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Peters M, McIntosh D, Branzan Albu A, Ying C, Gordon R. Label-Free Tracking of Proteins through Plasmon-Enhanced Interference. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:69-75. [PMID: 38406310 PMCID: PMC10885339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single unmodified biomolecules in solution can be observed and characterized by interferometric imaging approaches; however, Rayleigh scattering limits this to larger proteins (typically >30 kDa). We observe real-time image tracking of unmodified proteins down to 14 kDa using interference imaging enhanced by surface plasmons launched at an aperture in a metal film. The larger proteins show slower diffusion, quantified by tracking. When the diffusing protein is finally trapped by the nanoaperture, we perform complementary power spectral density and noise amplitude analysis, which gives information about the protein. This approach allows for rapid protein characterization with minimal sample preparation and opens the door to characterizing protein interactions in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Peters
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Centre
for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Declan McIntosh
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Alexandra Branzan Albu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science & Technology, Nottingham
Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Centre
for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Babaei E, Wright D, Gordon R. Fringe Dielectrophoresis Nanoaperture Optical Trapping with Order of Magnitude Speed-Up for Unmodified Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2877-2882. [PMID: 36999922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule analysis of proteins in an aqueous environment without modification (e.g., labels or tethers) elucidates their biophysics and interactions relevant to drug discovery. By combining fringe-field dielectrophoresis with nanoaperture optical tweezers we demonstrate an order of magnitude faster time-to-trap for proteins when the counter electrode is outside of the solution. When the counter electrode is inside the solution (the more common configuration found in the literature), electrophoresis speeds up the trapping of polystyrene nanospheres, but this was not effective for proteins in general. Since time-to-trap is critical for high-thoughput analysis, these findings are a major advancement to the nanoaperture optical trapping technique for protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Babaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P5C2
| | - Demelza Wright
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P5C2
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P5C2
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Khosravi B, Gordon R. Reflection mode optical trapping using polarization symmetry breaking from tilted double nanoholes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2621-2627. [PMID: 36785271 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate reflection geometry optical trapping using double nanoholes in a metal film. Symmetry breaking of the double nanohole allows for selecting the scattered trapping laser light of orthogonal polarization to the incident beam. This orthogonal polarization light shows a few percent increase when the nanoparticle (e.g., a 20 nm polystyrene particle, or protein bovine serum albumin) is trapped. The reflection geometry simplifies the optical setup and frees up one side of the trap, which has great potential for adding microfluidics to the other side or working with opaque or highly scattering samples.
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Hajisalem G, Babaei E, Dobinson M, Iwamoto S, Sharifi Z, Eby J, Synakewicz M, Itzhaki LS, Gordon R. Accessible high-performance double nanohole tweezers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:3760-3769. [PMID: 35209628 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanohole optical tweezers have been used by several groups to trap and analyze proteins. In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to create high-performance double nanohole (DNH) substrates for trapping proteins without the need for any top-down approaches (such as electron microscopy or focused-ion beam milling). Using polarization analysis, we identify DNHs as well as determine their orientation and then use them for trapping. We are also able to identify other hole configurations, such as single, trimers and other clusters. We explore changing the substrate from glass to polyvinyl chloride to enhance trapping ability, showing 7 times lower minimum trapping power, which we believe is due to reduced surface repulsion. Finally, we present tape exfoliation as a means to expose DNHs without damaging sonication or chemical methods. Overall, these approaches make high quality optical trapping using DNH structures accessible to a broad scientific community.
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Peri SSS, Raza MU, Sabnani MK, Ghaffari S, Gimlin S, Wawro DD, Lee JS, Kim MJ, Weidanz J, Alexandrakis G. Self-Induced Back-Action Actuated Nanopore Electrophoresis (SANE) Sensor for Label-Free Detection of Cancer Immunotherapy-Relevant Antibody-Ligand Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:343-376. [PMID: 35094337 PMCID: PMC9207820 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a novel single molecule nanosensor by integrating a solid-state nanopore and a double nanohole nanoaperture. The nanosensor employs Self-Induced Back-Action (SIBA) for optical trapping and enables SIBA-Actuated Nanopore Electrophoresis (SANE) for concurrent acquisition of bimodal optical and electrical signatures of molecular interactions. This work describes how to fabricate and use the SANE sensor to quantify antibody-ligand interactions. We describe how to analyze the bimodal optical-electrical data to improve upon the discrimination of antibody and ligand versus bound complex compared to electrical measurements alone. Example results for specific interaction detection are described for T-cell receptor-like antibodies (TCRmAbs) engineered to target peptide-presenting Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC) ligands, representing a model of target ligands presented on the surface of cancer cells. We also describe how to analyze the bimodal optical-electrical data to discriminate between specific and non-specific interactions between antibodies and ligands. Example results for non-specific interactions are shown for cancer-irrelevant TCRmAbs targeting the same pMHCs, as a control. These example results demonstrate the utility of the SANE sensor as a potential screening tool for ligand targets in cancer immunotherapy, though we believe that its potential uses are much broader.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Usman Raza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Manoj K Sabnani
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Soroush Ghaffari
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | - Debra D Wawro
- Resonant Sensors Incorporated (RSI), Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jon Weidanz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - George Alexandrakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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Peng X, Kotnala A, Rajeeva BB, Wang M, Yao K, Bhatt N, Penley D, Zheng Y. Plasmonic Nanotweezers and Nanosensors for Point-of-Care Applications. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2021; 9:2100050. [PMID: 34434691 PMCID: PMC8382230 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities of manipulating and analyzing biological cells, bacteria, viruses, DNAs, and proteins at high resolution are significant in understanding biology and enabling early disease diagnosis. We discuss progress in developments and applications of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors where the plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions at the nanoscale improve the optical manipulation and analysis of biological objects. Selected examples are presented to illustrate their design and working principles. In the context of plasmofluidics, which merges plasmonics and fluidics, the integration of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors with microfluidic systems for point-of-care (POC) applications is envisioned. We provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in further developing and applying the plasmofluidic POC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Peng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Abhay Kotnala
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bharath Bangalore Rajeeva
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kan Yao
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Neel Bhatt
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Penley
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Plasmonic Biosensors for Single-Molecule Biomedical Analysis. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11040123. [PMID: 33921010 PMCID: PMC8071374 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of epidemic diseases (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)) has contributed to focus global attention on the diagnosis of medical conditions by ultrasensitive detection methods. To overcome this challenge, increasing efforts have been driven towards the development of single-molecule analytical platforms. In this context, recent progress in plasmonic biosensing has enabled the design of novel detection strategies capable of targeting individual molecules while evaluating their binding affinity and biological interactions. This review compiles the latest advances in plasmonic technologies for monitoring clinically relevant biomarkers at the single-molecule level. Functional applications are discussed according to plasmonic sensing modes based on either nanoapertures or nanoparticle approaches. A special focus was devoted to new analytical developments involving a wide variety of analytes (e.g., proteins, living cells, nucleic acids and viruses). The utility of plasmonic-based single-molecule analysis for personalized medicine, considering technological limitations and future prospects, is also overviewed.
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Peri SSS, Sabnani MK, Raza MU, Urquhart EL, Ghaffari S, Lee JS, Kim MJ, Weidanz J, Alexandrakis G. Quantification of low affinity binding interactions between natural killer cell inhibitory receptors and targeting ligands with a self-induced back-action actuated nanopore electrophoresis (SANE) sensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:045501. [PMID: 33027774 PMCID: PMC8346883 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbf26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A plasmonic nanopore sensor enabling detection of bimodal optical and electrical molecular signatures was fabricated and tested for its ability to characterize low affinity ligand-receptor interactions. This plasmonic nanosensor uses self-induced back-action (SIBA) for optical trapping to enable SIBA-actuated nanopore electrophoresis (SANE) through a nanopore located immediately below the optical trap volume. A natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor heterodimer molecule CD94/NKG2A was synthesized to target a specific peptide-presenting Qa-1b Qdm ligand as a simplified model of low-affinity interactions between immune cells and peptide-presenting cancer cells that occurs during cancer immunotherapy. A cancer-irrelevant Qa-1b GroEL ligand was also targeted by the same receptor as a control experiment to test for non-specific binding. The analysis of different pairs of bimodal SANE sensor signatures enabled discrimination of ligand, receptor and their complexes and enabled differentiating between specific and non-specific ligand interactions. We were able to detect ligand-receptor complex binding at concentrations over 500 times lower than the free solution equilibrium binding constant (K D ). Additionally, SANE sensor measurements enabled estimation of the fast dissociation rate (k off) for this low-affinity specific ligand-receptor system, previously shown to be challenging to quantify with commercial technologies. The k off value of targeted peptide-presenting ligands is known to correlate with the subsequent activation of immune cells in vivo, suggesting the potential utility of the SANE senor as a screening tool in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Santosh Sasank Peri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Manoj Kumar Sabnani
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Usman Raza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Urquhart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Soroush Ghaffari
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Jon Weidanz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
| | - George Alexandrakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States of America
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