to the 1L-MoS2@Ti and 1L-MoS2@SiO2 with slow photoresponse, 1L-MoS2@TiO2 heterojunction exhibits more than 1 order of magnitude faster photoresponse (rise/fall time ∼33.7/28.2 ms), which is attributed to the fast photogenerated carrier transport at the p-n heterojunction due to the large built-in electric field. This high-performance 1L-MoS2@TiO2 core-shell heterojunction grown by a novel in situ CVD technique is promising for the cutting-edge optoelectronic applications.
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23
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Multifunctional Ag nanoparticle decorated Si nanowires for sensing, photocatalysis and light emission applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 532:464-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Ahmad KS, Jaffri SB. Phytosynthetic Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles: Semiconducting green remediators. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHighly stable semiconducting silver doped zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized via facile, biomimetic and sustainable route, through utilization of Zinc acetate dihydrate (C4H6O4Zn · 2H2O) as host, Silver nitrate (AgNO3) as dopant and phytochemicals of angiospermic medicinal plant Prunus cerasifera as the reducing agents. Synthesis of Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles was done in a one pot synthetic mode by varying the amount of dopant from 0.2 – 2.0%. Synthesized photocatalyst nanoparticles were analyzed via UV-vis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. Commendable alleviation in the direct band gap i.e. 2.81 eV was achieved as a result of doping. Silver doped zinc oxide nanoparticles size ranged between 72.11 – 100 nm with rough surface morphology and higher polydispersity degree. The XRD patterns revealed the hexagonal wurtzite geometry of crystals with an average crystallite size of 2.99 nm. Persistent organic dyes Methyl Orange, Safranin O and Rhodamine B were sustainably photodegraded in direct solar irradiance with remarkable degradation percentages up to 81.76, 74.11 and 85.52% in limited time with pseudo first order reaction kinetics (R2 =0.99, 0.99 and 0.97). Furthermore, efficient inhibition against nine microbes of biomedical and agriculturally significance was achieved. Synthesized nanoparticles are potential green remediators of polluted water and perilous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, 46000, Rawalpindi,
| | - Shaan Bibi Jaffri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, 46000, Rawalpindi,
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25
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Stucchi M, Bianchi CL, Argirusis C, Pifferi V, Neppolian B, Cerrato G, Boffito DC. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of Ag-decorated TiO 2 active in visible light. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 40:282-288. [PMID: 28946426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide is the most popular photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants in air, as well as in water. The principal drawback preventing its commercial application lies in its limited absorption of the visible light (400-700nm), while it is active under UV irradiation (≤387nm). Supporting noble metals in the form of nanoparticles on TiO2 increases its activity in the visible range. However, both the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and their deposition on TiO2 are multi-step processes that often require organic solvents. Here, we deposit Ag nanoparticles from AgNO3 on the surface of micrometric TiO2 with H2O as a solvent and under ultrasound irradiation at 30Wcm-2. Ultrasound increases the surface amount of Ag on TiO2 with heterogeneous size distribution of Ag nanoparticles, which are bigger and overlaid (1-20nm vs. 0.5-3nm) compared to the sample obtained in traditional conditions (TEM images). While this change in morphology had no effect on acetone photodegradation under UV light, the 5%, 10%, and 20% Ag-TiO2 degraded 17%, 20% and 24% acetone under visible light, respectively. The 10% by weight Ag-TiO2 sample obtained in absence of ultrasound only degraded 14% acetone in 6h, while the bare TiO2 was not active.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stucchi
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3C 3A4 Montrèal (QC), Canada; Università di Milano, Chemistry Department, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - C L Bianchi
- Università di Milano, Chemistry Department, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Argirusis
- National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Athens, Greece
| | - V Pifferi
- Università di Milano, Chemistry Department, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - B Neppolian
- SRM University, SRM Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - G Cerrato
- Università di Torino & NIS Inter-departmental Centre, Torino, Italy
| | - D C Boffito
- Polytechnique Montréal, Département de Génie Chimique, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, H3C 3A4 Montrèal (QC), Canada
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26
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Ahamed M, Khan MAM, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Ag-doping regulates the cytotoxicity of TiO 2 nanoparticles via oxidative stress in human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17662. [PMID: 29247182 PMCID: PMC5732217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer potential of Ag-doped (0.5-5%) anatase TiO2 NPs. Characterization study showed that dopant Ag was well-distributed on the surface of host TiO2 NPs. Size (15 nm to 9 nm) and band gap energy (3.32 eV to 3.15 eV) of TiO2 NPs were decreases with increasing the concentration of Ag dopant. Biological studies demonstrated that Ag-doped TiO2 NP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells. The toxic intensity of TiO2 NPs was increases with increasing the amount of Ag-doping. The Ag-doped TiO2 NPs further found to provoke reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidants depletion. Toxicity induced by Ag-doped TiO2 NPs in HepG2 cells was efficiently abrogated by antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (ROS scavenger). We also found that Ag-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. Interestingly, Ag-doped TiO2 NPs did not cause much toxicity to normal cells such as primary rat hepatocytes and human lung fibroblasts. Overall, we found that Ag-doped TiO2 NPs have potential to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. This study warranted further research on anticancer potential of Ag-doped TiO2 NPs in various types of cancer cells and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Pal S, Nisi R, Stoppa M, Licciulli A. Silver-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose as Antibacterial Membrane for Wound-Healing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3632-3639. [PMID: 30023700 PMCID: PMC6044878 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is evaluated as an antimicrobial membrane for wound-healing treatment. A facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles inside the porous three-dimensional weblike BC network has been obtained by UV light irradiation. AgNPs were photochemically deposited onto the BC gel network as well as they were chemically bonded to the cellulose fiber surfaces. AgNPs with a narrow size distribution along with some aggregates in the BC network were evidenced from the morphological analyses. A highly crystalline nature of the BC membranes was observed in X-ray diffraction measurements, and the presence of metallic silver confirmed the photochemical reduction of Ag+ → Ag0 in Ag/BC composites. Antibacterial activity of the hybrid composites, such as pellicles, performed against the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) by disk diffusion and growth dynamics methods showed high bacteria-killing performance. No significant amount of silver release was observed from the Ag/BC pellicles even after a long soaking time. As composite pellicles are preserved in a moist environment that also favors wound recovery, by combining all of these properties the material could be useful in wound-healing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Pal
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rossella Nisi
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Licciulli
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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28
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Bharat LK, Nagaraju G, Krishna KG, Yu JS. Controlled synthesis of yttrium gallium garnet spherical nanostructures modified by silver oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic properties. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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