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Meehan ZM, Shaffer F. Do Longer Exhalations Increase HRV During Slow-Paced Breathing? Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:407-417. [PMID: 38507210 PMCID: PMC11310264 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Slow-paced breathing at an individual's resonance frequency (RF) is a common element of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback training (Laborde et al. in Psychophysiology 59:e13952, 2022). Although there is strong empirical support for teaching clients to slow their respiration rate (RR) to the adult RF range between 4.5 and 6.5 bpm (Lehrer & Gevirtz, 2014), there have been no definitive findings regarding the best inhalation-to-exhalation (IE) ratio to increase HRV when breathing within this range. Three methodological challenges have frustrated previous studies: ensuring participants breathed at the target RR, IE ratio, and the same RR during each IE ratio. The reviewed studies disagreed regarding the effect of IE ratios. Three studies found no IE ratio effect (Cappo & Holmes in J Psychosom Res 28:265-273, 1984; Edmonds et al. in Biofeedback 37:141-146, 2009; Klintworth et al. in Physiol Meas 33:1717-1731, 2012). One reported an advantage for equal inhalations and exhalations (Lin et al. in Int J Psychophysiol 91:206?211, 2014). Four studies observed an advantage for longer exhalations than inhalations (Bae et al. in Psychophysiology 58:e13905, 2021; Laborde et al. in Sustainability 13:7775, 2021; Strauss-Blasche et al. in Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27:601?60, 2000; Van Diest et al. in Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 39:171?180, 2014). One study reported an advantage for longer inhalations than exhalations (Paprika et al. in Acta Physiol Hung 101:273?281, 2014). We conducted original (N = 26) and replication (N = 16) studies to determine whether a 1:2 IE ratio produces different HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, or nonlinear metrics than a 1:1 ratio when breathing at 6 bpm. Our original study found that IE ratio did not affect HRV time- and frequency-domain metrics. The replication study confirmed these results and found no effect on HRV nonlinear measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Meehan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Fred Shaffer
- Center for Applied Psychophysiology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, USA
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2
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Gąsior JS, Młyńczak M, Rosoł M, Wieniawski P, Pietrzak R, Werner B. Validity of the Pneumonitor for Analysis of Short-Term Heart Rate Asymmetry Extended with Respiratory Data in Pediatric Cardiac Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4654. [PMID: 39200795 PMCID: PMC11354660 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Wearable technologies have been developed to measure physiological parameters conveniently. To consider the new measurement device valid, the crucial point is to assess its reliability with the gold standard. The study aimed to assess the validity of the Pneumonitor (PM, fs = 250 Hz) for acquisition of 5 min RR intervals (RRi) for analysis of heart rate asymmetry (HRA) in relation to the electrocardiography (ECG, fs = 1000 Hz) in a group of 19 pediatric cardiac patients. Association between HRA and respiratory rate (RespRate) was verified. Methods: The validation comprised Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Student's t-test. Results: Sufficient agreement between 10 from 16 HRA parameters was observed. Different HRA parameters values calculated based on RRi from both devices were related to different results of correlation analysis between two parameters and RespRate. Conclusions: The PM might be considered valid for recording RRi, which are then processed to calculate selected HRA parameters in a group of pediatric cardiac patients in rest condition. However, RRi recorded using devices with fs < 250 Hz may be not adequate for reliable HRA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Rosoł
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wieniawski
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Pietrzak
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Wang YP, Kuo TBJ, Wang GZ, Yang CCH. Different effects of inspiratory duration and expiratory duration on heart rate deceleration capacity and heart rate asymmetry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2101-2110. [PMID: 38421428 PMCID: PMC11199285 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low values of heart rate deceleration capacity (DC) and heart rate asymmetry (HRA) are associated with cardiovascular risks. Slow respiration has been proven to enhance the magnitudes of these indexes, but individual inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations were not controlled in most studies. This study aims to examine whether the effects of TI and TE on these indexes would be the same and, if not, how to adjust TI and TE to maximize the effect of slow respiration. METHODS We evaluated 14 seated healthy young adults who randomly controlled their breathing to nine combinations of TI and TE, each chosen respectively from 2, 4, and 6 s. A 5-min R-R interval time series was obtained from each study period for further analysis. RESULTS The magnitude of DC increased when TI or TE increased, while that of acceleration capacity (AC) remained almost unchanged by TI. We further defined a new index as 100 × DC2/(DC2 + AC2) and found it to be correlated with conventional Guzik's (r = 0.94) and Porta's (r = 0.99) indexes of HRA during different combinations of TI and TE. Increasing TI and increasing TE both enhanced the magnitudes of HRA indexes, with TI taking effect when ≤ 4 s, and TE taking effect when > 4 s. DC and HRA indexes were maximized with a TI of 4 s and a TE of 6 s. CONCLUSION We suggest that a TI of 3-4 s with a TE of 7-6 s is an appropriate standard for slow respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center and Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Zhi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Sleep Research Center and Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong St., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Wang YP, Wang GZ, Yang CCH. Percent duration of heart rate acceleration within the respiratory cycle: a novel approach to assess heart rate asymmetry. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H255-H260. [PMID: 38787385 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00260.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Accelerations and decelerations of heart rate are nonsymmetrical in the magnitude and number of beat-to-beat changes. The asymmetric features of heart rate variability are related to respiratory durations. To explore the link between respiration and heart rate asymmetry (HRA), we evaluated 14 seated, healthy young adults who breathed with nine combinations of inspiration duration (TI) and expiration duration (TE), chosen respectively from 2, 4, and 6 s. A 5-min R-R interval (RRI) time series was obtained from each study period to construct an averaged pattern waveform relative to the respiratory cycle. We observed that the time interval between inspiration onset and RRI minimum progressively lengthened as TI and TE increased. The time interval between expiration onset and RRI maximum also lengthened when TE increased but shortened when TI increased. Consequently, TI and TE had different effects on the acceleration time (AT; from RRI maximum to RRI minimum) and deceleration time (DT; from RRI minimum to RRI maximum). The percentage of AT within the respiratory cycle showed a strong correlation with traditional Guzik's (r = 0.862, P < 0.001) and Porta's (r = 0.878, P < 0.001) indexes of HRA assessed in a Poincaré plot analysis. These findings suggest that, in addition to considering the magnitude and number of beat-to-beat changes, HRA can also be assessed based on another aspect: the duration of consecutive changes. The stepwise link between the duration of heart rate change and respiratory duration provides insight into the mechanisms connecting respiration to HRA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In healthy adults who regulated their breathing across nine combinations of inspiration and expiration durations, we used averaged pattern waveform technique to quantify the durations of heart rate acceleration and deceleration within the respiratory cycle. The percent duration of acceleration showed a strong correlation with traditional heart rate asymmetry indexes, which evaluate the magnitude and number of beat-to-beat changes. This new approach opens a window to explore the asymmetric features of heart rate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Zhi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Gąsior JS, Gąsienica-Józkowy M, Młyńczak M, Rosoł M, Makuch R, Baranowski R, Werner B. Heart rate dynamics and asymmetry during sympathetic activity stimulation and post-stimulation recovery in ski mountaineers-a pilot exploratory study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1336034. [PMID: 38495673 PMCID: PMC10941344 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1336034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of studies on non-linear heart rate (HR) variability in athletes. We aimed to assess the usefulness of short-term HR dynamics and asymmetry parameters to evaluate the neural modulation of cardiac activity based on non-stationary RR interval series by studying their changes during sympathetic nervous system activity stimulation (isometric handgrip test) and post-stimulation recovery in professional ski mountaineers. The correlation between the changes in the parameters and the respiratory rate (RespRate) and also the duration of the career was analyzed. Short-term (5 min) and ultra-short-term (1 min) rates of patterns with no variations (0V), number of acceleration runs of length 1 (AR1), and short-term Porta's Index were greater, whereas Guzik's Index (GI) was smaller during sympathetic stimulation compared to rest. GI increased and the number of AR1 decreased during recovery. Greater increases in GI and RMSSD were associated with greater decreases in RespRate during recovery. Greater increases in RespRate from rest to short-term sympathetic stimulation were associated with greater increases in 0V (Max-min method) and AR1 but also with greater decreases in decelerations of short-term variance and accelerations and decelerations of long-term variance. Greater increases in 0V (Max-min method) and number of AR1 during sympathetic stimulation were associated with a shorter career duration. Greater decreases in these parameters during recovery were associated with a longer career duration. Changes in measures of HR dynamics and asymmetry, calculated based on short-term non-stationary RRi time series induced by sympathetic stimulation and post-stimulation recovery, reflected sympathovagal shift and were associated with condition-related alterations in RespRate and career duration in athletes who practice ski mountaineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Rosoł
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Makuch
- Department of Physical Education, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Immanuel S, Teferra MN, Baumert M, Bidargaddi N. Heart Rate Variability for Evaluating Psychological Stress Changes in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review. Neuropsychobiology 2023; 82:187-202. [PMID: 37290411 PMCID: PMC10614455 DOI: 10.1159/000530376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utility of heart rate variability (HRV) for characterizing psychological stress is primarily impacted by methodological considerations such as study populations, experienced versus induced stress, and method of stress assessment. Here, we review studies on the associations between HRV and psychological stress, examining the nature of stress, ways stress was assessed, and HRV metrics used. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines on select databases. Studies that examined the HRV-stress relationship via repeated measurements and validated psychometric instruments were included (n = 15). Participant numbers and ages ranged between 10 and 403 subjects and 18 and 60 years, respectively. Both experimental (n = 9) and real-life stress (n = 6) have been explored. While RMSSD was the most reported HRV metric (n = 10) significantly associated with stress, other metrics, including LF/HF (n = 7) and HF power (n = 6) were also reported. Various linear and nonlinear HRV metrics have been utilized, with nonlinear metrics used less often. The most frequently used psychometric instrument was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (n = 10), though various other instruments have been reported. In conclusion, HRV is a valid measure of the psychological stress response. Standard stress induction and assessment protocols combined with validated HRV measures in different domains will improve the validity of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Immanuel
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Business and Hospitality Vertical, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Meseret N. Teferra
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Niranjan Bidargaddi
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Bieri O, Pusterla O, Bauman G. Free-breathing half-radial dual-echo balanced steady-state free precession thoracic imaging with wobbling Archimedean spiral pole trajectories. Z Med Phys 2023; 33:220-229. [PMID: 35190223 PMCID: PMC10311259 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate free-breathing thoracic MRI with a minimal-TR balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) technique using wobbling Archimedean spiral pole (WASP) trajectories. METHODS Phantom and free-breathing in vivo chest imaging in healthy volunteers was performed at 1.5T with a half-radial, dual-echo, bSSFP sequence, termed bSTAR. For maximum sampling efficiency, a single analog-to-digital converter window along the full bipolar readout was used. To ensure a homogeneous coverage of the k-space over multiple breathing cycles, radial k-space sampling followed short-duration Archimedean spiral interleaves that were randomly titled by a small polar angle and rotated by a golden angle about the polar axis; depticting a wobbling Archimedean spiral pole (WASP) trajectory. In phantom and in vivo experiments, WASP trajectories were compared to spiral phyllotaxis sampling in terms of eddy currents and were used to generate in vivo thorax images at different respiratory phases. RESULTS WASP trajectories provided artifact-free bSTAR imaging in both phantom and in vivo and respiratory self-gated reconstruction was successfully performed in all subjects. The amount of the acquired data allowed the reconstruction of 10 volumes at different respiratory levels with isotropic resolution of 1.77mm from a scan of 5.5minutes (using a TR of 1.32ms), and one high-resolution 1.16mm end-expiratory volume from a scan of 4.7minutes (using a TR of 1.42ms). The very short TR of bSTAR mitigated off-resonance artifacts despite the large field-of-view. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the feasibility of high-resolution free-breathing thoracic imaging with bSTAR using the wobbling Archimedean spiral pole in healthy subjects at 1.5T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bieri
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Orso Pusterla
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Bauman
- Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sibrecht G, Piskorski J, Krauze T, Guzik P. Heart Rate Asymmetry, Its Compensation, and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults during 48-h Holter ECG Recordings. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031219. [PMID: 36769867 PMCID: PMC9917705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) reflects different contributions of heart rate (HR) decelerations and accelerations to heart rate variability (HRV). In this study, we examined various properties of HRA, including its compensation and HRV, in 48-h electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in healthy adults. Furthermore, we compared sex differences in parameters used to quantify HRA and HRV. Variance-based and relative HRA and HRV parameters were computed for Holter ECG recordings lasting up to 48 h in 101 healthy volunteers. The median age of the subjects was 39 years, with 47 of them being men. The prevalence of all forms of HRA was statistically different from randomness (p < 0.0001). Specifically, HR decelerations contributed >50% (C1d) to short-term HRA in 98.02% of subjects, while HR decelerations contributed <50% to long-term HRA in 89.11% of recordings and to total HRA in 88.12% of recordings. Additionally, decelerations accounted for <50% of all changing heartbeats (Porta's index) in 74.26% of subjects, and HRA compensation was present in 88.12% of volunteers. Our findings suggest that various HRA features are present in most healthy adults. While men had more pronounced HRA expression, the prevalence of short-, long-term, and total HRA and its compensation was similar in both sexes. For HRV, values of variance-based indices were higher in men than in women, but no differences were found for relative measures. In conclusion, our study references HRA and HRV for longer ECG recordings of up to 48 h, which have become increasingly important in clinical ECG monitoring. The findings can help understand and compare the characteristics of HRA and HRV in patients with different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Sibrecht
- Department of Cardiology–Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław Piskorski
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Gora, Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krauze
- Department of Cardiology–Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Guzik
- Department of Cardiology–Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zalas D, Bobkowski W, Piskorski J, Guzik P. Heart Rate Asymmetry in Healthy Children. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031194. [PMID: 36769841 PMCID: PMC9918166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) is a physiological phenomenon characterized by an unequal contribution of heart rate decelerations and accelerations to different heart rate variability (HRV) features. While HRA has been demonstrated in adults' ECGs of different duration, a similar investigation in healthy children has not been conducted. This study investigated the variance- and number-based HRA features in 96 healthy children (50 girls and 46 boys, aged 3-18 years) using 24-h ECGs. Additionally, we studied sex differences in HRA. To quantify HRA, variance-based and relative contributions of heart rate decelerations to short-term (C1d), long-term (C2d), and total (CTd) HRV, and the number of all heartbeats (Nd) were computed. Heart rate decelerations contributed more to C1d, but less to C2d and CTd, and were less frequent than heart rate accelerations. Short-term HRA was better expressed in boys. The majority of children (93.7%) had short-term HRA, 88.5% had long-term HRA, 88.5% had total HRA, and 99.0% had more accelerations than decelerations. No sex differences were observed for the rate of various HRA features. Heart rate asymmetry is a common phenomenon in healthy children, as observed in 24-h ECGs. Our findings can be used as reference data for future clinical studies on HRA in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Zalas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bobkowski
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Piskorski
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Gora, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Przemysław Guzik
- Department of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Pawłowski R, Zalewski P, Newton J, Piątkowska A, Koźluk E, Opolski G, Buszko K. An assessment of heart rate and blood pressure asymmetry in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope in females. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1087837. [PMID: 36699671 PMCID: PMC9868761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1087837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Heart Rate Asymmetry (HRA) describes a phenomenon of differences between accelerations and decelerations in human heart rate. Methods used for HRA assessment can be further implemented in the evaluation of asymmetry in blood pressure variations (Blood Pressure Asymmetry-BPA). Methods: We have analyzed retrospectively the series of heartbeat intervals extracted from ECG and beat-to-beat blood pressure signals from 16 vasovagal patients (age: 32.1 ± 13.3; BMI: 21.6 ± 3.8; all female) and 19 healthy subjects (age: 34.6 ± 7.6; BMI: 22.1 ± 3.4; all female) who have undergone tilt test (70°). Asymmetry was evaluated with Poincaré plot-based methods for 5 min recordings from supine and tilt stages of the test. The analyzed biosignals were heart rate (RR), diastolic (dBP) and systolic Blood Pressure (sBP) and Pulse Pressure (PP). In the paper we explored the differences between healthy and vasovagal women. Results: The changes of HRA indicators between supine and tilt were observed only in the control group (Porta Index p = 0.026 and Guzik Index p = 0.005). No significant differences in beat-to-beat variability (i.e. spread of points across the line of identity in Poincaré plot-SD1) of dBP was noted between supine and tilt in the vasovagal group (p = 0.433 in comparison to p = 0.014 in healthy females). Moreover, in vasovagal patients the PP was significantly different (supine: 41.47; tilt: 39.27 mmHg) comparing to healthy subjects (supine: 35.87; tilt: 33.50 mmHg) in supine (p = 0.019) and in tilt (p = 0.014). Discussion: Analysis of HRA and BPA represents a promising method for the evaluation of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stressors, however currently it is difficult to determine a subject's underlying health condition based only on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Pawłowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Systems Theory, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Rafał Pawłowski,
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland,Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Piątkowska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland,1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Koźluk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buszko
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Systems Theory, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Analysis of Short-Term Heart Rate Asymmetry in High-Performance Athletes and Non-Athletes. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) refers to how asymmetrically the acceleration and deceleration patterns in heartbeat fluctuations are distributed. There is limited evidence regarding HRA changes in athletes and their association with autonomic regulation. This study aimed to compare the short-term HRA of high-performance athletes and non-athletes during an autonomic function test by calculating relevant HRA measures. This exploratory study obtained beat-to-beat RR interval time series from 15 high-performance athletes and 12 non-athletes during a standardized autonomic function test. This test includes rest, postural change, controlled respiration, prolonged orthostatism, exercise, and recovery phases. The following HRA parameters were computed from the RR time series for both groups: asymmetric spread index (ASI), slope index (SI), Porta’s index (PI), Guzik’s index (GI), and Ehlers’ index (EI). We found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean value of several HRA parameters between athletes and non-athletes and across the autonomic function test phases, mainly in postural change and recovery phases. Our results indicate that high-performance athletes manifest a higher number and magnitude of cardiac decelerations than non-athletes after an orthostatic challenge, as indicated by GI and EI. In addition, lower HRA was found in athletes in the recovery phase than in non-athletes, as indicated by ASI.
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Hotho G, von Bonin D, Krüerke D, Wolf U, Cysarz D. Unexpected Cardiovascular Oscillations at 0.1 Hz During Slow Speech Guided Breathing (OM Chanting) at 0.05 Hz. Front Physiol 2022; 13:875583. [PMID: 35620613 PMCID: PMC9127736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.875583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow breathing at 0.1 Hz (i.e., 6 cycles per minute, cpm) leads to strong cardiovascular oscillations. However, the impact of breathing below 6 cpm is rarely addressed. We investigated the influence of OM chanting, an ancient Indian mantra, with approx. 3 respiratory cpm (0.05 Hz) on the synchronisation of heart period (RR), respiration (RESP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Nine healthy, trained speech practitioners chanted three sequences of five subsequent OM with 2 min pauses in between. Each single OM chanting consisted of taking a deep breath and a long “OM” during expiration and lasted approx. 20 s. ECG, respiration and blood pressure were recorded continuously, of which the RR tachogram, RESP and SBP were derived. Synchronisation between the signals was computed using the phase difference between two signals. During OM chanting synchronisation among the oscillations of RR, SBP and RESP was significantly increased compared to rest. Furthermore, OM chanting at breathing frequencies between 0.046 and 0.057 Hz resulted in 0.1 Hz oscillations in RR and SBP. In conclusion, OM chanting strongly synchronized cardiorespiratory and blood pressure oscillations. Unexpected oscillations at 0.1 Hz in SBP and RR appear at breathing frequencies of approx. 0.05 Hz. Such frequency doubling may originate from an interaction of breathing frequency with endogenous Mayer waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Hotho
- Biologisch Onderzoek Gennep, Eindhoven, Netherland
- Research Department, Clinic Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland
| | - Dietrich von Bonin
- Group Practice Therapeutikum, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerlamd
| | - Daniel Krüerke
- Research Department, Clinic Arlesheim, Arlesheim, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerlamd
| | - Dirk Cysarz
- Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dirk Cysarz,
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Shi P, Li A, Wu L, Yu H. The effect of passive lower limb training on heart rate asymmetry. Physiol Meas 2021; 43. [PMID: 34915452 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac43c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) is an approach for quantitatively assessing the uneven distribution of heart rate accelerations and decelerations for sinus rhythm. We aimed to investigate whether automatic regulation led to HRA alternation during passive lower limb training. METHODS Thirty healthy participants were recruited in this study. The protocol included a baseline (Pre-E) and three passive lower limb training trials (E1, E2 and E3) with a randomized order. Several variance-based HRA variables were established. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, i.e., mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD, LF (n.u.), HF (n.u.) and VLF (ms2), and HRA variables, i.e., SD1a, SD1d, SD2a, SD2d, SDNNa and SDNNd, were calculated by using 5-min RR time series, as well as the normalized HRA variables, i.e., C1a, C1d, C2a, C2d, Ca and Cd. RESULTS Our results showed that the performance of HRA was distinguished. The normalized HRA was observed with significant changes in E1, E2 and E3 compared to Pre -E. Moreover, parts of non-normalized HRA variables correlated with HRV parameters, which indicated that HRA might benefit in assessing cardiovascular modulation in passive lower limb training. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study suggested that passive training led to significant HRA alternation and the application of HRA gave us the possibility for autonomic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Anan Li
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, no.580 Jungong road, Yangpu district, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Liang Wu
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Hongliu Yu
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
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Pawłowski R, Buszko K, Newton JL, Kujawski S, Zalewski P. Heart Rate Asymmetry Analysis During Head-Up Tilt Test in Healthy Men. Front Physiol 2021; 12:657902. [PMID: 33927644 PMCID: PMC8076803 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the cardiovascular system response to orthostatic stress in a group of 133 healthy men using heart rate asymmetry (HRA) methods. HRA is a feature of variability in human heart rate which is dependent upon external and internal body conditions. The initial phases of head-up tilt test (HUTT), namely, supine and tilt, were chosen as the external body affecting factors. Various calculation methods of HRA, such as Porta's index (PI), Guzik's index (GI), and its variance based components, were used to assess the heart rate variability (HRV) and its asymmetry. We compared 5-min ECG recordings from both supine and tilt phases of HUT test. Short-term HRA was observed in 54.1% of men in supine phase and 65.4% of men in tilt phase. The study revealed significant increase of GI (from 0.50 to 0.52, p < 0.001) in the tilt phase as well as significant changes in HRV descriptors between HUTT phases. Our results showed that the variability of human heart rate and its asymmetry are sensitive to orthostatic stress. The study of short-term HRA is a potential additional tool to increase sensitivity in conditions where HUTT is a diagnostic tool, such as vasovagal syncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Pawłowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buszko
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Julia L Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomics and Postgraduate Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomics and Postgraduate Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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De Maria B, Dalla Vecchia LA, Maestri R, Pinna GD, Parati M, Perego F, Bari V, Cairo B, Gelpi F, La Rovere MT, Porta A. Lack of association between heart period variability asymmetry and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in healthy and chronic heart failure individuals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247145. [PMID: 33592077 PMCID: PMC7886158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal asymmetry is a peculiar aspect of heart period (HP) variability (HPV). HPV asymmetry (HPVA) is reduced with aging and pathology, but its origin is not fully elucidated. Given the impact of respiration on HPV resulting in the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and the asymmetric shape of the respiratory pattern, a possible link between HPVA and RSA might be expected. In this study we tested the hypothesis that HPVA is significantly associated with RSA and asymmetry of the respiratory rhythm. We studied 42 middle-aged healthy (H) subjects, and 56 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients of whom 26 assigned to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II (CHF-II) and 30 to NYHA class III (CHF-III). Electrocardiogram and lung volume were monitored for 8 minutes during spontaneous breathing (SB) and controlled breathing (CB) at 15 breaths/minute. The ratio of inspiratory (INSP) to expiratory (EXP) phases, namely the I/E ratio, and RSA were calculated. HPVA was estimated as the percentage of negative HP variations, traditionally measured via the Porta’s index (PI). Departures of PI from 50% indicated HPVA and its significance was tested via surrogate data. We found that RSA increased during CB and I/E ratio was smaller than 1 in all groups and experimental conditions. In H subjects the PI was about 50% during SB and it increased significantly during CB. In both CHF-II and CHF-III groups the PI was about 50% during SB and remained unmodified during CB. The PI was uncorrelated with RSA and I/E ratio regardless of the experimental condition and group. Pooling together data of different experimental conditions did not affect conclusions. Therefore, we conclude that the HPVA cannot be explained by RSA and/or I/E ratio, thus representing a peculiar feature of the cardiac control that can be aroused in middle-aged H individuals via CB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Maestri
- IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Parati
- IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Milan, Italy
- Neuroengineering and Medical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vlasta Bari
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cairo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gelpi
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Porta
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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17
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De Couck M, Caers R, Musch L, Fliegauf J, Giangreco A, Gidron Y. How breathing can help you make better decisions: Two studies on the effects of breathing patterns on heart rate variability and decision-making in business cases. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 139:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Kramarić K, Šapina M, Garcin M, Milas K, Pirić M, Brdarić D, Lukić G, Milas V, Pušeljić S. Heart rate asymmetry as a new marker for neonatal stress. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Béres S, Németh Á, Ajtay Z, Kiss I, Németh B, Hejjel L. Cellular Phone Irradiation of the Head Affects Heart Rate Variability Depending on Inspiration/Expiration Ratio. In Vivo 2018; 32:1145-1153. [PMID: 30150437 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile phones may have harmful health effects and clinical examinations report ambiguous results of exposure concerning neurophysiological and cardiovascular actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigated heart rate asymmetry (HRA) and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters with 1:2 and 1:1 metronome-paced inspiration/expiration ratios during short-term 1,800MHz GSM cellular phone exposure in 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Significant HRA changes by Porta and Guzik indices were not found on exposure compared to sham exposure. Time-domain HRV parameters on exposure showed significant differences at 1:1 paced, but not at 1:2 paced breathing compared to sham exposure. A mild post-exposure effect was observed regarding root mean square of successive RR-differences. CONCLUSION The findings reflect persisting acute effects of GSM handset emission on the autonomic nervous system. Exploring its influences on health status and survival needs further studies. Symmetrical breathing can be used as a sensitizing factor in other HRV/HRA analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ádám Németh
- Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zénó Ajtay
- Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Németh
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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20
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Kreska Z, Németh B, Kiss I, Péter I, Ajtay Z, Hejjel L. Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Treatment Affects Heart Rate Variability - A Pilot Study. In Vivo 2018; 32:1259-1264. [PMID: 30150454 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carbon-dioxide treatment on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters: mean RR interval (RRI), standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive RR differences (RMSSD); and Porta and Guzik indices, as measures of heart rate asymmetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients were enrolled (mean±SD, age=59±7.8 years). Measurements were performed before CO2 treatment, at the beginning of treatment, at 15 min of treatment, immediately after and 1 h after the treatment. RESULTS Significant increase in SDNN was found 1 h after the treatment when compared to that before it (p=0.011). There were no significant changes in other parameters. CONCLUSION CO2 treatment can influence the autonomic nervous system identified by SDNN changes. However, larger studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Kreska
- Zsigmondy Vilmos SPA Hospital, Harkány, Hungary
| | - Balázs Németh
- Zsigmondy Vilmos SPA Hospital, Harkány, Hungary.,Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Iván Péter
- Zsigmondy Vilmos SPA Hospital, Harkány, Hungary
| | - Zénó Ajtay
- Zsigmondy Vilmos SPA Hospital, Harkány, Hungary.,Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Hejjel
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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21
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Zamoscik VE, Schmidt SNL, Gerchen MF, Samsouris C, Timm C, Kuehner C, Kirsch P. Respiration pattern variability and related default mode network connectivity are altered in remitted depression. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2364-2374. [PMID: 29335031 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies with healthy participants and patients with respiratory diseases suggest a relation between respiration and mood. The aim of the present analyses was to investigate whether emotionally challenged remitted depressed participants show higher respiration pattern variability (RPV) and whether this is related to mood, clinical outcome and increased default mode network connectivity. METHODS To challenge participants, sad mood was induced with keywords of personal negative life events in individuals with remitted depression [recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD), n = 30] and matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 30) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Respiration was measured by means of a built-in respiration belt. Additionally, questionnaires, a daily life assessment of mood and a 3 years follow-up were applied. For replication, we analysed RPV in an independent sample of 53 rMDD who underwent the same fMRI paradigm. RESULTS During sad mood, rMDD compared with HC showed greater RPV, with higher variability in pause duration and respiration frequency and lower expiration to inspiration ratio. Higher RPV was related to lower daily life mood and predicted higher depression scores as well as relapses during a 3-year follow-up period. Furthermore, in rMDD compared with HC higher main respiration frequency exhibited a more positive association with connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a relation between RPV, mood and depression on the behavioural and neural level. Based on our findings, we propose interventions focusing on respiration to be a promising additional tool in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Eva Zamoscik
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Stephanie Nicole Lyn Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christos Samsouris
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christina Timm
- Research Group Longitudinal and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christine Kuehner
- Research Group Longitudinal and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
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Does the Temporal Asymmetry of Short-Term Heart Rate Variability Change during Regular Walking? A Pilot Study of Healthy Young Subjects. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3543048. [PMID: 29853984 PMCID: PMC5952585 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3543048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The acceleration and deceleration patterns in heartbeat fluctuations distribute asymmetrically, which is known as heart rate asymmetry (HRA). It is hypothesized that HRA reflects the balancing regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This study was designed to examine whether altered autonomic balance during exercise can lead to HRA changes. Sixteen healthy college students were enrolled, and each student undertook two 5-min ECG measurements: one in a resting seated position and another while walking on a treadmill at a regular speed of 5 km/h. The two measurements were conducted in a randomized order, and a 30-min rest was required between them. RR interval time series were extracted from the 5-min ECG data, and HRA (short-term) was estimated using four established metrics, that is, Porta's index (PI), Guzik's index (GI), slope index (SI), and area index (AI), from both raw RR interval time series and the time series after wavelet detrending that removes the low-frequency component of <~0.03 Hz. Our pilot data showed a reduced PI but unchanged GI, SI, and AI during walking compared to resting seated position based on the raw data. Based on the wavelet-detrended data, reduced PI, SI, and AI were observed while GI still showed no significant changes. The reduced PI during walking based on both raw and detrended data which suggests less short-term HRA may underline the belief that vagal tone is withdrawn during low-intensity exercise. GI may not be sensitive to short-term HRA. The reduced SI and AI based on detrended data suggest that they may capture both short- and long-term HRA features and that the expected change in short-term HRA is amplified after removing the trend that is supposed to link to long-term component. Further studies with more subjects and longer measurements are warranted to validate our observations and to examine these additional hypotheses.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate fluctuates beat-by-beat asymmetrically which is known as heart rate asymmetry (HRA). It is challenging to assess HRA robustly based on short-term heartbeat interval series. METHOD An area index (AI) was developed that combines the distance and phase angle information of points in the Poincaré plot. To test its performance, the AI was used to classify subjects with: (i) arrhythmia, and (ii) congestive heart failure, from the corresponding healthy controls. For comparison, the existing Porta's index (PI), Guzik's index (GI), and slope index (SI) were calculated. To test the effect of data length, we performed the analyses separately using long-term heartbeat interval series (derived from >3.6-h ECG) and short-term segments (with length of 500 intervals). A second short-term analysis was further carried out on series extracted from 5-min ECG. RESULTS For long-term data, SI showed acceptable performance for both tasks, i.e., for task i p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.93, AUC (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve) = 0.86; for task ii p < 0.001, d = 0.88, AUC = 0.75. AI performed well for task ii (p < 0.001, d = 1.0, AUC = 0.78); for task i, though the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.76), the effect size was small (d = 0.11). PI and GI failed in both tasks (p > 0.05, d < 0.4, AUC < 0.7 for all). However, for short-term segments, AI indicated better distinguishability for both tasks, i.e., for task i, p < 0.001, d = 0.71, AUC = 0.71; for task ii, p < 0.001, d = 0.93, AUC = 0.74. The rest three measures all failed with small effect sizes and AUC values (d < 0.5, AUC < 0.7 for all) although the difference in SI for task i was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Besides, AI displayed smaller variations across different short-term segments, indicating more robust performance. Results from the second short-term analysis were in keeping with those findings. CONCLUSION The proposed AI indicated better performance especially for short-term heartbeat interval data, suggesting potential in the ambulatory application of cardiovascular monitoring.
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Multistructure index characterization of heart rate and systolic blood pressure reveals precursory signs of syncope. Sci Rep 2017; 7:419. [PMID: 28341843 PMCID: PMC5428319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent syncope - abrupt loss of consciousness - can have a serious impact on patients' quality of life, comparable with chronic illnesses. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is a specific reflex syncope, in which an inappropriate reaction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the pathophysiology. In syncope diagnosis, an ideal diagnostic method should positively identify vasovagal sensitive patients, without the need to perform a specialised head-up tilt table (HUTT) test. We apply a novel methodology of multistructure index (MI) statistics for seamlessly evaluating the size spectrum of the asymmetry properties of magnitudes of neural reflexes responsible for maintaining the homeostatic dynamics of autonomic control. Simultaneous evaluation using the MI of the effects on heart rate and blood pressure involved in achieving homeostasis of contrasting properties of the dynamics of slow and fast neural regulation reveals a clear distinction between vasovagal patients and healthy subjects, who are/are not susceptible to spontaneous fainting. Remarkably, a healthy cardiovascular response to the HUTT test is indeed evident prior to the test, making the MI a robust novel indicator, clearly distinguishing the cardiovascular autonomic regulation of healthy people from that of vasovagal patients without the need to perform an actual HUTT test.
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Pan Q, Zhou G, Wang R, Yu Y, Li F, Fang L, Yan J, Ning G. The degree of heart rate asymmetry is crucial for the validity of the deceleration and acceleration capacity indices of heart rate: A model-based study. Comput Biol Med 2016; 76:39-49. [PMID: 27392228 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The deceleration capacity (DC) and acceleration capacity (AC) of heart rate are a pair of indices used for evaluating the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We assessed the role of heart rate asymmetry (HRA) in defining the relative performance of DC and AC using a mathematical model, which is able to generate a realistic RR interval (RRI) time series with controlled ANS states. The simulation produced a set of RRI series with random sympathetic and vagal activities. The multi-scale DCs and ACs were computed from the RRI series, and the correlation of DC and AC with the ANS functions was analyzed to evaluate the performance of the indices. In the model, the HRA level was modified by changing the inspiration/expiration (I/E) ratio to examine the influence of HRA on the performances of DC and AC. The results show that on the conventional scales (T=1, s=2), an HRA level above 50% results in a stronger association of DC with the ANS, compared with AC. On higher scales (T=4, s=6), there was no HRA and DC showed a similar performance to AC for all I/E ratios. The data suggest that the HRA level determines which of DC or AC is the optimal index for expressing ANS functions. Future clinical applications of DC and AC should be accompanied by an HRA analysis to provide a better index for assessing ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 288 Liuhe Road, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Gongzhan Zhou
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 288 Liuhe Road, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihua Yu
- Department of ICU, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 288 Liuhe Road, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Luping Fang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 288 Liuhe Road, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of ICU, Zhejiang Hospital, 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Gangmin Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Bhavanani AB, Raj JB, Ramanathan M, Trakroo M. Effect of Different Pranayamas on Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:CC04-6. [PMID: 27134863 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16306.7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) is the differential change of Heart Rate (HR) in response to inspiration and expiration. This is a noninvasive sensitive index of parasympathetic cardiac control. AIM To evaluate changes in RSA by utilizing a simple and cost-effective analysis of electrocardiographic (ECG) tracings obtained during performance of four pranayama techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty two trained volunteers performed the following pranayamas with different ratios for inspiration and expiration: sukha (1:1), traditional (1:2), pranava (1:3) and savitri (2:1:2:1) and ECG was recorded while performing the techniques with rest period of 5 minutes in-between. HR was calculated and maximum HR during inspiration (Imax), minimum HR during expiration (Emin), differences between Imax and Emin (Δ), percentage differences between I(max) and Emin (Δ%) and expiration: inspiration ratio (E:I) calculated by respective formulae. Statistical analysis was carried out using repeated measures of ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test. RESULTS There were significant differences between groups in all five aspects namely: p= 0.0093 for mean Imax, p = 0.0009 for mean Emin, and p < 0.0001 for Δ HR (I-E), Δ% HR (I-E) and E:I ratio. Pranava pranayama produced the greatest changes in all five comparisons. CONCLUSION We suggest that further short and long term studies be undertaken with pranava pranayama in patients to further qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate inherent mechanisms of this simple technique. Addition of these cost-effective techniques to the medical armory will help patients of rhythm disorders and other cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani
- Deputy Director, Centre for Yoga Therapy, Education and Research (CYTER), Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Jeneth Berlin Raj
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Meena Ramanathan
- Co-ordinator and Yoga Therapist, CYTER, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Madanmohan Trakroo
- Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, and Director CYTER, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
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Fortrat JO, Levrard T, Courcinous S, Victor J. Self-Organization of Blood Pressure Regulation: Experimental Evidence. Front Physiol 2016; 7:112. [PMID: 27065880 PMCID: PMC4814514 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure regulation is a prime example of homeostatic regulation. However, some characteristics of the cardiovascular system better match a non-linear self-organized system than a homeostatic one. To determine whether blood pressure regulation is self-organized, we repeated the seminal demonstration of self-organized control of movement, but applied it to the cardiovascular system. We looked for two distinctive features peculiar to self-organization: non-equilibrium phase transitions and hysteresis in their occurrence when the system is challenged. We challenged the cardiovascular system by means of slow, 20-min Tilt-Up and Tilt-Down tilt table tests in random order. We continuously determined the phase between oscillations at the breathing frequency of Total Peripheral Resistances and Heart Rate Variability by means of cross-spectral analysis. We looked for a significant phase drift during these procedures, which signed a non-equilibrium phase transition. We determined at which head-up tilt angle it occurred. We checked that this angle was significantly different between Tilt-Up and Tilt-Down to demonstrate hysteresis. We observed a significant non-equilibrium phase transition in nine healthy volunteers out of 11 with significant hysteresis (48.1 ± 7.5° and 21.8 ± 3.9° during Tilt-Up and Tilt-Down, respectively, p < 0.05). Our study shows experimental evidence of self-organized short-term blood pressure regulation. It provides new insights into blood pressure regulation and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Olivier Fortrat
- CaDyWec Associated Lab, Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, UMR Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 6214 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1083 (Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée) Angers, France
| | - Thibaud Levrard
- CaDyWec Associated Lab, Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, UMR Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 6214 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1083 (Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée) Angers, France
| | - Sandrine Courcinous
- CaDyWec Associated Lab, Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, UMR Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 6214 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1083 (Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée) Angers, France
| | - Jacques Victor
- CaDyWec Associated Lab, Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, UMR Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique 6214 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1083 (Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée) Angers, France
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28
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Wang YP, Kuo TBJ, Lai CT, Yang CCH. Effects of breathing frequency on the heart rate deceleration capacity and heart rate acceleration capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26205981 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The deceleration capacity (DC) and acceleration capacity (AC) of heart rate as well as the respiratory rate predict outcome after acute myocardial infarction. We evaluated the relation between breathing frequency and both DC and AC, as well as the difference between them. METHODS We studied fourteen healthy young adults who breathed spontaneously and controlled their breathing to rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 Hz in a supine position. A 5-min R-R interval time series without movement artifacts or ectopic beats was obtained from each studied period and scanned to identify the anchor points that were characterized by a value longer or shorter than the preceding value. Averaged changes of R-R intervals surrounding the deceleration and acceleration anchors were calculated as DC and AC, respectively. RESULTS The magnitudes of DC and AC increased progressively as breathing frequency decreased (Both p < 0.001 by one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance). The magnitude of DC was larger than the magnitude of AC during 0.1-Hz breathing (95 % confidence interval of their difference: 1.7-9.7 ms), while the difference between them reduced to near zero at higher frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Slow breathing enhances the magnitudes of DC and AC simultaneously under the conditions used in this study. The increase in the magnitude of DC is significantly greater than that of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chief of Division of Translational Medicine, Stroke and Neurovascular Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Lai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Karmakar CK, Khandoker AH, Palaniswami M. Phase asymmetry of heart rate variability signal. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:303-14. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/2/303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Wang YP, Kuo TBJ, Yang CCH. A possible explanation for the effects of respiration on heart rate and blood pressure asymmetry. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:805-7. [PMID: 24798775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chief of Division of Translational Medicine, Stroke & Neurovascular Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Visnovcova Z, Mestanik M, Javorka M, Mokra D, Gala M, Jurko A, Calkovska A, Tonhajzerova I. Complexity and time asymmetry of heart rate variability are altered in acute mental stress. Physiol Meas 2014; 35:1319-34. [PMID: 24854052 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/7/1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the complexity and time asymmetry of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of complex neurocardiac control in response to stress using symbolic dynamics and time irreversibility methods. ECG was recorded at rest and during and after two stressors (Stroop, arithmetic test) in 70 healthy students. Symbolic dynamics parameters (NUPI, NCI, 0V%, 1V%, 2LV%, 2UV%), and time irreversibility indices (P%, G%, E) were evaluated. Additionally, HRV magnitude was quantified by linear parameters: spectral powers in low (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands. Our results showed a reduction of HRV complexity in stress (lower NUPI with both stressors, lower NCI with Stroop). Pattern classification analysis revealed significantly higher 0V% and lower 2LV% with both stressors, indicating a shift in sympathovagal balance, and significantly higher 1V% and lower 2UV% with Stroop. An unexpected result was found in time irreversibility: significantly lower G% and E with both stressors, P% index significantly declined only with arithmetic test. Linear HRV analysis confirmed vagal withdrawal (lower HF) with both stressors; LF significantly increased with Stroop and decreased with arithmetic test. Correlation analysis revealed no significant associations between symbolic dynamics and time irreversibility. Concluding, symbolic dynamics and time irreversibility could provide independent information related to alterations of neurocardiac control integrity in stress-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Visnovcova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
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32
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Hejjel L. Heart rate variability and heart rate asymmetry analysis: does the inspiration/expiration ratio matter? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:709. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00013.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Wang YP, Kuo TBJ, Yang CCH. Reply to Hejjel. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:710. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00062.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B. J. Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and
| | - Cheryl C. H. Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Breathing at a rate of 5.5 breaths per minute with equal inhalation-to-exhalation ratio increases heart rate variability. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 91:206-11. [PMID: 24380741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have found that a breathing pattern of 6 or 5.5 breaths per minute (bpm) was associated with greater heart rate variability (HRV) than that of spontaneous breathing rate. However, the effects of combining the breathing rate with the inhalation-to-exhalation ratio (I:E ratio) on HRV indices are inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the differences in HRV indices and subjective feelings of anxiety and relaxation among four different breathing patterns. METHODS Forty-seven healthy college students were recruited for the study, and a Latin square experimental design with a counterbalance in random sequences was applied. Participants were instructed to breathe at two different breathing rates (6 and 5.5 breaths) and two different I:E ratios (5:5 and 4:6). The HRV indices as well as anxiety and relaxation levels were measured at baseline (spontaneous breathing) and for the four different breathing patterns. RESULTS The results revealed that a pattern of 5.5 bpm with an I:E ratio of 5:5 produced a higher NN interval standard deviation and higher low frequency power than the other breathing patterns. Moreover, the four different breathing patterns were associated with significantly increased feeling of relaxation compared with baseline. CONCLUSION The study confirmed that a breathing pattern of 5.5 bpm with an I:E ratio of 5:5 achieved greater HRV than the other breathing patterns. This finding can be applied to HRV biofeedback or breathing training in the future.
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Chuang SS, Wu KT, Lin CY, Lee S, Chen GY, Kuo CD. Poincaré plot analysis of autocorrelation function of RR intervals in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Monit Comput 2013; 28:387-401. [PMID: 24356909 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-013-9545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Poincaré plot of RR intervals (RRI) is obtained by plotting RRIn+1 against RRIn. The Pearson correlation coefficient (ρRRI), slope (SRRI), Y-intercept (YRRI), standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat RRI variability (SD1RR), and standard deviation of continuous long-term RRI variability (SD2RR) can be defined to characterize the plot. Similarly, the Poincaré plot of autocorrelation function (ACF) of RRI can be obtained by plotting ACFk+1 against ACFk. The corresponding Pearson correlation coefficient (ρACF), slope (SACF), Y-intercept (YACF), SD1ACF, and SD2ACF can be defined similarly to characterize the plot. By comparing the indices of Poincaré plots of RRI and ACF between patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and patients with patent coronary artery (PCA), we found that the ρACF and SACF were significantly larger, whereas the RMSSDACF/SDACF and SD1ACF/SD2ACF were significantly smaller in AMI patients. The ρACF and SACF correlated significantly and negatively with normalized high-frequency power (nHFP), and significantly and positively with normalized very low-frequency power (nVLFP) of heart rate variability in both groups of patients. On the contrary, the RMSSDACF/SDACF and SD1ACF/SD2ACF correlated significantly and positively with nHFP, and significantly and negatively with nVLFP and low-/high-frequency power ratio (LHR) in both groups of patients. We concluded that the ρACF, SACF, RMSSDACF/SDACF, and SD1ACF/SD2ACF, among many other indices of ACF Poincaré plot, can be used to differentiate between patients with AMI and patients with PCA, and that the increase in ρACF and SACF and the decrease in RMSSDACF/SDACF and SD1ACF/SD2ACF suggest an increased sympathetic and decreased vagal modulations in both groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Shin Chuang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
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36
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Wang YP, Kuo TBJ, Lai CT, Chu JW, Yang CCH. Effects of respiratory time ratio on heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1648-55. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paced breathing is a frequently performed technique for cardiovascular autonomic studies. The relative timing of inspiration and expiration during paced breathing, however, is not consistent. We, therefore, examined whether indexes of heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity would be affected by the respiratory time ratio that is set. We studied 14 healthy young adults who controlled their breathing rates to either 0.1 or 0.25 Hz in the supine and sitting positions. Four different inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratios (I/E) (uncontrolled, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) were examined for each condition in a randomized order. The results showed spectral indexes of heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity were not influenced by the I/E that was set during paced breathing under supine and sitting positions. Porta's and Guzik's indexes of heart rate asymmetry were also not different at various I/E during 0.1-Hz breathing, but had larger values at 1:1 during 0.25-Hz breathing, although significant change was found in the sitting position only. At the same time, Porta's and Guzik's indexes obtained during 0.1-Hz breathing were greater than during 0.25-Hz breathing in both positions. The authors suggest that setting the I/E during paced breathing is not necessary when measuring spectral indexes of heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity under the conditions used in this study. The necessity of paced breathing for the measurement of heart rate asymmetry, however, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B. J. Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and
| | - Chun-Ting Lai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Chu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl C. H. Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Guzik P, Piskorski J, Awan K, Krauze T, Fitzpatrick M, Baranchuk A. Obstructive sleep apnea and heart rate asymmetry microstructure during sleep. Clin Auton Res 2013; 23:91-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s10286-013-0188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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